a

PageNo:

EXERCISE 1

ASSIGNMENT 1:

AIM: Creating tables(Using Constraints while creating tables).

Syntax:

CREATE TABLE <Table_Name>

(

Column_Name1 <datatype> [Default exp] [Constraints],

Column_Name2 <datatype> [Default exp] [Constraints],

.

.

Column_NameN <datatype> [Default exp] [Constraints].

[Table Constraints….]

);

Examples:

1) Create Sailors Table

SQL> CREATE TABLE sailors

(

sid NUMBER(10),

sname VARCHAR2(15) NOT NULL,

rating NUMBER(3) NOT NULL,

age NUMBER(3,1) NOT NULL,

PRIMARY KEY (sid)

);

SQL> DESC sailors;

Output:

Table Colum n Data Type Le ngth Prec isi on Scale P rimary Key Nul lable Default Com me nt

SAILORS SI D Numbe r - 10 0 1 - - -

SNAME Varc har2 15 - - - - -

RATI NG Numbe r - 3 0 - - -

AGE Numbe r - 3 0 - - -

2) Create Boats Table

SQL> CREATE TABLE boats (

bid NUMBER(10),

color VARCHAR2(15),

bname VARCHAR2(15),

PRIMARY KEY(bid) );

Date:

PageNo:

SQL> DESC boats;

Table Colum n Data T ype Le ngth P rec ision Scale Primary K ey Nul lable Default Comme nt

BOATS BID Number - 10 0 1 - - -

COLOR Varchar2 15 - - - - -

BNAME Varchar2 15 - - - - -

2) Create Reserves Table

SQL> CREATE TABLE reserves (

sid NUMBER(10),

bid NUMBER(10),

day DATE,

PRIMARY KEY(sid,bid,day),

FOREIGN KEY(sid) REFERENCES sailors(sid),

FOREIGN KEY(bid) REFERENCES boats(bid) );

Output:

Table Column Data Type Le ngt h Prec ision Scale P rimary Key Nul lable Defaul t Comme nt

RESERVES SID Number - 10 0 1 - - -

BID Number - 10 0 2 - - -

DAY Date 7 - - 3 - - -

ASSIGNMENT 2:

AIM: Altering tables.

Syntax:

ALTER TABLE Table_Name

[ADD (column specification)]

[MODIFY (column specification)]

[DROP constraintsname [CASCADE]| column [CASCADE CONSTRAINTS]]

[DROP UNUSED COLUMN [column]]

[SET UNUSED column]

[ENABLE | DISABLE constraint=name];

Examples:

1) Add a new column

SQL> ALTER TABLE boats ADD (email VARCHAR2(30));

SQL> DESC boats;

PageNo:

Output:

Tabl e Column Data Type Length Precision Scale Primary Key Nullable Default Comment




EMAIL Varchar2 30 - - - - -

2) Modify a column

SQL> ALTER TABLE boats MODIFY (email VARCHAR2(40) );

SQL> DESC boats;

Output:

Table Column Data Type Length Precision Scale Primary Key Nullable Default Comment





3) Drop a column

SQL> ALTER TABLE boats DROP (email);

Output:

Table Column Data Type Length Precision Scale Primary Key Nullable Default Comment





ASSIGNMENT 3:

AIM: Droping of tables.

Syntax:

DROP TABLE Table_Name[CASCADE CONSTRAINTS];

Examples:

1) Drop a table

SQL > DROP TABLE boats;

Table droped

ASSIGNMENT4

AIM: Inserting rows into tables or create records in tables.

Syntax: INSERT INTO <table_name> (col1,col2,…..,col n) VALUES (val1,val2,…..,valn);

PageNo:

Example:

1) Inserting Rows in to sailors table:

SQL> INSERT INTO sailors(sid,sname,rating,age) VALUES(22,’dustin’,7,45.0);

SQL> INSERT INTO sailors(sid,sname,rating,age) VALUES(29,’brutus’,1,33.0);

:

:

SQL> INSERT INTO sailors(sid,sname,rating,age) VALUES(95,’bob’,3,63.5);

SQL> SELECT * FROM sailors;

Output:

SID SNAM E RATING AGE

22 dustrin 7 45

29 brutus 1 33

31 lubber 8 55

32 andy 8 25

68 rusty 10 35

69 horako 7 35

71 zorba 9 16

74 horation 3 35

85 art 7 25

95 bob 3 63

2) Inserting Rows in to boats table:

