urban studies | faculty of architecture EKA | tutors: Maroš Krivý, Toomas Adrikorn

TYPOMORFOLOGY 2014

your topic | your name in century gothic size 10Forming the city through landscaping | Karmen Kase

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Introduction to typomorphology task

The Typomorphology class of autumn se-mester 2014/2015 studied the Southeast sec-tion of Tallinn’s former bastion belt (bound-ed by the Luise street, Narva mnt, Liivalaia and Suur-Ameerika) and the sub-districts of Tõnismägi, Sibulaküla, Südalinn, Maakri and Kompassi; Liivalaia and Suur-Ameeri-ka were the borders of the analysed area. The class was divided into three groups and students’ first task was to divide the studied area into three sub-segments and negotiate their precise borders. Their work continued with archival study, comparing historic and contemporary photographs, studying histori-cal maps, documents and plans and creating timeline of key points in the development of urban form. In mid-term each student choose an individual research topic. The selection of individual topics reflect the understanding of urban form as a dialectical relationship be-tween the three typomorphological elements – built form, infrastructure and open space. Within the framework of the chosen topics, stu-dents were led to analyse and document the ways in which typomorphological production and dynamics of urban form is socially condi-tioned. They researched the historical effect of political and economic processes on the urban form and studied the role of institutional actors, patterns of ownership, and contrasting planning concepts and visions. The 2014/2015 class is a third final sequel to typomorphologi-cal studies of bastion belt’s segments between Viru väljak and Suurtüki street (2012/2013) and between Suurtüki street and Kaarli church, including the localities of Kassisaba and Kel-miküla (2013/2014). The presented research will be completed by work on the area’s sce-narios in the spring semester of 2014/2015. Maroš Krivý, Toomas Adrikorn

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Introduction to individual topic

In the individual research I tried to find the main influences on the urban form by ownerships and landscaping. For the research I used old historical maps and searched for information of the owner¬ships. To understand the land-form and the aesthet¬ical value of the land-scape I used photographic materials.

The role and character of urban greenery has been changed within 3 centuries. Due to the changes in ownerships, the accessibility and unity of the green areas have changed and therefore it has influ¬enced the uses and views of urban landscape.

The landscaping that are visible and usable today originate mostly from 19th century, how-ever the rough weather conditions and new constructions have destroyed the richness of vegetation. Al¬though, the landscape struc-ture has changed, the streets and buildings still follow the historical urban form.

MAIN QUESTIONS What role did the ownerships play in shaping the urban form? How has the vegetation influenced the urban landscape in Tallinn? How much of the historical vegetation has re-mained?

Finding information

At first I searched through many books, archive materials such as maps and old photographs, although finding the arguments that I wanted to produce was quite difficult at first.

I tried to find the main background information for how the development of Talllinn actually took place, according to the political and so-cial changes, combining them with the spacial changes.

In further report I present at first the historical background information that I gathered, sum-marizing the main changes. The concept and my own approach to the studio and my main idea that I wanted to present is following after the historical background.

I used additional material for showing my ide-as, such as illustrative and simplified schemes, supporting photographical materials and sketches. At the end of the report is presented also my reduced size poster.

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Reval,1630

Reval,1650The area outside of the city wall was used for growing vegetables and fruits, shepherding the cattles.

Suburbs and smaller gardens outside of the city wall.

The suburbs and vegetable gardens are destroyed, only few of them exist.

Reval,1710

Tallinn until 18th century

During the Livonian War, Tallinn became a dominition of Sweden (1561). As being part of Sweden, even bigger and stronger fortifica-tions were planned- bastions.

The moats and ramparts were built in Suur Rannavärava, Nunna,Viru and to the south side of Toompea. Due to many wars, weaken-ing of trade and crafts led to poor economic situation. As a result of that the defense of the city became weaker. A new generalplan was created for Tallinn in 1634, where circular ramparts, moats and for-tifications were planned.

Building the powerful fortification was dealing with many difficulties- the new war between Sweden and Russia in 1656 and plague in 1657. Difficulties in economy, conflicts be-tween guilds and town hall prevented up-grading and expanding the fortification.

