Access to Justice: courting empowermentInequality social, economic, and political inhibits the marginalized from accessing resources, and consequently exercising their rights. Laws nominal equality is conflated with factual equality, and economic and social deprivation that undermines access to human rights continues.

On the other hand, in India and other developing countries like South Africa, Ethiopia, Brazil, to name a few, constitutional protection has been provided to the right to equality, and equal status before the law. Constitutions in developing countries have given various social, economic and environmental rights the status of fundamental or basic rights. Courts too have recognized the existence of these rights. Yet, the impact of legal provisions on access to social and economic rights remains to be seen.

In this course, the students will be given a background to the law and development movement, and the development of the access to justice paradigm, which has more recently been adopted by the World Bank. This course will lay the ground work for students to access the importance of law and justice systems in delivering development. Course structure:1. Introduction to Law, Development and A2J.

a. What is development?

b. What is the role of law in development?c. Did development lead to legal advancements?

d. What is A2JReadings:

a. Polanyi, K. (1957) The Great Transformation, Beacon Pressb. UNDP Human Development Report 2005

http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/reports/266/hdr05_complete.pdf

c. David M. Trubek and Marc Galanter, "Scholars in Self-Estrangement: Reflections on the Crisis in Law and Development Studies in the U.S.A." 1974 Wisconsin Law Review 1062-1102

2. Access to justice

a. Varying meanings

b. History international perspective

Readings

a. Friedman L., Access to Justice: Some Historical Comments,

b. Cappelletti and Garth, Access to Justice the Florence Justice Project, 1972, Buffalo Law Review

c. Ralph Nader and Donald Ross, Action for Change, Penguin Books

d. Rosenberg G., 1991, Hollow Hope, University of Colorado

e. Sudarshan R., Avatars of Rule of Law and Access to Justice: Some Asian Aspects

3. Western formal justice systems

a. What prompted the establishment of these systems

b. Why do they function well in certain settings?

Readings:

a. Menkel-Meadow C., 2004, From Legal Disputes to Conflict Resolution and Human Problem Solving: Legal Dispute Resolution in a Multidisciplinary Context, Journal of Legal Education

b. Menkel-Meadow C., Roots and Inspirations: A Brief History of the Foundation of Dispute Resolution, The Handbook of Dispute Resolution, Michael L. Moffitt & Robert C. Bordone eds., San Francisco: Jossey-Bass 2005

4. Role of culture in disputing

a. Culture and disputing

b. Failure of transplantation

Readings:

a. Moore S.F., CERTAINTIES UNDONE: FIFTY TURBULENT YEARS OF LEGAL ANTHROPOLOGY, 1949-1999, The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute, Vol. 7, No. 1 (Mar., 2001), p. 95.b. Richard Abel (1982), The politics of informal justice

c. Fitzpatrick P. (2002), The mythology of modern law,

d. Koch K, (1978) Access to Justice: An anthropological perspective in Access to Justice, eds. Cappelletti and Garth, Vol. IV.5. Budgeting justice systems

a. Comparison of financial allocations

b. Litigation policy

c. Legal aid and legal representation

Readings:

a. Chowdhury R., (2012), Missing the Woods for the Trees, NUJS Law Review.

b. Robinson N., The Indian Supreme Court and its Benches, 2013

c. National Litigation Policy http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=62745

d. Ministry of Law and Justice, Annual Reports

6. Public Interest Litigation: Courts and policy making

a. PIL in USAb. Civil Rights movement

Readings

a. Kotz H. (1981), Public Interest Litigation: A comparative Survey, in Cappelletti (1981) Access to Justice and Welfare State, Florence.

b. Richard Abel (1995), The Law and Society Reader

c. Cummings S., and Rhode D., Public Interest Litigation: Insights from Theory and Practice Fordham Urban Law Journal, Vol 36., p.603

d. Jonathan R. Macey and Geoffrey P. Miller, Attorneys Role in Class Action and Derivative Litigation: Economic Analysis and Recommendations for Reform, University of Chicago Law Review

e. Miller A., Of Frankenstine Monsters and Shining Knights: Myth, Reality, and the Class Action Problem

f. Laura Nader (1993), Controlling Processes in the Practice of law: Hierarchy and Pacification in the Movement to Re-form Dispute Ideology, Ohio State Journal on Dispute Resolution, Vol 9 (1), p.1

7. PIL in India

a. Baxi U., Taking Suffering Seriously,

b. GALANTER, Marc & Jayanth K. KRISHNAN (2003-2004) Bread for the Poor: Access to Justice and the Rights of the Needy in India , Hastings Law Journal, Vol.55, pp.789-834.c. KRISHNAN, Jayanth Kumar (2001-2002) Public Interest Litigation in a Comparative Context, Buffalo Public International Law Journal, Vol.20, pp.19-100d. Krishnan J., (2003) Social Policy Advocacy and the Role of Courts in India, 21 American Asian Review 91