SQL > INSERT INTO boats(bid,bname,color) VALUES (101,’interlake’,’blue’);

SQL > INSERT INTO boats(bid,bname,color) VALUES (102,’interlake’,’red’);

SQL > INSERT INTO boats(bid,bname,color) VALUES (103,’clipper’,’green’);

SQL > INSERT INTO boats(bid,bname,color) VALUES (104,’marine’,’red’);

SQL> SELECT * FROM boats;

Output:

BID BNAM E COLOR

101 interlake blue

102 interlake red

103 clipper green

104 marine red

3) Inserting Rows in to reserves table:

SQL> INSERT INTO reserves(sid,bid,day) VALUES(22,101,’10/oct/98’);

SQL> INSERT INTO reserves(sid,bid,day) VALUES(22,102,’10/oct/98’);

:

SQL> INSERT INTO reserves(sid,bid,day) VALUES(74,103,’09/aug/98’);

SQL> SELECT * FROM reserves;

PageNo:

Output:

SID BID DAY

22 101 10-OCT-98

22 102 10-OCT-98

22 103 10-AUG-98

31 102 11-OCT-98

31 103 11-JUN-98

31 104 11-DEC-98

64 101 09-MAY-98

64 102 09-AUG-98

74 103 09-AUG-98

ASSIGNMENT 5:

AIM: selecting data from tables by using select command.

Syntax:

SELECT < list of attributes > from <List of Table_Names> where <condition>;

Examples:

1) Find the names and ages of sailors?

Solution:

SQL> select sname,age from sailors;

Output:

SNAM E AGE

dustrin 45

brutus 33

lubber 55

andy 25

rusty 35

horako 35

zorba 16

horation 35

art 25

Bob 63

2) Find all sailors with a rating above 7?

Solution:

SQL> select sname from sailors where rating>7;

Output:

SNAM E

lubber

andy

rusty

zorba

PageNo:

3) Find the names of sailors who are reserved boat no. 103?

Solution:

SQL> select sname from sailors,reserves where bid=103 and sailors.sid=reserves.sid;

Output:

4) Find the sid’s of sailors who have reserved a red boat?

Solution:

SQL> select sid from reserves,boats where boats.color='red' and boats.bid=reserves.bid;

Output:

SID

22

31

31

64

5) Find the snames of sailors who have reserves a red boat?

Solution:

SQL> select sname from sailors,reserves,boats where boats.color='red' and reserves.bid=boats.bid and

sailors.sid=reserves.sid;

Output:

5) Find the color of boat reserved by the sailor 'lubber'?

Solution:

SQL> select color from sailors,reserves,boats where sailors.sname='lubber' and reserves.bid=boats.bid

and sailors.sid=reserves.sid;

Output:

SNAM E

dustin

lubber

horitean

PageNo:

EXCERSICE-2

ASSIGNMENT 1:

AIM:Queries(along with sub queries) using any,all,in,exists,not exists,union,intersect,except,constraints.

Syntax:

UNION: <Query1> UNION <Query2> INTERSECT: <Query1> INTERSECT <Query2> MINUS: <Query1> MINUS <Query2> ANY: <Query> IN () ALL: <Query> ALL () IN: <Query> IN () NOT IN: <Query> NOT IN () EXISTS: <Query> EXISTS () NOT EXISTS: <Query> NOT EXISTS (

Examples

IN:

1) Find the names of sailors who have reserved boat no is 103?

Solution:

select sname from sailors where sid in (select sid from reserves where bid=103);

Output:

NOT IN:

2) Find the names of sailors who have not reserved boat no is 103?

Solution:

select sname from sailors where sid not in (select sid from reserves where bid=103);

Date:

PageNo:

Output:

INTERSECT:

3) Find the names of sailors who are reserves both red and green boats?

Solution:

SQL> select sname from sailors s,boats b,reserves r where b.color='red' and s.sid=r.sid and r.bid =b.bid

intersect

select sname from sailors s ,boats b,reserves r where b.color='green' and s.sid=r.sid and r.bid=b.bid;

Output:

UNION:

4) Find the names of sailors who are reserves red or green boats?

Solution:

select sname from sailors s,boats b,reserves r where b.color='red' and s.sid=r.sid and r.bid =b.bid

union


Output:

PageNo:

MINUS:

5) Find the names of sailors who are reserves red boat but not green boat?

