^\

:=5J:>i

I

i

VIEW OF CHINA,FOB

PHILOLOGICAL PURPOSES;

CONTAINING

A SKETCHOF

CHINESE CHRONOLOGY, GEOGRAPHY,GOVERNMExNT, RELIGION ^ CUSTOxMS.

DESIGNED

FOR THE USE OF PERSONS WHO STUDY THE

CHINESE LANGUAGE.

BY THE REV. R. MORRISON.

MACAO : PRINTED

AT THE HONORABLE THE EAST INDIA COMPANY'S FRES9,

BY P.P. T II M S.

PUBLX'SHED AND SOLD BY BLACK, PARBCRY, AND ALLEN, BOOKSELIiBRS 10 THE

HOMORABLEEASI INDA COMPANY, I,ONI>OK.

1817.

PREFACE.

THE Materials contained in this Small Volume, were at

Jirst intended to be attached to the Chinese Dictionary, Printing

In/ Order of the Honorable the East India Company; and to

be hound up with it. However, as subjects of frequent refer-

ence, they will probably be more convenient. Printed in the

presentform, and bound up by themselves.

To avoid, in some degree, the excessive dryness of merely

Foreign Names, Distances, and Dates, and to assist the mind

of the Student in takitig a comparative survey of the progress

ofhuman Society, during the same period of time in different

parts of the world, a few of the most remarkable Persons, In-

ventions, and other Occurences, in the various regio7is oj the

Globe, as well as in China, are annexed to the Chronology,

Ihey occupy so little space, that no fair objection can be made

to their insertion on the ground of swelling a new Book with

things already very well known.

666514

IV.

The Court of Directors, and their Select Committee, at

Canton, in China, continue their liberal encouragement of the

Author's attempts tofacilitate to Englishmen the acquisition of

the Chinese Language. To the existing Committee,—the Pre-

sident Sir TiiEOPHiLUs J. Metcalfe, Bart; and the other

Members, Joseph Cotton ; J. B. Urmston ; and J. Molony,

Esqres., many thanks are duefor their steady perseverance in.

supporting the Honorable Company's Chinese and English

Press. A more general acquaintance with the Language, will,

it may he hoped, by degrees, tend to promote a fuller, and an

increasingly cordial understanding between two great Nations,

whose amicable intercourse is much calculated to benefit both.

To his friends, the President and Members of the Select

Committee, with the other Gentlemen of the British Factory ;

to the Honorable the Court of Directors ; and through them

to his Country, the present small Work, is respectfully of-

fered, by

the author.

July 26, 1811.

CONTENTS.

cnnoNOLOGY, pabi

Introductory Remarks, ...-,. .1C)cle of Sixty Years, ..... . - 3

Emperors of the Ta-ts'hing Dynasty, - . . . - 4

Remarkable Occurrences, ---.-.. 5

The Ming Dynasty, - - - . . - - 12

The Yuen Dynasty, - - - - - - -J6

The Sung Dynasty, . - . ... 16

The Woo-tae, or Five Dynasties, viz. Chow, Hau, Tsin, Tang, and Leang, - 20

The Tang Dynasty, . - - , . - 32

The Luh-chaou, or Six Dynasties, viz: Suy, Chin, Leang, Tse, Sung, Tsin, - 36

The Han Dynasty, ...... 40

The Period oflheSaa-kwS, or Three Kingdoms, - . - 44

The Tsin Dynasty, - - - - - • - - 48

The Chow Dynasty, ..------ ib

The Shang Dynasty, ..... - - 52

The Hea Dynasty, - . . . - - - -56

The Woo-tae, or Five Emperors, . - - - - - ib.

The Sau-hwang, or Three Sovereigng, - - - - - 58

Fabulous Period, - - - - - - - -ib.

Extract from Chinese History, - - - - - - 59

GEOGRAPHY,

Outline of the Empire of Ta-ts'hing. - - - - - 61

Situation and Population of the several Provinces, - - - - 64

The Mung-koo Tribes, long dependant, - - - - - '-

VI. CONTENTS.

Recently ntfachcil Mun<c-koo=, ...New Boundaries on Hie West, ...Latitnde of Places on the Imperial Map,

New dependant Territories, - - .

Nations reputed Tributary to China,

fiOTERNMENT,

Names and Functions of the Officers of Government,

Of the Supreme Government, - - .

Of Provincial Government, Civil Officers,

Military Officers,-

Of the Nine Ranks, - - . . .

Literary Examinations,

IIME,

The Twenty-eight Constellations, , -. .

Terms, twenty-four in the year, ~ - .

Hours ; Night Watches^ ....FESTIVALS,

The New Year, &c. ....aELIClON,

Ofthe Three Sects, ....Of the PriesU, .....Marriage, .....Funerals, ---.-.The Pa-kwa, or Eight Didgrams,

Concluding Remarks.

PACE

- 73

- 75

. 77

- 78

- 80

- 87

- ib.

- 92

- 95

- 97

- 101

- 102

- 103

- 104

- 105

- 110

- 113

. ib.

. lU

- 117

• 120

SKETCH

CHINESE CHRONOLOGY, GEOGRAPHY, &c.

Xn proportion as a Person is Ignorant of the History, Geography, Political and Reli-

gious Institutions, Local Customs and Opinions of a Country, is the Language of that

Country difficult to him; and his liability to mistake the words and idiom of the

Language, is in the same proportion. Hence, what is perfectly clear and explicit to a

Native, is often dark and ambiguous to a Foreigner. To the latter, words and sentences

do not call up the same associations as to the former ; which circumstance causes either

obscurity or error. There is a difficulty also in defining words by alluding to Insti-

tutions and Customs, respecting which the Reader is as jet uninformed.

A Dictionary therefore of a Foreign Language, ought to have annexed to it aa

outline of the History, Geography, Religion, Philosophy, Government and Customs

of the Country. To do this fully, would swell an Introduction to an unusual length.';

and individual customs and opinions may be explained when words referring to them

occur in the body of the work. But the Chronology, Geographical Divisions and

Offices of Government, form each a connected series or system, which cannot without

much tautology he e.vplained in broken parts. Another reason for presenting to the

Learner an outline of the Names of Places, Offices, &c. ii, that Persons beginning

Chinese arc liable to suppose that every character must be defined singly, whereas the

fact is, that there is scarcely a sentence in which there are not two or more characters

understood as united, and which are not intelligible when taken apart. The several

characters which compose a name, either of a person, place, or thing, are not usually

to be defined.

The following Chronological Table of the Reigns oftlie Chinese Emperors, is

from a Comparison of ihc following Historical Works. 1st. ^jg ^^ jjjrn H T'hunj-

keen-kang-miih, in 100 Volumes, by ykr yc -?- Choo-foO-tsze, the celebrated Cora-

meiititor on the Four-books ;—2d.,

.-j ' HP Urh-sblh-yTh-sbe, ' The Tvventvone

Historians, in S82 Volumes ;—and 3d. iM a£ 'W ^^ Kang-ki-en-hnuj-tstuen, in 34

Volumes, by Igl yW| Fung-chow. Also, from a Table of the Cycles, published by

Imperial authority, entitled ^ Tr- fp ^ San-yuen-keii-tsze;—A Chronological

Table called^ (^ ^V ^ /S ^ Liietae-ke-neen-peen-lan, is tlint which is

here followed ; in these there are slight discrepancies, which it is not the object of this

Table to endeavour to adjust.

The Emperors of ( hina, beside their proper Names, take a Title when they ascend

the throne. This title is called their |M -2^' Kwii-haoH, or aE. Sig Ncen-haou ; in

assuming which, they ( H] ^ j^ ^ jftK Yung tsze tseu keih tseang) employ

characters which denote something felicitous. When the Emperors die, another title

is written on a tablet dedicated to them in the temples where they are interred. This

title is called their \f)Q ?fif Meaou-haou. By the j^ &B Kwo-haou, they are

generally mentioned when quoting them for merely Chronological purposes;

however, as previous to the phj Ming Dynasty, many of the Emperors changed their

Kwo-haou several times during the period of one reign, it is in this case more sim-

ple to use their Meaou-haou. The Kw8-haoa does not appear to have been introduced

till the time of y*_ Han.

