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Monthly report on livestock disease trends as informally reported by veterinarians in South Africa

January 2014

Introduction and summary of diseases and other conditions during January 2014

For the month of January 2014, 92 reports were received from veterinarians belonging to the Livestock Health and Production Group of the South African Veterinary Association. In addition reports were received from feedlot consultants and laboratories. Internal parasites After good rainfall in many parts of the country, reports of severe wireworm infestations in small stock were received. Mortalities occurred and farmers are again reminded of the clinical signs which parasites cause: snotty noses (lungworm and nasal bot larvae); anaemic mucous membranes (wireworm, hookworm, liver and conical fluke worms); bottle jaw (wireworm, hookworm, liver and conical fluke worms); loss of weight (various bankrupt worms, nodular and whipworms) and diarrhoea (conical fluke worms, bankrupt worms, nodular worms and coccidiosis). Contact your veterinarian regarding the Five Point Check and Famacha systems, Faecal Egg Count Reduction Test and the different anthelmintic groups for parasite control. Many reports were received of parasite resistance to drugs, it is in your own interest to know the status of resistance on your farm and to know how to handle this ever increasing problem. External parasites As with the internal parasites, after the rain there was an explosion of the various tick species. Ticks do not only suck blood, cause hide and udder damage, cause abscesses and foot problems, but are also carriers of diseases such as Asiatic and African red water, anaplasmosis, heartwater and the toxin of the bont-legged tick causes sweating sickness. A tick control and vaccine strategy have to be implemented and many factors have to be taken into consideration such as life cycles, tick resistance to acaricides, rainfall paterns, resistant cattle and dipping methods to name a few. Consult your veterinarian to update your programme and knowledge. Flies are abundant and cause fly worry especially in dairies and transmit pathogens that cause diseases such as anaplasmosis, opthalmia, mastitis and diarrhoea in calves. Certain pyrethroids such as deltamethrin are the drugs of choice in controlling flies, midges and mosquitoes. Venereal diseases It is with great concern that reports are still received of low calving percentages due to trichomonosis and vibriosis. Pregnancy examinations and testing of bulls for these diseases should be done in the near future as the breeding season comes to an end in many cases. Take corrective actions if necessary and scale up biosecurity measures to clean up herds and plan the way forward

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with your veterinarian regarding these diseases. Insect borne diseases Reports are received of lumpy skin disease, three day stiff sickness, blue tongue and African horse sickness. Fortunately no outbreaks of Rift Valley Fever and Wesselsbron diseas were received. Hopefully most susceptible animals have already been vaccinated against these diseases. If an outbreak occurs, move animals to the highest camps on the farm and valuable animals should be sprayed with an insecticide and brought indoors at dusk. Zoonotic diseases We all have to work together to get brucellosis under control for the benefit of all. Biosecurity measures should be heeded, animals tested, positive animals slaughtered and all heifers vaccinated between the ages of 4 and 8 months with CA strain 19 vaccine. Movement control should also be stepped up so as to prevent positive animals infecting clean herds. Bovine tuberculosis should always be at the back of your mind. Every month there are reports of rabies. This disease can strike anywhere anytime. Are your dogs vaccinated? Bacterial diseases Reports of animals dying of blackquarter, swelled head, pulpy kidney, red and blood gut, tetanus, botulism, E. coli, salmonellosis and pasteurellosis were received. In most cases animals were not vaccinated or booster vaccinations were not given. Discuss your vaccination programme with your veterinarian and immunize your animals in time. Viral diseases The only way to control viral diseases is through vaccination. For snotsiekte there is no vaccine and therefore biosecurity measures should be implemented. Bovine respiratory disease (PI 3, IBR, BVD, BRSV) can be controlled through proper vaccination programmes – consult your veterinarian. Reports of diarrhoea in calves caused by rota and corona viruses were received. Vaccines are available and pregnant dams should be vaccinated before calving to prevent these diseases. Reports of EBL in dairy herds are received every month. Make sure that you know how this viral disease is transmitted. For more information on diseases and vaccination programmes visit Vra vir Faffa and your local veterinarian. http://www.landbou.com/kundiges/vra-vir-faffa-indeks/

Level of Reporting The following veterinarians submitted reports for January 2014:

http://www.landbou.com/kundiges/vra-vir-faffa-indeks/

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Mpumalanga (9) Balfour – dr. Louis van Jaarsveld Bethal – dr. Hardus Pieters Delmas – dr. Johan Jooste Lydenburg – drs. Trümpelman and Trümpelman Middelburg – drs. Fourie and Barkhuizen Nelspruit – dr. André Beytell Piet Retief - drs. Niebuhr and Weber Standerton – dr. Kobie Kroon Volksrust – dr. André Visser Gauteng (4) Bronkhorstspruit - Drs. Herman and Elmarie de Bruin and Marguerite Rudolph Onderstepoort production animal mobile clinic - dr. Jacques O’Dell Nigel – dr. Cindy van der Westhuizen Pretoria – dr. Hanneke Pienaar Limpopo (6) Bela-Bela (Warmbaths) – dr. Marius du Toit Machado (Louis Trichardt) – dr. Freddie Harris Modimolle (Nylstroom) – drs. Huber, Bredell and Barnard Mokopane (Potgietersrus) - dr. Henk Visser Polokwane (Pietersburg) – dr. Gavin Watson Vaalwater - dr. Hampie van Staden North West (9) Brits – drs. Boshoff and Hahn Christiana - dr. Pieter Nel Leeudoringstad - dr. Ian Jonker Lichtenburg – dr. C.M Kruger-Rall Rustenburg – drs. Gaigher, Grobler, Sparks, Van Egdom, Van Rooyen, Goosen and Van Rensburg Schweizer-Reneke - dr. N.J. Heyns Stella - dr. Magdaleen Vosser Ventersdorp – dr. Oloff Marais Vryburg – drs. Labuschagne and De Jager Free State (19) Bethlehem – dr. Henk Basson Bloemfontein - dr. Stephan Wessels Bothaville: dr. Johan Blaauw Bultfontein - dr. Santjie Pieterse Clocolan – drs. Marwick and Wasserman

Dewetsdorp – dr. Marike Badenhorst Frankfort - drs. Lessing, Cilliers and Van Rensburg Harrismith - drs. Pretorius, Thirion and Nel Heilbron – dr. Piet van Zyl Hertzogville - drs. Hendrikz and Naudé Hoopstad - dr. Kobus Pretorius Kroonstad – drs. Daffue, Eksteen, Van Zyl and Van der Walt Ladybrand- drs. Van Hasselt and De Vos Memel – dr. Neil Nixon Parys – drs. Wessels and Van den Berg Viljoenskroon - dr. Johan Kahts Vrede - drs. Myburg and Bester-Cloete

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Vrede – dr. Rudolph Fourie Zastron – dr. Phillip Brandt KwaZulu-Natal (17) Bergville - drs. Ariena Shepherd Camperdown – dr. Anthony van Tonder Dundee - dr. Tony Grace Dundee – dr. Jacqui Marais Estcourt – drs.Turner, Tedder, Taylor, Tratschler, Van Rooyen and Alwar Greytown – dr. Mike Caldicott Howick - dr. Stephen Hughes Mooi River - drs. Fowler, Hartley, Waterman and Mallett Mtubatuba - dr. Trever Viljoen Newcastle (Ingogo) – dr. Trish Oglesby Newcastle – dr. Barry Rafferty Pietermaritzburg – dr. Phillip Kretzmann Pietermaritzburg – dr. Rick Mapham Pongola - dr. Silke Pfitzer Pongola – dr. Heinz Kohrs Underberg - drs. Collins, King and Delaney Underberg - dr. Pete Dommett Eastern Cape (10) Alexandria - drs. Olivier and Dreyer Aliwal North – drs. Troskie and Strauss Cradock – dr. Frans Erasmus Graaff- Reinet - dr. Roland Larson Graaff-Reinet – drs. Hobson and Strydom Humansdorp - drs. Van Niekerk, Jansen Van Vuuren, Barber and Kotzé Middelburg - drs. Van Rensburg and Viljoen Queenstown - drs. Du Preez, Godley, Klopper, Jansen van Vuuren, De Klerk and Catherine Stutterheim – dr. Dave Waterman Tsitsikamma - drs. Lategan, Hoek and McFarlane Western Cape (10) Beaufort West - drs. Pienaar and Grobler Ceres – dr. Marc Walton Darling – drs. Van der Merwe and Adam George - drs. Strydom, Truter, and Pettifer Malmesbury – dr. Otto Kriek Oudtshoorn – dr. Glen Carlisle Plettenberg Bay – dr. André Reitz Stellenbosch – dr. Alfred Kidd Vredenburg - dr. Izak Rust Wellington – dr. William van Zyl Northern Cape (3) Kathu – dr. Jan Vorster Kimberley – drs. Van Heerden and Swart Upington - dr. Ian Vorster

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Feed lot report (1) Drs. Shaun Morris and Eben du Preez Laboratory reports (4) Dr. Marijke Henton -Idexx SA, Johannesburg Dr. Liza du Plessis – Idexx SA, Onderstepoort Dr. Annelize Jonker – Provincial laboratory, Stellenbosch Dr. Lucy Lange – Pathcare, Cape Town

General disease trends and discussion as informally reported by veterinarians during January 2014

Index Internal parasites External parasites Tick borne diseases Insect transmittable diseases Venereal diseases Other bacterial diseases Other viral diseases Fungal diseases Other protozoal diseases Poisonings Disease conditions that are caused by more than one organism or disease causing factor Nutritional deficiencies Ostriches Horses Pigs Game

……………………………………………………….. ……………………………………………………….. Internal parasites

Roundworms Province Mpuma

-langa Gauteng Limpopo North

West Free State

KwaZulu Natal

Eastern Cape

Western Cape

Northern Cape

Vets reporting this disease 6 3 2 6 11 11 6 4 1

Level of importance scale: 1 = one case, 2 = more than one case but less than ten and 3 = more than 10 cases reported

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Level of importance 2 3 3 2 3 2 3 3 2

Species affected B,O,C O,C B,O O,C O B,O,C O,C B,O O

Mpumalanga Balfour: dr. Louis van Jaarsveld Intestinal roundworms (B,O,C 2) Lydenburg: drs. Trümpelman and Trümpelman Intestinal roundworms (O,C 2) wireworm. Middelburg: drs. Fourie and Barkhuizen Intestinal roundworms (O 1) Nelspruit: dr. André Beytell Intestinal roundworms (B,O,C 3) A serious outbreak with many mortalities amongst weaner calves on cultivated, irrigated pastures. High pressure grazing with electric fences resulted in high levels of pasture contamination and exposed calves to a high level infestation. Faecal egg counts extremely high and many adult worms in abomasum on PM. Classical wireworm symptoms with cachexia, anemia, dehydration and blood in faeces. Piet Retief: drs. Niebuhr and Weber Intestinal roundworms (O 2) Standerton: dr. Kobie Kroon Intestinal roundworms (O 3) severe wireworm infestations. Gauteng Bronkhorstspruit: drs. De Bruin, De Bruin and Rudolph Intestinal roundworms (O 2) Onderstepoort: dr. Jacques O’Dell Wireworm infestation (O,C 3) Pretoria: dr. Hanneke Pienaar Intestinal roundworms (O 3) Limpopo Bela-Bela: dr. Marius du Toit Intestinal roundworms (O 3) wireworm. Modimolle: drs. Huber, Bredell and Barnard Intestinal roundworms (B,O 3) Several cattle losing condition found to have roundworm infestations. North West Brits: drs. Boshoff and Hahn Intestinal roundworms (C 2) Leeudoringstad: dr. Ian Jonker Intestinal roundworms (O 3) wireworm. Lichtenburg: dr. Nelmarie Kruger-Rall Intestinal roundworms (O 3) Rustenburg: drs. Gaigher, Grobler, Sparks, Van Egdom, Van Rooyen, Goosen and Van Rensburg Intestinal roundworms (O 2) wireworm. Schweizer-Reneke: dr. N.J.Heyns Intestinal roundworms (O 2) wireworm Ventersdorp: dr. Oloff Marais Intestinal roundworms (O 2) wireworm. Free State Bethlehem: dr. Henk Basson Wireworm (O 2)

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Frankfort: drs. Lessing, Cilliers and Van Rensburg Intestinal roundworms (O 3) Harrismith: drs. Thirion, Nel and Pretorius Intestinal roundworms (O 2) On a few farms severe outbreaks of wireworm infestation. Mainly younger animals are affected. Heilbron: dr. Piet Van Zyl Intestinal roundworms (O 3) Hoopstad: dr. Kobus Pretorius Intestinal roundworms (O 3) Kroonstad: drs. Daffue, Eksteen, Van Zyl and Van der Walt Intestinal roundworms (O 2) Ladybrand: drs. Van Hasselt and De Vos Intestinal roundworms (O 3) Memel: dr. Neil Nixon Intestinal roundworms (O 3) Viljoenskroon: dr. Johan Kahts Intestinal roundworms (O 3) Vrede: drs. Myburg and Bester-Cloete Intestinal roundworms (O 3) Zastron: dr. Philip Brandt Intestinal roundworms (O 2) KwaZulu-Natal Bergville: dr. Ariena Shepherd Intestinal roundworms (O 1) Camperdown: dr. Anthony van Tonder Intestinal roundworms (C 2) Dundee: dr. Tony Grace Intestinal roundworms (B,O,C 3) Dundee: dr. Jacqui Marais Intestinal roundworms (O 3) Howick: dr. Stephen Hughes Intestinal round worms (O 3) Mooi River: drs. Fowler, Hartley, Waterman and Mallett Intestinal roundworms (O,C 3) Mtubatuba: dr. Trever Viljoen Intestinal roundworms (B,C 2) Newcastle: dr. Barry Rafferty Intestinal roundworms (O,C 3) Pietermaritzburg: dr. Phillip Kretzmann Intestinal roundworms (B,O,C 2) Pongola: dr. Heinz Kohrs Intestinal roundworms (B,O,C 2) in young kraaled calves and goats. Underberg: drs. Collins, King and Delaney Intestinal roundworms (O 3) Eastern Cape Aliwal North: drs. Troskie and Strauss Intestinal roundworms (O 2) Cradock: dr. Frans Erasmus Intestinal roundworms (O 3) wireworm and bankruptworm infestations. Graaff-Reinet: dr. Roland Larson Intestinal roundworms (O,C 3) wireworm remains a huge problem. Graaff-Reinet: drs. Hobson and Strydom Intestinal roundworms (O,C 2)

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Humansdorp: drs. Van Niekerk, Jansen van Vuuren, Barker and Kotzé Intestinal roundworms (O 3) Queenstown: drs. Du Preez, Godley, Klopper, Jansen van Vuuren, De Klerk and Catherine Intestinal roundworms (O 3) Western Cape Beaufort West: drs. Pienaar and Grobler Intestinal roundworms (O 2) Darling: drs. Van der Merwe and Adam Intestinal roundworms (B,O 3) George: drs. Strydom, Truter and Pettifer Intestinal roundworms (O 3) Wellington: dr. William van Zyl Intestinal roundworms (B,O 2)

Northern Cape Kimberley: drs. Van Heerden and Swart Intestinal roundworms (O 2)

Resistant roundworms Province Mpuma


West Free State

KwaZulu Natal

Eastern Cape

Western Cape

Northern Cape

Vets reporting this disease 3 1 1 4 3 1


Level of importance 2 1 2 3 2 3

Species affected O,C O O O O,C O

Mpumalanga Balfour: dr. Louis van Jaarsveld Resistant roundworms (O,C 1) Nelspruit: dr. André Beytell Resistant roundworms (C 2) Standerton: dr. Kobie Kroon Resistant roundworms (O 2) Gauteng Pretoria: dr. Hanneke Pienaar Resistant roundworms (O 1) Limpopo Modimolle: drs. Huber, Bredell and Barnard Resistant roundworms (O 2) Small stock farmers in our area are fighting a losing battle against resistant roundworms. Free State Clocolan: drs. Wasserman and Marwick Resistant roundworms (O 2) Heilbron: dr. Piet Van Zyl Resistant roundworms (O 2) abundant rain, farmers expect a month’s residual control after treatment even from short acting drugs. Memel: dr. Neil Nixon Resistant roundworms (O 3) Parys: drs. Wessels and van den Berg

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Wireworm infestation (O 3) Due to resistance farmers should be trained about the FAMACHA system and refugia to give the correct anthelmintics. Eastern Cape Graaff-Reinet: dr. Roland Larson Resistant roundworms (O 2) Graaff-Reinet: drs. Hobson and Strydom Resistant roundworms (C 1) Humansdorp: drs. Van Niekerk, Jansen van Vuuren, Barker and Kotzé Resistant roundworms (O 3) Western Cape George: drs. Strydom, Truter and Pettifer Resistant roundworms (O 3)

Tapeworms Province Mpuma


West Free State

KwaZulu Natal

Eastern Cape

Western Cape

Northern Cape

No vets reporting this disease 3 2 1 4 2 1 1


Level of importance 2 3 1 1 2 2 1

Species affected B,O,C O,C B B,O B,O O,C O

Mpumalanga Balfour: dr. Louis van Jaarsveld Tapeworms (B,O,C 1) Nelspruit: dr. André Beytell Measles (cysticercosis) (B 3) Volksrust: dr. André Visser Tapeworms (O 2) Gauteng Bronkhorstspruit: drs. De Bruin, De Bruin and Rudolph Tapeworms (O,C 2) Pretoria: dr. Hanneke Pienaar Tapeworms (O 3) Limpopo Mokopane: dr. Henk Visser Tapeworms (B 1) Free State Kroonstad: drs. Daffue, Eksteen, Van Zyl and Van der Walt Tapeworms (O 1) Memel: dr. Neil Nixon Tapeworms (O 1) Vrede: drs. Myburg and Bester-Cloete Tapeworms (O 1) Vrede: dr. Rudolph Fourie Tapeworms (B,O 1) KwaZulu-Natal Mtubatuba: dr. Trever Viljoen Tapeworms (O 2) Pietermaritzburg: dr. Phillip Kretzmann Tapeworms (B 2)

