1

(Scientific Notations)

10 105 = 100,000; 103 = 1,00010-3 = 0.001; 10-5 = 0.00001 300,000 = 3105; 45,000 = 4.5104; 0.000062 = 6.210-5 (Metric prefixes) 10 k ( kilo) = 103= 1,000M ( mega) = 106= 1,000,000 1 = 1 km = 1,000 1 = 1 Mton = 1,000,000 (Astronomical Unit, AU) 1 AU 1.51011m (Light year, ly) 3108m 1 ly 6.3104 AU 9.51015m (Parsec, pc)

1 pc 3.3 ly

2

1.3104 km ()

3.8105 km ( 27)

(phases)

1 AU 1.5108 km

( 1) ( 25 )

(Solar System)

80 AU ( 2.4108)

() (dwarf planets) (comets) (asteroids)

10 ly 106 AU "" (

(Proxima Centauri) 4.2 ly) (Milky Way Galaxy)

105 ly 200-300 km/s

21011 (main-sequence star) (white dwarfs) (giants) (neutron stars)(black holes) (Local Group)

2 Mpc (Superclusters)

100 Mpc

(Great Wall),

(Voids) 200 Mpc

1010 ly

104 Mpc

(quasars)

3

(Celestial Sphere)

(pivots) () (apparent positions) (apparent motions) (self - rotation) ()

()

4

(Celestial poles) (Polaris)

=>

(zenith) (horizon)

=

L L () (precession) ( 26,000)

(Thuban ( Draconis))

5

12,000 (Vega) () (celestial equator)

(apparent sizes) (apparent position) = 3601= 60'1'= 60" 0.5 1

10

6

10

1 18 () (Coordinates) (Declination) (Right ascension)

(latitude) (longitude)

(Constellations) 88 ( (Telescopium)) ()(

)

7

()

(

) =>

()

=> (Ecliptic) 13( (astrology) 12 )

8

(Sagittarius) (Aquarius)

() (opposite)

(Gemini) (Sagittarius) 23.5

(Sirius)

( Canis Major)

9

(brightness) (Magnitude scale)==>

(light intensity)() (log scale) 2.512

2.512 2.5122.512 = 2.5125=100

-27 () (apparent magnitude)

=> (intrinsic)

(apparent)() (absolute magnitude)

10

()

(Planets)

(Zodiac)( 18)

() = 1 1.9 29 ()

11

( (evening stars))( (morning stars))

()

()

23.5

) ()() ()()

12

23.5 (Vernal equinox) (Summer solstice) (Autumnal equinox) (Winter solstice)

() ()

13

(Sidereal period) = 27.3 5 (ecliptic)

(Phase cycle)

() ()->->->->->->->->

14

(New Moon)

(Waxing crescent)

(First quarter)

(Waxing gibbous)

(Full Moon)

(Waning gibbous) (Third quarter) (Waning crescent)

2 2 (Synodic period) () = 29.5 ()

15

(Tides) ( 0.0003%) ()

b).

() ()

(high tides)(

)

16

() () () (Spring tides) (Neap tides) 0.001 22

17

(self-rotation period)

(orbital period) (Tidal coupling)

(Eclipses) () () (nodes)

5N N' N N'

() (Eclipse season) (Lunar eclipses) 22

18

(Umbra) () =>

(Penumbra) => (Total eclipse) (scattered)

=> => => =>

(Partial eclipse)

=> (Penumbra eclipse)

=>

() (Solar eclipses) 32

19

270 km( 13,000 km) => => =>

(Annular eclipses) (ring)

()

() (Saros cycle) 18 111/3 ()