In 1686 a new generalplan for Tallinn was made, and stayed until the demilitarization; however, realizing it completely was too much for economically weak Tallinn.

At the end of the 17th century, there were or-chards, berry bushes, summerhouses outside ot the city wall.

Behind the Harju Gate was a place where the cattles were watered and milked.

At the beginning of the Northen war, the demolition of the wooden houses in the suburbs were demanded to prevent it to become the enemy’s advantage.

During the Great Northern War the possibilities for upgrading the fortification became even less realistic. The city capitulat-ed in 1710 to Russian troops due to bad condition of fortifica-tion and plague.

Only three bastions of the 1686 generalplan were estab-lished- Skoone, Rootsi and Ingeri. The bastions were used to store the city’s supplies and munitions.

At the beginning of the 18th century the cattles were shep-herded again outside of the city wall by the citizens. The citi-zens used also the esplanades for growing vegetables and to throw their garbage there.

In 1700 the official width of esplanades was 300 meters; how-ever it was never achieved fully, as some people had their houses and orchards there. Alley trees were planted to the fortification at the same time keeping in mind the visibility from esplanades and the possibility to attack enemies from it.

In 1732 the rules of esplanade was reduced to 130 meters and the Russian military authorities allowed to keep the build-ings, fences and vegetable gardens; however, building the new ones was highly restricted.

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Development from the 19th century

Governor General Filippo Pauliucci (Russian military officer with Italian background) visited Tallinn many times during 1820-1868 and was often disappointed by the bad condition of the fortification. Due to modern artillery and poor condi-tion of the fortification, the city was unlisted from the fortified cities in 1857.

After that, bastions lost their military purposes and because there were already some lime trees growing on the bastions and around the Old Town, the bastions were perfect for es-tablishing parks.

In 1864 the fortification was given to the local authorities by the order of tsar Alexander II. Komandandi house and gar-den and the Kiek in de Kök tower next to it was given to the Kaarli Congregation. The rest of the 36 ravelins formed wide territory around the Old Town- the bastion belt.

As the bastions and ravelins were not defending the city any-more, it begun to provide new opportunities- new building and green areas around the city wall. Building to the moat areas was quite a challenge and the bastion belt was not constructed completeley.

The land that was around the Old Town was left without constructiong on it and mainly without maintaining the land, for that reason the nature took over. Bastions on the other hand became privately owned and therefore were at first more maintained.

The green areas around the Old Town were the backbone for the public parks that exists today- Tammsaare park, green areas around Jaani church, Harjumägi, Lindamägi, Hirve-park, Toompark, Tornide väljak, Rannamägi, Margareeta aed, Kanuti aed and Virumägi (Musumägi). From 1728 the Old Town was sur-rounded by circular boulevard -Glaciprome-nade.

Viruvärava, 19th Century

Harjuvärava, 19th Century

Skoone, 19th Century

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Development after 1857

In 1869 a plan of Tallinn was made, that illus-trated the idea of the uses of different emptry areas. The plan was made by F.Adamson. The plan is showing that in front of the hill of Toom-pea, Harju hill, Rootsi kants and the surround-ing area of Jaani church was treated as green areas.

From Jaani church to Margareta’s garden and Tornide väljak were meant to be building ar-eas. The plan was never completely realized and therefore the moats near Toompea, Harju and Rannavärava Gate were left disordered and neglected for a long time.

Private lands, owned by Baltic Germans, were used for many purposes- creating parks, den-drogardens, arboretums and restaurants. The idea of creating parks, arboretums and dendroparks in the city came from the manor parks and convent gardens - baroque parks that developed into botanical gardens and collection of different species of plants and herbs.

In 19th century the trend culminated as the Baltic Germans started to found the arbore-tums and dendroparks. The interest in different sortiment and the popularity of dendrology

among the wealhtier Baltic Germans was a trigger for creat-ing green areas arount the Old Town as well. Rootsi bastion became one of the dendroparks, established by the Baltic Germans in 1860s.

One of the land owner was Estonian’s Gardening Associa-tion, its purpose was to cultivate decorative plants, fruit trees, vegetables in any condition.