Solution:

select sname from sailors s,boats b,reserves r where b.color='red' and s.sid=r.sid and r.bid =b.bid

minus


Output:

PageNo:

EXCERSICE-3

ASSIGNMENT 1:

AIM: Queries using Aggregate functions.

Syntax:

AVG:

AVG([DISTINCT/ALL]n);

COUNT:

COUNT (*/[DISTINCT/ALL]expr);

SUM:

SUM([DISTINCT/ALL]n);

MAX:

MAX([DISTINCT/ALL]expr);

MIN:

MIN([DISTINCT/ALL]expr);

Examples:

SOURCE TABLE:

SID SNAME RATING AGE

22 dustrin 7 45

29 brutus 1 33

31 lubber 8 55

32 andy 8 25

68 rusty 10 35

69 horako 7 35

71 zorba 9 16

74 horation 3 35

85 art 7 25

95 bob 3 63

1) Find the average age of sailors with a rating of 7?

Solution:

SQL> SELECT avg(age)as avg

FROM sailor s

WHERE rating=7;

Output:

Date:

PageNo:

2) Find the number of different sailors names?

Solution:

SQL>SELECT count(distinct s.sname)as count

FROM sailors s;

Output:

COUNT

10

3) Find total rating in sailors table?

Solution:

SQL>SELECT sum(rating)as ttl_rating

FROM sailors;

Output:

4) Find the name and age of the oldest sailor?

Solution:

SQL> SELECT s.sname,s.age

FROM sailors s

WHERE s.age=(SELECT MAX(s1.age) FROM sailors s1);

Output:

SNAME AGE

bob 63

5) Find the names of sailors who are older than the oldest sailor with a rating of 10?

Solution:

SQL> SELECT MIN(age)AS min_age

FROM sailors WHERE rating=10;

Output:

PageNo:

ASSIGNMENT 2:

AIM: Queries using group clause.

Syntax:

SELECT columns FROM table(s)

[WHERE condition]

[GROUP BY expr,[expr]…]

[HAVING condition]

[ORDER BY expr]

Examples:

1)Find the number of sailors for each rating?

Solution:

SQL> SELECT rating,COUNT(*)No_Of_sailors

FROM sailors

GROUP BY rating;

Output:

2) Find the rating having at least two sailors?

Solution:

SQL> SELECT rating,COUNT(*)No_Of_sailors

FROM sailors

GROUP BY rating

HAVING COUNT (*)>1;

Output:

PageNo:

3) Find the age of youngest sailor for each rating level?

Solution:

SQL> select min(age),rating from sailors group by rating;

Output:

ASSIGNMENT 3:

AIM: Queries for creating and dropping views.

Syntax for create a view:

CREATE OR REPLACE VIEW<view_name>[attribute,[attribute,[…]]]AS<sql query>;

Syntax for delete a view:

DROP VIEW<view_name>;

Examples:

1) Create a view for referring the attributes sid and sname in sailors table.

Solution:

SQL> CREATE OR REPLACE VIEW sailors_view

AS (SELECT sid,sname FROM sailors);

Output:

View created.

To display the content of view:

Query:

SELECT * FROM sailors_view;

PageNo:

Output:

SID SNAME

22 dustrin

29 brots

31 lubber

32 andy

68 rusty

69 horako

71 zorba

74 horation

85 art

95 bob

2) Write a query for deleting the above view.

Solution:

SQL>DROP VIEW sailors_view;

Output: View Dropped.

To display the content of view:

Query:

SQL>SELECT * FROM sailors-view;

Output:

ORA-00942: table or view does not exist

PageNo:

EXCERSICE-4

ASSIGNMENT 1:

AIM: Write Queries using conversion functions.

Syntax:

TO_CHAR function:

Syntax: TO_CHAR(Number,Format,’nlsparam’)

TO_NUMBER function:

TO_NUMBER(char,format,’nlsparam’);

TO_date function:

TO_DATE(char,format,’nlsparam’);

Examples:

1.Convert the number 10012 to character?

Solution:

SQL> SELECT TO_CHAR(10012) FROM DUAL;

Output:

2. Convert the system date FROM date to character of the form ‘dd-mon-yyyy’?

Solution:

SQL> SELECT TO_CHAR(SYSDATE,'dd-mm-yyyy') FROM DUAL;

Output:

3.Convert the character ‘1002’ to number?