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Eastern Cape Graaff-Reinet: drs. Hobson and Strydom Tapeworms (O,C 2) Western Cape Beaufort West: drs. Pienaar and Grobler Tapeworms (O 1)

Liver fluke worms Province Mpuma


West Free State

KwaZulu Natal

Eastern Cape

Western Cape

Northern Cape

Vets reporting this disease 2 1 1 2


Level of importance 1 2 2 3

Species affected B B B O,B

Mpumalanga Balfour: dr. Louis van Jaarsveld Liver fluke (B 1) Middelburg: drs. Fourie and Barkhuizen Liver fluke (B 1) Post mortems on cattle that died of any cause show the damage chronic liver fluke infestation has on the liver. Free State Vrede: drs. Myburg and Bester-Cloete Liver fluke (B 2) KwaZulu Natal Pietermaritzburg: dr. Phillip Kretzmann Liver fluke (B 2) Eastern Cape Humansdorp: drs. Van Niekerk, Jansen van Vuuren, Barker and Kotzé Liver fluke (B 3) Queenstown: drs. Du Preez, Godley, Klopper, Jansen van Vuuren, De Klerk and Catherine Liver fluke (O 3)

Conical fluke (Paramphistomosis) Province Mpuma


West Free State

KwaZulu Natal

Eastern Cape

Western Cape

Northern Cape




Species affected B B B,O B,O B B

Mpumalanga Balfour: dr. Louis van Jaarsveld Conical fluke (B 1) Limpopo Modimolle: drs. Huber, Bredell and Barnard Conical fluke (B 2) FreeState Hertzogville: drs. Hendrikz and Naudé

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Conical fluke (B 2) Kroonstad: drs. Daffue, Eksteen, Van Zyl and Van der Walt Conical fluke (B 1) Ladybrand: drs. Van Hasselt and De Vos Conical fluke (O 2) Memel: dr. Neil Nixon Conical fluke (O 1) Vrede: drs. Myburg and Bester-Cloete Conical fluke (B,O 3) KwaZulu-Natal Dundee: dr. Tony Grace Conical fluke (O 3) dung samples led to these diagnoses, where farmers have not been using correct medications and have seen no response to routine deworming. Pietermaritzburg: dr. Phillip Kretzmann Conical fluke (B 2) Eastern Cape Alexandria: drs. Olivier and Dreyer Conical fluke (B 2) Aliwal North: drs. Troskie and Strauss Conical fluke (B 1) Tsitsikamma: drs. Lategan, Hoek and McFarlane Conical fluke (B 1) Western Cape George: drs. Strydom, Truter and Pettifer Conical fluke (B 3)

Parafilaria Province Mpuma


West Free State

KwaZulu Natal

Eastern Cape

Western Cape

Northern Cape




Species affected B B B B

Limpopo Bela-Bela: dr. Marius du Toit Parafilaria (B 2) Mokopane: dr. Henk Visser Parafilaria (B 1) North West Stella: dr. Magdaleen Vosser Parafilaria (B 2) Free State Zastron: dr. Philip Brandt Parafilaria (B 2) KwaZulu-Natal Mtubatuba: dr. Trever Viljoen Parafilaria (B 2)

………………………………………………………………………………………………………

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External parasites

Blue Ticks Province Mpuma


West Free State

KwaZulu Natal

Eastern Cape

Western Cape

Northern Cape

Vets reporting this disease 5 2 6 3 8 10 3 1


Level of importance 3 2 3 2 3 3 2 2

Species affected B B,O B B B,O,C B B B,O

Mpumalanga Balfour: dr. Louis van Jaarsveld Blue ticks (B 2) Middelburg: drs. Fourie and Barkhuizen Blue ticks (B 3) Nelspruit: dr. André Beytell Blue ticks (B 3) Standerton: drs. Kobie Kroon Blue ticks (B 3) Volksrust: dr. André Visser Blue ticks (B 3) Gauteng Bronkhorstspruit: drs. De Bruin, De Bruin and Rudolph Blue ticks (B 2) Pretoria: dr. Hanneke Pienaar Blue ticks (O 2) Limpopo Bela-Bela: dr. Marius du Toit Blue ticks (B 3) Machado: dr. Freddie Harris Blue ticks (B 3) Modimolle: drs. Huber, Bredell and Barnard Blue ticks (B 3) Mokopane: dr. Henk Visser Blue ticks (B 1) Polokwane: dr. Gavin Watson Blue ticks (B 3) Vaalwater: dr. Hampie Van Staden Blue ticks (B 3) North West Leeudoringstad: dr. Ian Jonker Blue ticks (B 3) Schweizer-Reneke: dr. N.J.Heyns Blue ticks (B 3) Vryburg: drs. Labuschagne and De Jager Blue ticks (B 1) Free State Bethlehem: dr. Henk Basson Blue ticks (B 3) Clocolan: drs. Wasserman and Marwick

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Blue ticks (B 3) Frankfort: drs. Lessing, Cilliers and Van Rensburg Blue ticks (B 3) Hoopstad: dr. Kobus Pretorius Blue ticks (B,O,C 3) Kroonstad: drs. Daffue, Eksteen, Van Zyl and Van der Walt Blue ticks (B 3) Memel: dr. Neil Nixon Blue ticks (B 3) Vrede: drs. Myburg and Bester-Cloete Blue ticks (B 2) Vrede: dr. Rudolph Fourie Blue ticks (B 3) strategic treatment for tick control not given. KwaZulu-Natal Bergville: drs. Ariena Shepherd Blue ticks (B 2) Dundee: dr. Jacqui Marais Blue ticks (B 3) Dundee: dr. Tony Grace Blue ticks (B 3) Howick: dr. Stephen Hughes Blue ticks (B 3) Mooi River: drs. Fowler, Hartley, Waterman and Mallett Blue ticks (B 3) Mtubatuba: dr. Trever Viljoen Blue ticks (B 3) Newcastle: dr. Trisch Oglesby Blue ticks (B 2) Pietermaritzburg: dr. Phillip Kretzmann Blue ticks (B 3) Pongola: dr. Silke Pfitzer Blue ticks (B 2) Underberg: drs.Collins, King and Delaney Blue ticks (B 3) Eastern Cape Alexandria: drs. Olivier and Dreyer Blue ticks (B 3) Aliwal North: drs. Troskie and Strauss Blue ticks (B 2) Graaff-Reinet: dr. Roland Larson Blue ticks (B 2) Western Cape Oudtshoorn: dr. Glen Carlisle Blue ticks (B,O 2)

Resistant ticks Province Mpuma


West Free State

KwaZulu Natal

Eastern Cape

Western Cape

Northern Cape

Vets reporting this disease 1


Level of importance 1

Species affected B

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Mpumalanga Nelspruit: dr. André Beytell Resistant blue ticks (B 1)

Bont-legged ticks Province Mpuma


West Free State

KwaZulu Natal

Eastern Cape

Western Cape

Northern Cape

No vets reporting this disease 2 2 3 4 11 4 1 1 1



Species affected B,O B,O B,O B B,O,C B,O B,O,C B,O B

Mpumalanga Balfour: dr. Louis van Jaarsveld Bont-legged ticks (B,O 1) Volksrust: dr. André Visser Bont-legged ticks (B 2) Gauteng Bronkhorstspruit: drs. De Bruin, De Bruin and Rudolph Bont-legged ticks (B 2) Pretoria: dr. Hanneke Pienaar Bont-legged ticks (O 3) Limpopo Bela-Bela: dr. Marius du Toit Bont-legged ticks (B 3) causing wounds. Machado: dr. Freddie Harris Bont-legged ticks (B 3) Modimolle: drs. Huber, Bredell and Barnard Bont-legged ticks (O 2) North West Christiana: dr. Pieter Nel Bont-legged ticks (B 2) Leeudoringstad: dr. Ian Jonker Bont-legged ticks (B 3) Schweizer-Reneke: dr. N.J.Heyns Bont-legged ticks (B 3) Vryburg: drs. Labuschagne and De Jager Bont-legged ticks (B 3) Free State Bloemfontein: dr. Stephan Wessels Bont-legged ticks (B,O 3) bites between claws cause lameness. Bultfontein: dr. Santjie Pieterse Bont-legged ticks (B 3) Clocolan: drs. Wasserman and Marwick Bont-legged ticks (B 3) Frankfort: drs. Lessing, Cilliers and Van Rensburg Bont-legged ticks (B 3) Heilbron: dr. Piet van Zyl Bont-legged ticks (O 2)

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Hoopstad: dr. Kobus Pretorius Bont-legged ticks (B,O,C 3) Kroonstad: drs. Daffue, Eksteen, Van Zyl and Van der Walt Bont-legged ticks (B 3) Memel: dr. Neil Nixon Bont-legged ticks (B 3) Viljoenskroon: dr. Johan Kahts Bont-legged ticks(B 3) Vrede: drs. Myburg and Bester-Cloete Bont-legged ticks (B 1) Vrede: dr. Rudolph Fourie Bont-legged ticks (B 2) KwaZulu-Natal Dundee: dr. Jacqui Marais Bont-legged ticks (B 3) Mooi River: drs. Fowler, Hartley, Waterman and Mallett Bont-legged ticks (O 3) Pongola: dr. Heinz Kohrs Bont-legged ticks (B 1) Underberg: drs. Collins, King and Delaney Bont-legged ticks (B 3) Eastern Cape Middelburg: drs. Van Rensburg and Viljoen Bont-legged ticks (B,O,C 3) Western Cape Oudtshoorn: dr. Glen Carlisle Bont-legged ticks (B,O 1) Northern Cape Kathu: dr. Jan Vorster Bont-legged ticks (B 3)

Red-legged ticks Province Mpuma


West Free State

KwaZulu Natal

Eastern Cape

Western Cape

Northern Cape




Species affected B,O B B,O,C B

Mpumalanga Balfour: dr. Louis van Jaarsveld Red-legged ticks (B,O 1)

North West Christiana: dr. Pieter Nel Red-legged ticks (B 3) Free State Bultfontein: dr. Santjie Pieterse Red-legged ticks (B 3) Heilbron: dr. Piet Van Zyl

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Red-legged ticks (B 2) Hoopstad: dr. Kobus Pretorius Red-legged ticks (B,O,C 3) Kroonstad: drs. Daffue, Eksteen, Van Zyl and Van der Walt Red-legged ticks (B 3) Memel: dr. Neil Nixon Red-legged ticks (B 3) Vrede: dr. Rudolph Fourie Red-legged ticks (B 3, O 2) KwaZulu-Natal Pongola: dr. Silke Pfitzer Red-legged ticks (B 2) Pongola: dr. Heinz Kohrs Red-legged ticks (B 1) Underberg: drs. Collins, King and Delaney Red-legged ticks (B 1)

Brown ear-ticks Province Mpuma


West Free State

KwaZulu Natal

Eastern Cape

Western Cape

Northern Cape




Species affected B,O,C B B B B,O B,O,C

Mpumalanga Balfour: dr. Louis van Jaarsveld Brown ear-ticks (B 2) Middelburg: drs. Fourie and Barkhuizen Brown ear ticks (B 3) Nelspruit: dr. André Beytell Brown ear-ticks (B,O,C 3) Standerton: drs. Kobie Kroon Brown ear-ticks (B 3) Volksrust: dr. André Visser Brown ear-ticks (B 2) Gauteng Bronkhorstspruit: drs. De Bruin, De Bruin and Rudolph Brown ear-ticks (B 3)

Limpopo Bela-Bela: dr. Marius du Toit Brown ear-ticks (B 3) Machado: dr. Freddie Harris Brown ear-ticks (B 3) severe infection, bleeding ears. Mokopane: dr. Henk Visser Brown ear-ticks (B 3) Polokwane: dr. Gavin Watson Brown ear-ticks (B 3) North West Brits: drs. Boshoff and Hahn

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Brown ear-ticks (B 3) Leeudoringstad: dr. Ian Jonker Brown ear-ticks (B 2) Rustenburg: drs. Gaigher, Grobler, Sparks, Van Egdom, Van Rooyen, Goosen and Van Rensburg Brown ear-ticks (B 2) Schweizer-Reneke: dr. N.J.Heyns Brown ear-ticks (B 2)

Free State Heilbron: dr. Piet Van Zyl Brown ear-ticks (B 1) Frankfort: drs. Lessing, Cilliers and Van Rensburg Brown ear-ticks (B 3) Vrede: drs. Myburg and Bester-Cloete Brown ear ticks (B 2) Vrede: dr. Rudolph Fourie Brown ear-ticks (B 3, O 3)

KwaZulu-Natal Bergville: dr. Ariena Shepherd Brown ear-ticks (B 2) Camperdown: dr. Anthony van Tonder Brown ear-ticks (B 2) Dundee: dr. Jacqui Marais Brown ear-ticks (B 3) Dundee: dr. Tony Grace Brown ear-ticks (B,O,C 3) Estcourt: drs.Turner, Tedder, Taylor, Tratschler, Van Rooyen and Alwar Brown ear-ticks (B 3) Mtubatuba: dr. Trever Viljoen Brown ear-ticks (B 3) Newcastle: dr. Trisch Oglesby Brown ear-ticks (B 3) Pietermaritzburg: dr. Phillip Kretzmann Brown ear-ticks (B 3) Pongola: dr. Silke Pfitzer Brown ear-ticks (B 3) Pongola: dr. Heinz Kohrs Brown ear-ticks (B 2)

Bont ticks (Amblyomma hebraeum) Heartwater ticks Province Mpuma


West Free State

KwaZulu Natal

Eastern Cape

Western Cape

Northern Cape




Species affected B,O,C B,O B,O B,O,C

Mpumalanga Middelburg: drs. Fourie and Barkhuizen Heartwater ticks (B 1) Nelspruit: dr. André Beytell

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Bont ticks (B,O,C 3) Gauteng Bronkhorstspruit: drs. De Bruin, De Bruin and Rudolph Bont ticks (B 1) Pretoria: dr. Hanneke Pienaar Bont ticks (O 3) Limpopo Bela-Bela: dr. Marius du Toit Bont ticks (B 3) causing wounds. Machado: dr. Freddie Harris Bont ticks (B 3) Modimolle: drs. Huber, Bredell and Barnard Bont ticks (B,O 2) Mokopane: dr. Henk Visser Bont ticks (B,O 2) Polokwane: dr. Gavin Watson Bont ticks (B,O 2) KwaZulu-Natal Dundee: dr. Jacqui Marais Bont ticks (B 3) Howick: dr. Stephen Hughes Bont ticks (B 3) Mtubatuba: dr. Trever Viljoen Bont ticks (B,C 3) Pietermaritzburg: dr. Phillip Kretzmann Bont ticks (B,O,C 3) Pongola: dr. Heinz Kohrs Bont ticks (B,O,C 2) Pongola: dr. Silke Pfitzer Bont ticks (B 2)

Paralysis Ticks Province Mpuma


West Free State

KwaZulu Natal

Eastern Cape

Western Cape

Northern Cape

Vets reporting this disease


Level of importance

Species affected

Biting Lice Province Mpuma


West Free State

KwaZulu Natal

Eastern Cape

Western Cape

Northern Cape

Vets reporting this disease 2 1


Level of importance 3 1

Species affected B C

Free State Bultfontein: dr. Santjie Pieterse Biting lice (B 2) Hoopstad: dr. Kobus Pretorius Biting lice (B 3) Eastern Cape

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Graaff-Reinet: drs. Hobson and Strydom Biting lice (C 1)

Sucking Lice Province Mpuma


West Free State

KwaZulu Natal

Eastern Cape

Western Cape

Northern Cape




Species affected B C

Free State Hoopstad: dr. Kobus Pretorius Sucking lice (B 3) Eastern Cape Graaff-Reinet: drs. Hobson and Strydom Sucking lice (C 1)

Mites Province Mpuma


West Free State

KwaZulu Natal

Eastern Cape

Western Cape

Northern Cape




Species affected B O B O

North West Schweizer-Reneke: dr. N.J.Heyns Mites (B 2) Sarcoptes Free State Heilbron: dr. Piet van Zyl Mites (O 1) sheep scab. Eastern Cape Graaff-Reinet: dr. Roland Larson Sheep scab (B 1)

Western Cape Beaufort West: drs. Pienaar and Grobler Sheep scab (O 1) Outbreak occurred after sheep were moved from a farm where sheep scab was previously present. Movement took place before the diagnosis was made and notice was given of the movement of sheep before the diagnosis was made.