Between Uue half-bastion and Stömbergi reduut begun to form a big empty square in surrounded by some buildings from southwest and a meadow from northeast. The square was used by russian merchants and the square was called Russian Market (Vene turg). Near the Russian Market place was a meadow and also timberyard and a stopping point of cabmen.

In 1867 Jaani church was established by the fundraising of the citizens.

With the plan, made by F.Adamson in 1869, the southern side of the Russian Market was planned to be building area; how-ever, the plan never completely realized and the land be-came neglected meadow.

In 1872-1873 a city’s volunteer fire company was established on the western side of the Russian Market. Tallinn Alexander Gymnasium was established on the northern side of the mar-ket place.

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Toompea, 1867

Jaani church 1867

Development before the independence

The land around the Old Town were mostly under the com-mand of the renters, who didn’t maintain the land, as a result of that the greenery was in a bad shape.

As the population of Estonians was rising at the beginning of 20th century, the more Estonians started to pay more attention on the green areas and rising the aesthetic values in the city.

The regulation of urban landscape, parks and rising number of skilled labor in horticultural field started to shape up the aes-thetics of urban environment. Hans Lepp was the first official urban gardener who started working in Tallinn from 1907 to 1944.

In the city were only few appropriate and maintained recre-ational parks- Harjumägi and Rannaväravamägi. Others were not maintained, formed mostly wasteland, meadows and landfills. In 1896 the market place removed from the Old Town to the meadow behing Viru Gate.

H.Lepp described the situation of landuse in 1898 as rouch green wasteland with no cultural public parks. H.Lepp was in charge of maintaining the existing landscapes.

With organizing the landscape the aesthetical value of the city was raising and at that time there was no further need for re-designing the parks.

At the end of 19th and the beginning of 20th century many privately owned land was given away for public use. In 1910, the ur-ban gardener H.Lepp ordered the renters to maintain the land before giving back the land to municipality.

In 1900s, the green space between the New market and Russian market was used for seasonal circuses and puppetries. In 1902 when the German theatre (Saksa teater) burnt down, a new temporary replacement- wooden building was established.

In 1905 the theatre house was transformed into the movie theatre -Metropolis. In 1902 the flea market was transferred from the Rus-sian market place to Skoone bastion and in 1909 the hay market from Harju Gate was transferred to Russian market.

Harjumägi, 1890

The Russian Market, 1880

The New Market, 1899

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Development during the inde-pendence

To create the green bastion belt around the Old Town, the municipality had to reorgan-ize and buy some private estates. For broad-ening the park area, some land was bought near Hirvepark and Rannaväravamäe.

Due to the hard work of Hans Lepp, the aes-thetical value of urban parks started to rise. H.Lepp was making a lot of difference dur-ing a decade, making the public parks in Tallinn more aesthetic and presentable. With the tax system of Republic of Estonia there was more resources to improve the urban environment.

In 1900 the German Drama Theater and schools like the Realkool were built in the for-mer bastion belt.

The plan for the green belt was finished by the year 1935. The surface area of green belt increased from 10 hectares to 50 hectares.

At the beginning Estonia’s independence, the vegetation and private gardens became the most important component in newer urban districts. Citizens were concerned about their health and were paying attention more on the lifestyles and the nature around them. Consequently, many sport squares were established and the necessity of the public parks was rising.

During the maintenance of the public greenery, the design of Ingeri bastion remained the same- the path network system and older trees were left the way they were planned in 1881 (by E.A.Regel). In the beginning of 20th century the pace of life was slower and therefore the public parks played more important role in the society.

At the beginning of 20th century Jaani street was extended, providing better accessibility around the Old Town. In 1913 the Estonian theatre building was built by the fund-raising of esto-nians.

On the Harju hill many concerts and art galleries took place. As Estonia gained its independence in 1920, the statue of Pe-ter I was removed from the Freedom square in 1922.

During 1923 to 1928 Anton Soans was the city archi¬tect in Tal-linn. He made many plans for the city, con¬cerning the land use and the build¬ing regulations.