The Meaou-haou is used when speaking of the Emperors personally, and is inserted

in the Imperial Almanac, pointing out the d;iy of their demise; which day is kept as a

day of mourning, and of performing the rites of sacrifice to their manes. This is

observed for five gener.itions. When the sixth generation succeeds to these sepulchral

honors, the first of the series is removed.

The name of the Dynasty is often used before the name of the Prince, as fjH iTT^

^ Ming-ching-tsung, I. e. 'Ching-tsiing of the Dynasty Ming.'

In making out this Table, though contrary to general practice, I begin at the

present moment and ascend to antiquity. It is immaterial which mode is adopted.

I

That which 1 follow, appears to me the prefi-ralile one, Ixcaiise wc arc too apt to consider

given periods of high antiquity as fixed with ahsolnte certainty, when they are only

prohabie. To come at the dates of past events, we most begin with the present

moment, tnru round and pass ii|) the stream of time.

The Cycle of Sixty years, which the Chinese emph)y in their Chronology, is called

"^ BB J^^ Hwa-keS-tsze. A. D. 1816, is the I3th year of the LXXV Cycle, from

the 6 1st year of the Emperor ~m^ Ihvang-te. Ten of the Characters employed, are

called -j" ^T^Shiih-kan, 'The ten stems;' or ^T ojk T'heen-kan, 'The celestial stems.'

They are these, ^ Zu P^T ^ ^ iM^ ^"^^ ^^''' > '*'' ?'"£• ting, woo,

ke,kang,sin,jin, kwei. The twelve, called j:|^ ^ Te-che, 'Terrestial branches,'

are these, ^'- S. || ^P Jf^ tl "^ tI^ tfj f f^^l ^ ^sze, chow, yin,

maou, shin, sze, woo, we, shin, yew, seuhj.haei- These are arranged in the following

order.

These Characters are applied not only to the Years, but also to the Months, Days,

and Hours; as also to the points of the Compass, rfn ~p P'"g t'^s ^^ Ncen, i. e.

the 13th. year of the Cycle, corresponds to A. D. 1816, and commenced on the 27th

of January of that year.

as

CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE

REIGNS OF THE EMPERORS OF CHINA.

TheMn^ Ta-ts'hing Dynasty.

I

REMARKABLE OCCURRENCES.

.789. ^^¥Pilflil^^t^^^0 ^^""-•""g- ''''' ^^''"-

ciiig the Chin-ko-urh (a Tartar tribe), and fixing the seat of the local Govern-

ment at E-I.B, raised there a Stono tablet, on which he wrote,

^zfAM^Amn±T^nmM.'The tree which Heaven plants, though man should throw it down, he cannot

eradicate it:

' The tree which Heaven casts down, though man should replant it, it will' not grow.'*

The Emperor then upbraids the conquered people with the violence and murder

which they had committed, at the same time that they -jT ®. "^ ^ 'pK im

Si K^ ' Said, they promoted the Yellow (or Lama's) Religion, and worshipped the

God Fiih.' His Majesty, after mentioning his own good intentions, and the

necessity under which he had been of subduing them, said, that their rebellion

would issue in final good ; Kl j|S rftj ^ ffi "tli' Ci"'"^ would be educed

from evil.' He adds, ^ -j^ |^ ^ "j^ ^t # A // "til'^'''"* ''"''

been effected was by the aid which Heaven granted to the Dynasty Ts'hing, and not

by human effort. (Vide, Ta-ts"hing.yih-t'hung-che.)

In the 35th year of the reign of Keen-lung, the ^ ^ j^ f^ ^^ Too-urh-

hoo-tih-han, (or Han of Tourgouths) passed from their original settlement, and

submitted to the Manchow Dynasty. They are said to have , amounted to ^^ -y'

|£ ^ Several hundreds of thousands.

* The sentiment contained iu these lines, corresponds nearly with that dictated by

the Almighty to the Prophet Jeremi:ih, " I have set thee over the nations and over the

kingdoms, to root out, and to pull down, and to destroy, and to throw down, to build,

and to plant." Jer. i. 10th.

CHRONOLOGY.^ 6

1776, KiJen-Iung subdued -;^ 1(1 Kin-chuen, olberwise called TQ ^ Meaou-lsze.

1682, Subjected Forinosn, called liy the Chinese ^» fi^l Tac-w;ui.

3i p" f^ij 11 Mi '^ ^ ^^ ' '" ^^^ *"'" ^'"' "*" ^•^'="-'""S' ""^

English, from the north west Mitremity of the world, and who from ancient times

to the present, hafl never reached the middle land (China), passed over an immense

• ocean and came to the Court' of the Universal Sovereign. (Vide, Miip of the World,

published by authority, lu the 50th year-of Koen-lung.)

'1735, During the 3d year of Yung-ching, in the Province of '|i'H j\^ Hoo-pTh, a salt

water-spring burst forth suddenly. The people obtaiued from it about 200 catties

of salt daily.

Yung-ching the fourth son of K ang^e, was, in the beginning of his reign,

"•reatly perplexed by the conduct of his brothers. He long threatened them with

severe punishment, and argued, that he would be justified by posterity, inputting

them to death, lie proceeded to take from them all rank, and to shut them up

in solitary confinement, surrounded by high walls. He took away their proper

.names, and gave them others, either unmeaning or ludicrous. One he called^© 50 .Sih-sze-hTh, ' Sluit up to study darkness.' Ministers made out upwards

of fifty charges against them, and requested that death might be inflicted. The Em-

peror made long speeches, saying, how much these unprincipled worthless brothers

of his had vexed and distressed his father, and how richly they deserved death,

at the -same time he could not bring his mind to execute them ; ' I must,' said he,

' thiiik of it longer.' In the mean time Sih-sze-hih died in confinement. The Em-

peror was grieved, and softened towards another brother. He said, he felt an in-

clination to release him, but did not know how to act, and requested that his minis-

lers would taJt« the 'Opinions of all the Viceroies, and leading Generals of the

Empire. However, before an answer came, the brother died !

Yung-ching, Uth year. Importation of Ivory prohibited at Canton, to repress

luxurions e egaace.

A Viceroy, "St ^,JS took an oathof secrecy in order to obtain a confession,

which he immediately divulged, and caused the death of the person who confessed.

n22, Kang-he had >y§ :^ nioveable types, of copper, cut inconsiderable numbers.

f' [chronology.

During a scircity of coirr. Keen-lung permitted Iheni lo lie melleil down, which

he afterwards regretted much, and had 250,000 wooden types cut, Tlie page of

moveable types is commonly called y^ jjjyHwd pan, <"" yS -A' )j|i

Hwo-tsze-

pan. The expression was, by the Emperor Keen-liinjf, deemed inelegant, and he

changed the term to,S|> J^ Tseu-cliin, ' Congregated Pearls." Under the Dynasty

•^ Sung, moveable characters mule of cluy, baked hard, were used. The

Writer of this, possesses an Imperial Work in 24 vols, entitled ^t 7^ 3i ^tE ^I.'*''''^'' ^•'^ printed with moveable types; but it is by no means equal to

good printing with wooden blocks, which are still, almost universally adhered to

by the Chinese.

K,ing-he, in his forty-ninth year, said, ' Since I ascended the throne, I have directed

military operations to a great extent. I have crushed rebels, I have taken pos-

session of Formosa ; I have K^ ^jj S| Jyr humbled the Russians.'

In the 22nd year of Kang-he, the population of the Empire is put down at

19,432,753 familes.—In his SOth year, the population was 20,111,380 families.

