A Wireless Spectrum Primer€¦ · The core of today's spectrum policy was developed in the early...
Transcript of A Wireless Spectrum Primer€¦ · The core of today's spectrum policy was developed in the early...
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A Wireless Spectrum Primer
Steve Song@stevesong
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Why Care About
Spectrum?
Fibre?Fibre?
Copper?Copper?
WirelessWireless
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What Is Spectrum?
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Why Does Spectrum Need
To Be Managed?
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FM RadioFM Radio
TelevisionTelevision
MobileMobile
LTELTE
WiFiWiFi
The Communication
Spectrum
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Better Propagation
Better Propagation
More bandwidth per Hertz
More bandwidth per Hertz
All Spectrum Is Not Created
Equal
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Source: The Mobile Provide: Economic Impacts of Alternative Uses of the Digital Dividend
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The core of The core of today's today's spectrum spectrum policy was policy was developed developed in the early in the early 2020thth century century
King Farouk at the inauguration of the international telecommunications congress 1938King Farouk at the inauguration of the international telecommunications congress 1938
which was fine until... which was fine until...
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...until the explosive growth of...until the explosive growth of
InternetInternet MobileMobile
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AdministrativeBarriers
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Imagine a conference centre...
..where each room might correspond to a spectrum band.
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Or many conference centres...
Lagos Kano
Abuja
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Access to any conference room A anywhere, anytime.
Lagos Kano
Abuja
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Spectrum is allocated like slices of a pie
Lagos Kano
Abuja
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Guard bands
Lagos Kano
Abuja
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Unlicensed Spectrum
Lagos Kano
Abuja
WiFi
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How is spectrum made available?
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ProsPros ConsCons✔ simplesimple✔ ok when supply ok when supply
exceeds demandexceeds demand
✔ potentially non-potentially non-transparenttransparent
✔ breaks down as breaks down as soon as demand soon as demand increasesincreases
Administrative Assignment(first come, first serve)
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ProsPros ConsCons✔ ensure public ensure public
interest outcomes interest outcomes
✔ prone to prone to manipulationmanipulation
✔ can lead to court can lead to court challengeschallenges
✔ long administrative long administrative processprocess
Beauty Contest
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AuctionsAuctions
ProsPros ConsCons✔ neutral – market neutral – market
decidesdecides✔ fair to all playersfair to all players✔ can be designed for can be designed for
social outcomes social outcomes
✔ can be gamedcan be gamed✔ raises bar for raises bar for
market entrymarket entry✔ cost to consumer?cost to consumer?
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Dynamic SpectrumDynamic Spectrum
ProsPros ConsCons✔ efficientefficient✔ no need to re-no need to re-
allocate spectrumallocate spectrum✔ wave of the future wave of the future
– cognitive radio?– cognitive radio?
✔ interference?interference?✔ difficult to get difficult to get
incumbents to incumbents to agreeagree
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Television White Spaces
• Allows for the dynamic re-use of spectrum without interfering with the primary spectrum holder
• Ideal for rural access
• Low television spectrum occupancy in Africa
• No re-allocation of spectrum required
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Unlicensed Spectrum (WiFi)
ProsPros ConsCons✔ low barrier to entrylow barrier to entry✔ spur to innovationspur to innovation✔ spur for spur for
entrepreneurshipentrepreneurship
✔ conflict managementconflict management✔ no guaranteesno guarantees✔ dependent on respect dependent on respect
for standardsfor standards
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The Unlicensed Ecosystem
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Distribution of Android smartphone-originated traffic across cellular and Wi-Fi networks, Jan 2013
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Wi-Fi delivers over three-quarters of all UK smartphone data
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Growth of WiFi
Source: Daily Wireless – www.dailywireless.org/2012/02/08/hotspot-2-0/
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licensed vs. unlicensed
licensedlicensed unlicensedunlicensed✔ exclusivityexclusivity✔ high investmenthigh investment✔ more powerful more powerful
radio transmissionradio transmission
✔ non-exclusivenon-exclusive✔ low investmentlow investment✔ low power radiolow power radio✔ needs interference needs interference
strategystrategy
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Steve SongNSRC – [email protected]
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Creative C
om
mo
ns
Hand Holding a Mobile Phone by WhiteAfricanhttp://www.flickr.com/photos/whiteafrican/2736565604BY/
Other photos courtesy of http://www.istockphoto.com
King Farouk in the inauguration of the international telecommunications congress 1938 by KodakAgfahttp://www.flickr.com/photos/96884693@N00/1509615338/BY NC SSA
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