Solution:

SQL> SELECT TO_NUMBER(‘1002’) FROM DUAL;

Output:

4. Convert the date 05-march-2009 to ‘DD-MON-YYYY’ format;

Solution:

SQL> SELECT TO_DATE (’05-MAR-2009’,’DD-MON-YYYY’) FROM DUAL;

Output:

Date:

PageNo:

ASSIGNMENT 2:

AIM: Write Queries using string functions.

Syntax:

LOWER(Column/Exception)

LPAD(col/Expr,m)

RPAD(col/expr,m)

UPPER(Column/Exception)

INITCAP (Column/Exception)

SUBSTR(Col/Expr,m,n)

LENGTH (Col/expr)

INSTR (Column/Expr,Char)

LTRIM (char,set)

RTRIM (char,set)

CONCAT(Col/expr,Col/Expr)

Examples:

SQL> SELECT LOWER (‘KA USHIK COLLEGE OF ENGINEERINGISNO.1’) FROM DUAL;

Output:

SQL> SELECT UPPER (‘kaUShik college OF ENgINeeRING is No.1’) FROM DUAL;

Output:

SQL> SELECT CONCAT(‘KAUSHIKCOLLEGE’,’OF ENGINEERING’) FROM DUAL;

Output:

SQL> SELECT LPAD (‘KAUSHIK COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING’,40,’1’) FROM DUAL;

Output:

PageNo:

SQL> SELECT RPAD (‘KAUSHIKCOLLEGE OF ENGINEERING’,40,’0’) FROM DUAL;

Output:

SQL> SELECT LTRIM ('0102K0AUSHIK','102K') FROM DUAL;

Output:

SQL> SELECT RTRIM (‘KAUSH10K011’,’012’) FROM DUAL;

Output:

SQL> SELECT INIT CAP (‘KAUSHIK COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING’) FROM DUAL;

Output:

SQL> SELECT LENGTH (‘KAUSHIK COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING’) FROM DUAL;

Output:

SQL> SELECT SUBSTR (‘KAUSHIK COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING’,11,20)FROM DUAL;

Output:

SQL> SELECT INSTR ('KAUSHIK COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING','O') FROM DUAL;

Output:

PageNo:

ASSIGNMENT 3:

AIM: Write queries using date functions.

Syntax:

SYSDATE: Displays the current system date.

NEXT_DAY: Display the next given day date FROM given date.

NEXT_DAY(date,’DAY’);

ADD_MONTHS: Add ‘n’ months to the given date.

ADD_MONTHS(date,n);

LAST_DAY : This will displays the last day of the given month.

LAST_DAY(day);

MONTHS_BETWEEN: This will gives the months between two dates.

MONTHS_BETWEEN(date1,date2);

TRUNC : It will truncate the date according to the given date.

TRUNC(Date,’format’);

ROUND: Returns the rounded date according to given format.

ROUND(date,’format’);

TO_CHAR: This function converts the date to character format.

TO_CHAR(date,’format’);

TO_DATE: This function converts the character to date.

TO_DATE(char,’format’);

LEAST: It returns the least day in given dates.

LEAST(date1[,date2[,date2[,. . . .]]]);

GREATEST: It returns the great day in the given dates.

GREATEST(date1[,date2[,date2[,. . . .]]]);

Examples:

SQL> SELECT SYSDATE FROM DUAL;

Output:

SQL> SELECT NEXT_DAY(SYSDATE,’MON’) FROM DUAL;

Output:

PageNo:

SQL> SELECT ADD_MONTHS(SYSDATE,2) FROM DUAL;

Output:

SQL> SELECT LAST_DAY (SYSDATE) FROM DUAL;

Output:

SQL> SELECT MONTHS_BETWEEN(’24-APRIL-2009’,SYSDATE)FROM DUAL;

Output:

SQL> SELECT LEAST(’24-APRIL-2009’,SYSDATE)FROM DUAL;

Output:

SQL> SELECT GREATEST ('20-APRIL-2001',SYSDATE)FROM DUAL;

Output:

SQL> SELECT GREATEST ('26-APRIL-2001',sysdate)FROM DUAL

Output:

PageNo:

SQL> SELECT TO_CHAR(SYSDATE,'dd-mm-yyyy') FROM DUAL;

Output:

SQL> SELECT TO_DATE (’05-MAR-2009’,’DD-MON-YYYY’) FROM DUAL;

Output:

PageNo:

EXERCISE-5

ASSIGNMENT 1:

AIM: Write simple PL/SQL program which includes declaration, executable and exception handling

sections.

