A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A6 A7 Area of Study City of Burgos Carlos Rad*, Daniel Pérez-Alonso, Julio Arroyo,...
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A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A6 A7 Area of Study Area of Study City of Burgos Carlos Rad*, Daniel Pérez-Alonso, Julio Arroyo, Salvador González-Carcedo Edaphology and Agricultural Sciences. University of Burgos. Faculty of Sciences. Misael Bañuelos Sq. 09001 Burgos. Castile (Spain) Author for correspondence: *[email protected] Variation of Biochemical Properties with the Use of Soil in Steppic Areas of Northern Castile (Spain) Introduction Introduction Material and Methods Material and Methods Results and Discussion Results and Discussion Conclusions Conclusions Area of Study Area of Study The aim of this work is to characterise the soils of the cereal steppes of the Northern Castilian plateau in terms of their physical, chemical and biochemical properties: Selected sampling areas has been chosen corresponding to extensive cereal crops, pasturelands or derelict forests The variation in the biochemical parameters have been put in relation with soil physical and chemical properties, the soil use or the sampling season. Its final objective is to show that the biochemical soil properties could respond sensitively to the environmental or edaphic changes, giving current information on soil status. Physical properties: particle density, water retention and the soil texture. Chemical parameters (Sparks et al., 1996): pH (ph), Electrical Conductivity (ec), Organic Matter (om), Total N (nt), Total Phosphorus (p_t), Inorganic Phosphorus (p_i) and lime. Labile C (c_lab) and N (n_lab). Biochemical parameters: acid (ac_pa) and alkaline phosphatases (alk_pa) and -D-glucosidase (b_glu), dehydrogenase (dha), arginine deaminase (arg) and Biomass N (n_bio). The analysis of the variance was performed using the one-way ANOVA method with sample season and soil uses as contrast factors; Fisher's Least Significant Difference (LSD) was used to obtain the mean values that differed significantly from the others. Multivariate analyses (PCA and RDA) have been performed with the programme CANOCO 4.5 (ter Braak and Smilauer, 2002). Twenty top soil samples (0-10 cm) of these areas, corresponding to three main uses: cultures, pastures or abandoned lands and derelict forests, were taken in spring and autumn 2000. Bending, G.D., Turner, M.K., Rayns, F., Marx, M.-C., Wood, M. (2004) Microbial and biochemical soil quality indicators and their potential for differentiating areas under contrasting agricultural management regimes. Soil Biol. Biochem. 36, 1785-1792. Gil-Sotres, F., Trasar-Cepeda, C., Leiros, M.C., Seoane, S. (2005) Different approaches to evaluating soil quality using biochemical properties. Soil Biol. Biochem. 37, 877-887. Nannipieri, P., Grecco, S., Ceccanti, B. (1990) Ecological significance of the biological activity in soil. In: Soil Biochemistry. Stotzky, G., Bollag, J.M. (Eds.) Marcel Dekker, New York, pp. 233-255. Sparks, D.L., Page, A.L., Helmke, P.A., Loeppert, R.H., Soltanpour, P.N., Tabatabai, M.A., Johnson, C.T., Sumner, M.E. (1996) Methods of Soil Analysis: Part 3- Chemical Methods. SSSA 5, Madison, WI, 1358 pp. ter Braak, C.J.F., Smilauer, P. (2002) CANOCO Reference Manual and CanoDraw for Windows User's Guide: Software for Canonical Community Ordination (Version 4.5). Microcomputer References References Soil biochemical properties could reflect the negative influence of cultivation practices or the recovery of the natural biological status of the soil after the abandonment of the activity, reaching similar levels to those displayed in forest soils in the same area. Different patterns for the soil enzymatic activities were obtained in function of the sample season or the predominant soil use, that could be useful to interpret the complex metabolic mechanisms -0 .6 -0 .4 -0 .2 0 .0 0 .2 0 .4 0 .6 0 .8 1 .0 1 .2 A xis 1 -0 .4 -0 .2 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 A xis 2 n_ bio