1738, The famous Pirate, who submitted to Kanghe, in his 23rd year, was called

sK ^" J^ Ching-chung-shwang. The multitude were called together by Govern-

ment to witness the^^jf ^^ tonsure of the Pirate Chief and his party. "fefc VA

She-lang, was opposed to him, and obtained the title of Ijm yffif j|<f- ^^ Tsing-

hae Tseang-keun, 'Pacificator of the Seas.'

fft ^^ 12r Woo-san-kwei, Tlie famous Chinese General, who opposed the

Tartars, during the closing years of the last Emperor of the Ming Dynalsy ; and

who, on the Capital being, taken by the rebel ^^ tj jjU Le-tsze-ching, and the

Emperor and his Empress having destroyed themselves, invited his late enemies the

Tartars, to assist in expelling the rebel.

Woo-sau kwei fought for the Tnrtar Dynasty, during the whole ofShun-che's

reign, and till the 10th year of Kang-he, when he rebelled. He was previous to

this, denominated ^ Bb J- Ping-se wang, 'The kiiig, subjugator of the West.'.

In the nth year of Kang-he, he died unsubdued.

Woo-san-kwei's son during his father's life, was taken by the Government and

destroyed; his grandson succeeded lo the head of his party, but was soon over-

come, taken, put to death, and had his lifeless head exposed to the multitude by

V

CHRONOCOGY.] S

the Emperor's onler. His grand-father's body was taken from its grave, cut to

pieces, and parts sent to several Provinces of the Empire. His Majesty was over-

joyed on the occasion; gave a banquet to ninety-three of his principal military

officers, desired them to be at their ease ; to taJk and laugh in his presence ; and

urged them to drink, till from the quantity of wine which they had taken, it was

necessary for the servants in.waiting to carry them out. (Vide, Tung-hwa-liih.)

J 666, Tea first used in England.

^1756,— 146 Englishmen confined in tbc blackhoJe at Calcutta, 123 died

643-4, Shun-che, ascended the throne of China. The Meaou-haou of Shun-che's pre-

decessor, is^ ^ ^ g 'S* Tae-tsung-wSn Hwang-te. His Kwo-haou, A. D,

1636, was^ j^^Tsung-tlh. A . D. 1627, it was ^M Thcen-lsung. He

changed the Kwo-haou during his reign. The family of -Jr y^ Ta-tshing,

in the Chronological Table, carry their Imperial genealogy one generation farther

back. It commences in 1616, then the Kwo-haou wcs ^ •j^ T'hl-en-ming, 'By

the decree of heaven.' The Meaou-haou is -fv iriQ S ^ JS» Tae-tsoo-kaou

hwang-te. Their Court was then held in Manchow Tartary, at the place now called

•^^ Hing-king.

il643, The 5 8th year of the reign of Charles I.

Shun-che required of the Chinese, the «fr :^ T'he fS, 'Eradication of the

hair,' or Tartar mode of shaving the head, on pain of death. The obstinate

omission of it, he declared to be an unpardonable crime. There was much op-

position made to it, and some men of rank sufifered in consequence.

1652, Shun-che reigned over 14,888,858 families, which at an average of six persons to

a family, makes 89,000,000. (Vide Tung-hwa-liih.)

1 635, Tae-tsung-wan Hwang-te, addressing his Courtiers, said, " I have read the Histo-

rical Works of the Chinese, and they abound with false glosses; there is no ad-

vantage can arise from an entire perusal of them. Do you study Ihe Histories of

^S 7K ^2 7^ Leaou, Sung, Kin, and Yuen, and select from them examples of

men who diligently sought to improve in the art of Government, then our

country will increase in felicity and glory. " (Vide, Ta-ts"hing Shing Heun, vol. 2.)

J618, lu the 3d. year of^ -^ T'heen-ming, corresponding to the 46th year of Ba

1^ Wan-le;h, the Manchow Prince,;|[£ 03 'Sg. /f-T about to enter on the sub-

9 [CHRONOLOGr.

jugation of the Chinese, wrote do-wn 'l^ y^ '[ft ' Seven great grievances,' of

which he had to complain: on account of which, he felt high indignation, and

which he was about to revenge. These he laid before Heaven, and ^tr -fc an-

nounced Ihera to the Deity in a solemn manner. His words are,

' Ere my Grandfather bad injured a blade of grass, or usurped an inch of

ground that belonged to Ming, Ming causelessly commenced hostilities, and injured

him. This is the first thing to be revenged.

'Although Miug commenced hostilities, we, still desirous of peace, agreed to

engrave it on a stone, and take a solemn oath in confirmation of it, that neither

Manchow nor Chinese should pass the respective limits; whoever dared to do so,

should, themoment he wasseen, be destroyed; and that the party which connived

at any violation of this treaty, should be exposed to the judgments of Heaven. Not-

withstanding this oath, Ming again passed the frontier with troops in order to

assist a People called the Ye-hth. This is the second thing to be revenged.

' When a subject of Ming passed over the frontier and committed depredations

in mj territory, I, a_greeahly to the oath above stated, destroyed him. But Ming

turned his back on the former treaty confirmed with an oath, complained of what

I had done; put to death an Envoy of mine; and having seized ten men on the

borders, caused them to be slain. This is the third thing to be revenged.

' Ming with troops, passed the frontier to assist the Yfi-hih, and caused my

Daughter, already betrothed, to have her destination changed, and be given to

another person of the Mung-koo nation. This is the fourth thing to be revenged.

' For many generations, I held as my frontier, the Chae-ho hill, and places

adjacent: my people cultivated it; but Ming has refused to allow them to reap, and

expelled them from thence. This is the fifth thing to be revenged.

' The Y2-hih committed crimes against Heaven; but Miug acted with partiality^

and gave entire credit to their statements, whilst he sent a special envoy to me

bearing a letter, in which he vilified and insulted me. This is the sixth thing to

be revenged.

' Formerly the Ha-tSh, assisting the Y8-hth, twice came and invaded me. I

announced it to Heaven, and reduced the Ha-tih. Ming formed a conspiracy

CHRONOLOGY.] 10

irith him and others, to attnck rae and restore him his kingdom ; and in conse-

quence, the YS-hth several times invaded the Ha-tSh territory.

' In the contentions of neighbouring states, those who obey the will of Heaven

conquer; those who oppose the intentions of Heaven are defeated and destroyed.

How can those who have died by the sword be restored to life ! or those who hav«

obtained the people, return them again! Heaven establishes the Prince of a great

nation ! Why does Ming feel resentment against my country alone ?

' The Gih-lun, and other nations, united their forces agaiBst me, to invade me.

Heaven rejected Gih-lun for commencing bloodshed: but my nation flourished as

the Spring. Ming is now assisting the YS-hih, who are under severe reprehension

and wrath ; and is thereby opposing the will of Heaven, reversing right and wrong,

and acting in the most irregular manner.—This is the seventh thing to be revenged.

' S itfc "tl 'IM :;^ Kl 'flE ^ ''^° revenge these Seven Injuries, I now

go to reduce to order (or, to subjugate) the Dynasty Ming.' j^ ^ iSf /^~^. '^ ' And he forthwith headed 20,000 horse and foot.' ' (Vide, Tung-hwa-liih,

1 vol. 15 page.)

The Ta-ts'hing family carry their traditional genealogy several generations farther

back than what is here inserted. They say. The first supernatural intimation of the

subsequent glory of the family, was given at ^ Q ^j^ Chang-plh-shan, ' The

lo»g White Mountain,' which was upwards of 250 le, or 60 miles high. On the

top of it, was a lake, 80 le in circumference, from which sprung three rivers. It

was there declared by a supernatural voice, ' This land ^ ^ ^ /\^ ^ —

•

t^ IM will produce a Holy Man who shall unite in one all nations.'