Nuisance and biting flies, Province Mpuma


West Free State

KwaZulu Natal

Eastern Cape

Western Cape

Northern Cape




Species affected B,O,C B,O B,O B,O,C B,O,C B,O,C

Mpumalanga Balfour: dr. Louis van Jaarsveld Nuisance and biting flies (B,O,C 2) Delmas: dr. Johan Jooste Nuisance and biting flies (B 3)

20

Nelspruit: dr. André Beytell Nuisance and biting flies (B,O,C 3) Stomoxys irritation caused severe animal discomfort and irritation. This is an important stress factor eroding away on animal’s immune defences paving the way for other conditions or contributing to poor performance in herds. Volksrust: dr. André Visser Nuisance and biting flies (B 3) North West Stella: dr. Magdaleen Vosser Intestinal roundworms (O 3) Vryburg: drs. Labuschagne and De Jager Nuisance and biting flies (B,O 2) Free State Bloemfontein: dr. Stephan Wessels Nuisance and biting flies (B 3) Hoopstad: dr. Kobus Pretorius Nuisance flies (O 2) Vrede: dr. Rudolph Fourie Nuisance flies (B 2) drier weather conditions that lead to opthalmia. KwaZulu-Natal Dundee: dr. Tony Grace Nuisance flies (B,O 2) Howick: dr. Stephen Hughes Nuisance flies (B,O,C 3) Memel: dr. Neil Nixon Nuisance and biting flies (B 3) Mooi River: drs. Fowler, Hartley, Waterman and Mallett Nuisance flies (B 3) Mtubatuba: dr. Trever Viljoen Nuisance flies (B,C 3) Pongola: dr. Heinz Kohrs Nuisance flies (B 1) Underberg: drs. Collins, King and Delaney Nuisance and biting flies (B 3) lead to opthalmia; fly worry and transmit lumpy skin disease Eastern Cape Alexandria: drs. Olivier and Dreyer Nuisance and biting flies (B 3) Middelburg: drs. Van Rensburg and Viljoen Nuisance and biting flies (B,O,C 3) Tsitsikamma: drs. Lategan, Hoek and McFarlane Nuisance flies (B 3) Western Cape George: drs. Strydom, Truter and Pettifer Nuisance and biting flies (B,O 3) increased numbers after good rainfall. Oudtshoorn: dr. Glen Carlisle Nuisance flies (B,O,C 3) Stellenbosch: dr. Alfred Kidd Nuisance flies (B 3)

Screw-worm Province Mpuma Gauteng Limpopo North Free KwaZulu Eastern Western Northern

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-langa West State Natal Cape Cape Cape

Vets reporting this disease 1 2 1


Level of importance 3 2 2

Species affected B,O,C B,O B,C

Mpumalanga Nelspruit: dr. André Beytell Screw-worm (B,O,C 3) Limpopo Modimolle: drs. Huber, Bredell and Barnard Screw-worm (B,O 2) Fly strike – treated numerous wounds (mostly caused by ticks with long mouthparts) infested with maggots. One farmer has 4 Charolais cattle that lost their ears due to the infestation. Mokopane: dr. Henk Visser Screw-worm (B 2) KwaZulu-Natal Mtubatuba: dr. Trever Viljoen Screw-worm (B,C 2)

Blowflies Province Mpuma


West Free State

KwaZulu Natal

Eastern Cape

Western Cape

Northern Cape




Species affected B,O B,O B,O O O B,O,C

Mpumalanga Standerton: drs. Kobie Kroon Blowflies (O 3) Volksrust: dr. André Visser Blowflies (B 3) North West Vryburg: drs. Labuschagne and De Jager Blowflies (B,O 1) Free State Bloemfontein: dr. Stephan Wessels Blowflies (O 3) Hertzogville: drs. Naudé and Hendrikz Blowflies (O 3) Hoopstad: dr. Kobus Pretorius Blowflies (O 2) Zastron: dr. Philip Brandt Blowflies (O 2) KwaZulu-Natal Bergville: dr. Ariena Shepherd Blowflies (O 1) Howick: dr. Stephen Hughes Blowflies (O 3)

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Eastern Cape Aliwal North: drs. Troskie and Strauss Blowflies O 2) Graaff-Reinet: dr. Roland Larson Blowflies (O 2) Western Cape Oudtshoorn: dr. Glen Carlisle Blowflies (B,O,C 2)

Nasal bot larvae Province Mpuma


West Free State

KwaZulu Natal

Eastern Cape

Western Cape

Northern Cape




Species affected O O

North West Leeudoringstad: dr. Ian Jonker Nasal bot larvae (O 3) Schweizer-Reneke: dr. N.J.Heyns Nasal bot larvae (O 3)

Western Cape Stellenbosch: dr. Alfred Kidd Nasal bot larvae (O 1) Vredenburg: dr. Izak Rust Nasal bot larvae (O 3)

Midges and Mosquitoes Province Mpuma


West Free State

KwaZulu Natal

Eastern Cape

Western Cape

Northern Cape

Vets reporting this disease 3 3 3 2 2


Level of importance 3 3 2 2 3

Species affected B,O,C B,O B,O,C O B,O,C

Mpumalanga Delmas: dr. Johan Jooste Midges (B 3) Nelspruit: dr. André Beytell Midges (B,O,C 3) Volksrust: dr. André Visser Midges (B,O 3) Free State Bultfontein: dr. Santjie Pieterse Midges (B 3) Harrismith: drs. Thirion, Nel and Pretorius Midges and mosquitoes. See many mosquitoes and midges biting human at dusk. When driving many insects hit the windscreen. Perception is that there are more insects than usual making the occurrence of insect transmitted diseases more likely. Kroonstad: drs. Daffue, Eksteen, Van Zyl and Van der Walt Midges (O 2) Memel: dr. Neil Nixon

23

Midges (B,O 3) By now we usually have many cases of blue tongue and lumpy skin disease which this year have yet to cause significant problems, presumably due to the late rains. KwaZulu-Natal Bergville: dr. Ariena Shepherd Midges (O 1) Mooi River: drs. Fowler, Hartley, Waterman and Mallett Midges (B,O 3) Pietermaritzburg: dr. Phillip Kretzmann Midges (B,O,C 3) Eastern Cape Aliwal North: drs. Troskie and Strauss Midges (O 1) Tsitsikamma: drs. Lategan, Hoek and McFarlane Midges (O 3) Western Cape George: drs. Strydom, Truter and Pettifer Midges (B,O 3) Oudtshoorn: dr. Glen Carlisle Midges (B,O,C 2)

General Eastern Cape Graaff-Reinet: dr. Roland Larson Ticks (B,O,C) lots on all animals

Tick-borne diseases

African Red water (Babesia bigemina) Province Mpuma


West Free State

KwaZulu Natal

Eastern Cape

Western Cape

Northern Cape




Species affected B B B B B B

Mpumalanga Middelburg: drs. Fourie and Barkhuizen African red water (B 3) Nelspruit: dr. André Beytell African red water (B 1) Limpopo Machado: dr. Freddie Harris African red water (B 3) Modimolle: drs. Huber, Bredell and Barnard African red water (B 1) Polokwane: dr. Gavin Watson African red water (B 2)

24

Free State Frankfort: drs. Lessing, Cilliers and Van Rensburg African red water (B 3) Harrismith: drs. Thirion, Nel and Pretorius African red water (B 2) in calves ±3 months old. Some deaths in adult cattle. Villiers: drs. Hattingh and Hauptfleisch African red water (B 2) KwaZulu-Natal Bergville: dr. Ariena Shepherd African red water (B 1) Dundee: dr. Jacqui Marais African red water (B 2) Estcourt: drs. Turner, Tedder, Taylor, Tratschler, Van Rooyen and Alwar African red water (B 3) Howick: dr. Stephen Hughes African red water (B 3) Mooi River: drs. Fowler, Hartley, Waterman and Mallett African red water (B 3) Mtubatuba: dr. Trever Viljoen African red water (B 2) Newcastle: dr. Barry Rafferty African red water (B 1) Pietermaritzburg: dr. Phillip Kretzmann African red water (B 3) Underberg: drs. Collins, King and Delaney African red water (B 2) Eastern Cape Humansdorp: drs. Van Niekerk, Jansen van Vuuren, Barker and Kotzé African red water (B 3) Queenstown: drs. Du Preez, Godley, Klopper, Jansen van Vuuren, De Klerk and Catherine African red water (B 2) Tsitsikamma: drs. Lategan, Hoek and McFarlane African red water (B 2) Western Cape George: drs. Strydom, Truter and Pettifer African red water (B 3)

Asiatic Red Water (Babesia bovis) Province Mpuma


West Free State

KwaZulu Natal

Eastern Cape

Western Cape

Northern Cape

Vets reporting this disease 7 1 1 4 9 4 1



Species affected B B B B B B B

Mpumalanga Balfour: dr. Louis van Jaarsveld Asiatic red water (B 2) Bethal: dr. Hardus Pieters Asiatic red water (B 3) Lydenburg: drs. Trümpelman and Trümpelman Asiatic red water (B 1)

25

Middelburg: drs. Fourie and Barkhuizen Asiatic red water (B 3) The worst heartwater outbreaks occur in cattle that were not vaccinated. Piet Retief: drs. Niebuhr and Weber Asiatic red water (B 2) Standerton: drs. Kobie Kroon Asiatic red water (B 3) numerous outbreaks and mortalities. Volksrust: dr. André Visser Asiatic red water (B 2) Gauteng Bronkhorstspruit: drs. De Bruin, de Bruin and Rudolph Asiatic red water (B 2) Limpopo Mokopane: dr. Henk Visser Asiatic red water (B 1) Free State Frankfort: drs. Lessing, Cilliers and Van Rensburg Asiatic red water (B 3) Memel: dr. Neil Nixon Asiatic red water (B 3) Vrede: drs. Myburg and Bester-Cloete Asiatic red water (B 3) Vrede: dr. Rudolph Fourie Asiatic red water (B 2) KwaZulu-Natal Bergville: drs. Ariena Shepherd Asiatic red water (B 2) Dundee: dr. Jacqui Marais Asiatic red water (B 2) Dundee: dr. Tony Grace Asiatic red water (B 3) Estcourt: drs. Turner, Tedder, Taylor, Tratschler, Van Rooyen and Alwar Asiatic red water (B 3) Camperdown: dr. Anthony van Tonder Asiatic red water (O 3) Greytown: dr. Mike Caldicott B. bovis (B 3) Imidazole was ineffective in treating and blocking Asiatic red water in our area. – diminazine is effective in treating. I am hesitant to use it as a blocker. Mooi River: drs. Fowler, Hartley, Waterman and Mallett Asiatic red water (B 3) Mtubatuba: dr. Trever Viljoen Asiatic red water (B 2) Pietermaritzburg: dr. Phillip Kretzmann Asiatic red water (B 2) Underberg: drs. Collins, King and Delaney Asiatic red water (B 2) Eastern Cape Humansdorp: drs. Van Niekerk, Jansen van Vuuren, Barker and Kotzé Asiatic red water (B 3) Stutterheim: dr. Dave Waterman

26

Asiatic red water (B 3) outbreak, 10 cattle died, 80 blocked treated by owner. Discussed with farmer vaccination and reduced dipping frequency. Other cases: 2 heifers and a recently acquired bull died. Queenstown: drs. Du Preez, Godley, Klopper, Jansen van Vuuren, De Klerk and Catherine Asiatic red water (B 2) Tsitsikamma: drs. Lategan, Hoek and McFarlane Asiatic red water (B 1)

Western Cape George: drs. Strydom, Truter and Pettifer Asiatic red water (B 2) numerous cases even in herds where animals were vaccinated. However the incidence was lower in vaccinated herds.

Anaplasmosis Province Mpuma


West Free State

KwaZulu Natal

Eastern Cape

Western Cape

Northern Cape





Mpumalanga Balfour: dr. Louis van Jaarsveld Anaplasmosis (B 1) Gauteng Onderstepoort: dr. Jacques O’Dell Anaplasmosis (B 3) North West Christiana: dr. Pieter Nel Anaplasmosis (B 3) Vryburg: drs. Labuschagne and De Jager Anaplasmosis (B 2) Free State Bloemfontein: dr. Stephan Wessels Anaplasmosis (B 2) Clocolan: drs. Wasserman and Marwick Anaplasmosis (B 3) Frankfort: drs. Lessing, Cilliers and Van Rensburg Anaplasmosis (B 2) Harrismith: drs. Thirion, Nel and Pretorius Anaplasmosis (B 1) Heilbron: dr. Piet Van Zyl Anaplasmosis (B 1) Hoopstad: dr. Kobus Pretorius Anaplasmosis (B 2) Kroonstad: drs. Daffue, Eksteen, Van Zyl and Van der Walt Anaplasmosis (B 3) mainly in dairy cattle transmitted by biting flies. Ladybrand: Van Hasselt and De Vos Anaplasmosis (B 1) Vrede: drs. Myburg and Bester-Cloete Anaplasmosis (B 2)

27

Vrede: dr. Rudolph Fourie Anaplasmosis (B 1) KwaZulu-Natal Dundee: dr. Jacqui Marais Anaplasmosis (B 1) Dundee: dr. Tony Grace Anaplasmosis (B 1) Mooi River: drs. Fowler, Hartley, Waterman and Mallett Anaplasmosis (B 3) Mtubatuba: dr. Trever Viljoen Anaplasmosis (B 2) Newcastle: drs. Barry Rafferty andTrisch Oglesby Anaplasmosis (B 1) in one adult cow. Pietermaritzburg: dr. Phillip Kretzmann Anaplasmosis (B 2) Pongola: dr. Silke Pfitzer Anaplasmosis (B 1) Pongola: dr. Heinz Kohrs Anaplasmosis (B 1) Eastern Cape Alexandria: drs. Olivier and Dreyer Anaplasmosis (B 2) Aliwal North: drs. Troskie and Strauss Anaplasmosis (B 1) Graaff-Reinet: dr. Roland Larson Anaplasmosis (B 2) Western Cape Ceres: dr. Marc Walton Anaplasmosis (B 1) Darling: drs. Van der Merwe and Adam Anaplasmosis (B 2) George: drs. Strydom, Truter and Pettifer Anaplasmosis (B 3) Malmesbury: dr. Otto Kriek Anaplasmosis (B 3) Some farmers are reluctant to vaccinate purely due to the excessive vaccine price. Fly control is often neglected during the times that matter when the numbers of flies aren’t high eg. during winter and spring. Oudtshoorn: dr. Glen Carlisle Anaplasmosis (B 1) one heifer out of a group - high blue tick burden. Stellenbosch: dr. Alfred Kidd Anaplasmosis (B 3)

Heartwater Province Mpuma


West Free State

KwaZulu Natal

Eastern Cape

Western Cape

Northern Cape




Species affected B B,O,C B,O,C B,O B B,O,C B,C

Mpumalanga Lydenburg: drs. Trümpelman and Trümpelman Heartwater (B 2)

28

Nelspruit: dr. André Beytell Heartwater (B 1) Gauteng Bronkhorstspruit: drs. De Bruin, De Bruin and Rudolph Heartwater (B 1) Onderstepoort: dr. Jacques O’Dell Heartwater (B,O,C 2) Pretoria: dr. Hanneke Pienaar Heartwater (O 1) Limpopo Bela-Bela: dr. Marius du Toit Heartwater (B,C 3) Machado: dr. Freddie Harris Heartwater (B 3) Modimolle: drs. Huber, Bredell and Barnard Heartwater (B,O 3) Reports are received daily of animals with clinical signs of heartwater. Mokopane: dr. Henk Visser Heartwater (B 1) Polokwane: dr. Gavin Watson Heartwater (B 2) North West Brits: drs. Boshoff and Hahn Heartwater (B,O 3) Vryburg: drs. Labuschagne and De Jager Heartwater (B 1) Free State Viljoenskroon: dr. Johan Kahts Heartwater (B 2) KwaZulu-Natal Dundee: dr. Jacqui Marais Heartwater (B 2) Dundee: dr. Tony Grace Heartwater (B,O 2) Estcourt: drs. Turner, Tedder, Taylor, Tratschler, Van Rooyen and Alwar Heartwater (B 1) Mtubatuba: dr. Trever Viljoen Heartwater (B,O,C 3) Pietermaritzburg: dr. Phillip Kretzmann Heartwater (B,O,C 2) Pongola: dr. Heinz Kohrs Heartwater (B,C 2) especially in young calves and goats born in winter.