After the World War I the restaurant and summer theatre were in a bad condition and the collapsing buildings were removed in a few years. In 1930 a new open-air cafe was opened on the hill.

Jaani street, 1907

Peter’s square, 1910

Freedom square, 1922

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Development before the World War II

The general plan was created with the building regulations in 1932, dividing the city to different construction areas. Green areas and cemeteries were forming VIII district, where building activities were not allowed. The landscapings that were in a better contition were considered to be public parks and land-scapings that were not in such a good contitons were planned to be construction areas for special permission buildings.

Regulations for planting of vegetation was adopted by the year 1935. In the Republic of Esonia the 1920s and 1930s were the greatest period for planning the greenery, however, with the recession and difficult political situation there were com-plications for implementing the plans. In 1930s the Freedom square became the the most important and representative square in Tallinn. The old restaurant building was demolished by 1929 and an open-air cafe was opened in 1932. The old band pavilion was replaced with the new one. In 1935 the grove from the Freedom Square was removed and the area was shaped more rectangle.

In 1937 the Art Gallery building was constructed and in 1937 two different buildings were projected and built near the Free-dom square- Hotel Palace and also the insurence company’s building EEKS. In order to improve the spatial formation anoth-er architectural competition was arranged. According to the plan the architects Alar Kotli and Erns Kesa planned to replace Jaani church with six-storey courthouse, however, the plan was never realized.

The grove, planted in 1898 between the Russian and New market place remained as a green segment, however still in disordered state. The Russian Market and New Market places remained to the locations until the WWII.

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The open air cafe, 1932

The New Market and grove, 1920

Freedom Square, military parade, 1926

Freedom square, 1936

Hotel Palace, 1935

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The city was made more representable with the changes in the urban landscape.

After the World War II, the New market place was removed behind the Estonia theatre and in 1948 the Russian market was transferred to Keskturg. The area was designed to be a public park as a symmetrical park with regular passages and opened views by horticulturist H.Heinsaar in 1947. In 1940s-1950 the park was named Stalin’s square and from 1955 to1989 the park was named 16.october park, in memorial to the uprisings of 1905 revolution.

In 1951 the monument of Viktor Kingissepp was established on Harju hill (by archt. A. Kotli and sculpt. E.Roos). In 1953 a Stalin-ist architecture ensemble was created along Narva street, the buildings should reflect a monumental gate to the city.

In 1976 16.October park was reconstructed and in 1978 a monument of an Estonian writer A.H.Tammsaare was placed to the centre of the park (arch. R.Luubi and sclpt. J.Soans) as the writer enjoyed spending time in the market place.

Due to the Olympic Games in 1980 Tallinn, the city’s appear-ance was changed due to demolitiond of wooden houses and by building five- to-six storey houses instead.

High-rise buildings, visible already in Soviet general architec-tural plans, started to appear in in the city center- “Sokos Ho-tel Viru Tallinn” opened on 1972.

For 1980 Olympic games sailing regatta Hotel Olympia was built, and Liivalaia street was re-constructed. In 1981 another sculpture was placed to Tammsaare’s park by E. Viies- “Mer-ineid”, dedicated to the sailing regatta of XXII Olympic games.

Development in Soviet Union

After the World War II, many districts in Tallinn were developed and changed. During the bombing in 1944 a lot of buildings were de-stroyed, and therefore the urban landscape and city views changed. Some public parks were re-designed, and some areas were turned into parks (Teatri square, Rävala pst).

Many monuments and sculptures were add-ed to the public parks, showing the ideoolo-gy of the Soviet Union.

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Stalin’s park, 1953

Ruins on Liivalaia street, 1945

Viru Hotel, 1970

Liivalaia street, 1980

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Freedom Square, 2001

Freedom Square, 2014

Tammsaare park, 2014

Narva mnt, 2014

Development after the re-independence

Tallinn’s skyline has changed due to the development of Cen-tral Business District as it is still very intensive and ungoing pro-cess in the city. The growing of CBD is due to the private land ownership and real estate market. The changes in the urban landscape is also influenced by motorisation as the city views mostly consist of cars.