dha arg b_ glu ac_ pa alk_ pa A 1_C A 2_F A 2_C A2_P2 A 2_P 3_S A 2_P 1 A 3_C 2 A 3_P A 4_F A 5_F A 6_F A7_F1 A7_F2 A7_C A 7_P A1_F A 2_F A 2_P 2 A 2_P 1 A 3_P A 4_F A 5_F A5_C A 6_F A 6_P A7_F1 A7_F2 A 7_C A 7_P S PE C IE S SAMPLES S pring Autum n -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0 .0 0 .2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 A xis 1 -0 .4 -0 .2 0 .0 0 .2 0 .4 0 .6 0 .8 1 .0 A xis 2 n_ bio dha arg b_ glu ac_ pa alk_ pa A 1_C _S A2_F_S A 2_C _S A 2_P 2_S A 2_P 3_S A 2_P 1_S A 3_C 2_S A 3_P _S A4_F_S A5_F_S A6_F_S A7_F1_S A7_F2_S A 7_C _S A 7_P _S A1_F_A A2_F_A A 2_P 2_A A2_P1_A A 3_P _A A4_F_A A 5_C _O A6_F_A A 6_P _A A7_F1_A A7_F2_A A7_P_A S PE C IE S SAMPLES F orest C ultu re P asture Mean values for the biochemical parameters in cultured soils are lesser than for soils in pastures and these lesser than forest soils, except for β- glucosidases and alkaline phosphatases in which the highest activity was found in pasturelands. Traditional agricultural practices in this area associated to extensive cereal cultivation, such as no organic amendments addition, an exclusive inorganic fertilisation, the use of agrochemicals and the burning of crop residues after harvest, have had an important negative effect in the conservation of soil biological activity that is reflected by the low values of their biochemical properties. Figure 2 Soil samples from autumn are strongly influenced by the arginine deaminase activity as a consequence of the mineralization of organic inputs. Samples from spring by both phosphatases and dehydrogenase reflecting the increase of soil microbial activity and the release of nutrient such as phosphate. Figure 3 The ordination diagram of RDA showed closed ordination between organic matter and the biomass contents, between total and labile N and different enzyme activities such as dehydrogenase, arginine deaminase or acid phosphatase and also, between soil labile C, alkaline phosphatase and β-glucosidase activities. Barley culture (A2C) Pasture land (A2P1) Fallow 5 years (A2P2) Fallow 20 years (A2P3) Oak Forest Q. faginea (A2F) (2) Rabé de las Calzadas Horticultural soil (A1C) Oak Forest Q. pyrenaica (A1F) (1) Villasur de Herreros Pasture land (A3P) Barley culture (A3C1) Barley culture+Sewage Sludge (A3C2) (3) Arroyal Oak Forest Q. ilex (A4F) (4) Villaverde Peñahorada Wheat culture (A5C) Oak Forest Q. pyrenaica (A5F) (5) Hontomín Wheat culture (A6C) Wetland (A6P) Oak Forest Q. ilex (A6F) (6) Cernégula Wheat culture (A7C) Pasture land (A7P) Oak Forest Q. pirenaica (A7F1) Pine Plantation P. sylvestris (A7F2) (7) Villalta Table 1 Mean values for the biochemical soil parameters for soil sampling season and the different soil uses. Means with the same letter do not differ significantly. Sam pling Season Soil Uses Biochem ical properties Spring Autum n Culture Pasture Forest Biom ass N (m g kg -1 dry soil) 4.90±0.86 a 6.25±0.88 a 3.95±1.02 c 5.50±1.17 cd 7.28±1.02 d Acid phosphatase (μm ol pN P g -1 dry soil h -1 ) 3.47±0.38 a 2.09±0.39 b 1.59±0.45 c 3.13±0.51 d 3.62±0.45 d Alkaline phosphatase (μm ol pN P g -1 dry soil h -1 ) 7.73±0.72 a 3.23±0.73 b 3.15±0.85 c 8.06±0.97 d 5.22±0.85 d β-D-glucosidase (μm ol pN P g -1 dry soil h -1 ) 3.93±0.34 a 5.04±0.35 b 3.67±0.41 c 5.48±0.46 cd 4.30±0.41 d D ehydrogenase (μg IN F g -1 dry soil h -1 ) 1.01±0.13 a 0.63±0.13 b 0.66±0.16 c 0.80±0.18 c 1.00±0.16 c Arginine deam inase (μg N -N H 4 + g -1 dry soil h -1 ) 5.83±1.36 a 12.13±1.38 b 6.89±1.60 c 9.64±1.84 c 10.42±1.60 c -0.2 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 Axis 1 -0.4 -0.2 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 Axis 2 n_bio dha arg b_glu ac_pa alk_pa ph ec nt om c_n lime n_lab c_lab p_t p_i SPECIES ENV. VARIABLES Figure 1 Cultured soils showed negative gradients for all biochemical properties, opposite to the natural soils, forest or pastures. Cultured soils displayed strong negative gradients with the organic matter content and positive gradients with lime and inorganic P as a consequence of an exclusive inorganic fertilization.