At the foot of the mountain was a pool of water, at which, tradition says,

three^ -^ Celestial females came to bathe. After bathing, a divine bird,^jj^

§6 A divine magpie) holding in its bill a certain fruit, flew and placed it in the

sarments of ^ -if one of the females named Ke. She swallowed it, and imme-

dialcly brought forth a son, who could speak as soon as he was born, and whose

person and figure were extraordinary. To him it was said, yr /£ Vg* yl ^K

mL SI ' Heaven has born you to tranquillize disordered nations.' The name

given him was ^ ifj^ ^ M Gae-sin-keS-lo. After his birth, his mother dis-

1

1

[chronology.

appeared, and the boy havino; placed himself in a bark, floated down the stream of a

river to a certain shore, where having ascended the beach, he limke off wilhiw!

and framed a seat on which he sat down, ia the wilderness. There were in that

land contending Chieftains, who fuught and killed many. One who went forth

to draw water, s:iw the boy, and was astonished at his extraordinary appearance.

Having returned, ar.d told the people of the Clan, they came out and (jueslioiicd

him respecting his name and surname. He said, ' I was burn of the Celesti;il Fe-

male Foo-koo-lun, and am ordained by Heaven to settle jour disordered state.'

All astonished said, ' Heaven has brought forth a Holy One,' and forthwith con-

stituted hira their Sovereign. They fixed their abo !e at the city Go-to-le, in the

wilderness of Go-han-hwny, on the east of the long White Mountain. They de-

nominated their country 'ffi tj^ Man-chow.

It happened after this, that the people of the state rebelled and killed all the

family except one boy, whose name was Jp ^p. A^ Fan-chii-kin, who ran into

the wilderness, and escaped from a rook or magpie alighting on his head, and which,

being seen by his pursuers at a distance, was mistaken for a rotten trunk of an old

tree. From this, the family was preserved from becoming extinct.* Thenext per-

son of eminence, who is nuw termed the ..^ jH Sixth Ance!,tor,+ liaving reveno-ed

the murderof his family, and fixed himself in their former place of abode, he inhe-

rited the name of Gae-sin-keo-lo ; and his descendants still retain the two last syl-

lables of the name, and wear a red girdle to distinguish them. (Vide, Tung-hwa-Iiih.)

* From the preservation of Fan-cha-kin, the Tartars venerate the magpie, and

prohibit its being shot. They have an annual ceremony at the spot where this

deliverance took place in commemoration of it.

t The 6th Ancestor is denominated in the Meaou-haou, ^X- j^ Shaou-tsoo; the

Sth. PI ftiiHing-lsoo; the 4th, -^ Tj]]^ King-tsoo ; the 3d,^ f^ Heenlsoo;

the 2d, J^ jljg^ Tae-tsoo ; and the 1st, or Shun-che, "|^ TK^ She-tsoo. Tae-tsoo

waged bis first war about A. D. 1600, with 100 soldiers, and 30 suit* of armour.

CHRONOLOGY.] 12

The^ ^J Ming Dynasty.

MEAOU-HAOU KWO-BAOV.

^ 5'J Chwang-leg, - - -

^ -^ He-tsung, - - - -

•^^ Kwang-tsung, - - -

JP ;^ Shin-tsung, - - - -

TO- Tir Miih-tsung, - - - -

'ij* '*»

tfr :^> She-tsung, - - - -

jEV] ;^ Woo-tsung, - - - -

^z! ]jS;J Heaou-tsung, - - -

;S^ Heen-tsung, - . -

^ :^ Ying-tsung, * - - -

'J^^ Tae-tsung

^ :^ Ying-tsung, (restored)

^^ Seuen-tsung, - - -

g^ {— ^ Ming-jin-tsung, -

^' IJg^Ching-tsoo, - - - -

^if Hwuj-te, - - - -

-jf^ JR^ Tae-tsoo, of low birth

tt;Tsung-ching, - -

^ /^ T'heen-k'he, -

^ B, Tae-chang, - -

^ pl^v Wan-Ieiih, - -

1^ i^ Lung-king, -

^ J|Kea-tsing, -

TF ^^ Ching-tih, -

^k yipHu^g-c^' -

Ijj^ /ftChing-hwa. -

lE ^ Ching-t'hung,

S. ^1^ King-tae,

J? IltiT'heen-shun,

'rt* }^ Seuen-tih, -

^jgEHung-he, -

^^Yung-IiS, -

^f^ 'it' Keen-wSn, -

^ jf^HuDg-woo, -

Re.g..

edvears

13 [chronology.

1.EMARKABLE OCCURRENCES DURING THE DYNASTY MING.

1635, Regular Posts established from London to Scotland and Ireland^

1597, Watches first brought into England.

1589, Coaches first used in England.

1573, H jE^ Zl^^ ff^ >5f^ 3^^^ ' '" ^^^ ^"^ y«"' "f Wan-leih, wa».

built the Macao barrier, on the isthmus called ' The stalk of the water-lily.'

1579, English East India Company incorporated.

t ^fift^ Tifn-OtA^/l^ gP tt{:^tj^ '"'^he begin-

niug ot the Dynasty Ming, the Government, in employing men, paid no regard to

their rank. In commencing the Dynasty, there was an urgent demand for talents;

and the Empire being roused by the hope of rank and nobility, the human intellect at

once rose above mediocrity.'

^|^tA*A^A^H)^^^'ffi'At the com-

menceraent of the Dynasty Ming, they had fire-chariots, fire-umbrfllas and guns,

which they called The Great General, the Second, and the Third General,' &c.

^S H 'f^ \\j' ^t ""^ beginning of the Dynasty, they had only a kind of

musket called Shin-ke-ho-lseang. The guns and muskets of the Franks (or Euro-

peans), all appeared afterwards,' ^^ ^ *g 'The Neaoutseang, or fowling

pieces of the present day.' The soldier's match-lock, is now called a Neaou-tseang.

1535,^^ ^ -J^y^j^S^Hi-^^ 'M^"° Foreigners, ,

tribe from the Western Ocean (Europe), began to come from the 30fh year of

Kea-tsing.' (Vide, Gaou-mun-ke-leo.)

1522, |i^ ^gl ^'I^ )!lf| P9 ~h ^ ^ '^0 ' ^^''^ bullets were first introduced

in the forty-third year of Kea-tsing,' ( Vide^ -^ Tsung-kaou, 8 vol.) gy ig

ffi ?ra /2I ^X ^k. '^{ T? IS /\ ' Muskets were introduced during the reign'

CHRONOLOGY.] l^

of Kea-tsin<'. Japanese entered the country, and with their muskets were taken.

The Japanese thus taken were ordered to teach the Chinese.'

1563, Knives first raide in England.

1561, Pins first used in En};land, before which ladies used skewerj.—Silk ttockiogt

first used in England.

1534, Reformation in England.

1539, Cannon began to be used in ships.

1499, North America discovered for Henry VII. by Cabot.

1497, Portuguese pass the Cape of Good Hope.

1494, Algebra first known in Europe.

1492, America discovered by Columbus, a Genoese, in the service of Spain.

1446, Vatican Library founded at Rome.

1340, Gunpowder and Guns first invented by Swarts, a Monk of Cologne.

1423, In the reign of -^ a^ Yung-io, ;Jk ^' Pih-king (or Pekin), first became

the capital.

V"F /I^S"^ ' ^" *''* 32nd year of Kea-tsii.g, (People in) foreign vessels cnrae to

Macao, and affirmed, that having encountered a gale of wind, the ships were leaky,

and the articles of tribute had become wet and damp;—it was desired, that

Macao, on the sea-coast, might he allowed them to dry their goods. Wang-pfh,

the (Chinese) officer on the coast permitted it. At that lime, they erected merely

a few mat sheds, but afterwards, trading people desirous of gain, caused to be

brought thither bricks, tiles, wood and stone, of which they made houses. The

Franks (a general terra for Europeans) thus obtained a clandestine entrance.