Eastern Cape Graaff-Reinet: dr. Roland Larson Heartwater (C 1) Humansdorp: drs. Van Niekerk, Jansen van Vuuren, Barker and Kotzé Heartwater (B 2)

Corridor disease

29

Province Mpuma-langa

Gauteng Limpopo North West

Free State

KwaZulu Natal

Eastern Cape

Western Cape

Northern Cape




Species affected B

KwaZulu-Natal Pongola: dr. Silke Pfitzer Corridor disease (B 3)

Sweating sickness Province Mpuma


West Free State

KwaZulu Natal

Eastern Cape

Western Cape

Northern Cape





Gauteng Bronkhorstspruit: drs. De Bruin, De Bruin and Rudolph Sweating sickness (B 2) Onderstepoort: dr. Jacques O’Dell Sweating sickness (B 2) Pretoria: dr. Hanneke Pienaar Sweating sickness (B 2) Limpopo Machado: dr. Freddie Harris Sweating sickness (B 3) North West Christiana: dr. Pieter Nel Sweating sickness (B 3) Leeudoringstad: dr. Ian Jonker Sweating sickness (B 3) Schweizer-Reneke: dr. N.J.Heyns Sweating sickness (B 3) in calves Stella: dr. Magdaleen Vosser Sweating sickness (B 3) Vryburg: drs. Labuschagne and De Jager Sweating sickness (B 3) Free State Bloemfontein: dr. Stephan Wessels Sweating sickness (B 2) Bothaville: dr. Johan Blaauw Sweating sickness (B 2) Bultfontein: dr. Santjie Pieterse Sweating sickness (B 1) Hoopstad: dr. Kobus Pretorius Sweating sickness (B 2) Kroonstad: drs. Daffue, Eksteen, Van Zyl and Van der Walt Sweating sickness (B 2) Viljoenskroon: dr. Johan Kahts Sweating sickness (B 1)

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………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Insect transmittable diseases

Lumpy skin disease Province Mpuma


West Free State

KwaZulu Natal

Eastern Cape

Western Cape

Northern Cape




Species affected B B B B B B B B

Mpumalanga Middelburg: drs. Fourie and Barkhuizen Lumpy skin disease (B 1) Nelspruit: dr. André Beytell Lumpy skin disease (B 3) Sporadic cases of Lumpy skin disease reported, but so far not as common as in previous years. Piet Retief: drs. Niebuhr and Weber Lumpy skin disease (B 3) more losses than usual. Standerton: drs. Kobie Kroon Lumpy skin disease (B 3) Volksrust: dr. André Visser Lumpy skin disease (B 2) Gauteng Bronkhorstspruit: drs. De Bruin, De Bruin and Rudolph Lumpy skin disease (B 2) Limpopo Machado: dr. Freddie Harris Lumpy skin disease (B 3) in unvaccinated cattle of upcoming farmers. Modimolle: drs. Huber, Bredell and Barnard Lumpy skin disease (B 2) Polokwane: dr. Gavin Watson Lumpy skin disease (B 1) North West Leeudoringstad: dr. Ian Jonker Lumpy skin disease (B 2) first cases seen. Lichtenburg: dr. Nelmarie Kruger-Rall Lumpy skin disease (B 2) Free State Bethlehem: dr. Henk Basson Lumpy skin disease (B 1) Bloemfontein: dr. Stephan Wessels Lumpy skin disease (B 1) 3 Angus bulls in the Brandfort area. Harrismith: drs. Thirion, Nel and Pretorius Lumpy skin disease (B 2) 2 outbreaks in unvaccinated cattle of upcoming farmers. Each has 3 deaths and many adult cattle and calves are affected. Hoopstad: dr. Kobus Pretorius Lumpy skin disease (B 1) Kroonstad: drs. Daffue, Eksteen, Van Zyl and Van der Walt

31

Lumpy skin disease (B 1) Ladybrand: drs. Van Hasselt and De Vos Lumpy skin disease (B 1) Parys: drs. Wessels and van den Berg Lumpy skin disease (B 2) Vrede: drs. Myburg and Bester-Cloete Lumpy skin disease (B 1) Vrede: dr. Rudolph Fourie Lumpy skin disease (B 2) KwaZulu-Natal Dundee: dr. Tony Grace Lumpy skin disease (B 2) Estcourt: drs. Turner, Tedder, Taylor, Tratschler, Van Rooyen and Alwar Lumpy skin disease (B 2) reported by rural clients. Mooi River: drs. Fowler, Hartley, Waterman and Mallett Lumpy skin disease (B 2) Mtubatuba: dr. Trever Viljoen Lumpy skin disease (B 3) Large outbreaks in cattle in the communal grazing area, commercial farmers that vaccinated had no cases. Pongola: dr. Heinz Kohrs Lumpy skin disease (B 3) many cases all over the area. Underberg: dr. Pete Dommett Lumpy skin disease (B 3) Low prevalence but widespread through the different herds and age groups. Underberg: drs. Collins, King and Delaney Lumpy skin disease (B 3) Eastern Cape Tsitsikamma: drs. Lategan, Hoek and McFarlane Lumpy skin disease (B 3) this disease also occurred in a partially vaccinated herd. Western Cape Beaufort West: drs. Pienaar and Grobler Lumpy skin disease (B 1) Ceres: dr. Marc Walton Lumpy skin disease (B 3) outbreaks in Ceres, Koue Bokkeveld and Wolseley. Darling: drs. Van der Merwe and Adam Lumpy skin disease (B 3) George: drs. Strydom, Truter and Pettifer Lumpy skin disease (B 3) Malmesbury: dr. Otto Kriek Lumpy skin disease (B 3) Stellenbosch: dr. Alfred Kidd Lumpy skin disease (B 3) Vredenburg: dr. Izak Rust Lumpy skin disease (B 3) herds not vaccinated. Wellington: dr. William van Zyl Lumpy skin disease (B 2)

Pseudo Lumpy skin disease (Allerton virus) Province Mpuma


West Free State

KwaZulu Natal

Eastern Cape

Western Cape

Northern Cape




32

Species affected B B

Gauteng Onderstepoort: dr. Jacques O’Dell Pseudo lumpy skin disease (B 2) suspected KwaZulu-Natal Dundee: dr. Tony Grace Pseudo lumpy skin (B 2) Quite a few cases of the mild Allerton form seen in well vaccinated herds. These animals appear healthy and were never diseased.

Bovine ephemeral fever (Three day stiff sickness) Province Mpuma


West Free State

KwaZulu Natal

Eastern Cape

Western Cape

Northern Cape

No vets reporting this disease 6 1 4 2 6 12 1




Mpumalanga Balfour: dr. Louis van Jaarsveld Three day stiff sickness (B 2) Bethal: dr. Hardus Pieters Three day stiff sickness (B 1) Delmas: dr. Johan Jooste Three day stiff sickness (B 3) Lydenburg: drs. Trümpelman and Trümpelman Three day stiff sickness (B 2) Nelspruit: dr. André Beytell Three day stiff sickness (B 3) Many reports received of clinical cases of three day stiffsickness with downer animals (more than the usual). Piet Retief: drs. Niebuhr and Weber Three day stiff sickness (B 3) first outbreaks of the season. Gauteng Bronkhorstspruit: drs. De Bruin, De Bruin and Rudolph Three day stiff sickness (B 2) Limpopo Bela-Bela: dr. Marius du Toit Three day stiffsickness (B 2) Machado: dr. Freddie Harris Three day stiff sickness (B 3) widespread. Modimolle: drs. Huber, Bredell and Barnard Three day stiff sickness (B 1) Polokwane: dr. Gavin Watson Three day stiff sickness (B 3) many cattle affected especially in the Lowveld areas. Heavy bulls most severely affected. North West Brits: drs. Boshoff and Hahn Three day stiff sickness (B 3) Lichtenburg: dr. Nelmarie Kruger-Rall Three day stiff sickness (B 1) Free State

33

Bethlehem: dr. Henk Basson Three day stiff sickness (B 2) Bloemfontein: dr. Stephan Wessels Three day stiff sickness (B 2) Bultfontein: dr. Santjie Pieterse Three day stiff sickness (B 2) Frankfort: drs. Lessing, Cilliers and Van Rensburg Three day stiff sickness (B 2) Heilbron: dr. Piet Van Zyl Three day stiff sickness (B 2) Hoopstad: dr. Johan Jooste Three day stiff sickness (B 3) KwaZulu-Natal Bergville: dr. Ariena Shepherd Three day stiff sickness (B 1) Camperdown: dr. Anthony van Tonder Three day stiff sickness (B 2) Estcourt: drs. Turner, Tedder, Taylor, Tratschler, Van Rooyen and Alwar Three day stiff sickness (B 1) Howick: dr. Stephen Hughes Three day stiff sickness (B 3) Mooi River: drs. Fowler, Hartley, Waterman and Mallett Three day stiff sickness (B 3) Mtubatuba: dr. Trever Viljoen Three day stiff sickness (B 3) Started getting cases especially in the communal grazing areas. Newcastle: drs. Barry Rafferty and Trisch Oglesby Three day stiff sickness (B 1) Pietermaritzburg: dr. Rick Mapham Three day stiff sickness (B 2) Pietermaritzburg: dr. Phillip Kretzmann Three day stiffsickness (B 2) Pongola: dr. Heinz Kohrs Three day stiff sickness (B 3) many cases all over the area. Underberg: dr. Pete Dommett Three day stiff sickness (B 3) Low prevalence but widespread through the different herds and age groups. Underberg: drs. Collins, King and Delaney Three day stiff sickness (B 1) Western Cape Vredenburg: dr. Izak Rust Three day stiff sickness (B 2)

Blue tongue Province Mpuma


West FreeState KwaZulu

Natal Eastern Cape

Western Cape

Northern Cape




Species affected O O O O O O O

Mpumalanga Middelburg: drs. Fourie and Barkhuizen

34

Blue tongue (O 3) The disease started in sheep that were not vaccinated. Farmers struggle to coordinate the breeding programme with the vaccination programme of their sheep. Nelspruit: dr. André Beytell Blue tongue (O 2) One outbreak in lambs about 6 months old. No previous flock immunisation in this specific group of ewes – this resulted in little/no passive transfer of immunity to lambs through colostrum. Piet Retief: drs. Niebuhr and Weber Blue tongue (O 3) Gauteng Bronkhorstspruit: drs. De Bruin, De Bruin and Rudolph Blue tongue (O 3) North West Leeudoringstad: dr. Ian Jonker Blue tongue (O 2) first cases seen. Lichtenburg: dr. Nelmarie Kruger-Rall Blue tongue (O 2) Sheep were not vaccinated due to unavailability of blue tongue vaccine. Schweizer-Reneke: dr. N.J.Heyns Blue tongue (O 3) Vryburg: drs. Labuschagne and De Jager Blue tongue (O 1) Free State Clocolan: drs. Wasserman and Marwick Blue tongue (O 2) Heilbron: dr. Piet Van Zyl Blue tongue (O 1) Ladybrand: drs. Van Hasselt and De Vos Blue tongue (O 1) Memel: dr. Neil Nixon Blue tongue (O 3) Viljoenskroon: dr. Johan Kahts Blue tongue (O 2) Vrede: dr. Rudolph Fourie Blue tongue (O 1) KwaZulu-Natal Bergville: dr. Ariena Shepherd Blue tongue (O 2) Dundee: dr. Jacqui Marais Blue tongue (O 2) Mooi River: drs. Fowler, Hartley, Waterman and Mallett Blue tongue (Alpacas 2) First confirmed cases confirmed by laboratory (IHC staining). Eastern Cape Cradock: dr. Frans Erasmus Blue tongue (O 2) Graaff-Reinet: dr. Roland Larson Blue tongue (O 3) Stutterheim: dr. Dave Waterman Blue tongue (O 1) 5 sheep died per acutely, swollen head and neck. Balance moved to higher less marshy camp, others treated with antibiotics and anti-inflammatory drugs. Appears that farmer has slipped up with vaccinations.These were a mixture of mature and young sheep.

35

Tsitsikamma: drs. Lategan, Hoek and McFarlane Blue tongue (O 3) this virus affected large volumes of small stock. Loss of pregnancies occurred. This outbreak is partially due to the temporary unavailability of vaccine shortage during the vaccination period. Western Cape Beaufort West: drs. Pienaar and Grobler Blue tongue (O 2) In the Murraysburg and Victoria West areas cases were reported and in one case sheep were vaccinated in other cases not. There were few signs of swelled heads, sore feet and nasal discharge seen. Ceres: dr. Marc Walton Blue tongue (O 2) George: drs. Strydom, Truter and Pettifer Blue tongue (O 3) Wellington: dr. William van Zyl Blue tongue (O 2)

Rift Valley fever Province Mpuma



Natal Eastern Cape

Western Cape

Northern Cape



Level of importance

Species affected

Nagana Province Mpuma



Natal Eastern Cape

Western Cape

Northern Cape



Level of importance

Species affected

Comment KwaZulu-Natal Newcastle: dr. Brian Rafferty Diseases generally quiet for this time of the year. Suspect the insect borne viral diseases will hot up now due to the late start of the rainy season with good rains currently. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Venereal diseases Trichomonosis Province Mpuma


West Free State

KwaZulu Natal

Eastern Cape

Western Cape

Northern Cape




Species affected B B B B B B

Mpumalanga Middelburg: drs. Fourie and Barkhuizen Trichomonosis (B 2) Standerton: dr. Kobie Kroon Trichomonosis (B 3)

36

North West Rustenburg: drs. Gaigher, Grobler, Sparks, Van Egdom, Van Rooyen, Goosen and Van Rensburg Trichomonosis (B 1) Stella: dr. Magdaleen Vosser Trichomonosis (B 2) Vryburg: drs. Labuschagne and De Jager Trichomonosis (B 2) Free State Dewetsdorp: dr. Marike Badenhorst Trichomonosis (B 2) Hoopstad: dr. Kobus Pretorius Trichomonosis (B 3) Kroonstad: drs. Daffue, Eksteen, Van Zyl and Van der Walt Trichomonosis (B 2) KwaZulu-Natal Dundee: dr. Jacqui Marais Trichomonosis (B 1) Mtubatuba: dr. Trever Viljoen Trichomonosis (B 1) Newcastle: dr. Barry Rafferty Trichomonosis (B 1) Eastern Cape Aliwal North: drs. Troskie and Strauss Trichomonosis (B 1) Northern Cape Kimberley: drs. Van Heerden and Swart Trichomonosis (B 3) Relatively few herds tested in January but 10 out of 12 bulls tested in two herds postive. Investigation ongoing.

Vibriosis Province Mpuma


West Free State

KwaZulu Natal

Eastern Cape

Western Cape

Northern Cape




Species affected B B B

Mpumalanga Volksrust: dr. André Visser Vibriosis (B 1) North West Stella: dr. Magdaleen Vosser Vibriosis (B 2) Free State Dewetsdorp: dr. Marike Badenhorst Vibriosis (B 2)

Peestersiekte / Pizzle disease

37

Province Mpuma-langa

Gauteng Limpopo North West

Free State

KwaZulu Natal

Eastern Cape

Western Cape

Northern Cape




Species affected O

Western Cape Beaufort West: drs. Pienaar and Grobler Peestersiekte (O 1) ………………………………………………………………………………………

Bacterial diseases Anthrax Province Mpuma



Natal Eastern Cape

Western Cape

Northern Cape



Level of importance

Species affected

Gas gangrene infections Province Mpuma



Natal Eastern Cape

Western Cape

Northern Cape




Species affected B,O B B B B,O B

Mpumalanga Bethal: dr. Hardus Pieters Blackquarter (B 1) Middelburg: drs. Fourie and Barkhuizen Blackquarter (B 1) Piet Retief: drs. Weber and Niebuhr Blackquarter (B 2) Swelled head (B,O 2) Volksrust: dr. André Visser Swelled head (B,O 2) Gauteng Bronkhorstspruit: drs. De Bruin, de Bruin and Rudolph Swelled head (B 2) Limpopo Bela-Bela: dr. Marius du Toit Blackquarter (B 1) Free State Bethlehem: dr. Henk Basson Blackquarter (B 1) One outbreak. Bloemfontein: dr. Stephan Wessels Blackquarter (B 2) 2 heifers in the Reddersburg area, that were not vaccinated, died. Hertzogville: drs. Hendrikz and Naudé

38

Uterine gangrene (O 1) Increase in clostridial diseases after rains. Ewes lamb in lambing pens and are after 2 weeks moved with their lambs to green pasture. Clostridial booster vaccination was given more than a year ago. Hoopstad: dr. Kobus Pretorius Blackquarter (B 1) Ladybrand: drs. Van Hasselt and De Vos Blackquarter (B 1) Vrede: drs. Myburg and Bester-Cloete Blackleg (B 1) Vrede: dr. Rudolph Fourie Blackquarter (B 1) Zastron: dr. Philip Brandt Swelled head (B 1) KwaZulu-Natal Bergville: dr. Ariena Shepherd Blackquarter (B 1) Estcourt: drs. Turner, Tedder, Taylor, Tratschler, Van Rooyen and Alwar Blackquarter (O 2) Newcastle: dr. Trisch Oglesby Blackquarter (B 1) Clostridium chauvoei in a 4 month non-vaccinated calf. Underberg: drs. Collins, King and Delaney Blackquarter (B 2) Eastern Cape Aliwal North: drs. Troskie and Strauss Blackquarter (B 1) Middelburg: drs. Van Rensburg and Viljoen Blackquarter (B 1) 50 young Bonsmara bulls were fed in camp. Owner reported 3 dead lying in the same direction with no grass disturbance. Assumed lightning strike but I suggested Quarter Evil vaccination with new needle for every bull. Four days later one bull severely lame in evening and PM next morning classical blackquarter. Gave supply of long acting penicillin to treat all bulls. Two more dead the next morning. Three with lameness treated and survived. No lab confirmation yet.

Pulpy Kidney Province Mpuma


West Free State

KwaZulu Natal

Eastern Cape

Western Cape

Northern Cape




Species affected O,C O O B,O O O,C O

Gauteng Bronkhorstspruit: drs. De Bruin, De Bruin and Rudolph Pulpy kidney (O,C 2) Limpopo Polokwane: dr. Gavin Watson Pulpy kidney (O 1) North West Christiana: dr. Pieter Nel Pulpy kidney (O 2) Vryburg: drs. Labuschagne and De Jager Pulpy kidney (O 2)

39

Free State Clocolan: drs. Wasserman and Marwick Pulpy kidney (B,O 2) Frankfort: drs. Lessing, Cilliers and Van Rensburg Pulpy kidney (O 3) Hertzogville: drs. Naudé and Hendrikz Pulpy kidney (O 2) new grazing after the rains. Hoopstad: dr. Kobus Pretorius Pulpy kidney (O 3) Ladybrand: drs. Van Hasselt and De Vos Pulpy kidney (O 1) Vrede: dr. Rudolph Fourie Pulpy kidney (O 1) KwaZulu-Natal Mooi River: drs. Fowler, Hartley, Waterman and Mallett Pulpy kidney (O 2) Underberg: drs. Collins, King and Delaney Pulpy kidney (O 3) Eastern Cape Aliwal North: drs. Troskie and Strauss Pulpy kidney (O 1) Graaff-Reinet: drs. Hobson and Strydom Pulpy kidney (O,C 2) Middelburg: drs. Van Rensburg and Viljoen Pulpy kidney (O 2) Lambs born in October developed entertoxaemia just before the recommended first vaccination at 90 days old. Good rainfall has caused dietery change. Manufacturers recommend first vaccination at 4 to 5 months of age. In my opinion this should be changed to 3 months or 100 days old. I also suggest that it should read “when the oldest lambs in the flock reach the age of 100 days”. If lambs are born over a 35 to 42 day period, the oldest and most thrifty lambs will be at risk if farmers wait untill all lambs are 4 to 5 months old. Northern Cape Kimberley: drs. Van Heerden and Swart Pulpy kidney (O 3)

Lamb dysentery (Clostrium perfringens type B) Province Mpuma


West Free State

KwaZulu Natal

Eastern Cape

Western Cape

Northern Cape



Level of importance

Species affected

Red gut (B) / Blood gut(O,C) Province Mpuma


West Free State

KwaZulu Natal

Eastern Cape

Western Cape

Northern Cape




Species affected O O B,O B,O,C B O,C B,O O

Gauteng Pretoria: dr. Hanneke Pienaar

40

Blood gut (O 1) Limpopo Machado: dr. Freddie Harris Blood gut (O 3) 30-40 sheep died. North West Lichtenburg: dr. Nelmarie Kruger-Rall Blood gut (O 1) Vryburg: drs. Labuschagne and De Jager Red gut (B 2) Free State Frankfort: drs. Lessing, Cilliers and Van Rensburg Blood gut (O 2) Hertzogville: drs. Naudé and Hendrikz Blood gut (O 1) Kroonstad: drs. Daffue, Eksteen, Van Zyl and Van der Walt Red gut (B 3) Unvaccinated cattle in feed lot, 10 died. Memel: dr. Neil Nixon Blood gut (O 1) Parys: drs. Wessels and van den Berg Blood gut (O,C 2) animals were vaccinated against pulpy kidney or the booster vaccination was not given with the polyvalent clostridial vaccine. Vrede: dr. Rudolph Fourie Red gut (B 2) calves were vaccinated against blackquarter, anthrax and botulism but booster dose was not given. KwaZulu-Natal Dundee: dr. Tony Grace Red gut (B 1) Newcastle: drs. Barry Rafferty Red gut (B 1) Eastern Cape Graaff-Reinet: dr. Roland Larson Blood gut (O 1) Graaff-Reinet: drs. Hobson and Strydom Blood gut (C 1) Western Cape Darling: drs. Van der Merwe and Adam Red gut (B 2) Oudtshoorn: dr. Glen Carlisle Blood gut (O 1) Northern Cape Upington: dr. Ian Vorster Blood gut (O 3) sheep lambs on artificial pastures 10 out of 125 lambs died.