Program : Write a PL/SQL program to display the given student details?

Solution:

DECLARE

sname student.name%type;

srollno student.rollno%type;

smarks student.marks%type;

BEGIN

srollno := &srollno;

SELECT rollno,name,marks INTO srollno,sname,smarks FROM student WHERE rollno=srollno;

DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Name : '||sname);

DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Number : '||srollno);

DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Marks : '||smarks);

EXCEPTION

WHEN NO_DATA_FOUND THEN

DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('No Records Found');

END;

Output:-

Date:

PageNo:

PageNo:

ASSIGNMENT 2:

AIM: Write a PL/SQL to insert date into students table use commit, save point; roll back.

Program: Write a PL/SQL to insert new records into student table with savepoints?

Solution:

BEGIN

INSERT INTO student VALUES (529,'kiran', 100);

SAVEPOINT a;

INSERT INTO student VALUES (545,'maunisha', 70);

SAVEPOINT b;

INSERT INTO student VALUES (584,'sushma',100);

SAVEPOINT c;

ROLLBACK TO b;

COMMIT;

END;

Output:-

SQL> select * from student;

PageNo:

EXERCISE-6

AIM: Creation of simple PL/SQL program which includes declaration, executable and exception

handling sections.

Program: Write a PL/SQL to find biggest number for a given three numbers using IF-ELSE statement?

Solution:

DECLARE

a NUMBER;

b NUMBER;

c NUMBER;

BEGIN

a:=&a; b:=&b; c:=&c;

IF ((A>B) AND (A>C)) THEN

DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('A IS MAXIMUM');

ELSIF ((B>A) AND (B>C)) THEN

DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('B IS MAXIMUM');

ELSE

DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('C IS MAXIMUM');

END IF;

END;

Output:-

Date:

PageNo:

AIM: Insert date into students table use commit, save point; roll back in PL/SQL block

Program: Write a PL/SQL to print one, two, three for a given three numbers using CASE statement?

Solution:

DECLARE

num NUMBER;

BEGIN

num := &num;

CASE

WHEN num = 1 THEN

DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('One');

WHEN num = 2 THEN

DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Two');

WHEN num = 3 THEN

DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Three');

END CASE;

EXCEPTION

WHEN CASE_NOT_FOUND THEN

DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Out Of Range!');

END;

Output:-

PageNo:

EXERCISE-7

AIM: Program development using WHILE LOOPs, numeric FOR LOOPs, NESTED LOOPS

using ERROR HANDLING, BUILT-IN exceptions, USER defined exceptions, RAISE-

APPLICATION ERROR.

Program 1: Write PL/SQL to find the sum of N numbers by using WHILE loop?

DECLARE

num NUMBER;

endval NUMBER;

total NUMBER DEFAULT 0;

BEGIN

endval:=&endval;

num:=1;

WHILE (num <= endval) LOOP

total:=total+num;

num:=num+1;

END LOOP;

DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('The sum of first ' || endval ||' is : '||total);

END;

Output:

Date:

PageNo:

Program 2: Write PL/SQL to find the sum of N numbers by using FOR loop?

Solution:

DECLARE

num NUMBER;

total NUMBER;

BEGIN

num:=&num; total:=0;

FOR i IN 1 .. num LOOP

total:=total+i;

END LOOP;

DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Sum of first ' || num||' numbers is =:'||total);

END;

Output:

Program 3: Write PL/SQL to print first 3 numbers by using REVERSE FOR loop?

Solution:

BEGIN

FOR i IN REVERSE 1..3 LOOP

DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(i);

END LOOP;

END;

Output:-

SQL> /

3

2

1

PageNo:

Program 4: Write a PL/SQL program to find the division of two numbers, using Built-In exceptions.

Solution:

DECLARE

a NUMBER;

b NUMBER;

c NUMBER;

BEGIN

a := &a; b := &b;

c := a / b;

DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('The value of '|| a || '/' || b ||' is : ' || c);

EXCEPTION

WHEN ZERO_DIVIDE THEN

DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE ('Divided by Zero is not possible.');

WHEN OTHERS THEN

DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE ('Invalid Inputs!');

END;

Output:-

PageNo:

Program: Write a PL/SQL program to check the marks details, using User Defined exceptions?

