W3C Semantic Web for Health Care and Life Sciences Interest Group
A year on the Semantic Web @ W3C (or: what is happening these days?)
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Transcript of A year on the Semantic Web @ W3C (or: what is happening these days?)
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A year on the Semantic Web @ W3C(or: what is happening these days?)
Semantic Web Meetup, Seattle, 2010-06-17Ivan Herman, W3C
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The Past… Some technologies have been
recently finalized: OWL 2 Rule Interchange Format (RIF)
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The present… Technical work is going on
SPARQL 1.1 RDFa 1.1 RDB2RDF
“Community” contacts at W3C are also happening with health care and life science community financial world, eg, XBRL (digital) library world eGovernment
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The (possible) future Finalize the present Possible new technical activities:
Provenance Revision of RDF …
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OWL 2
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OWL 2 A small revision of the 2004 version of OWL Some new features:
keys extended datatypes facilities
eg, numerical intervals without relying on XML Schemas property chains
the “uncle” example can now be formulated in OWL qualified cardinality restrictions profiles …
Better documents, clearer structures
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It was a slightly stormy process… There were misunderstanding
between the “core” RDF and the OWL communities “does OWL abandon RDF?” will there be an OWL 2 Full specification
at all? Luckily, all those were really just
misunderstandings
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The overall structure has not changed
correspondence theorem(for DL subset)
OWL Ontology
ontology structure
RDF graphmappi
ng
mapping
Turtle
OWL/XML
RDF/XMLFunc.
Syntax
M‘ter syntax
Direct Semantics RDF Based Semantics
syntaxsemantics
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OWL 2 profiles OWL 2 maintains the OWL Full and
OWL DL “duality” But OWL Lite has been replaced by
“profiles”: syntactic restrictions to OWL restricted facilities better reasoning
performance Goal is to make lighter OWL
reasoners possible
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OWL profiles
OWL FullOWL DL
OWL EL OWL RL
OWL QL
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An example: OWL RL Goal: to be implementable through rule
engines Usage follows a similar approach to RDFS:
merge the ontology and the instance data into an RDF graph
use the rule engine to add new triples (as long as it is possible)
then, for example, use SPARQL to query the resulting (expanded) graph
This application model is very important for RDF based applications
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What can be done in OWL RL? Many features are available:
identity of classes, instances, properties subproperties, subclasses, domains, ranges union and intersection of classes (though
with some restrictions) property characterizations (functional,
symmetric, etc) property chains keys some property restrictions (but not all
inferences are possible)
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What cannot be done in OWL RL? Some features are not available or
are restricted: not all datatypes are available no datatype restrictions no minimum or exact cardinality
restrictions maximum cardinality only with 0 and 1 some consequences cannot be drawn
Very informally: rules cannot draw conclusions that involves a “there is a resource such as…”
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Rule Interchange Format (RIF)
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Why rules on the Semantic Web? Some conditions may be complicated in
ontologies (ie, OWL) eg, Horn rules: (P1 & P2 & …) → C
In many cases applications just want 2-3 rules to complete integration
Ie, rules may be an alternative to (OWL based) ontologies
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Things you may want to express An example from a bookshop
integration: “I buy a novel with over 500 pages if it
costs less than $20” something like (in an ad-hoc syntax):{
?x rdf:type p:Novel; p:page_number ?n; p:price [ p:currency p:$; rdf:value ?z ]. ?n > "500"^^xsd:integer. ?z < "20.0"^^xsd:double. }=> { <me> p:buys ?x }
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Things you may want to express
p:Novel
?x
?n
p:$
?z ?z<20
?n>500rdf:ty
pe
p:page_number
p:price
rdf:value
p:currency
p:buys ?xme
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RIF (Rule Interchange Format) The goals of the RIF:
define simple rule language(s) for the Semantic Web
define interchange formats for rule based systems
RIF defines several “dialects” of languages some are geared towards production rule
systems, for example ie, RIF is not bound to RDF only
Ie, RIF is also a general framework to define/interchange rule languages
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RIF Core The simplest RIF “dialect” A Core document is
some directives like import, prefix settings for URIs, etc
a sequence of logical implications technically, Horn rules without functions
can use the familiar datatypes and operators
has the notion of “anonymous” resources, a bit like blank nodes
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RIF Syntaxes RIF defines
a “presentation syntax” a bit like the functional syntax for OWL
a standard XML syntax to encode and exchange the rules
there is a draft for expressing Core in RDF just like OWL is represented in RDF
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Remember the what we wanted from Rules?