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Transcript of A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A6 A7 Area of Study City of Burgos Carlos Rad*, Daniel Pérez-Alonso, Julio Arroyo,...
A1A2
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Area of StudyArea of Study
City of Burgos
Carlos Rad*, Daniel Pérez-Alonso, Julio Arroyo, Salvador González-CarcedoEdaphology and Agricultural Sciences. University of Burgos. Faculty of Sciences. Misael Bañuelos Sq. 09001 Burgos. Castile (Spain)
Author for correspondence: *[email protected]
Variation of Biochemical Properties with the Use of Soil in Steppic Areas of Northern Castile (Spain)
IntroductionIntroduction
Material and MethodsMaterial and Methods
Results and DiscussionResults and Discussion
ConclusionsConclusions
Area of StudyArea of Study
The aim of this work is to characterise the soils of the cereal steppes of the Northern Castilian plateau in terms of their physical, chemical and biochemical properties:
Selected sampling areas has been chosen corresponding to extensive cereal crops, pasturelands or derelict forests The variation in the biochemical parameters have been put in relation with soil physical and chemical properties, the soil use or the sampling season. Its final objective is to show that the biochemical soil properties could respond sensitively to the environmental or edaphic changes, giving current information on soil status.
Physical properties: particle density, water retention and the soil texture. Chemical parameters (Sparks et al., 1996): pH (ph), Electrical Conductivity (ec), Organic Matter (om), Total N (nt), Total Phosphorus (p_t), Inorganic Phosphorus (p_i) and lime. Labile C (c_lab) and N (n_lab). Biochemical parameters: acid (ac_pa) and alkaline phosphatases (alk_pa) and -D-glucosidase (b_glu), dehydrogenase (dha), arginine deaminase (arg) and Biomass N (n_bio). The analysis of the variance was performed using the one-way ANOVA method with sample season and soil uses as contrast factors; Fisher's Least Significant Difference (LSD) was used to obtain the mean values that differed significantly from the others. Multivariate analyses (PCA and RDA) have been performed with the programme CANOCO 4.5 (ter Braak and Smilauer, 2002).
Twenty top soil samples (0-10 cm) of these areas, corresponding to three main uses: cultures, pastures or abandoned lands and derelict forests, were taken in spring and autumn 2000.
Bending, G.D., Turner, M.K., Rayns, F., Marx, M.-C., Wood, M. (2004) Microbial and biochemical soil quality indicators and their potential for differentiating areas under contrasting agricultural management regimes. Soil Biol. Biochem. 36, 1785-1792.
Gil-Sotres, F., Trasar-Cepeda, C., Leiros, M.C., Seoane, S. (2005) Different approaches to evaluating soil quality using biochemical properties. Soil Biol. Biochem. 37, 877-887.
Nannipieri, P., Grecco, S., Ceccanti, B. (1990) Ecological significance of the biological activity in soil. In: Soil Biochemistry. Stotzky, G., Bollag, J.M. (Eds.) Marcel Dekker, New York, pp. 233-255.
Sparks, D.L., Page, A.L., Helmke, P.A., Loeppert, R.H., Soltanpour, P.N., Tabatabai, M.A., Johnson, C.T., Sumner, M.E. (1996) Methods of Soil Analysis: Part 3-Chemical Methods. SSSA 5, Madison, WI, 1358 pp.
ter Braak, C.J.F., Smilauer, P. (2002) CANOCO Reference Manual and CanoDraw for Windows User's Guide: Software for Canonical Community Ordination (Version 4.5). Microcomputer Power, Ithaca, NY, 500 pp.
ReferencesReferences Soil biochemical properties could reflect the negative influence of cultivation practices or the recovery of the natural biological status of the soil after the abandonment of the activity, reaching similar levels to those displayed in forest soils in the same area.
Different patterns for the soil enzymatic activities were obtained in function of the sample season or the predominant soil use, that could be useful to interpret the complex metabolic mechanisms involved in soil biological processes.