Tetanus Province Mpuma


West Free State

KwaZulu Natal

Eastern Cape

Western Cape

Northern Cape




41


Free State Bothaville: dr. Johan Blaauw Tetanus (O 1) Hoopstad: dr. Kobus Pretorius Tetanus (O 1) Eastern Cape Queenstown: drs. Du Preez, Godley, Klopper, Jansen van Vuuren, De Klerk and Catherine Tetanus (O 2)

Botulism Province Mpuma


West Free State

KwaZulu Natal

Eastern Cape

Western Cape

Northern Cape




Species affected B B B B B,O

North West Christiana: dr. Pieter Nel Botulism (B 1) Free State Heilbron: dr. Piet Van Zyl Botulism (B 2) Eastern Cape Humansdorp: drs. Van Niekerk, Jansen van Vuuren, Barker and Kotzé Botulism (B 1) Stutterheim: dr. Dave Waterman Botulism (B 1) 3 cows dead acutely . Advise farmer to vaccinate remainder of herd.Tried to implement a management plan. Western Cape Beaufort-West: drs. Pienaar and Grobler Botulism (B 2) Cattle in a mountain camp were seen chewing bones. Cattle were not seen daily but 5 died. Botulism was diagnosed on the history.

Northern Cape Kathu: dr. Jan Vorster Botulism (B 3) Outbreaks on three farms. Young cattle, vaccinated with a vaccine containing botulism antigen purchased at a certain Co-op. Farms vaccinated with the same vaccine purchased elsewhere had no problems. Break in the cold-chain suspected. Upington: dr. Ian Vorster Botulism (B,O 3) poor grazing. Cases in young, pregnant and late lactating animals.

Brucellosis (Brucella abortus) Province Mpuma


West Free State

KwaZulu Natal

Eastern Cape

Western Cape

Northern Cape





42

Limpopo Polokwane: dr. Gavin Watson Brucellosis (B 3) North West Lichtenburg: dr. Nelmarie Rall Brucellosis (B 3) 133 positive cases. Stella: dr. Magdaleen Vosser Brucellosis (B 3) Vryburg: drs. Labuschagne and De Jager Brucellosis (B 2) Free State Bloemfontein: dr. Stephan Wessels Brucellosis (B 3) in a beef herd in Petrusburg – 10 positive animals. Bothaville: dr. Johan Blaauw Brucellosis (B 2) Hertzogville: drs. Hendrikz and Naudé Brucellosis (B 3) 20 out of 100 cattle tested positive. Hoopstad: dr. Kobus Pretorius Brucellosis (B 3) less numbers found. Vrede: dr. Rudolph Fourie Brucellosis (B 3)

Johnes disease Province Mpuma


West Free State

KwaZulu Natal

Eastern Cape

Western Cape

Northern Cape



Level of importance

Species affected

Ram disease (Brucella ovis) Province Mpuma


West Free State

KwaZulu Natal

Eastern Cape

Western Cape

Northern Cape





Gauteng Onderstepoort: dr. Jacques O’Dell B. ovis (O 1) suspected, awaiting results. Northern Cape Upington: dr. Ian Vorster B. ovis (O 3) Low labing percentage. Tested 160 rams and 40 were positive. In future before testing rams for fertility they will first be bled to test for B.ovis so as to save money for the farmer.

Ram disease (HPA organisms) Province Mpuma


West Free State

KwaZulu Natal

Eastern Cape

Western Cape

Northern Cape



Level of importance

Species affected

43

E. coli Province Mpuma


West Free State

KwaZulu Natal

Eastern Cape

Western Cape

Northern Cape




Species affected B B, B B B B B,C B,O

Mpumalanga Balfour: dr. Louis van Jaarsveld E. coli (B 2) Gauteng Nigel: dr. Cindy van der Westhuizen E.coli (C 2) resistant E. coli in a Boergoat stud flock, confirmed on culture and antibiogram. E.coli (B 2) outbreak in Friesian calves transported from KZN. Rayton: dr. Johan Jooste E.coli (B 3) Limpopo Machado: dr. Freddie Harris E. coli (B 3) diarrhea in calves. North West Brits: dr. Johan Jooste E.coli (B 3) Potchefstroom: dr. Johan Jooste E.coli (B 3) Vryburg: drs. Labuschagne and De Jager E. coli (B 1) Free State Bothaville: dr. Johan Blaauw E.coli (B 2) Multi-antibiotic resistant strain causing problems in a dairy calf herd. Heilbron: dr. Piet Van Zyl E.coli (B 2) Hoopstad: dr. Kobus Pretorius E. coli (B 1) KwaZulu-Natal Estcourt: drs. Turner, Tedder, Taylor, Tratschler, Van Rooyen and Alwar E. coli (B 2) acute mastitis, mud, heat stress. Pietermaritzburg: dr. Phillip Kretzmann E. coli (B 2) Eastern Cape Pearston: drs. Hobson and Strydom E. coli (C 1) Queenstown: drs. Du Preez, Godley, Klopper, Jansen van Vuuren, De Klerk and Catherine E.coli (B 3) mastitis.

44

Tsitsikamma: drs. Lategan, Hoek and McFarlane E. coli (B 3) Western Cape Ceres: dr. Marc Walton E.coli (O 3) Severe lamb mortalities on one farm, diarrhoea. George: drs. Strydom, Truter and Pettifer E.coli (B 2)

Salmonellosis Province Mpuma


West Free State

KwaZulu Natal

Eastern Cape

Western Cape

Northern Cape




Species affected B B B B B

Mpumalanga Volksrust: dr. André Visser Salmonellosis (B 3) Gauteng Bronkhorstspruit: drs. De Bruin, De Bruin and Rudolph Salmonellosis (B 2) North West Leeudoringstad: dr. Ian Jonker Salmonellosis (B 3) heavy mortality in one month old calves. Free State Clocolan: drs. Wasserman and Marwick Salmonellosis (B 3) Hoopstad: dr. Kobus Pretorius Salmonellosis (B 1) KwaZulu-Natal Estcourt: drs. Turner, Tedder, Taylor, Tratschler, Van Rooyen and Alwar Salmonellosis (B 1) Newcastle: dr. Barry Rafferty Salmonellosis (B 2)

Leptospirosis Province Mpuma


West Free State

KwaZulu Natal

Eastern Cape

Western Cape

Northern Cape



Level of importance

Species affected

Lumpy wool / Senkobo (Dermatophilus) Province Mpuma


West Free State

KwaZulu Natal

Eastern Cape

Western Cape

Northern Cape




Species affected B

45

Mpumalanga Nelspruit: dr. André Beytell Dermatophilosis (B 3) Senkobo

Enzootic abortion (Chlamydophyla) Province Mpuma


West Free State

KwaZulu Natal

Eastern Cape

Western Cape

Northern Cape




Species affected O

Free State Hertzogville: drs. Naudé and Hendrikz Enzootic abortion (O 2) suspected outbreak.

Viral diseases Bovine Malignant Catarrh - BMC (Snotsiekte) Province Mpuma


West Free State

KwaZulu Natal

Eastern Cape

Western Cape

Northern Cape





North West Vryburg: drs. Labuschagne and De Jager BMC (B 1) Free State Frankfort: drs. Lessing, Cilliers and Van Rensburg BMC (B 2) Northern Cape Kimberley: drs. Van Heerden and Swart BMC(B 1)

BVD Province Mpuma


West Free State

KwaZulu Natal

Eastern Cape

Western Cape

Northern Cape




Species affected B

Western Cape Stellenbosch: dr. Alfred Kidd BVD (B 1) Bull found positive for BVD during a routine test for fertility – abortions occurred in a beef herd.

Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis (IBR) Province Mpuma


West Free State

KwaZulu Natal

Eastern Cape

Western Cape

Northern Cape



46


Species affected B

KwaZulu-Natal Camperdown: dr. Anthony van Tonder IBR (B 1) Estcourt: drs. Turner, Tedder, Taylor, Tratschler, Van Rooyen and Alwar IBR (B 2)

BRSV (Bovine respiratory syncytial virus) Province Mpuma


West Free State

KwaZulu Natal

Eastern Cape

Western Cape

Northern Cape



Level of importance

Species affected

Rota and Corona virus Province Mpuma


West Free State

KwaZulu Natal

Eastern Cape

Western Cape

Northern Cape




Species affected B

Free State Zastron: dr. Philip Brandt Rota virus (B 3) problem with calves during December and January.

Enzootic Bovine Leukosis (EBL) Province Mpuma


West Free State

KwaZulu Natal

Eastern Cape

Western Cape

Northern Cape





Gauteng Rayton: dr. Johan Jooste EBL (B 3) North West Schweizer-Reneke: dr. N.J.Heyns EBL (B 2) Dairy cows losing weight. Tested 5 animals , 3 positive for EBL. KwaZulu-Natal Underberg: drs. Collins, King and Delaney EBL (B 1) Eastern Cape Humansdorp: drs. Van Niekerk, Jansen van Vuuren, Barker and Kotzé EBL (B 2) Queenstown: drs. Du Preez, Godley, Klopper, Jansen van Vuuren, De Klerk and Catherine EBL (B 2) Tsitsikamma: drs. Lategan, Hoek and McFarlane EBL (B 2)

47

Warts Province Mpuma


West Free State

KwaZulu Natal

Eastern Cape

Western Cape

Northern Cape





Limpopo Mokopane: dr. Henk Visser Warts (B 2) Polokwane: dr. Gavin Watson Warts (B 2) North West Christiana: dr. Pieter Nel Warts (B 2) Vryburg: drs. Labuschagne and De Jager Warts (B 1) Free State Bultfontein: dr. Santjie Pieterse Warts (B 1) Harrismith: drs. Thirion, Nel and Pretorius Warts (B 2) Vrede: drs. Myburg and Bester-Cloete Warts (B 1) KwaZulu-Natal Camperdown: dr. Anthony van Tonder Warts (B 2) Mtubatuba: dr. Trever Viljoen Warts (B 2) Newcastle: dr. Barry Rafferty Warts (B 2) Pietermaritzburg: dr. Phillip Kretzmann Warts (B 2) Pongola: dr. Heinz Kohrs Warts (B 1)

Orf Province Mpuma


West Free State

KwaZulu Natal

Eastern Cape

Western Cape

Northern Cape




Species affected O O,C O O,C O O C

Gauteng Pretoria: dr. Hanneke Pienaar Orf (O 1) North West Brits: drs. Boshoff and Hahn Orf (C 2) Lichtenburg: dr. Nelmarie Kruger-Rall

48

Orf (O 3) Schweizer-Reneke: dr. N.J.Heyns Orf (O 3) 300 lambs. Vryburg: drs. Labuschagne and De Jager Orf (C 3) Free State Bloemfontein: dr. Stephan Wessels Orf (O 2) Kroonstad: drs. Daffue, Eksteen, Van Zyl and Van der Walt Orf (C 3) KwaZulu-Natal Bergville: dr. Ariena Shepherd Orf (C 1) Howick: dr. Stephen Hughes Orf (O 3) Pongola: dr. Heinz Kohrs Orf (C 1) Eastern Cape Graaff-Reinet: dr. Roland Larson Orf (O 1) Western Cape Oudtshoorn: dr. Glen Carlisle Orf (O 1) Northern Cape Kathu: dr. Jan Vorster Orf (C 3)

Rabies Province Mpuma

-langa Gauteng Limpopo North West Free

State KwaZulu Natal

Eastern Cape

Western Cape

Northern Cape




Species affected B Dog

NorthWest Lichtenburg: dr. Nelmarie Rall Rabies (B 1) in a heifer. Free State Frankfort: drs. Lessing, Cilliers and Van Rensburg Rabies (Dog 1)

Jaagsiekte Province Mpuma


West Free State

KwaZulu Natal

Eastern Cape

Western Cape

Northern Cape



Level of importance

Species affected

49

Other Viral diseases Eastern Cape Tsitsikamma: drs. Lategan, Hoek and McFarlane Pseudo cow pox (B 3)

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

Fungal Diseases

Ringworm Province Mpuma


West Free State

KwaZulu Natal

Eastern Cape

Western Cape

Northern Cape




Species affected B B B B B

Mpumalanga Nelspruit: dr. André Beytell Ringworm (B 1) North West Christiana: dr. Pieter Nel Ringworm (B 2) Free State Frankfort: drs. Lessing, Cilliers and Van Rensburg Ringworm (B 2) Hoopstad: dr. Kobus Pretorius Ringworm (B 1) Viljoenskroon: dr. Johan Kahts Ringworm (B 1) KwaZulu-Natal Howick: dr. Stephen Hughes Ringworm (B 3) Mtubatuba: dr. Trever Viljoen Ringworm (B 2) Pietermaritzburg: dr. Phillip Kretzmann Ringworm (B 2) Eastern Cape Middelburg: drs. Van Rensburg and Viljoen Ringworm (B 1) Tsitsikamma: drs. Lategan, Hoek and McFarlane Ringworm (B 3) ……………………………………………………………………………………………………

Diseases cause by protozoa

50

Coccidiosis Province Mpuma


West Free State

KwaZulu Natal

Eastern Cape

Western Cape

Northern Cape




Species affected O,C O O B,O B,O,C B

Mpumalanga Lydenburg: drs. Trümpelman and Trümpelman Coccidiosis (C 2) Nelspruit: dr. André Beytell Coccidiosis (C 1) Volksrust: dr. André Visser Coccidiosis (O 2) Gauteng Onderstepoort: dr. Jacques O’Dell Coccidiosis (O 2) Pretoria: dr. Hanneke Pienaar Coccidiosis (O 1) Limpopo Modimolle: drs. Huber, Bredell and Barnard Coccidiosis (B 1) Free State Bloemfontein: dr. Stephan Wessels Coccidiosis (O 3) Heilbron: dr. Piet Van Zyl Coccidiose (O 2) Hoopstad: dr. Kobus Pretorius Coccidiosis (B 3) Vrede: drs. Myburg and Bester-Cloete Coccidiosis (O 1) KwaZulu-Natal Bergville: dr. Ariena Shepherd Coccidiosis (C 1) Dundee: dr. Tony Grace Coccidiosis (B,O 2) Dundee: dr. Jacqui Marais Coccidiosis (B 3) Had outbreaks in several beef herds. Mortality rate low but morbidity high. Mtubatuba: dr. Trever Viljoen Coccidiosis (B,C 2) Pietermaritzburg: dr. Phillip Kretzmann Coccidiosis (O,C 2) Pongola: dr. Silke Pfitzer Coccidiosis (C 1) Eastern Cape Alexandria: drs. Olivier and Dreyer Coccidiosis (B 2) Graaff-Reinet: drs. Hobson and Strydom Coccidiosis (O 1)

51

Tsitsikamma: drs. Lategan, Hoek and McFarlane Coccidiosis (B 2)

Cryptosporidia Province Mpuma


West Free State

KwaZulu Natal

Eastern Cape

Western Cape

Northern Cape



Level of importance

Species affected

Besnoitiosis Limpopo Modimolle: drs. Huber, Bredell and Barnard Besnoitiosis (B 2) suspected infection identified by photos and description provided by clients ……………………………………………………………………………………………………

Poisoning

Urea poisoning Province Mpuma


West Free State

KwaZulu Natal

Eastern Cape

Western Cape

Northern Cape




Species affected B B C

Free State Clocolan: drs. Wasserman and Marwick Urea poisoning (B 3) Ladybrand: drs. Van Hasselt and De Vos Urea poisoning (B 1) KwaZulu-Natal Mooi River: drs. Fowler, Hartley, Waterman and Mallett Urea poisoning (B 2) Western Cape George: drs. Strydom, Truter and Pettifer Urea poisoning (C 1)

Tulip poisoning Province Mpuma


West Free Sate KwaZulu

Natal Eastern Cape

Western Cape

Northern Cape




Species affected B

North West Vryburg: drs. Labuschagne and De Jager Tulip poisoning (B 1)

52

Lantana poisoning Province Mpuma


West Free State

KwaZulu Natal

Eastern Cape

Western Cape

Northern Cape





Limpopo Bela-Bela: dr. Marius du Toit Lantana poisoning (B 2) Modimolle: drs. Huber, Bredell and Barnard Lantana poisoning (B 2) North West Brits: drs. Boshoff and Hahn Lantana poisoning (B 3) Lantana seems to cause disease and deaths where previous years nothing happened. KwaZulu-Natal Newcastle: dr. Barry Rafferty Lantana (B 1)

Gifblaar poisoning Province Mpuma


West Free State

KwaZulu Natal

Eastern Cape

Western Cape

Northern Cape



Level of importance

Species affected

Gousiekte poisoning Province Mpuma


West Free State

KwaZulu Natal

Eastern Cape

Western Cape

Northern Cape




Species affected B O

Mpumalanga Lydenburg: drs. Trümpelman and Trümpelman Gousiekte (B 2) Limpopo Modimolle: drs. Huber, Bredell and Barnard Gousiekte (O 1) Farmer lost 9 Pedi sheep. Histopathology suggests gousiekte was the cause. It is also suspected that gousiekte was the cause of death in 2 cattle mortalities.