8. PIL in South Africa, ChinaReadings

a. Palmer M., and Chao XI (2009), China in Hensler D.R, Globalisation of Class Action Annals

b. Gloppen S. (2011), Litigating Health Rights: Can courts bring more justice to health?

c. Pieterse M. (2004), Coming to Terms with Judicial Enforcement of Socio-Economic Rights, 20 S. African Journal on Human Rights 383.

d. Balme S., Ordinary Justice and Popular Constitutionalism, in Building Constitutionalism in China, eds. Balme S., and Dowdle M., p.179

9. Alternate Disputing Mechanisms

a. Individualization

b. Collectivization of diffused interests

c. Impact on redress options

Readings:

a. Bedner and Vel (2011), An analytical framework for empirical research on Access to Justice, Law Justice and Global Development.

b. Grillo T. (1991), The Mediation Alternative: Process Dangers for Women, Yale Law Journal, Vol. 100 p. 1545

c. Fitzpatrick P., The Impossibility of Popular Justice, in Sally Engle Merry & Neal Milner, (eds.) (1993) The Possibility of Popular Justice, Ann Arbor: University Michigan Press, pp. 453-474 (originally published in Social and Legal Studies, An International Journal, Vol.1 (1992) pp.199-215 10. Technology and Access to justice

a. ICANN

b. Limitations of online disputing

c. New Frontiers for policy making

d. Limitations for developing countries

Readings

a. Katsh E., Online Dispute Resolution, Resolution?, in MOFFITT, Michael L & Robert C. BORDONE (eds) (2005) The Handbook of Dispute Resolution, San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, pp.425-437.b. Katsh E., and Wing L. (2007), Ten years of Online Dispute Resolution (ODR) Looking at the Past and Constructing the Future, University of Taledo Law Review, Vol 38 pp.19 46.

c. Aashit Shah, Using ADR to Solve Online Disputes, Richmond Journal of Law and Technology, Vol. 10, Issue 3, p. 1.

11. Political embeddedness of disputing mechanisms limitations of social change by law

a. Trubeck M., and Galanter M., Scholars in Self Estrangement

b. Trubeck M. (2006), The 'Rule of Law' in development assistance: past, present, and future in Trubeck M., and Santos A., The New Law and Economic Development c. David Kennedy (2006), The 'Rule of Law', political choices, and development common sense, in Trubeck M., and Santos A., The New Law and Economic Development

12. Law, Development and the State led economya. Economic growth approach and Dirigism

b. Developmentalism

c. Export led growth

Readings:

a. Atul Kohli, State Directed Economy, 2004

b. Cypher and Dietz, Chapters 1, 3, 5 and 9

c. Frug, Ideology of Bureaucracy in American Law

d. Kohli, A. (2004) State Directed Development, CUP, Part I on Korea e. Prebisch, R. (1964) Towards a New Trade Policy for Development 13. Law and Development movementa. State as a regulatorb. Legal Transplantation and economic growth

Readings:

a. Stiglitz, J. Whither Reform? Ten Years of Transition (World Bank Annual Conference on Development Economics: Keynote Address 28-20 April 1999) http://siteresources.worldbank.org/DEC/Resources/84797-1251813753820/6415739-1251814010799/stiglitz.pdf

b. Rittich K., Neoliberal Images of Legal Regulation and the State, in Recharacterizing restructuring: law, distribution and gender in market reform, Kluwer Law International, c. Sachs, J. Shock Therapy in Poland: Perspectives of Five Years, The Tanner Lectures on Human Values, (1995) Vol. 16, University of Utah, http://www.earth.columbia.edu/sitefiles/file/about/director/documents/LecTanner0494.pdf 14. Law and economics

a. Law as a means to efficiency

b. Courts as a forum for determining efficiency

c. Common Law vs. Civil LawReadings:

a. Ugo Mattie (2005), The Rise and Fall of Law and Economics: An essay on judge Guido Calabresi, Maryland Law Review, Available at: http://digitalcommons.law.umaryland.edu/mlr/vol64/iss1/11

b. Zywicki TJ., and Stringham EP., Common Law and Economic Efficiency, Encyclopedia of Law and Economics, Research Paper Series. c. Posner R., 1981, The Economics of Justice, Harvard University Pressd. Schmalbeck R., The Justice of Economics, Columbia Law Review, Vol. 83: 488.e. Martin Shapiro (1981), A Comparitive and Political Analysis, Chicago University Pressf. Nader L. (1983), A Comparative Perspective on legal Evolution, Revolution, and Devolution, Michigan Law Review, Vol. 81(4)

15. HR and development

a. Courting legal rights

b. Constitutionalisation of social rights

Readings

a. Sen A., 1999, Development as Freedom, Anchor Books

b. Charles Epp, 1988, The Rights Revolution, University of Chicago Press

c. Ghai Y. and Cotterell J., (2010) Marginalized Communities and Access to Justice, Routledge

d. Ghai Y. (2003), Public Participation Rights and Minorities, Minority Rights Group International.