-0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2Axis 1
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s 2 n_bio
dha
arg
b_glu
ac_pa
alk_pa
A1_C
A2_F
A2_C
A2_P2
A2_P3_S
A2_P1
A3_C2
A3_P
A4_F
A5_F
A6_F
A7_F1
A7_F2
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A1_F A2_FA2_P2
A2_P1
A3_P
A4_F
A5_F
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A6_F
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A7_F1
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SPECIES
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Spring Autumn
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A1_C_S
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A2_P2_SA2_P3_S
A2_P1_S
A3_C2_S
A3_P_S
A4_F_S
A5_F_S
A6_F_S
A7_F1_S
A7_F2_S
A7_C_S
A7_P_S
A1_F_A A2_F_A
A2_P2_A
A2_P1_A
A3_P_A
A4_F_A
A5_C_O
A6_F_A
A6_P_A
A7_F1_A
A7_F2_A
A7_P_A
SPECIES
SAMPLES
Forest Culture Pasture
Mean values for the biochemical parameters in cultured soils are lesser than for soils in pastures and these lesser than forest soils, except for β-glucosidases and alkaline phosphatases in which the highest activity was found in pasturelands.
Traditional agricultural practices in this area associated to extensive cereal cultivation, such as no organic amendments addition, an exclusive inorganic fertilisation, the use of agrochemicals and the burning of crop residues after harvest, have had an important negative effect in the conservation of soil biological activity that is reflected by the low values of their biochemical properties.
Figure 2 Soil samples from autumn are strongly influenced by the arginine deaminase activity as a consequence of the mineralization of organic inputs. Samples from spring by both phosphatases and dehydrogenase reflecting the increase of soil microbial activity and the release of nutrient such as phosphate.
Figure 3 The ordination diagram of RDA showed closed ordination between organic matter and the biomass contents, between total and labile N and different enzyme activities such as dehydrogenase, arginine deaminase or acid phosphatase and also, between soil labile C, alkaline phosphatase and β-glucosidase activities.
Barley culture (A2C)Pasture land (A2P1)
Fallow 5 years (A2P2)Fallow 20 years (A2P3)
Oak Forest Q. faginea (A2F)
(2) Rabé de las Calzadas
Horticultural soil (A1C)Oak Forest Q. pyrenaica (A1F)
(1) Villasur de HerrerosPasture land (A3P)Barley culture (A3C1)
Barley culture+Sewage Sludge (A3C2)
(3) Arroyal
Oak Forest Q. ilex (A4F)
(4) Villaverde Peñahorada
Wheat culture (A5C)Oak Forest Q. pyrenaica (A5F)
(5) Hontomín
Wheat culture (A6C)Wetland (A6P)
Oak Forest Q. ilex (A6F)
(6) Cernégula
Wheat culture (A7C)Pasture land (A7P)
Oak Forest Q. pirenaica (A7F1)Pine Plantation P. sylvestris (A7F2)
(7) Villalta
Table 1 Mean values for the biochemical soil parameters for soil sampling season and the different soil uses. Means with the same letter do not differ significantly.
Sampling Season Soil Uses Biochemical properties Spring Autumn Culture Pasture Forest Biomass N (mg kg-1 dry soil) 4.90±0.86a 6.25±0.88a 3.95±1.02c 5.50±1.17cd 7.28±1.02d
Acid phosphatase (μmol pNP g-1 dry soil h-1) 3.47±0.38a 2.09±0.39b 1.59±0.45c 3.13±0.51d 3.62±0.45d
Alkaline phosphatase (μmol pNP g-1 dry soil h-1) 7.73±0.72a 3.23±0.73b 3.15±0.85c 8.06±0.97d 5.22±0.85d
β-D-glucosidase (μmol pNP g-1 dry soil h-1) 3.93±0.34a 5.04±0.35b 3.67±0.41c 5.48±0.46cd 4.30±0.41d
Dehydrogenase (μg INF g-1 dry soil h-1) 1.01±0.13a 0.63±0.13b 0.66±0.16c 0.80±0.18c 1.00±0.16c
Arginine deaminase (μg N-NH4
+ g-1 dry soil h-1) 5.83±1.36a 12.13±1.38b 6.89±1.60c 9.64±1.84c 10.42±1.60c
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n_lab
c_lab
p_t
p_i
SPECIES
ENV. VARIABLES
Figure 1 Cultured soils showed negative gradients for all biochemical properties, opposite to the natural soils, forest or pastures. Cultured soils displayed strong negative gradients with the organic matter content and positive gradients with lime and inorganic P as a consequence of an exclusive inorganic fertilization.