Senecio poisoning Province Mpuma


West Free State

KwaZulu Natal

Eastern Cape

Western Cape

Northern Cape




Species affected B

Mpumalanga

53

Lydenburg: drs. Trümpelman and Trümpelman Senecio (B 2) poisoning

Cestrum poisoning – Ink berry Province Mpuma


West Free State

KwaZulu Natal

Eastern Cape

Western Cape

Northern Cape




Species affected B B

North West Leeudoringstad: dr. Ian Jonker Cestrum poisoning (B 2) Free State Bloemfontein: dr. Stephan Wessels Cestrum poisoning (B 2)

Prussic acid poisoning Province Mpuma


West Free State

KwaZulu Natal

Eastern Cape

Western Cape

Northern Cape




Species affected B O B B

North West Rustenburg: drs. Gaigher, Grobler, Sparks, Van Egdom, Van Rooyen, Goosen and Van Rensburg Prussic acid poisoning (B 2) caused by wilted kweek in one herd. Free State Bothaville: dr. Johan Blaauw Prussic acid poisoning (O 1) KwaZulu-Natal Dundee: dr. Jacqui Marais Prussic acid poisoning (B 1) Eastern Cape Queenstown: drs. Du Preez, Godley, Klopper, Jansen van Vuuren, De Klerk and Catherine Prusic acid (B 2)

Acidosis Province Mpuma


West Free State

KwaZulu Natal

Eastern Cape

Western Cape

Northern Cape




Species affected B

KwaZulu-Natal Dundee: dr. Jacqui Marais Acidosis (B 3) about 30% mortality in affected animals.

Other poisonings

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Mpumalanga Lydenburg: drs. Trümpelman and Trümpelman Aflatoxicosis (B 2) in a feedlot. Limpopo Modimolle: drs. Huber, Bredell and Barnard Geeldikkop (O 2) North West Leeudoringstad: dr. Ian Jonker Geeldikkop (O 3) for 12 years no cases. Rain after the drought had resuled in an explosion of duwweltjies. Stella: dr. Magdaleen Vosser Copper poisoning (O) Chronic copper poisoning in sheep occurred when a farmer added coppersulphate to a rubber splash pool. When the pool is drained the pool water is thrown on the grass. Copper levels rose in the grass and the sheep got poisoned. Free State Clocolan: drs. Wasserman and Marwick Geeldikkop poisoning (O 2) Ladybrand: drs. Van Hasselt and De Vos Diplodiosis (B 2) Duwweltjies (Tribulus spp.) (O 2) Sheep consuming green duwweltjies, bloat and torsion of small intestine. Vrede: drs. Myburg and Bester-Cloete Lead poisoning (B 1) 2 cows out of a group of 30 animals died. Vrede: dr. Rudolph Fourie Secondary photosensitivity (O 2) Eastern Cape Alexandria: drs. Olivier and Dreyer Cynanchum poisoning (B 2) Two cases of toxicity due to a drought period resulting in lack of grazing when animals were kept too long in a camp. (8 animals affected). Fascial eczema due to ryegrass (B 2) Humansdorp: drs. Van Niekerk, Jansen van Vuuren, Barker and Kotzé Excessive phosphate (B 3) Calcium: Phosphate Imbalance due to kikuyu pasture slump. 20 out of 400 dairy cattle had a diarrhoea for longer than 3 weeks. Kikuyu pastures are low in calcium and high in phosphate. Milk production reduced. Queenstown: drs. Du Preez, Godley, Klopper, Jansen van Vuuren, De Klerk and Catherine Tribulus (duwweltjie) poisoning (B 1) photosensitivity. Western Cape Beaufort West: drs. Pienaar and Grobler Copper poisoning (O 2) North of Beaufort West in the Loxton and Victoria West areas numerous cases were reported, One case was examined and typical post mortem lesions were found. Ceres: dr. Marc Walton Rye grass toxicity (B 1) Northern Cape Kathu: dr. Jan Vorster Ornithogalum spp. Poisoning (B 3) due to the drought. Chinkerinchees are the only plants that are green in the veld. Mostly heifers that are poisoned.

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Upington: dr. Ian Vorster Fluoride poisoning (B 2) as the ground water level drops, fluoride levels increase. Animals are stiff and they have swollen joints. Looks similar to phosphate deficiency.

Conditions caused by more than one organism or disease causing factor Abortions and stillborn calves Province Mpuma


West Free State

KwaZulu Natal

Eastern Cape

Western Cape

Northern Cape




Species affected B B B,C B,O B B

Gauteng Heidelberg: dr. Johan Jooste Abortions (B 3) North West Brits: drs. Boshoff and Hahn Abortions (B 1) Potchefstroom: dr. Johan Jooste Abortions (B 3) Free State Bloemfontein: dr. Stephan Wessels Abortion (B 2) Frankfort: drs. Lessing, Cilliers and Van Rensburg Abortions (B 3) Heilbron: dr. Piet van Zyl Abortions (C 1) Hoopstad: dr. Kobus Pretorius Abortions (B 1) Viljoenskroon: dr. Johan Kahts Abortions (B 2) KwaZulu-Natal Bergville: drs. Ariena Shepherd Abortions (B,O 1) Estcourt: drs. Turner, Tedder, Taylor, Tratschler, Van Rooyen and Alwar Abortions (B 2) Howick: dr. Stephen Hughes Abortions (B 3) Ladybrand: drs. Van Hasselt and De Vos Abortions (B 1) Mooi River: drs. Fowler, Hartley, Waterman and Mallett Abortions (B 3) Mtubatuba: dr. Trever Viljoen Abortions (B 1) Underberg: drs. Collins, King and Delaney Abortions (B 2)

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Eastern Cape Alexandria: drs. Olivier and Dreyer Abortions (B 3) due to heat stress. Queenstown: drs. Du Preez, Godley, Klopper, Jansen van Vuuren, De Klerk and Catherine Abortions (B 3) Tsitsikamma: drs. Lategan, Hoek and McFarlane Abortions (B 2) Western Cape Ceres: dr. Marc Walton Abortion (B 1) Darling: drs. Van der Merwe and Adam Abortion (B 2) George: drs. Strydom, Truter and Pettifer Abortions (B 1)

Poor Conception Province Mpuma


West Free State

KwaZulu Natal

Eastern Cape

Western Cape

Northern Cape




Species affected B B B,O B B

Mpumalanga Balfour: dr. Louis van Jaarsveld Poor conception (B 1) North West Christiana: dr. Pieter Nel Poor conception (B 3) due to poor grazing conditions. Free State Hoopstad: dr. Kobus Pretorius Poor conception (B,O 3) KwaZulu-Natal Dundee: dr. Tony Grace Poor conception (B 2) Estcourt: drs. Turner, Tedder, Taylor, Tratschler, Van Rooyen and Alwar Poor conception (B 2) Howick: dr. Stephen Hughes Poor conceptions (B 3) Pietermaritzburg: dr. Phillip Kretzmann Poor conception (B 2) Underberg: drs. Collins, King and Delaney Poor conception (B 3) Western Cape Darling: drs. Van der Merwe and Adam Poor conception (B 3) Vredenburg: dr. Izak Rust With sonar scanning of ewes it was observed that twinning rate decreased. Ewes that lambed during April/ay 2013 had poor grazing conditions during June/July.

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Dystocia Province Mpuma


West Free State

KwaZulu Natal

Eastern Cape

Western Cape

Northern Cape




Species affected B B B,O B,O B,C B B B

Mpumalanga Bethal: dr. Hardus Pieters Dystocia (B 3) Limpopo Bela-Bela: dr. Marius du Toit Dystocia (B 2) Machado: dr. Freddie Harris Dystocia (B 2) Modimolle: drs. Huber, Bredell and Barnard Dystocia (B 2) North West Brits: drs. Boshoff and Hahn Dystocia (B 2) Christiana: dr. Pieter Nel Dystocia (B 3) Vryburg: drs. Labuschagne and De Jager Dystocia (B,O 3)

Free State Bloemfontein: dr. Stephan Wessels Dystocia (B 2) Bothaville: dr. Johan Blaauw Dystocia (B 2) Clocolan: drs. Wasserman and Marwick Dystocia (B,O 3) Frankfort: drs. Lessing, Cilliers and Van Rensburg Dystocia (B 3) Heilbron: dr. Piet van Zyl Dystocia (O 1) Hoopstad: dr. Kobus Pretorius Dystocia (B,O 2) Ladybrand: drs. Van Hasselt and De Vos Dystocia (B 3) Emaciation of cattle, difficulty in calving as a result of poor condition. This happened in mountainous camp and jackals mauled heifer and vulva . Viljoenskroon: dr. Johan Kahts Dystocia (B 1) Vrede: drs. Myburg and Bester-Cloete Dystocia (B 1) Zastron: dr. Philip Brandt Dystocia (B 1) KwaZulu-Natal

58

Dundee: dr. Jacqui Marais Dystocia (B 2) Howick: dr. Stephen Hughes Dystocia (B 3) Mooi River: drs. Fowler, Hartley, Waterman and Mallett Dystocia (B 3) Mtubatuba: dr. Trever Viljoen Dystocia (B,C 2) Newcastle: dr. Barry Rafferty Dystocia (B 3) Pongola: dr. Heinz Kohrs Dystocia (B 1) Underberg: drs. Collins, King and Delaney Dystocia (B 1) Eastern Cape Alexandria: drs. Olivier and Dreyer Dystocia (B 2) Aliwal North: drs. Troskie and Strauss Dystocia (B 2) Humansdorp: drs. Van Niekerk, Jansen van Vuuren, Barker and Kotzé Dystocia (B 3) Queenstown: drs. Du Preez, Godley, Klopper, Jansen van Vuuren, De Klerk and Catherine Dystocia (B 2) Western Cape Ceres: dr. Marc Walton Dystocia (B 2) George: drs. Strydom, Truter and Pettifer Dystocia (B 2) Heidelberg: dr. Albert van Zyl Stillborn calves (B 1) After 25 years in practice, it was the first time that it was experienced that 2 twin calves were born where both came out of the birth canal simultaneously. Northern Cape Kimberley: drs. Van Heerden and Swart

Dystocia (B 2) Primarily heifers.

Metritis (Infection of the uterus) Province Mpuma


West Free State

KwaZulu Natal

Eastern Cape

Western Cape

Northern Cape




Species affected O B B B

Gauteng Pretoria: dr. Hanneke Pienaar Metritis (O 1) Free State Bethlehem: dr. Henk Basson Metritis (B 3) Bloemfontein: dr. Stephan Wessels

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Metritis (B 2) Hoopstad: dr. Kobus Pretorius Metritis (B 3) Vrede: drs. Myburg and Bester-Cloete Metritis (B 1) KwaZulu-Natal Dundee: dr. Jacqui Marais Metritis (B 2) Estcourt: drs. Turner, Tedder, Taylor, Tratschler, Van Rooyen and Alwar Metritis (B 2) Howick: dr. Stephen Hughes Metritis (B 3) Mooi River: drs. Fowler, Hartley, Waterman and Mallett Metritis (B 3) Mtubatuba: dr. Trever Viljoen Metritis (B 2) Pietermaritzburg: dr. Phillip Kretzmann Metritis (B 2) Underberg: drs. Collins, King and Delaney Metritis (B 2) Western Cape Darling: drs. Van der Merwe and Adam Metritis (B 3) Malmesbury: dr. Otto Kriek Metritis (B 3) Clearly a reasonably clean environment reduces the number of cases. Often sleeping/feeding quarters are neglected and not cleaned regurlarly thus creating an ideal environment for an escalation in the numbers of bacteria . The milk price must have an influence on this and as a result of the poor milk price, some farmers try to cut costs by not cleaning sleeping/feeding quarters as often as they should.

Retained placenta Province Mpuma


West Free State

KwaZulu Natal

Eastern Cape

Western Cape

Northern Cape




Species affected B B B,C B B

North West Christiana: dr. Pieter Nel Retained placenta (B 3) Free State Hoopstad: dr. Kobus Pretorius Retained placenta (B 2) Ladybrand: drs. Van Hasselt and De Vos Retained afterterbirth (B 2) Vrede: drs. Myburg and Bester-Cloete Retained placenta (B 3) KwaZulu-Natal Dundee: dr. Jacqui Marais Retained placenta (B 2) Howick: dr. Stephen Hughes

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Retained afterbirths (B 3) Mooi River: drs. Fowler, Hartley, Waterman and Mallett Retained afterbirths (B 2, C 3) Eastern Cape Aliwal North: drs. Troskie and Strauss Retained placenta (B 1) Queenstown: drs. Du Preez, Godley, Klopper, Jansen van Vuuren, De Klerk and Catherine Retained afterbirths (B 2) Western Cape Darling: drs. Van der Merwe and Adam Retained afterbirths (B 2) George: drs. Strydom, Truter and Pettifer Retained afterbirths (B 1)

Prolapses Province Mpuma


West Free State

KwaZulu Natal

Eastern Cape

Western Cape

Northern Cape



Level of importance

Species affected

Navel infections Province Mpuma


West Free State

KwaZulu Natal

Eastern Cape

Western Cape

Northern Cape





Limpopo Modimolle: drs. Huber, Bredell and Barnard Navel infection (B 1) Polokwane: dr. Gavin Watson Navel infections (B 2) Free State Hoopstad: dr. Kobus Pretorius Navel infection (B 1) KwaZulu-Natal Newcastle: dr. Barry Rafferty Navel infections (B 2)

Joint-ill/Arthritis Province Mpuma


West Free State

KwaZulu Natal

Eastern Cape

Western Cape

Northern Cape




Species affected O B B B,C B

Gauteng Pretoria: dr. Hanneke Pienaar Arthritis (O 1)

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Limpopo Polokwane: dr. Gavin Watson Arthritis (B 2) Free State Frankfort: drs. Lessing, Cilliers and Van Rensburg Arthritis (B 2) Hertzogville: drs. Naudé en Hendrikz Arthritis (B 1) KwaZulu-Natal Camperdown: dr. Anthony van Tonder Joint ill (B, C 1) Mooi River: drs. Fowler, Hartley, Waterman and Mallett Joint ill (B 1) Pietermaritzburg: dr. Phillip Kretzmann Joint ill (B 2) Eastern Cape Aliwal North: drs. Troskie and Strauss Arthritis (B 1)

Mastitis Province Mpuma


West Free State

KwaZulu Natal

Eastern Cape

Western Cape

Northern Cape




Species affected B,O B B B B,O B B B

Mpumalanga Balfour: dr. Louis van Jaarsveld Mastitis (B,O 2) Bethal: dr. Hardus Pieters Mastitis (B 1) Gauteng Onderstepoort: dr. Jacques O’Dell Mastitis (B 1) Limpopo Machado: dr. Freddie Harris Mastitis (B 3) E. coli due to muddy conditions. Mokopane: dr. Henk Visser Mastitis (B 1) North West Brits: dr. Johan Jooste Mastitis (B 3) wide spread. Free State Bloemfontein: dr. Stephan Wessels Mastitis (B 3) increase in cases around Bloemfontein in dairy herds. Bultfontein: dr. Santjie Pieterse Mastitis (B 2)

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Clocolan: drs. Wasserman and Marwick Mastitis (B 2) Heilbron: dr. Piet Van Zyl Mastitis (B 1) Hertzogville: drs. Hendrikz and Naudé Mastitis (O 2) Blue udder- poor management in 2 flocks. Hoopstad: dr. Kobus Pretorius Mastitis (B 2) Memel: dr. Neil Nixon Mastitis (B 1) Vrede: drs. Myburg and Bester-Cloete Mastitis (B 2) KwaZulu-Natal Camperdown: dr. Anthony van Tonder Mastitis (B 2) Dundee: dr. Jacqui Marais Mastitis (B 3) Estcourt: drs. Turner, Tedder, Taylor, Tratschler, Van Rooyen and Alwar Mastitis (B 2) Howick: dr. Stephen Hughes Mastitis (B 3) Mooi River: drs. Fowler, Hartley, Waterman and Mallett Mastitis (B 3) Mtubatuba: dr. Trever Viljoen Mastitis (B 2) Pongola: dr. Heinz Kohrs Mastitis (B 2) calving season with lots of mastitis cases among cattle of subsistence farmers. Underberg: drs. Collins, King and Delaney Mastitis (B 3) Eastern Cape Alexandria: drs. Olivier and Dreyer Mastitis (B 3) due to heat stress. Humansdorp: drs. Van Niekerk, Jansen van Vuuren, Barker and Kotzé Mastitis (B 3) Queenstown: drs. Du Preez, Godley, Klopper, Jansen van Vuuren, De Klerk and Catherine Mastitis (B 3) Western Cape Ceres: dr. Marc Walton Mastitis (B 1) Darling: drs. Van der Merwe and Adam Mastitis (B 3) George: drs. Strydom, Truter and Pettifer Mastitis (B 3) Malmesbury: dr. Otto Kriek Mastitis (B 3) Clearly a reasonably clean environment reduces the number of cases. Often sleeping/feeding quarters are neglected and not cleaned regurlarly thus creating an ideal environment for an escalation in the numbers of bacteria . The milk price must have an influence on this and as a result of the poor milk price, some farmers try to cut costs by not cleaning sleeping/feeding quarters as often as they should.