Solution:

DECLARE

Invalid_Marks EXCEPTION;

marks NUMBER;

BEGIN

marks := :marks;

IF (marks > 100) OR (marks <0) THEN

RAISE Invalid_Marks;

ELSE

DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Marks : '|| marks);

END IF;

EXCEPTION

WHEN Invalid_Marks THEN

DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Marks are out of range!');

WHEN OTHERS THEN

DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Invalid input!');

END;

Output:

PageNo:

Program: Write a PL/SQL program to check the marks details, using RAISE_APPLICATION error?

Solution:

DECLARE

marks NUMBER;

BEGIN

marks := :marks;

IF(marks < 0) THEN

RAISE_APPLICATION_ERROR(-20001, ' Marks Value is less than Zero.');

ELSE

IF (marks > 100) THEN

RAISE_APPLICATION_ERROR(-20002, 'Marks Value is grater than 100.');

ELSE

DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Marks : '|| marks);

END IF;

END IF;

END;

Output:-

PageNo:

EXERCISE-8

AIM: Programs development using creation of procedures, passing parameters IN and OUT of

PROCEDURES.

Program1: Write a program to find sum and average of given three numbers, using procedures?

Solution:

Procedure for calculating total:

CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE calTotal(num1 NUMBER,num2 NUMBER,num3 NUMBER)

IS

total NUMBER;

BEGIN

total := num1+num2+num3;

DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('The sum of given numnbers is::' || total);

END calTotal;

Run:

Procedure for calculating average:

CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE calAvg (m1 NUMBER,m2 NUMBER,m3 NUMBER) IS

Sum1 NUMBER;

Avg1 NUMBER;

BEGIN

Sum1:=m1+m2+m3;

Avg1:=Sum1/3;

DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('The average of given marks is::'|| Avg1);

END calAvg;

Run:

Date:

PageNo:

Main Program:

DECLARE

m1 NUMBER(3);

m2 NUMBER(3);

m3 NUMBER(3);

BEGIN

m1:=&m1;

m2:=&m2;

m3:=&m3;

calTotal(m1,m2,m3);

calAvg(m1,m2,m3);

END;

Output:

PageNo:

Program: Write a PL/SQL program to find sum of two no’s using IN, OUT parameters in procedures?

Procedure:

CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE calSum(A IN NUMBER, B IN NUMBER, C OUT NUMBER)

IS

BEGIN

C := A + B;

END;

Run:

Main Program:

DECLARE

N1 NUMBER;

N2 NUMBER;

result NUMBER;

BEGIN

N1 := &N1;

N2 := &N2;

calSum(N1,N2,result);

DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE ('Sum is: ' || result);

END;

Output:

PageNo:

Program: Write a PL/SQL program to find the square of the given number using INOUT parameter?

Procedure:

CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE double (num IN OUT NUMBER) IS

BEGIN

num := num * num;

END;

Run:

Main Program:

DECLARE

result number;

BEGIN

result := 7;

DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Before Call result Is: ' || result);

double(result);

DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('After Call result Is: ' || result);

END;

Output:

PageNo:

EXERCISE-9

AIM: Programs development using stored functions, invoke functions in SQL statements and

write complex functions.

Program: Write a PL/SQL program to find sum of two no’s using functions?

Function:

CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION add_two (A NUMBER,B NUMBER)

RETURN INT IS

BEGIN

RETURN (A + B);

END;

Output:-

Function created.

Main Program:

BEGIN

DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(’RESULT IS: ’ || add_two(12,34));

END;

Output:-

SQL> /

RESULT IS: 46

PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.

SQL>

Program: Write a PL/SQL program to print the details of student using functions?

Function:

CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION display (regdno student.rollno%type)return number is

srollno student.rollno%type;

sname student.name%type;

ssub1 student.sub1%type;

ssub2 student.sub2%type;

BEGIN

select rollno,name,sub1,sub2 into srollno,sname,ssub1,ssub2 from student where rollno=regdno;

DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Student Rollno= ' || srollno);

Date:

PageNo:

DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Student Name= ' || sname);

DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Student Sub1= ' || ssub1);

DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Student sub2= ' || ssub2);

return 1;

EXCEPTION

WHEN NO_DATA_FOUND THEN

RETURN 0;

END

Output:

Function created.