The monuments in Tallinn that were ornamenting and repre-senting the Soviet Union ideology were removed at the begin-ning of re-independence of Estonia.

The Freedom square that locates on the former fortification moat, was used as a parking lot for many years. In 1997. the mayor I.Eenmaa proposed to lose the parking lot and use it as a recreational square instead.

During the archeological diggings in 2008, the former Harju Gates and fragment of fortification were dug out and pre-served in the underground parking lot.

In 2009 the Victory Column was placed in memorial for the people who fought for Estonia’s freedom and independence. The Freedom Square is used for celebrating the independ-ence of Estonia, memorials, concerts and other social events.

The Virumäe, Harjumäe and Tammsaare park are taken under nature protection due to multiple species and historical gar-den design that originates from 19th century. Virumägi was renewed in 2001-2005, the street lights were replaced and the summer theatre square was reconstructed. In 2007 a sculp-ture ‘“The moment after the kiss” was placed in the park (sclp. T.Kangro).

The vegetation in Tammsaare’s park has also overgrown and is creating closed views. As the park’s apperance is outdated, some re-newing ideas were presented during an archi-tecture competition in 2012. Tammsaare park is used for everyday passage, recreational activities, concerts and other social events.

Pärnu, Gonsiori, Narva and Kaarli roads are most frequently used streets in the city centre, as a result of that there are often traffic jams and a lot of noise. |13|

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Getting to main point

Even though I had gathered a lot of infor-mation I was struggling with it, trying to find and present the main point. After the first poster presentation I realized that showing the maps and describing them through text is quite difficult to understand and for me to present as well.

I tried another approach to present it. I scaled my information down to three points – ownership, landform and remained histor-ical parts. The second step was to sketch down the main changes in the city.

Then I could divide my changes in urban form by 4 subtopics. The topics are present-ing roughly changes in urban form, catego-rizing them: From fortification to landscaping out of the city wall, from private to pub-lic, the re-shaping the urban form and the green infrastructure.

Private and public

As the city was unlisted from the fortified cities in 1857, it was a step forward for establishing more parks around the Old Town. In the mid. 19th century the land was basically divided to pri-vately owned and public lands. The urban landscape started to change due to distinct land ownership.

The biggest influence had the privately owned land around the Old Town as the accessibility to the land was restricted and at first the aesthetical value started to rise. The public land that was also marked as green areas were mostly neglected meadows. At the end of 19th century the privately owned land was opened for publical use and some functions were added at some places.

Re-shaping the urban form

At the beginning of 20th century H.Lepp, the first official ur-ban gardener started to work in Tallinn. As a result of that all the wastelands, neglected meadows and unmaintained land around the Old Town were maintained and the land was giv-en back to municipality.

The urban form was changing fast- the accessibility and the aesthetics of parks started to rise, however the green areas became even more fragmented. During the Soviet Occu-pation the fragmentation of green areas got more intensive, however, the focus on park aesthetics was greater.

Green infrastructure

The accessibility to parks in the city centre is very high. The veg-etation that was rooted in 19th century has partially remained in the city landscape and because of it, it is the municipality’s concern to preserve the remained historical part of it.

However the unity of bastion belt has been destroyed with the streets, and the green areas are fragmented, they are more blended into the urban form, diversifying and creating one unity with the whole city landscape. In addition to preserving the remained historical greenery, it is also considered to be part of the green infrastructure. The connections between green areas are formed by adding alleys in the streets. The ur-ban landscape is diverse as the buildings and streets alternate with the nature.

Fortification -Landscaping out of the city wall

During the 18th century the rules for esplanade were reduced by the tsarist military authorities and as a result of that the ur-ban form stated to change.

The concept of fortification was weakening and some lime trees and the first park outside of the City Wall were estab-lished. The accessibility to the greenery near the City Wall was increasing for the citizens.

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Fortification

In 1728 the military authorities in tsarist Russia allowed to plant lime trees on bastions and around the Old Town for providing shelter from the enemy’s eye. The Ingeri bastion as former fortification is now still forming one of the most unique land-scapes in the city centre of Tallinn.