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Foot rot and lameness Province Mpuma


West Free State

KwaZulu Natal

Eastern Cape

Western Cape

Northern Cape




Species affected B,O,C B,O,C B,O,C B,O B,O B,O,C B,O,C B

Mpumalanga Balfour: dr. Louis van Jaarsveld Lameness (B,O,C 2) Bethal: dr. Hardus Pieters Foot rot and lameness (B,O 3) many complaints from farmers. Nelspruit: dr. André Beytell Lameness (B 1) Standerton: drs. Kobie Kroon Foot rot (O 3) Gauteng Onderstepoort: dr. Jacques O’Dell Foot rot (B,O,C 3) Pretoria: dr. Hanneke Pienaar Lameness (O 3) Limpopo Machado: dr. Freddie Harris Lameness (B 3) due to muddy conditions Polokwane: dr. Gavin Watson Lameness (B,O,C 3) North West Christiana: dr. Pieter Nel Lameness (B 3) Lichtenburg: dr. Nelmarie Kruger-Rall Lameness (B,O 3) as a result of ticks and duwweltjies. Schweizer-Reneke: dr. N.J.Heyns Lameness (O 3) foot rot. Vryburg: drs. Labuschagne and De Jager Lameness (B 2) Free State Bloemfontein: dr. Stephan Wessels Lameness (O 2) Bothaville: dr. Johan Blaauw Lameness (B 2) Clocolan: drs. Wasserman and Marwick Lameness (B 2) Frankfort: drs. Lessing, Cilliers and Van Rensburg Lameness (B,O 3) Harrismith: drs. Thirion, Nel and Pretorius Lameness (B,O 2) Famer bought ±50 sheep of which 10 showed signs of foot rot. The infection spread fast in the existing flock becoming a huge problem. Heilbron: dr. Piet Van Zyl Lameness (O 2) Foot abscesses due to wet conditions. Sheep kraaled at night to prevent theft. Hoopstad: dr. Kobus Pretorius

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Lameness (B,O 3) started after the first good rains. Ladybrand: drs. Van Hasselt and De Vos Lameness (O 2) Viljoenskroon: dr. Johan Kahts Lameness (B 2) Vrede: drs. Myburg and Bester-Cloete Lameness (O 3) Vrede: dr. Rudolph Fourie Lameness (O 2) KwaZulu-Natal Bergville: drs. Ariena Shepherd Lameness (B,O 1) Camperdown: dr. Anthony van Tonder Overgrown hooves (B 1) Dundee: dr. Jacqui Marais Lameness (B,O 3) Estcourt: drs. Turner, Tedder, Taylor, Tratschler, Van Rooyen and Alwar Lameness (B 2) Howick: dr. Stephen Hughes Lameness (B 3) Mooi River: drs. Fowler, Hartley, Waterman and Mallett Lameness (B,O 3) one flock has more than 30% affected. Mtubatuba: dr. Trever Viljoen Lameness (C 2) Pietermaritzburg: dr. Phillip Kretzmann Lameness (B,O,C 3) Pongola: dr. Heinz Kohrs Lameness (B,C 1) Underberg: dr. Pete Dommett Lameness (B 3) Hairy heel warts and hoof infections associated with excessive mud – on the increase. Had 23 days of rain in the last 26 days. Underberg: drs. Collins, King and Delaney Lameness (B 2) Eastern Cape Cradock: dr. Frans Erasmus Foot rot (O 3) due to wet conditions. Graaff-Reinet: drs. Hobson and Strydom Lameness (O,C 2) Humansdorp: drs. Van Niekerk, Jansen van Vuuren, Barker and Kotzé Lameness (B 2) Tsitsikamma: drs. Lategan, Hoek and McFarlane Lameness (B 3) Hairy warts Western Cape Ceres: dr. Marc Walton Lameness (B 1) Hoof abscess in a bull. Darling: drs. Van der Merwe and Adam Lameness (B 2)

Bloat Province Mpuma


West Free State

KwaZulu Natal

Eastern Cape

Western Cape

Northern Cape


65


Level of importance

Species affected

Diarrhoea Province Mpuma


West Free State

KwaZulu Natal

Eastern Cape

Western Cape

Northern Cape




Species affected B,O,C B B B B B B

Mpumalanga Balfour: dr. Louis van Jaarsveld Diarrhoea (B,O,C 2) Bethal: dr. Hardus Pieters Diarrhoea (B 2) Nelspruit: dr. André Beytell Diarrhoea (B 2) Gauteng Bronkhorstspruit: drs. De Bruin, De Bruin and Rudolph Diarrhoea (B 3) in calves caused by coccidiosis with secondary Salmonella infection. Limpopo Bela-Bela: dr. Marius du Toit Diarrhoea (B 2) calves, suspect viral origin. Modimolle: drs. Huber, Bredell and Barnard Diarrhoea (B 3) North West Christiana: dr. Pieter Nel Diarrhoea (B 2) Free State Bloemfontein: dr. Stephan Wessels Diarrhoea (B 2) Bultfontein: dr. Santjie Pieterse Diarrhoea (B 2) Clocolan: drs. Wasserman and Marwick Diarrhoea (B 2) Hoopstad: dr. Kobus Pretorius Diarrhoea (B 3) Harrismith: drs. Thirion, Nel and Pretorius Diarrhoea (B 2) Vrede: drs. Myburg and Bester-Cloete Diarrhoea (B 2) Vrede: dr. Rudolph Fourie Diarrhoea (B 2) KwaZulu-Natal Bergville: drs. Ariena Shepherd Diarrhoea (B 2) calves Dundee: dr. Jacqui Marais Diarrhoea (B 3) Mtubatuba: dr. Trever Viljoen

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Diarrhoea (O,C 2) Newcastle: dr. Trisch Oglesby Diarrhoea (B 2) in calves. Pietermaritzburg: dr. Phillip Kretzmann Diarrhoea (B,O,C 3) Pongola: dr. Silke Pfitzer Diarrhoea (C 1) Eastern Cape Humansdorp: drs. Van Niekerk, Jansen van Vuuren, Barker and Kotzé Diarrhoea (B 3) Tsitsikamma: drs. Lategan, Hoek and McFarlane Diarrhoea (B 3) Western Cape Darling: drs. Van der Merwe and Adam Diarrhoea (B 3) George: drs. Strydom, Truter and Pettifer Diarrhoea (B 3) in calves where cows were not vaccinated before calving.

Eye infection/Opthalmia/Kerato-conjunctivitis Province Mpuma


West Free State

KwaZulu Natal

Eastern Cape

Western Cape

Northern Cape

Vets reporting this disease 6 1 1 4 12 11 6 6 2



Species affected B,O B,O B B,O B,O B,O,C B,O B,O B

Mpumalanga Balfour: dr. Louis van Jaarsveld Opthalmia (B,O,C 2) Bethal: dr. Hardus Pieters Opthalmia (B,O 3) many complaints from farmers. Ermelo: dr. Gert Oosthuizen Opthalmia (B 1) Heidelberg: dr. Johan Jooste Opthalmia (B 3) Standerton: drs. Kobie Kroon Opthalmia (B,O 3) Volksrust: dr. André Visser Opthalmia (B 2) Gauteng Pretoria: dr. Hanneke Pienaar Opthalmia (B,O 2) Limpopo Machado: dr. Freddie Harris Opthalmia (B 3) lots of flies. North West Brits: drs. Boshoff and Hahn Opthalmia (B 1) Christiana: dr. Pieter Nel Opthalmia (B,O 3) serious problem in our area. Vaccination, vitamin A and tetracyclines helped to solve the problem.

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Rustenburg: drs. Gaigher, Grobler, Sparks, Van Egdom, Van Rooyen, Goosen and Van Rensburg Opthalmia (B 2) Schweizer-Reneke: dr. N.J. Heyns Opthalmia (B,O 3) Free State Bloemfontein: dr. Stephan Wessels Opthalmia (B 3) Bultfontein: dr. Santjie Pieterse Opthalmia (B 3) Clocolan: drs. Wasserman and Marwick Opthalmia (B,O 3) Frankfort: drs. Lessing, Cilliers and Van Rensburg Opthalmia (B,O 3) Harrismith: drs. Thirion, Nel and Pretorius Opthalmia (B 2) Heilbron: dr. Piet Van Zyl Opthalmia (B,O 3) busy testing ear tag with insecticide to prevent fly worry. Hoopstad: dr. Kobus Pretorius Opthalmia (O 3) Ladybrand: drs. Van Hasselt and De Vos Opthalmia (B 2) Viljoenskroon: dr. Johan Kahts Opthalmia (B,O 3) Vrede: drs. Myburg and Bester-Cloete Opthalmia (B 3) Vrede: dr. Rudolph Fourie Opthalmia (B 2) Zastron: dr. Philip Brandt Opthalmia (B 2) KwaZulu-Natal Bergville: drs. Ariena Shepherd Opthalmia (B,O 2) Camperdown: dr. Anthony van Tonder Opthalmia (B 2, C 1) Dundee: dr. Jacqui Marais Opthalmia (B 3) Estcourt: drs. Turner, Tedder, Taylor, Tratschler, Van Rooyen and Alwar Opthalmia (B 2) Howick: dr. Stephen Hughes Opthalmia (B 3) Mooi River: drs. Fowler, Hartley, Waterman and Mallett Opthlmia (B 3) Mtubatuba: dr. Trever Viljoen Opthalmia (B,C 2) Newcastle: drs. Barry Rafferty and Trisch Oglesby Opthalmia (B 2) Pietermaritzburg: dr. Phillip Kretzmann Opthalmia (B 2) Pongola: dr. Heinz Kohrs Opthalmia (B,C 1) Underberg: drs. Collins, King and Delaney Opthalmia (B 3)

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Eastern Cape Alexandria: drs. Olivier and Dreyer Opthalmia (B 3) Aliwal North: drs. Troskie and Strauss Opthalmia (B 2) Graaff-Reinet: dr. Roland Larson Opthalmia (O 2) Queenstown: drs. Du Preez, Godley, Klopper, Jansen van Vuuren, De Klerk and Catherine Opthalmia (B,O 3) Stutterheim: dr. Dave Waterman Opthalmia (B,O 2) Tsitsikamma: drs. Lategan, Hoek and McFarlane Opthalmia (B 3) Western Cape Ceres: dr. Marc Walton Opthalmia (B 2) two cows with corneal ulcers. Darling: drs. Van der Merwe and Adam Opthalmia (B 3) George: drs. Strydom, Truter and Pettifer Opthalmia (B 3) many flies playing a role. Malmesbury: dr. Otto Kriek Opthalmia (B 3) Oudtshoorn: dr. Glen Carlisle Opthalmia (B,O 1) Stellenbosch: dr. Alfred Kidd Opthalmia (B 3) -keratoconjunctivitis

Northern Cape Kathu: dr. Jan Vorster Opthalmia (B 3) Kimberley: drs. Van Heerden and Swart

Opthalmia (B 3) keratoconjunctivitis, lots of cases, herd outbreaks, not investigated to determine exact aetiology.

Abscesses Province Mpuma


West Free State

KwaZulu Natal

Eastern Cape

Western Cape

Northern Cape




Species affected B,O B O,C O B,O,C B,O,C O,C B,O

Mpumalanga Balfour: dr. Louis van Jaarsveld Abscesses (B 1) Nelspruit: dr. André Beytell Abscesses (B 3) Standerton: drs. Kobie Kroon Abscesses (O 2) Gauteng Nigel: dr. Cindy van der Westhuizen

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Abscesses (B 2) Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis abscesses in Boergoats. Onderstepoort: dr. Jacques O’Dell Abscesses (B 3) caused by tick bites. Ticks with long mouthparts between claws leading to lameness, foot problems, joint infections and screw-worm infestation. Corynebacterium abscessation (O 1) Limpopo Polokwane: dr. Gavin Watson Abscesses (O,C 2) North West Brits: drs. Boshoff and Hahn Abscesses (O 2) Stud rams have been castrated due to abscesses caused by

Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis. Absesses do not clear up. About 10 rams affected.

Free State Bultfontein: dr. Santjie Pieterse Abscesses (B 2) Frankfort: drs. Lessing, Cilliers and Van Rensburg Abscesses (B 2) Hoopstad: dr. Kobus Pretorius Abscesses (O,C 2) Ladybrand: drs. Van Hasselt and De Vos Abscesses (O 2) Memel: dr. Neil Nixon Abscesses (B 1) Parys: drs. Wessels and van den Berg Abscesses (C 2) Abscesses of the brain base in Boergoats due to bont-legged ticks and red-legged tick infestation around the horns. Vrede: dr. Rudolph Fourie Abscesses (B 1) KwaZulu-Natal Camperdown: dr. Anthony van Tonder Abscesses (B 1) Dundee: dr. Jacqui Marais Abscesses (B 2) Howick: dr. Stephen Hughes Abscesses (B 3) Mooi River: drs. Fowler, Hartley, Waterman and Mallett Abscesses (B 1) Mtubatuba: dr. Trever Viljoen Abscesses (B,O,C 2) Newcastle: dr. Barry Rafferty Abscesses (B,O 1) Pituitary abscesses (C 2) Pietermaritzburg: dr. Phillip Kretzmann Abscesses (B,O,C 2) Pongola: dr. Heinz Kohrs Abscesses (B 1) Eastern Cape Aliwal North: drs. Troskie and Strauss Abscesses (O 1) Graaff-Reinet: dr. Roland Larson

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Abscesses (O 1) Graaff-Reinet: drs. Hobson and Strydom Abscesses (C 1) Queenstown: drs. Du Preez, Godley, Klopper, Jansen van Vuuren, De Klerk and Catherine Abscesses (O 3) Western Cape Darling: drs. Van der Merwe and Adam Abscesses (B 2) Malmesbury: dr. Otto Kriek Abscesses (B 2) Wellington: dr. William van Zyl Abscesses (O 3) Udder abscesses picked up during scanning.

Pneumonia Province Mpuma


West Free State

KwaZulu Natal

Eastern Cape

Western Cape

Northern Cape




Species affected B,O O B,C B,O B,O,C B,O B,O,C B,O

Mpumalanga Balfour: dr. Louis van Jaarsveld Pneumonia (B,O 1) Bethal: dr. Hardus Pieters Pneumonia (B 1) Gauteng Onderstepoort: dr. Jacques O’Dell Pneumonia (O 1) Pretoria: dr. Hanneke Pienaar Pneumonia (O 2) North West Brits: drs. Boshoff and Hahn Pneumonia (B,C 2) Christiana: dr. Pieter Nel Pneumonia (B 1) Vryburg: drs. Labuschagne and De Jager Pneumonia (B 3) Free State Bultfontein: dr. Santjie Pieterse Pneumonia (B 2) Clocolan: drs. Wasserman and Marwick Pneumonia (B 2) Frankfort: drs. Lessing, Cilliers and Van Rensburg Pneumonia (B 2) Heilbron: dr. Piet van Zyl Pneumonia (B 1)

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Viljoenskroon: dr. Johan Kahts Pneumonia (B 2) Vrede: drs. Myburg and Bester-Cloete Pneumonia (B,O 3) KwaZulu-Natal Bergville: drs. Ariena Shepherd Pneumonia (B,O,C 1) Dundee: dr. Jacqui Marais Pneumonia (B 1) Estcourt: drs. Turner, Tedder, Taylor, Tratschler, Van Rooyen and Alwar Pneumonia (B 2) in beef weaners due to Pasteurella multocida. Howick: dr. Stephen Hughes Pneumonia (B 3) Mtubatuba: dr. Trever Viljoen Pneumonia (B,C 2) Pietermaritzburg: dr. Phillip Kretzmann Pneumonia (B 1) Pongola: dr. Heinz Kohrs Pneumonia (B 1) Eastern Cape Cradock: dr. Frans Erasmus Pasteurellosis (O 2) Queenstown: drs. Du Preez, Godley, Klopper, Jansen van Vuuren, De Klerk and Catherine Pneumonia (B,O 2) Western Cape Ceres: dr. Marc Walton Pneumonia (C 1) in a goat ram. Darling: drs. Van der Merwe and Adam Pneumonia (B 2) Wellington: dr. William van Zyl Pneumonia (B,O 2) Northern Cape Kimberley: drs. Van Heerden and Swart Pneumonia (B 2) Upington: dr. Ian Vorster Pneumonia (O 3) due to pasteurellosis – cooler nights. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Nutritional deficiencies

Macro feed

Protein Province Mpuma


West Free State

KwaZulu Natal

Eastern Cape

Western Cape

Northern Cape




Species affected B,O B,O B B,O

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North West Christiana: dr. Pieter Nel Protein deficiency (B,O 3) Drought conditions, no rain during January. Free State Clocolan: drs. Wasserman and Marwick Protein deficiency (B,O 3) Eastern Cape Tsitsikamma: drs. Lategan, Hoek and McFarlane Protein deficiency (B 3) Northern Cape Kathu: dr. Jan Vorster Protein deficiency due to drought conditions (B,O 3) Kimberley: drs. Van Heerden and Swart Protein deficiency (B 3) Starvation – protein deficiency due to serious drought conditions. On one farm an excess of 80 cows died. Serious cattle losses on a few farms where little or no licks or supplements were provided

Energy Province Mpuma


West Free State

KwaZulu Natal

Eastern Cape

Western Cape

Northern Cape




Species affected B B,O B

Mpumalanga Bethal: dr. Hardus Pieters Energy deficiency (B 1) North West Christiana: dr. Pieter Nel Energy deficiency (B,O 3) Vryburg: drs. Labuschagne and De Jager Energy deficiency (B 3) Free State Clocolan: drs. Wasserman and Marwick Energy deficiency (B,O 3) Eastern Cape Alexandria: drs. Olivier and Dreyer Energy deficiency (B 3) Tsitsikamma: drs. Lategan, Hoek and McFarlane Energy deficiency (B 3)

Phosphate Province Mpuma


West Free State

KwaZulu Natal

Eastern Cape

Western Cape

Northern Cape




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Species affected B B,O B

North West Christiana: dr. Pieter Nel Phosphate deficiency (B 3) Free State Clocolan: drs. Wasserman and Marwick Phosphate deficiency (B,O 3) Northern Cape Upington: dr. Ian Vorster Phosphate deficiency (B 3) animals are stiff. Injected phosphate. Gave the following lick to animals: 1 bag P 12, 1 bag P 21, 1 bag ureum, 2 bags of salt, 2 bags mealie meal, 2 bags of molasses.