Main Program:

DECLARE

num student.rollno%type;

ret number;

BEGIN

num := :num;

ret := display(num);

if ret=0 then

DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE ('data not found');

end if;

END;

Output:-

PageNo:

EXERCISE-10

AIM: Programs development using creation of package specification, package body private

objects, packages and cursors and calling stored packages.

Program: Write a PL?SQL program to perform basic mathematical operations using packages?

Solution:

Package Specification:

CREATE OR REPLACE PACKAGE arthop IS

PROCEDURE adds(a NUMBER,b NUMBER);

PROCEDURE sub(a NUMBER,b NUMBER);

PROCEDURE mul(a NUMBER,b NUMBER);

PROCEDURE DIV(a NUMBER,b NUMBER);

END arthop;

Run Package:

SQL>/

Package created.

Package Body:

CREATE OR REPLACE PACKAGE BODY arthop IS

PROCEDURE adds(a NUMBER,b NUMBER) IS

c NUMBER;

BEGIN

c:=a+b;

DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('The addition result is::'||c);

END adds;

PROCEDURE sub(a NUMBER,b NUMBER) IS

c NUMBER;

BEGIN

c:=a-b;

DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE ('The subtraction result is::' || c );

END sub;

PROCEDURE mul(a NUMBER,b NUMBER) IS

c NUMBER;

BEGIN

c:=a*b;

DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('The multiplication result is::'||c);

Date:

PageNo:

END mul;

PROCEDURE DIV(A NUMBER,B NUMBER) IS

c NUMBER;

Div_Zero EXCEPTION;

BEGIN

IF b=0 THEN

RAISE Div_Zero;

ELSE

c:=a/b;

DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('The division result is::'||c);

END IF;

EXCEPTION

WHEN Div_Zero THEN

DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('b value should be greater than 0');

END div;

END arthop;

Run Package Body:

SQL> /

Package body created.

SQL>

Main Program:

DECLARE

n1 NUMBER;

n2 NUMBER;

n3 NUMBER;

ch NUMBER;

BEGIN

n1 := :n1;

n2 := :n2;

ch := :choise_Add_1_sub_2_mul_3_div_4;

CASE

WHEN ch=1 THEN

arthop.adds(n1,n2);

WHEN ch=2 THEN

arthop.sub(n1,n2);

PageNo:

WHEN ch=3 THEN

arthop.mul(n1,n2);

WHEN ch=4 THEN

arthop.div(n1,n2);

END CASE;

EXCEPTION

WHEN CASE_NOT_FOUND THEN

DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Invalid Operation or choise');

END;

Output:-

PageNo:

Program: Write a PL?SQL program to add two numbers using packages (function overloading)?

Solution:

Package Specification:

CREATE OR REPLACE PACKAGE rrr IS

PROCEDURE add1(a IN NUMBER,b IN NUMBER,c OUT NUMBER);

FUNCTION add2(a1 NUMBER, b1 NUMBER) RETURN NUMBER;

FUNCTION add2(a1 NUMBER, b1 NUMBER, c1 NUMBER) RETURN NUMBER;

END RRR;

Run Package:

SQL>/

Package created.

Package Body:

CREATE OR REPLACE PACKAGE BODY rrr IS

PROCEDURE add1(a IN NUMBER,b IN NUMBER,c OUT NUMBER) IS

BEGIN

c :=a+b;

END add1;

FUNCTION add2(a1 NUMBER, b1 NUMBER) RETURN NUMBER IS

tot NUMBER;

BEGIN

tot := a1+b1;

RETURN tot;

END add2;

FUNCTION add2(a1 NUMBER, b1 NUMBER, c1 NUMBER) RETURN NUMBER IS

tot NUMBER;

BEGIN

tot := a1+b1+c1;

RETURN tot;

END add2;

END rrr;

Run Package Body:

SQL> /

Package body created.