European foreigners obtaining a residence in Macao, originated with Wang-pih.'

(Vide, Heang-shan-hl'en-che*)

TS88, The Japanese repeate(lly pillaged the coast, which gave much uneasiness of mind

J3 [chronology

to the Emperor. He requested the advice of ^ P^ ^^ Fang-ming-kSen,

who, he said, had been long acquainted with naval affairs. Ming-keen, gave

it as his opinion, in reply to His Majesty, that as the Japanese came by sea,

they must be repelled at sea. ' Let there be built,' said he, ' a long shore at certain

distances, places of defence, occupied by land troops ; and between them let

TBssels of war be stationed. Thus in all probabity the Japanese will be unable

to land, or if they do, it will be impossible for them to spread themselves.

Further, instead of oppressing the coast with troops brought from a distance,

let every fourth man of the inhabitants be required to bear arms.' To this

proposal His Majesty assented. Fifty nine towns were built along the coast,

and fifty-nine thousand men chosen to defend them.

IS94, Population is stated at 16,052,860 families; 60,545,812 persons. (Vide, Kang.

kijen-e-che.)

IS'O, "^ ify |J_| "ra ' The Japanese pillaged Shan-tung. In the same year, the new

Emperor summoned to his presence the ministers of the late Dynasty, and ques-

tioned them respecting 7C |^ '^^ :^ Those parts of the administration of

the Dynasty Yuen, which were successful, and those which failed. Fung-yth

one of the ministers, replied, T^-^TcT^ ^ "Mj '(^ '^^ ^X '^*y^ ^^ ' Yuen obtained possession of the Empire by clemency ; and by clemency

lostit-' The Emperor said in answer, 'I have heard only of clemency being the

means of obtaining possession of a people ; 1 have not heard of clemency being

the cause of losing them,' ^^ ^^ ||J ^ ^^ f; |lj |g^ f; fj

^1 ^ _t IE S ffl "W ' ^^ "'*'* walks hastily will stumble ; the bow-string

drawn violently will break; and the people pressed hard will rebel. Those who

occupy high stations ought, in an especial manner, to exercise clemency.' The

Sovereign Ke, of the late Dynasty, was given up to indulgence and pleasure, he

lost his Empire by remissness, but by no means from clemency.' (Vide, Kang-

keen-e-che, 38 vol.)

* ^J^'liwan, that is literally, 'Broad; breadth;' liberality; lenity; clemency.

eURONOLOGY.] 16

The TC |/j Yuen Dynasty.

MEAOU HAOU. KWO-HAOU. edyears.

I||S -^Shun-tiunj:,

A^" i^ Wan-tsung,

B^ ^ MiDg-tsung

^^ Ying-tsung,

'f-*^ Jin-tsung,

^^ Woo-tsung,

^^ Chi.g-Uung

jfrjjj|[

She-tsoo,

7CM "^"^"^""S'S TC Che-yuen, "1

and ^? TF Che-ching, -J

^ ^T'heen-IiJg.andJ^ E Che-shun,

^^Theen-leg, . - - .

^ g Tae-ting,^j^^ Che-ho, - -

^ y^ Che-che, --..--.-

^^ Hwang-king,'^ |^ Yen-yew,

M;*;^''^*^' - --

TT" H Y'uen-ching, -^ ys Ta-tfh, -

^ -jj^ Che-yuen.* -------

closedUear of

Cycle.

35

5

1

5

3

11

4

13

15

1366

1338

1333

1332

1327

1324

1313

1309

1296

LXTIll1384

LXVII.

1324

* ^5 7t^ Che-yuen, is the Hoo-pi-li, or Coblai of European Writers. The Chinese

write his proper name^^ ijl^ ^1 Hwuh-peih-leg.

'

~[chronology.

ROIARKABLE OCCURRENCES DLRIXG THE DYNASTY YUEN

.

Tt Ifr (fifl The fint Emperor of the Yuen Dynasty, ^ f^ fl) Jr/" ])^/ Sent

persons to discover the source of Ihe Yellow River. The narrator observes,

that the river was co-eval with the creation, and that although the shiftings of

its course were various, they were beyond the controul of human strength

;

and to search for its source was in vain. With this Dynasty, however, the Grand

Canal originated, which has been an incalculable benefit to the Empire ever

since.

7C lit jjfi 'S ^ f¥ ^'^'^ ^''' Emperor of the Dynasty Yuen, called for Thecn-

tseang, one of the ministers of the late fallen family, and said to him, ^/J&f ;f^

fA^y^^^^/^^.mU'ikf^ ffi -^. ' K-.vou will „ansfer^o

me that service which you perlorraed to Sung, 1 will forthwith m.ike you a mini-

ster of state." The other replied, speaking of himself, ^ W^ M A^ ^;f|, ^ ^ Z: i!4m H^ ;^ —^ Jg. ^ ' T heen-lseang, was the

minister of Sung; how can he serve masters of different names! He desires tliat

death may be conferred upon him, that will satisfy all his wishes.' The Em-

peror hesitated. The attending officers advised compliance with his arrogant

request; and an order was immediately given to carry him out to the market

place, and there put him to death, ^ IpJ W^ j^ 'j^ when about to suffer,

he displayed the greatest ease and composure, saying to the Excutioners, ^^BS :Sf y 'My work is finished!' He died at the age of 47. fn his girdle

were found written, sentences t;iken from the Sages Confucius and Mang-tsze,

with reflections upon them. When his corpse was received by his wife, its coun-

tenance, exhibited the same appearance that it possessed when animated by the

soul of her departed husband. T'heen-tseang is greaty admired and praised by

the Chinese Historians. (Vide, Kan-keen-e-che.)

Ills JS -}- . r^ In the nth year of Shuu-fe,(a most dissipated and worthless Em-

peror), extecsive surveys were made to find the level of various parts of the

CHRONOLOGY.] 18

Country ; and great efforts were employed in reference to the Grand Canat.

170,000 men, soldiers and people, were employed ^ ^ ?^pj"J^ ^ to open

tlie former bed of the Yellow River, in wliich they succeeded, and caused th*

Waters to alter their course and resume their wonted channel.

1366, Foreign Commerce at Canton, stopped one year and opened the next.

TC StIp 2§ ^t ^ffi- ^ ];;/^' In the beginning of Yuen, the North-west boun-

dary (of the Empire) was most extensive.' Since the conquests of Keen-lung,

those boundaries are prob^ibly much exceeded.

^^ iJ$ ;t^ * ^ i(P TC fj# "^"^^

^"^''f""^ ^"^

"Z"'"'

vailed sorauch as in the time of Yuen.' J\ iUj ^^ ^fi" H\ -p "7^ K

'The story of the P&-seen (or eight genii), arose in the time of Yuen.'

4 pjt ffl li l^ S'l § ^'! M^ % "^•'""'' "^ "^ p'p"" '"'""s

cards, commenced with Lew-kin,' who lived during the reign of YingJsung.

Before that time, v hite paper was used ; and at an earlier period, pieces of wood'

with the name engraven on them.

TC i^ I'J fpQ /^ ^ 'In the time of Yuen, the schools of (the Philosophers)

Laou-tsze, and Chwang-tsze, were chiefly attended to.'

* The first Prince of the Dynasty employed stone-throwing engine makers from

the west. (Two Ipl [pi Mohammedans,) 0-laou-wa-leaou, and his pupil Yih-

sze-ma-yin.'

1324. Foreign Trade regularly restored.

1320, Gold first coined in England.

1309, Tallow candles so great a luxury in Europe, that splinters of wood were used in

England for lights.

1302, Mariner's Compass, by Gioia, of Naples.

1298, Wine, in England, sold in Apothecaries' shops.

1296, Foreign Commerce at Canton interrupted for a time.