Calcium Province Mpuma


West Free State

KwaZulu Natal

Eastern Cape

Western Cape

Northern Cape




Species affected B

Eastern Cape Humansdorp: drs. Van Niekerk, Jansen van Vuuren, Barker and Kotzé Calcium deficiency (B 3)

Magnesium Province Mpuma


West Free State

KwaZulu Natal

Eastern Cape

Western Cape

Northern Cape



Level of importance

Species affected

Non esterified fatty acids (NEFA) Province Mpuma


West Free State

KwaZulu Natal

Eastern Cape

Western Cape

Northern Cape



Level of importance

Species affected

Beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) Province Mpuma


West Free State

KwaZulu Natal

Eastern Cape

Western Cape

Northern Cape



Level of importance

Species affected

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Other Micro feed conditions Copper Province Mpuma


West Free State

KwaZulu Natal

Eastern Cape

Western Cape

Northern Cape




Species affected B

KwaZulu-Natal Pietermaritzburg: dr. Phillip Kretzmann Copper deficiency (B 2)

Selenium Province Mpuma


West Free State

KwaZulu Natal

Eastern Cape

Western Cape

Northern Cape




Species affected O B,C B

North West Christiana: dr. Pieter Nel Selenium deficiency (O 3) KwaZulu-Natal Mooi River: drs. Fowler, Hartley, Waterman and Mallett Selenium deficiency (C 3) Pietermaritzburg: dr. Phillip Kretzmann Selenium deficiency (B 2) Underberg: drs. Collins, King and Delaney Selenium deficiency (B 3) Eastern Cape Humansdorp: drs. Van Niekerk, Jansen van Vuuren, Barker and Kotzé Selenium deficiency (B 3)

Zinc Province Mpuma


West Free State

KwaZulu Natal

Eastern Cape

Western Cape

Northern Cape




Species affected C

KwaZulu-Natal Mooi River: drs. Fowler, Hartley, Waterman and Mallett Zinc deficiency (C 3)

Molibdinum Province Mpuma


West Free State

KwaZulu Natal

Eastern Cape

Western Cape

Northern Cape



Level of importance

Species affected

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Vitamin A Province Mpuma


West Free State

KwaZulu Natal

Eastern Cape

Western Cape

Northern Cape




Species affected B B,O

North West Christiana: dr. Pieter Nel Vitamin A deficiency (B 3) Free State Hoopstad: dr. Kobus Pretorius Vitamin A deficiency (B,O 3)

VitaminB 1 deficiency Province Mpuma


West Free State

KwaZulu Natal

Eastern Cape

Western Cape

Northern Cape



Level of importance

Species affected

Metabolic diseases

Ketosis Eastern Cape Humansdorp: drs. Van Niekerk, Jansen van Vuuren, Barker and Kotzé Ketosis (B 3)

Protein excess KwaZulu-Natal Underberg: drs. Collins, King and Delaney Protein excess (B 3) Over intake of NPN leads to less fiber intake which again leads to poor conception; excessive weight loss and nutritionally stressed cows.

Other conditions Bleeding condition Limpopo Modimolle: drs. Huber, Bredell and Barnard Unknown condition causing acute death and predisposition (diathesis) to bleeding. There were reports from several farms where cattle were grazing in vleis and dying acutely. The cattle were all adults. Post mortems were done on 3 animals on two different farms and they showed a severe bleeding tendency. Histopathology suggests hypoxic (absence of oxygen) liver damage and cardiac (heart) lesions.

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Heat Stress Eastern Cape Alexandria: drs. Olivier and Dreyer Three periods of high temperatures over 40°C and high humidity and it was reported that 6 cattle died and a large number of embryonic losses were reported especially in the 20 to 40 day period after conception. Milk losses were very high. Incoordination Limpopo Vaalwater: dr. Hampie van Staden Bull with incoordination which later went into recumbency. Not three day stiff sickness, could be lightning?

Sand eating (pica) Western Cape Malmesbury: dr. Otto Kriek Some cows at the point of calving, had a urine pH 8 and others a pH 5-6. This was brought under the attention of the feed supplier and directly after that the close-up cows showed a very poor appetite. Maybe the anion/cation salts were adjusted slightly too high and caused an acidosis as well as a poor feed intake. Interesting is the fact that these cows started taking in sand and this accounted for 1 death and 1 emergency slaughter (because of a hopeless prognosis). Apparently one of the reasons for the sand intake is the fact that sand’s pH can be as high as 8 and the cows try to neutralise the acidosis caused by the anion/cations by taking in sand.

Snake bites Free State Bothaville: dr. Johan Blaauw Puffudder bites – 2 cows on different farms.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Game Gauteng Onderstepoort: dr. Jacques O’Dell Ostrich with malnutrition. Blesbuck with intestinal worm infestation. Sable died due to wireworm infestation. Limpopo Bela-Bela: dr. Marius du Toit Wireworm infestation (Roan and Sables) faecal egg count of a sable 11 000 eggs per gram. Machado: dr. Freddie Harris

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Roundworm infestation (Sable 3) in small camps. Suspected theileriosis in sable. Modimolle: drs. Huber, Bredell and Barnard Roundworm infestation (Sables 2) North West Schweizer-Reneke: dr. N.J.Heyns Wireworm (Blesbuck 3) infestation, animals died. Vryburg: drs. Labuschagne and De Jager Intestinal roundworms (Game 3) sable, severe wireworm infestation. Pulpy kidney (Sable 2) Northern Cape Kimberley: drs. Van Heerden and Swart Measles (cysticercosis) (Sable 1) Blood gut (Black impala 2) Lameness/foot problems (Roan 1) Pneumonia (Roan 2) Protein deficiency (Game 3) Veterinary intervention only requested for expensive game –usually too late hence losses in sable, roan, buffalo, wildebeest, eland, gemsbuck etc Upington: dr. Ian Vorster Roan and sable develop a thiamine deficiency when fed concentrates in feed troughs. They develop a subclinical acidosis which kills off bacteria that manufacture vitamin B 1. Animals appear dumb. Animal’s hooves grow out when kept on sandy soils. The hooves of 10 sables had to be trimmed. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Horses Mpumalanga Lydenburg: drs. Trümpelman and Trümpelman Theileria equi (E 1) North West Brits: drs. Boshoff and Hahn Tetanus (E 1) Vryburg: drs. Labuschagne and De Jager Opthalmia (E 2) KwaZulu-Natal Pietermaritzburg: dr. Rick Mapham African Horse sickness (E 2) Colic (E 2) Underberg: dr. Pete Dommett One case of a neurological syndrome in a horse. Suspect West Nile virus infection – awaiting blood examination results from the laboratory. Northern Cape Kimberley: drs. Van Heerden and Swart

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Opthalmia (E 3) keratoconjunctivitis, lots of cases, not investigated to determine exact aetiology.

............................................................................. Pigs Eastern Cape Humansdorp: drs. Van Niekerk, Jansen van Vuuren, Barker and Kotzé Heat stress (3) 30 pigs died. Queenstown: drs. Du Preez, Godley, Klopper, Jansen van Vuuren, De Klerk and Catherine E. coli (3) Western Cape George: drs. Strydom, Truter and Pettifer Nuisance flies (3) Midges (3) Red gut (2) E.coli (2) Diarrhoea (3)

Poultry Mpumalanga Volksrust: dr. André Visser Pox and Newcastle disease (3) are widespread in the area.

Practices that had nothing to report Western Cape Plettenberg Bay: dr. André Reitz

Feedlot report Feed lot report for August: drs. Shaun Morris and Eben du Preez

Sheep feedlots

Pneumonia, foot rot, foot abscesses, prolapses and urinary calculi occurred sporadically. Pulpy kindey and adaptation problems go hand in hand. Sheep in poor condition and severe worm infestations were of the problem cases. Rectal prolapses occurred in ewes that coughed.

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Cattle feed lots Numerous cases of blackquarter mortalities occurred. Clostridium sordelli and Clostridium novyi were isolated in some of the cases. Anaplasmosis and red water cases occurred. Urinary calculi occurred. Severe cases of warts and ringworm were seen. Pneumonia cases were less, except in areas where dust and drought conditions existed. Attachments to the lungs due to pleuritis were common. Cattle standing in mud after excessive rain developed exzema on the skin of their legs and some legs swelled even up to the brisket and lower body. Liver abscesses were seen in cattle where the rumens were damaged after acidosis incidents. Pericarditis lesions led to condemned hearts and this was seen periodically. Old weak cows adapted with difficulty in the feed lots and mortalities occurred.

Laboratory reports Monthly report from dr. Marijke Henton, Idexx SA – Johannesburg

Salmonella Typhimurium was isolated from pneumonia and diarrhoea in 3 week old calves, Mannheimia haemolytica from pneumonia, and although Clostridium perfringens was isolated from a number of cases of haemorrhagic diarrhoea, only two were typed (PCR), and both were identified as type A.

Fluorescent antibody stained smears from one bovine case were positive for Clostridium novyi, but culture yielded Clostridium sordellii. Closer examination of all the smears, which had been placed together in one package, without any distinguishing characteristics, showed that there were two kinds of slides, as could be seen from the texture of the bloodstained fluid on them. Repeat FA was positive for C. novyi from one kind of smear, and C. sordellii from the other kind. The muscle samples showed differences too, and also yielded the the two from separate samples. The muscle samples were also not marked as separate in any way. Enquiries to establish whether the two groups represented two different animals or two different body areas went unanswered. It is important to give the laboratory all relevant information, because otherwise a result such as the initial result will be seen as a laboratory error, when it was clearly not so.

Samples from sheep yielded Trueperella pyogenes from a case of mastitis and Mannheimia haemolytica from blue udder. An abscess yielded Streptococcus canis (Group G) which is not often isolated from ruminants.

Samples from pigs yielded E. coli from 3 separate outbreaks. Two were from enteritis, and one from septicaemia. This last isolate was an ESBL producer (extended spectrum beta lactamase) which means that none of the penicillin group nor cephalosporin group of antibiotics would be effective. ESBL producing bacteria give incorrect results on antibiograms, showing sensitivity to penicillins and cephalosporins on antibiograms. This leads to disappointment and financial loss when animals do not respond to treatment. There are a number of different mechanisms by which bacteria manifest their ESBL status, and laboratories and veterinarians should be alert to the possibility of an isolate being an ESBL producer. ESBL producing bacteria (usually belonging to the Enterobacteria group) have become more and more common in bacteria isolated from humans over the last 10 years, and they are starting to become more common in veterinary isolates now as well.

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Samples taken for brucellosis

I would like to urge all who send in samples for culture, to take the samples under the very best conditions possible. This means selecting the right tissues for sampling, from as fresh a carcass as possible, or when milk is taken, it should be done under the most hygienic possible conditions. Samples from an aborted foetus are often not fresh, and of course under those conditions one is not able to select perfect samples, but do the best you can. There is a big difference in isolating Brucella from an abortion and from a carrier animal. Huge numbers of Brucella are present at abortion, and in the discharge from the uterus for a week or so afterwards. Because there are so many, even if the cultures are relatively contaminated, one is able to culture it. As there are so many bacteria present, an acid fast / Stamps smear will be positive, even if it is not possible to culture, due to the heavy contamination. Carrier animals are very different for a laboratory to process. Very few bacteria are present in carrier animals. Only one or two colonies may be present per sample [e.g. lymph node, or milk] cultured, and if those one or two have been overgrown by contaminants, there will be a false negative result. Direct smears will be negative, because there have to be more than 104 bacteria per ml of tissue, before bacteria can be observed on smears. Brucella takes 4 – 6 days to grow under normal circumstances, but in carrier animals this may be longer, such as 10 – 14 days. Contaminants grow overnight, and the contaminant colonies become bigger each day, and encroach over larger and larger areas of the agar culture medium. The contaminants prevent or obscure the growth of Brucella colonies. Samples to detect carrier animals should therefore be taken under the most sterile conditions possible. If lymph nodes are to be taken in an abbatoir, the veterinarian should be present as each animal is slaughtered, and take the samples at the most optimum time during the slaughter process. Use surgical techniques as far as possible. If one receives a laboratory result which reads “A heavy growth of contaminants was isolated, and no Brucella was cultured”, it does NOT mean that the animal was negative for Brucella. It only means that the laboratory was not able to culture it.

Monthly report from dr. Liza du Plessis, Idexx SA - Onderstepoort

Condition Species Comments

Intestinal roundworms Ovine and game 3

Resistant roundworms Ovine 1

Tapeworms Ovine 1

Liver fluke Bovine 1

Heartwater Game 1

Sweating sickness Bovine 1

Theileriosis Game 3

Pulpy kidney Ovine 2

E. coli Pigs 1

Snotsiekte Bovine, Game 1

BVD Bovine 1

EBL Bovine 1

Diarrhoea Bovine 2

Pneumonia Bovine, Ovine 2

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Molluscum contagiosum Equine 1

Sarcoid Equine 1

Tulip poisoning Bovine 1

Vitamin E/Selenium deficiency

Pigs 1

Monthly report from the Provincial Veterinary Laboratory in Stellenbosch – dr. Annelize Jonker

Condition Specie Comments

Septicaemia, Campylobacter, Enteritis

Bovine Cape Town area: Salmonella I was isolated from epi- and endocardial swabs taken from a carcase submitted for necropsy. Worcester area: A Campylobacter sp. was isolated from a sheathwash sample. It was identified as Campylobacter fetus by PCR at the ARC-OVI. Stellenbosch area: A mucoid E. coli was isolated from udder tissue and a spleen swab from a nine year old cow that was euthanased. Paarl area: Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis was isolated from a spleen swab from a cow presented for necropsy. A pure culture of a mucoid E. coli was cultured from a small intestine sample from a young calf submitted for necropsy. Knysna area: Salmonella I was isolated from a faecal sample from young calves with diarrhoea. George area: Salmonella I was isolated from faecal swabs from young calves with diarrhoea.

Pneumonia, Enteritis

Porcine Paarl area: Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae was isolated from grower pigs that died acutely. Caledon area: Haemolytic E. coli was isolated from small intestine samples from piglets.

Enteritis Equine Cape Town area: Salmonella I was isolated after enrichment from the intestine of a horse that died while on treatment for salmonellosis. The isolate was sensitive to amoxycillin/clavulanic acid , enrofloxacin and colistin, but resistant to ampicillin, tetracycline, doxycycline, sulphonamide as well as sulphonamide & trimethoprim.

Enteritis, Septicaemia

Ostrich

Stellenbosch area: Clostridium perfringens was isolated from an intestine sample from a carcase of an ostrich chick. Beaufort West area: Clostridium perfringens was also isolated from an intestine sample from a carcase of a 3 week old ostrich chick. Pseudomonas aeruginosa was isolated together with E. coli and a yeast species from a lung sample of another chick from the same farm. Clostridium perfringens enteritis can result in high morbidity and mortality among young ostrich chicks.

Monthly report from Pathcare for January 2014 – dr. Lucy Lange

Condition Specie District Comment

Pneumonia Bovine Country wide

Hepatotoxicosis Bovine Country wide

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Campylobacter Bovine Country wide Confirmed with PCR

Trichomonosis Bovine Country wide Confirmed with PCR

Septicaemia Bovine North West

Coccidiosis Bovine Eastern Cape

Enteritis Bovine Eastern Cape

Hypoproteinaemia Bovine Country wide

Bacterial Placentitis Bovine Eastern Cape

Lumpy skin disease Bovine Eastern Cape

Sarcoptes Bovine North West

Fibrosarcoma Bovine Boland

Enteritis Equine Eastern Cape

Pneumonia Equine Boland

Ovarial leiomyosarcoma Equine Boland

Granulosa cell tumour Equine Boland

Sarcoid Equine Country wide Numerous cases

Squamous cell carcinoma Equine Namibia

Papilloma Equine Western Cape

Thyroid adenoma Equine Boland

Draschia granuloma Equine Boland, Western Cape

Actinobacillus equili Equine Boland

Rhodococcus equi Equine Western Cape

Longmigration of worms Equine Boland

Cardiomyopathy Ovine North West

Pulpy kidney Ovine North West

Enteritis Ovine Country wide

Limfosarcoma Ovine Aliwal

Domsiekte Caprine Eastern Cape

Coccidiosis Caprine Eastern Cape

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Bacterial enteritis Impala Kimberley

White muscle disease Sable Namibië

White muscle disease Roan Kimberley

Nephroses (unknown origin)

Sable Namibia Both cow and calf

Hipoproteinaemia Sable Namibia

Fasciolases Alpaca Western Cape

Malaria Penguin Western Cape

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