{ ?x rdf:type p:Novel; p:page_number ?n; p:price [ p:currency p:$; rdf:value ?z ]. ?n > "500"^^xsd:integer. ?z < "20.0"^^xsd:double. }=> { <me> p:buys ?x }
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The same with RIF Presentation syntax
Document ( Prefix … Group ( Forall ?x ?n ?z ( <me>[p:buys->?x] :- And( ?x rdf:type p:Novel ?x[p:page_number->?n p:price->_abc] _abc[p:currency->p:$ rdf:value->?z] External(pred:numeric-greater-than(?n "500"^^xsd:integer)) External(pred:numeric-less-than(?z "20.0"^^xsd:double)) ) ) ))
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A word on the syntax The RIF Presentation syntax is… only
syntax It can express more than what RDF
needs Hopefully, a syntax will emerge with
close to one of the RDF syntaxes with a better integration of rules
can be mapped on Core implementations
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Usage of rule with RDF A system gets
a set of RIF Core rules in some syntax data in RDF new RDF triples are generated
Sounds familiar? Remember OWL RL?
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What about OWL RL? OWL RL stands for “Rule Language”… OWL RL is in the intersection of RIF Core and
OWL inferences in OWL RL can be expressed with rules
the rules are precisely described in the OWL spec, b.t.w. there are OWL RL implementations that are
based on RIF An application may also “declare” a subset
of OWL RL rules it uses and let a RIF engine do the rest…
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SPARQL 1.1
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SPARQL as a unifying point
SPARQL Processor
HTML Unstructured Text XML/XHTML
RelationalDatabase
SQL
RDF
Database
SPAR
QL
Endp
oint
Triple store
SPAR
QL
Endp
oint
RDF Graph
Application
RDFa
GRDDL, RDFa
NLP
Tec
hniq
ues
SPARQL Construct SPARQL Construct
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SPARQL 1.1: filling some missing features Update, ie, to change the RDF store
remove or add triples Nested queries (ie, SELECT within a WHERE
clause) Negation (MINUS, and a NOT EXIST filter) Aggregate functions in SELECT (SUM, MIN,
MAX…) Property path expressions (?x foaf:knows+ ?y) Basic federated queries Combination with entailment regimes (RDFS,
OWL, RIF)
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SPARQL 1.1 and RDFS/OWL/RIF
RDF Data with extra triples
SPARQL Pattern
entailment
pattern matching
RDF Data
RDFS/OWL/RIF data
SPARQL Pattern
Query result
SPARQL Engine with entailment
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SPARQL as a unifying point
SPARQL Processor
HTML Unstructured Text XML/XHTML
RelationalDatabase
SQL
RDF
Database
SPAR
QL
Endp
oint
Triple store
SPAR
QL
Endp
oint
RDF Graph
Application
RDFa
GRDDL, RDFa
NLP
Tec
hniq
ues
SPARQL Construct SPARQL Construct
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SPARQL 1.1 as a unifying point
SPARQL Processor
HTML Unstructured Text XML/XHTML
RelationalDatabase
SQL
RDF
Database
SPAR
QL
Endp
oint
Triple store
SPAR
QL
Endp
oint
RDF Graph
Application
RDFa
GRDDL, RDFa
NLP
Tec
hniq
ues
SPARQL Construct SPARQL ConstructSPARQL Update SPARQL Update
OWL Reasoning
RIF Reasoning
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RDFa 1.1
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RDFa has a significant traction RDFa (and microformats) are indexed
by Yahoo!, by Google,… Commercial, governmental, etc, sites
add it to pages (BestBuy, Tesco, UK egov sites, LCS)
Is used by Facebook’s Open Graph Protocol
May turn into the largest source of RDF data on the Web…
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RDFa 1.1 A new Working Group on a new release of
RDFa Goals
simplify the work of RDFa authors via new features
separation of RDFa “Core”, that can be used with any XML dialect, and XHTML+RDFa and HTML5+RDFa
definition of a separate RDFa API It is still at the beginning, first public
drafts have just been published
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Revision of RDF?
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“RDF Next Steps” Workshop Workshop takes place in Stanford in a
week There were over 30 submissions Issues:
do we need a revision of RDF? if yes, what would that entail?
Discussions will happen at the Workshop
A new Working Group might be created in 2010
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Preliminary conclusions from the submissions There is probably no need for a
radical overhaul of RDF Some new features/changes may
become necessary
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Some of the discussion topics Feature changes:
deprecation (reification, containers) new features
named graphs, quads, n-quads lists as first class entities
Semantic changes: change bnode semantics adopt “ter Horst” semantics for RDFS remove current restrictions (literal
subjects, bnode predicates)
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Some of the discussion topics Syntaxes:
standard Turtle syntax Json new (schema friendly) XML syntax Atom
Special vocabularies: unordered lists, measurement units n-ary relations, identity management
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These are all discussion topics! Only future can tell what the
community will agree upon in a charter (or charters)
RDF is the basis for many things, any change must be carefully considered from a deployment point of view!
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That is all I have time for… There are many issues that were not
discussed provenance, linked data, open
government initiatives, applications, open R&D issues, …
There is work for everyone! Think of
convincing your employer to join W3C… … and then join one of the current or
upcoming groups!
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Thank you for your attention!
These slides are also available on the Web:
http://www.w3.org/2010/Talks/0617-Seattle-IH/