1281, An Imperial order iwas given ^'^ t3ij^ ^ 'To burn the books of the sect

Taou.' ^ f^ ^ 1''] ^|] y/j; P^ 'The Emperor believed the Sang-raun,'

i. e. the Sha-mun, or Priests of Buddah. One stated to His Majesty, that the 0f

t^^ Taou-tih-king alone was published by ^ ^ Laou-l3zc, the founder of

19 [chronology.

the sect ; all other books possessed by then were spurious productions of persons

who lived subsequently. His Majesty directed -^i ^W "7 to burn Ihcm all

without exception. " Alas ! siys the Historian, that the Emperor seeing the fallacy

of the Books of Taou, should yet esteem those of Buddah as true. He ran to the

same extreme on the one hand that some of the Emperors of the preceding

Dvnasty did on the other. They were misled by the pretensions of the sect

Taou, and persecuted that of Buddah. They were equhlly partial and equally

under the influence of erroneous principles." No other than the principle of

toleration will prevent mutual persecution ; it alone is fitted for universil use.

1280,'-4r ^§ j£ ^g n ^Z5v' A large array was sent to attack Japan.'

The Historian of the Dynasty -jQ Yuen, inserts some notices of the ancestors of

^\ 'lb^'^ Hwiih-pijih-liie. His grandfather was

Jj^ o^ ,@v ^^ Ching-kt-Ih-

sze-k'ho-han, Zenghisk'hau, or Ginghisk'han. His elder brother by the same mother,

was '^ ^5p Mung-ko (the Mogul ?),who succeeded to his grandfather's throne, and

held his Court at Ml ^ 'VpT Kwan-nan-ho. About 1258, he directed his brother

^, ^^ ?,'| '" '"''^ 'he^ ^ Mnng-koo's and y^ j^ ^ Chinese. In 1624,

he ordered the :^ ^ ^ Ta.ta-urh, ' Tartars," fo >^ |[E /)j^ |j5 W,'f^ ^

¥t^ ^ S° *° "^''"'^^ *''^ Hin-too-szf, ' Hindoos,' and KiJg-shTb-rae-urh, ' Cashmere.'

They found there, it is said, an immense quantity of j^ems and treasure.

At this time, and previous to it, the people of the North-east and North-west,

held alternately a considerable part of the Chinese Empire. The 33 ^^ Tung-leaou,

and ^h ^^ Se-leaou, (the Western and Eastern Tartars), the people called by the

Chinese^ ||] Kin-kwo, and J^ Yuen, (the Empire of Zcnghiskhan) contended with

each other, and against, the Chinese. Chinese Histoii.ins devote a considerable portion

of their works to these foreign Sovereignties, but do not admit them among the

legitimate Emperors <if China. Yuen, finally prevailid over all competitors, as well

as the Chinese Dynasty TJT Sung

B 2

CHRONOLOGY.] 20

The ^ ^ Sung Dynasty.

Also distinguished by ^ ^ Nan-sung, or ^^ Ta-sung.

MEAOU-HAOU.

Iff W ""'-P'^S'

ftJ^ Twan-lsung,

^ ^ Kung-tsung,

1^ ^ Too-tsung,

jjl ^ Le-lsung, - -

•^ TTJNmg-tsung, -

^ ^ Kwang-tsung,

1^ ^ Kaou-tsung, -

ftA ^ Kin-tsung, -

M ^ Hwuy.lsung,

KWO-HAOU.

-«fe T^j Tih-yew,

"^ 7K Chfi-tsung, -

ijf^ fi| Tseang-hing,

^ j^ King-yen, .

I

Paou-yew, ^ ^ Kae-king, -^ >

^King-ting, ^jj^^Shaou-ting,&c.j

^, ^King.yuen,^;^Kea-tae, &c. ^

f^ 1^ Kae-he,^ ^ Kae-ting. &c. j

^P fEshaou-he - .

1^ M. Lung-hing.-]'|£ |^ Kan-taou, "l

Etl Shun-he, ...... j

^ J^^Keen-yen, ||3 |^ Shaou-hing,

^ J^ Tsing-kang, . ......

^ T*^ j^ Keen-chung-tsing-knC,

^ ^ Tsung-ning,^/^i^ || Ta-kwan,

i^ IP Ching-ho,^ ^p Chung-ho, I

'allJE-ho, - ----.. .j

7C It^Yuen-yew,

1^ gshaou-sliing,-;

jl_ ^ij- Yuen-foo, . J

Reigccd

years

Reignclosed

A. D.

2

10

40

30

5

16-17

36

I or 2

35

15

1281

1279

1277

1275

1265

1225

1195

1190

1163

1127

1125

1100

First

year of

Cvcle

LXVI1264

LXV1204

I. XIV1146

Lxm10S4

[Continued on page S2.J

§1 [chronology.

REMARKABLE OCCURRENCES DURING THE DYNASTY SUNG.

The first Emperor of the Dynasty TJ^Siiiif;, was raised to the throne by the Generals

of the army, on account of the minority of^'^ '^ Kung-te, who succeeded

his father at seven years of age. The Generals about to attack the Northern

hordes, disliked the idea of fighting under the rule of a child, who could not

know or reward their services. They therefore determined among themselves

to raise t£ IhIKwang-ying, a servant of the deceased Monarch to the Sove-

reignty, and immediately dispatched a messenger, who found him lying under

the influence of wine, and in that state, communicated to him the decision of

the army. ^ J^ fK M ^^ El JJD # ^ ' ^"^ ^'^ '''-"^ ''"«' '^ ''

ply, the yellow robe (the badge of sovereignty) was already applied to his per-

son.' How like the bestowmcnt of the Purple in the days of Rome's decline !

3281, The custom of colouring the nails with the redJjH, flit i|£ Fung-seen flower,

commenced during this Dynasty. The [DJ [fi]^ Mohammedan women arc

said to be fond of it.

^ rm 'flj^°'^°" '^'""' ''5' made under this Dynasty.

Some writers place here V^ £^ Hwiih-tsze, or Moveable Characters, made of burnt

clay and placed in a frame.

1275, Marco Paulo, the Venetian Traveller.

i^ ^ t^ G ^ ;i |M( # ^ 'tiL'Fi'-e machines in war were

used in ancient times, but not with powder.' What were called ^TO Paou, or^JpQ

Paou, were machines for throwing stones. They could throw them from 1 to 200

paces. ^'^ V^ Ho-paou, ' Fire engines,' commenced during this Dynasty,

amongst the Tartars. Lime and sulphur (Ihey say), were enclosed in paper, which

when thrown into ditches that surrounded the walls of towns, exploded when

coming in contact with water, and annoyed the beseigers. j^ Hs Wei-shing,

made engines for throwing stones, in which lie used powder. His powder was

made of ^^ '^ J^^ |;^f| ^j^jj j^ ' Saltpetre, sulphur, and willow charcoal.'

These, it is said, were the commencement of the powder and guns used in later

ages.

CHRONOLOGY.] 22

The Dynasty Sung. (Concluded.)

ME&OU-UAOD.

W^ Shin-tsung,

'fc^ Jin-tsung, -

J^ -^ Ching-tsung,

^^.Tae-tsung..

X^ Tae-tsoo,

KWO-UAOU.

^^ He-ning, "rr-S Yuen-fung,

Jl^ 2Ji Che-ping.

jSjt >E Kang-ting,^ ^ King-lfee, "j

^ fflHwang-jew, ^ ^>j] Che-ho,

^

J^- it Kea-yew, J

^ 2p Han-ping. -^ |* Ring-Uh.-j

^ |W- Theen-hc,^.£^ Kan-hing, J

^AC ^ ^\ m Tae.plnghing-kwo ; "]

||D^tyung-hc;j5^^Twan-k„ng,!.