Landscaping out of the city wall

In 1823 was already created the first park next to Harju Gate. The park was established by the fund raising of the wealthi-er citizens. The park was used by mothers and children and therefore called the kindergarten. Some of the old trees have remained next to Jaani church.

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1823

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Ingeri bastion, 19th Century

Kindergarten, end of 19th century

Jaani church, end of 19th century

Ingeri bastion, 2014

Remains of the kindergarten,2014

Private

The Harju hill was at first owned by the local authorities, but as there was lack of resources to maintain the land it was leased out in 1862 to the Estonian’s Gardening Association. In 1867 Jaani church was established by the fundraising of the citizens.

Ingeri bastion was too hilly for Estonian’s Gardening Associa-tion’s experiments and the land was given back to the local authorities in 1881. In 1887 the local authorities ordered to build a restaurant with summer theatre on the Harju hill. The hill was used as a garden of the restaurant and it was accessible only with a small fee. There are now 55 species, 33 of them are in-troduced. In 1997 some shrubs were added to the park.

Public

After Harju hill was given back to the local authorities, it was redesigned as a public park by E.A.Regel. The park had three level vegetation, consisting of trees of different species, dec-orative shrubs and flowers, creating diverse landscape with multiple views. For today is remained 33 different species.

Viruvärava hill was also at first privately owned land (At first by J.E.Steinberg, from 1888 by J.von Gern). In 1897 G.Kuphaldt designed the hill as English garden with decorative plants, a gazebo and stairs that lead to the regular style garden with a small parterre and a fountain. The park was opened for the citizens in 1898. The vegetation of the park has grown and cre-ates sheltered, romantic place in the city.

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Mid. 19th Century

End of 19th Century

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Restaurant and garden on Harjumägi,1898

A garden on Viruväravamägi,1895

Viruväravamägi, 2014

Remains of garden on Harjumägi, 2014

Jaani church, 2014

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Re-shaping the urban form

When the New Market place was transferred from the Old Town in 1896 the surface of the meadow was reduced. In 1898 a smaller grove was opened between the Russian and New market place, closing the circular promenade. The grove had some paths, but mostly it was neglected and unmaintained.

At the beginning of the 20th century Jaani street was estab-lished and as a result of that the one unity of bastion belt was destroyed. The street was giving better accessibility around the Old Town and is now one of the most frequently used streets in Tallinn.

Re-shaping the urban landscapings

The New market place was removed behind the Estonia thea-tre and in 1948 the Russian market was transferred to Keskturg. The area was designed by the horticulturist H.Heinsaar in 1947 as a symmetrical park with regular passages and opened views. In 1940s-1950 the park was named Stalin’s square.

In 1978 a monument of an Estonian writer A.H.Tammsaare was placed to the park (arch.R. Luubi, sculp. J. Soans). The three level vegetation is not completely remained, but the trees and shrubs are creating closed visras and giving the city more greener appearance. There are 46 species of trees and bush-es in the park, including a number of rare trees.

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20th century

Beg. of 20th century

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Pärnu maante, former Jaani steet, 2014

Freedom Square, 2014

Tammsaare park, former Stalin Square, 2014

Stalin’s Square,1947

Freedom Square, 1931

Jaani steet next to New Market,1901

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Green infrastructure

The landscape that is visible today in Tallin has formed and influenced by many factors- Swedish and Russian fortification plans for the city, landscaping the bastions, unlisting Tallinn from the fortified cities, private ownerships that led to estab-lishing private pleasure gardens (Germ. -Lustgarten), building wider streets to increase the accessibility around the Old Town.

Also one big factor is that the ground on the former moats was not that steady and it has been preventing the bastion belt to be fully built up. As a result of that the landscape on bastion belt was at first left neglected and the city was forming around it, keeping pieces of the historical city form hidden in the urban landscape.

Ingeri bastion

Remains of kindergarten

Jaani church

Harjumägi

Viruväravamägi

Pärnu mnt. (extention of former Jaani street)

Grove at the Freedom Square

Tammsaare park (former Stalin’s Square)

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Sketches

While working on the maps, photographical materials and history, I had some thoughts in my mind how the form of the vegetation has been changed during three centuries. I tried to sketch down my own opinion, supporting them with the facts of history.