SQL>

PageNo:

Main Program:

DECLARE

n1 NUMBER;

n2 NUMBER;

n3 NUMBER;

n4 NUMBER;

n5 NUMBER;

BEGIN

n1 := :n1;

n2 := :n2;

rrr.add1(n1,n2,n3);

n4:= rrr.add2(n1,n2);

n5 := rrr.add2(n1,n2,n3)

DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(‘Sum of two numbers using procedure = ’ || n3);

DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(‘Sum of two numbers using function = ’ || n4);

DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(‘Sum of three numbers using function=’ || n5);

END;

Output:

PageNo:

EXERCISE-11

AIM: Develop programs using feature parameters in a CURSOR, FOR UPDATE CURSORS

WHERE CURRENT of clause and CURSOR variables.

Program: Write a PL/SQL program to display one student details by using CURSORS?

Solution:

CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE student_details(no IN student.rollno%type) IS

std_rec student%rowtype;

CURSOR c2 IS SELECT * from student where rollno=no;

BEGIN

OPEN c2;

LOOP

FETCH c2 INTO std_rec;

IF c2%NOTFOUND THEN

EXIT;

END IF;

DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(‘Name = ‘ || std_rec.name);

DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(‘RollNo = ‘ || std_rec.rollno);

DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(‘Sub1 marks = ‘ || std_rec.sub1);

DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(‘Sub2 marks = ‘ || std_rec.sub2);

CLOSE c2;

END;

Run:

SQL> /

Procedure created.

SQL>

Main Program:

DECLARE

no INTEGER(5);

BEGIN

no:=&no;

student_details(no);

END;

Date:

PageNo:

Output:

Program: Write a PL/SQL program to display all the student details by using CURSORS?

Solution:

CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE student_details IS

std_rec student%rowtype;

CURSOR c2 IS SELECT * from student;

i number;

BEGIN

OPEN c2;

i :=1;

LOOP

FETCH c2 INTO std_rec;

IF c2%NOTFOUND THEN

EXIT;

END IF;

DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('-----Student ' ||i||' Details ------');

DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Name = ' || std_rec.name);

DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('RollNo = ' || std_rec.rollno);

DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Sub1 marks = ' || std_rec.sub1);

DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Sub2 marks = ' || std_rec.sub2);

i := i+1;

END LOOP;

DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('');

DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Total ' || c2%rowcount || ' Students are found in the DataBase ');

CLOSE c2;

END;

PageNo:

Run :

SQL> /

Procedure created.

SQL>

Main Program:

DECLARE

BEGIN

student_details();

END;

Output:

PageNo:

EXERCISE-12

AIM: Develop Programs using BEFORE and AFTER Triggers, Row and Statement Triggers and

INSTEAD OF Triggers

Program: Create a trigger before insert on student table and check for valid marks which is inserted.

Solution:

CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER check_marks BEFORE INSERT ON student FOR EACH ROW

BEGIN

IF :NEW.sub1<0 OR :NEW.sub2<0 THEN

RAISE_APPLICATION_ERROR(-20003,'Marks are less than ZERO');

ELSIF :NEW.sub1>100 OR :NEW.sub2>100 THEN

RAISE_APPLICATION_ERROR(-20003,'Marks are greater than 100');

END IF;

END

Run:

SQL> /

Trigger created.

SQL>

Output:

Date:

PageNo:

Program: Create a trigger before insert on student table and update total marks.

Solution:

CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER add_marks BEFORE INSERT ON student FOR EACH ROW

BEGIN

:NEW.total := :NEW.sub1 + :NEW.sub2;

END;

Run:

SQL> /

Trigger created.

SQL>

Output:

Program: Create a trigger after insert on student table and update std_db_log table with operation?

Solution:

CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER insert_std_log AFTER INSERT ON student FOR EACH ROW

BEGIN

INSERT INTO std_db_log VALUES (SYSDATE,USER,'new record inserted');

END;

Run:

SQL> /

Trigger created.

SQL>

PageNo:

Output:

Program: Create a trigger after update on student table and update std_db_log table with operation?

Solution:

CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER update_std_log AFTER UPDATE ON student FOR EACH ROW

BEGIN

INSERT INTO std_db_log VALUES (SYSDATE,USER,'record Updated');

END;

Run:

SQL> /

Trigger created.

SQL>

Output:

PageNo:

Program: Create a trigger after delete on student table and update std_db_log table with operation?

Solution:

CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER delete_std_log AFTER DELETE ON student FOR EACH ROW

BEGIN

INSERT INTO std_db_log VALUES (SYSDATE,USER,'record deleted');

END;

Run:

SQL> /

Trigger created.

SQL>

Output:

PageNo:

a

Documents

Transcript of a