]^ '(tShun-hwa,^ ^ Che-taou. J

^|§ Keen-lung; I^I^Kan-tlh, '^

1^^ Kae-psou j

Rcigii

edyp:>rs

23 [cHRONOLOGr.

JI| ^ A ^K ' III the 8th yenr of King-ting, pearb and ornaments of gold for liead

dresses, were prohihiled b^ law at Canton.

^ '^ f^ firl )Tg H ^ m S ^ ± t 1 /)! ^.a^r Y^ ' In the second yeiir of Kae-he, of the Dynasty Sung, all the ministers

of stale, accosted the(Tartar) Lord, hy the honornble title of Chiiig-kelh-s/.c-k'ho-

han, (Genghisk'han). The birlh of one of his ancestors, is represented as extra-

ordinary. The mother dreamt that slie saw ^ ;)lf; ^ ^ ffS Ts -fK '^

^ ftfj A jtii E^ ^ ' * "'''*** ^'^^^ descend from heaven, which was

transformed into a golden coloured divine person, who approached the

bed. She awoke in a fright, and found that she had conceived a son, who on

his birth, was called^ j^iJI '\J^ Ic3 Po-twan-che-urh. The boy was remark-

able in his ajipearance; was thoughtful and silent, and by the people of the

family, thought silly. His mother, however, affirmed that he was not silly;

that his 'Suns and his grandsons would become great and glorious. Zcnghisk'han,

" ^R " /V ^^""S"''°o nian. was the fifth in descent from the wonderful

boy. His name was M^ /K !@1 Tiie-muh-chin, which denotes ^r i-h -Hi

Military glory, which name was given him by his father, from his

JJ[L' Hand grasping when he was born, a ball of clotted blood.'

Ii233, Houses in London still thatched with straw.

1200, Chimnies not known in England.

1180, Glass windows first used in England.

1172, Ireland taken possession of by Henry II.

-^fc- ^r- -V- Choo-foo-lsze, the famous Commentator on the Four-books

1100, The first Crusade.

10S5, Justices of the Peace first appointed in England.

1080, Tower of London built.

^ MJ Tung-too, Chinese Capital in Honan.

1066, William the Conqueror.

1065, Turks take Jerusalem.

989, Paper made of Cotton rags, was in use in Europe, A. D. 1000 ; that of linen rags,

1170. Manufactory introduced in England, at Dartford, 1388.

-^ Jjjffl ^r; Shin-tsung, of this Dynasty, ,wa« a person exceedingly desirous of

^'Um

CHRONOLOGY.] 24

ruling well. He was dil'igent, and he was economical. Yet, notwithstanding the

possession of these good qualities, from an erroneous choice of a rainisler, ^T

^ ;g Wang-gan-shih, he is said to have pursued measures, which commenced

the ruin of the house of Sung.

Wan"--°'an-shlh, was a learned man, not well acquainted with the state of the

eastern world; ^^ ^^ ''}/ ^ 'jj^ "j^ ' Hasty, narrow minded, and bigotedly

attached to every thing contained in the ancient books of the Chinese.' When

the Emperor asked him wlrat hi tliought of the rule ofW yf^ ^f Tang

Tae-tsung, he e.'sclaimed, " What did Tae:tsung ever perform ! 1)^ ~\\ 'f^'' itt-

^E ^. Your Majesty must imitate (the two first kings of our race) Yaou and

Shun." The Emperor in opposition t,, the advice of all his other statesmen, gave

the chief direction of affairs to Gan-shTh; and he forthwith set about chanoino-

every part of the government to his views of the ancient Classics. The other

ministers vehemently opposed him for a time. One t/f them in the Emperor's

presence, after a long and unsuccessful debate, fell down, and died from vexation.

When they found their opposition ineffectual, many of them retired from office.

One of them said, to the Emperor, + i'^ /k K '}^- M- W) '^ ^ ^0|] J=t rr/\ /t] fijy ^' 50 ' tt is a general rule, that bad men are fond of

-etirring up and creating a piece of work, because in the midst of the commotion

they have something to hope for ; /^ "^f ^ ^ ^ J|ll~^ 7^ '^ ^J^

/\\ A jpt ^ iU but if Ycuir Majesty will adhere to a steady quiet system,

then things will acquire and go on in a constant regular mode of government;

and what will bad men have to liope for !''—Thit no alteration or improvement

should be made in governments, is of course absurd ; at the same time it will

be found true, that speculative universal innovators, who, either like Wang-gan-

shfh, think that the ancients were infallibly right in every thing, or like some

modern Europeans, think tliey were right in nothing, are /j> /^ either bad or

weak men, and enemies to the pence of mankind

One of Gan-shlih"s measures was, to form a kind of Militia, 45^ ffi pP ^"

ffl ^ ^ to which the people had .so great an aversion, that K ^ ^^©it ^% W t^ nr ^ some of tliem cut off their fingers and hands to avoid

being enrolled. (Vide, Kang-keiin-e.che.)

.^!i

25 [chronology.

5^^ 15) ^ ' '" t'"^ '^"'"tli year of Ying-tsung, Canton was first walled in, at

theexpense of 50,000 Tales, surrounding a space of seven le, about two English

miles; previous to that, ^^^^^ the people all lived in the fields.

It was done as a defence against the people of Cochinchina, who freqiicnlly

invaded and plundered Canton. Cochinchina w,is at that lime called^ ^Keaon-che, which was during the same Dynasty, changed to ifc jvl Gan-nan,

its present name.

'p^^7t^^M\^\^2^^\[%"^" "'e *5"' vear of Jin-tsung, the

arts of wiiclies and wizard.s, (women and men who pretended they could see

spirits) were prohibited at Canton,' which was then called Kwang-nan.

Jg.^ In the 7th year, 12lh moon, of the reign of Ching-tsung,f-| ^ 7^ B^

An Eclipse of the sun, which the Astronomers predicted, did not lake pliice.

On this occasion the Ministers congratulated His Majesty, as if the Heavens for

his sake had dispensed with so unlucky an omen. The Historian who relates this

circumstance, cainiot help noticing the ignorant and ridiculous flattery exhi-

bited by this congratulation. It was more prob.ible that the course of nature

was altered, than that the Imperial Astronomers were mistaken !j

The last Emperors of the Dynasty yj^ Sung, were pursued by the conquering Tartar

barbarians of the subsequent Dynasty tjq Yuen, to M M Hwuy-chow, in

the Province of Canton. On taking some of the towns, they ]m] ^^ tore

to pieces, by fistening to carts the Generals who withstood llu m, and ^ ^^ HL

JUL iM ^f\ ^^ butchered the people in such numbers, that the blood flowed

in sounding torrents. From Hwuy-chow, the Emperor ^^ ^ Kung-tsung, and

great numbers of the Court and Army betook themselves to sea, where finally

in despair, [ot ^^ 4^ LO-sew-foo, having first thrown over-board his own

wife, addressing the Emperor said, " Since the affairs of the country have come

to this state, you ought now to die; your Majesty now suffers the lowest de<'ree

of degradation; you ought not to suffer it longer." So sayin-^, he bore the

Emperor with himself to immediate death, by drowning in the sea. An immense

number of the Court and Army followed their example. History says, that some

idays afterwards, the sea cast up 100,000 dead bodies.

chron6logy.] 26

The "JL f^ Woo-tae, or Five Dynasties.

[pTj HOW-CHOW.

MEAOU-HAOU.

^'^Kung-te, -

ifr^ She-tsHng,

rf) M. Kaou-tsoo,

^ T Tse-wang, -

Ipi fiB.Kaou-tsoo,

Uli^Fei-te, - -

^ % Min-te, - -

P|5^ Ming-tsung, -

3i^ Chwang.tsung,

;;^ jjii.Tae-tsoo,

KWO-HAOO.

Illg Heen-tth- ------

1^ )|[M Kwang-shun.---...