The sketches on the right side is for showing the differences of the vegetation form from 18th century until 2014.

I have brought out the distinctions of private-ly owned areas and public areas, dividing the periods by the changes in the forms.

I took two of the urban parks from today’s ur-ban landscape as an examples for this- Har-jumägi and Tammsaare park.

It seems that although the initial phase of the landcape was different the end result of the form seems to be the same.

Beg. of 19th cen-

tury

Beg. of 19th cen-

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Mid. 19th century

Mid. 19th century

End of19th century

End of19th century

20th century

20th century

21th century

21th century

In 21th century the aes-thetical value of the parks has stayed, due to a good maintainance. The vege-tation is grown high, pro-vidin shelter, closed vistas, however, the richness of the vegetation in the parks have slowly faded due to difficult weather condi-tions.

The three level vegetation that was planted in 1947 has partially remained- mainly the big trees and shrubs, however, the flow-erbeds have disappeared from the site. The symmet-rical landscape with the richness of the species lost its original look, however, the remained trees and shrubs are providing ro-mantic, sheltered space in the city centre.

At the beginning of 20th century Hans Lepp as the first urban gardener or-dered the land owners to maintain the land before giving it back to the mu-nicipality. The city’s aes-thetical value started to rise again only by organiz-ing the neglected land.

The public land in the city was not re-designed at the beginning of 20th century. After the WWII and during the Soviet Union occupa-tion the New Market place was removed behind the Estonian’s Theatre and the area was re-designed by a horticulturist H.Heinsaar in 1947. Park was designed as symmetrically,with three level vegetation. The aes-thetics of the park and the city was great.

The second scheme is showing the mid. 19th cen-tury, as the bastions were privately owned (by Baltic Germans) and well main-tained. Due to russification at the end of 19th centu-ry, the exclusive rights of Baltic Germans were lim-ited. The change in politi-cal field had an influence upon the privately owned parks as Baltic Germans didn’t maintain the land anymore.

At the end of 19th century the meadows, wastelands were maintained step by step. In 1896 a grove be-tween the Russian Market and the New market was established, the mead-ow was fenced. Also some paths were leading through the park. By main-taining the wastelands the city got more decent ap-pearance.

The first drawing is graph-ical illustration of the Glacispromenade and landscaping of bastions, established in the 1728. The graphical drawing is show-ing that on the bastions were growing the lime trees that were planted there two centuries ago, probably neglected and unmaintained.

In 1869 the bastion belt area from Jaani church to Rannaväravamäe was planned to be building area by the plan of F.Ad-amson, but due to un-steady ground the plan was never realized. Until the end of 19th century the public land was maini-ly neglected meadows, landfills, wasteland. It gave the city more filthy appear-ance. |21|

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Conclusion

In my individual research I focused more on how the land ownership, urban aesthetics have influenced the urban form and how much of the history layers are visi-ble in the city today.

The output of the research is the historical background of Tallinn, arguments of how the landscaping changed the urban form, supported by schemes, comparison of old and new photographs, showing the remained part of the history layers. In addition I added sketches of my own opinion how landscapings changed under distinct ownerships- private and public land.

I have brought out the spacial changes that occurred due to political, social factors influenced the landscape that is visible today in Tallinn.

It turned out that there was a great distinction between private and public land in the 19th century, however, the contrast between them has decreased over time, becoming more similar. The changes in the urban form by land ownerships has influenced the city as much as the neglected meadows, landfills, as they all form now the public parks and squares with similar appearance.

The urban parks such as Viruväravamägi (Musumägi), Tammsaare park, Harjumägi, Kaarli boulevard have been taken under nature protection and also consid-ered to be part of the green infrastructure. Besides, the development of Tallinn has considered the parks and squares in the urban landscape, constructing buildings rather around them and keeping the vegetation for ris-ing the urban aesthetics. Therefore, I can speculate or even conclude that the city has formed through land-scaping.

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