•iX M HOW-HAN.

|i! U"^Kan-jew. .,.--.-

X fa Theen-fuh.

1X m HOW-TSIN.

% IsT'heenfiih;

|| ^ Kae-yun,

X JliTheen-fuh. . - .

HOW-TANG.

"Ira ^^ Tshing-tae, burnt himselfto deatli

|fp 1|JH Ying-shun, (reigned 3 months.)

^ )^ T'hiJen-ching, -^^ Chang hin;;

IpJ 7X1 T'hung-kwang. - - -

i>C Wc HOW-LEANG.

§.k ^t Kan-hwa, ^ B^ Ching-ming.

^ Zp Kac-ping, jp^ /[l;^Kan-hwa.

941

938

937

93a

2

27: [chronology.

REMARKABLE OCCURRENCES DURING THE FIVE DYNASTIES.

/^ lol "i^ ffl. ^& ^P ^'^' ""^ **"' Emperor of the short Dynasty How-chow,

was of mean parentagf. In his childhood, he had a bird marked with ink on his

neck, from whence he was nick-naracd ^K ^ ^ ' Sparrow KG.' He served

the last Emperors of the preceding Dynasty, and fought against the northern

barbarians. He gained the affections of the army, usurped the name of Em-

peror ; returned, and attacked his Master, who attempted resistance, but was

defeated ; fled ; overtaken and murdered in a peasant's house.

950, 300 Priests sent from China to India.

^^ 1^ ^ IFB M; M\ ^^'^' "*^ ^"' Emperor of the How-han, was a foreigner

of the i>b K^ *-|] Sha-to tribe. He held a military command when the ^-ffl- Ke-tan Tartars overcame^ Tsin. The Chinese Imperial throne thus be-

coming vacant, he usurped it, and having occupied it two years, died.

938, pB (hi Mun-teg, or J^jj ^^Taoufoo, A kind of spell to drive away, or keep out

evil spirits, introduced. It consists of the four words jBm ,/^ Shin-too, and

^^ ^ Yiih-luy, which are the names of two deities; one of which is pasted'

against each side of the door.

^ i^ FlB.^ /B^Shih, the founder of the Dynasty Tsin, was a foreigner from the

West. He held his chief military command under Tang. He gave sixteeir dis-

tricts to the Tartars on condition that they should acknowledge him as Em-

peror. They conferred the title upon him, and he usurped the throne; which

he filled seven years, and died in his 51 year.

337, Chinese Priest travelled 12 years in the west; he was 6 years in India.

935, Printing introduced to the notice of the Emperor, by a Minister of Slate, }^ ^jg

Fung-taou, and some of the Classics printed by his recommendation. Fung-faou

is worshipped by the Type-cutters, but execrated by tke Historians as a iupple

lime-serving man, who paid his court to five different and contending Sovereigns.

E.2

CHRONOLOGY.] 28

^;| )S^ il£ T !^4 ^ ^^' *'"^ *""' Sovereign of the How-tang Dynasty, was »

foreigner from one of the small states on the west of China. He made himself

useful against the enemies of^ Tsin, obtained a high situation in the army,

succeeded to the throne of the kingdom; destroyed the Leang Dynasty, and

styled himself Emperor. He enjoyed this dignity three years, and was mur-

dered by a kind of court buffoon, in the 33th year of his age. (Vide, Kang-keen-

e-che.)

9S4, Printing invented according to Du Kalde.

916, ^&W ^^ Le-how-choo, who ordered his concubine to bind up her feet.

i$ic^^T^^M:M^ Bit If m M 5{t$

P^ -S A ^ J3^ ^ ' It is not known wlien the bow-foot (small foot) of

females was introduced. It is said, that it arose in the time of the Woo-tae,

or Five Dynasties; that Le-how-choo ordered his concubine, Yaou, to bind her

foot with silk, and cause it to appear small, and in the shape of the new-moon.

From this sprung the imitation of every other female.'

^ yK, US ift /fc Choo, the first E nperor of the Dynasty Leang, was the son of

a country .school-master. He joined himself to a gang of robbers, who after-

w.nrds submitted to the Government. The existing Emperor conferred a name,

^ ^^ T.suen-chiing, denoting ' Perfectly faithful ' on Choo, and with the name,

the highest situation in the army, at that time called^ ^|J^Keuen-tsiie-

th'oo. At first, his wife, then a rigidly correct and intelligent woman, for whom he

^,^1* respect and awe, kept him in order ; but after her death, he became abandoned

as before, and having debauched his own sons wife, was murdered by him. ^^^ tp Choo-tsuen-chung, after surrendering himself to the Government, on see-

ing the decline of the party, commenced his atrocities by becoming the tool of the

Minister )M ]M Tsuy-ying. This minister thought, that the Eunuchs, who

were numerous, and some of them clever, shared his influence over the So-

vereigns mind, and he therefore determined to exterminate them. He endea-

voured first to persuade the Monarch that it was necessary to do so. Th; Mo-

narch, however, argued that there were many good amongst them, and it would

29 [niRONOLOGY.

be quite sufficient in the present instance to select a few of t)ie worst, and punish

them as exanipKs lo Ihi.- ret. This however, wis not enough to s it sfy the

malice and ambition of the Minister. His hostile vi .ws came to the ItnowKdge of

the Eunuchs, and they began to intrigue iigainst him. The Minister, by fjasling,

flattery and tears, made friciids with the General, and c.iILd hiui to Court with his

army uiidi.'r pntjnccof ojiposing his force lo another military Commander, who

wished to dictate to the Emperor. Having despatched sixteen persons of the op-

posite party; he caused at one imperial residei^ce, seventy Eunuchs to be murdered,

and ninety at another place. When theEraperorappeared, he put on mouniing^,and

afifected to weep; bowed to the ground, and submitted himself to the punishment

which he professed to deserve. The Emperor shed tears ; took off his girdle and

conferred it upon hiiD. The Minister's m dice was still but partially gratified.

He therefore represented to the Emperor that the remainii g Eunuchs amounting

to several hundreds, were preparii g to usurp the Government, it was absolutely

necessary to destroy them. The Emperor submitted, and Tsuen- hung sent in his

soldiers, who drove out the miserable Eunuchs and murdered them in cold blood.

Their doleful cry of murder and injustice extended through every part, and far

beyond the precincts of the pnlace.

By the Minister's influeiice, Tsuen-chung was ennobled, and had the title of King

conferred on him. He then began to discover the final object of his ambition.

The Minister perceived it; was alarmed for the consequences; and though he still

kept up appearances of friendship witli the General, (or as he now was called the

King) he cherished very different views. Tsuen-chung observed it, and fearing

that the Minister would oppose him, he caused him and several of his friends to

be murdered. He now determined on the renioviil of the Emperor, and sent a

written request to that effect, accompanied by a military force. The message

was communicated whilst J^ ^ !/^ -g-^ His Majesty was at an enter-

tainment in the Gallery of Joy. Before he had time to descend, the Court and

people were hurried off by force, and, amidst lamentations for their own fate, with

curses on the head of the Minister, for calling in Tsuen-chung fl§ ^ jip; ?>^

to overturn the throne and the altar, crowded the roads. As the Emperor.

CHRONOLOGY. 2 30

passed, the people \m. RB ^S called out, Wan suy, ' Ten thousand' years,' live

for ever'! He replied with tears, say not Wan suy, for I shall never again be

your Sovereign. For a time, he and his ftucen, like many persons hereaved of hope,

foolishly gave themselves up to grief and to drinking. At last, Tsuen-chung .sent

two of his creatures, with a hundred men, who after having killed the attendants

forced their way into the chamber of the Emperor, where having just risen from

a fit of intoxication, with a single garment upon him, he ran round a pillar, to

escape his murders in vain. They pursued and killed him. When information

of this was brought to Tsueu'chung, he threw himself upon the ground, and burst

out in a tone of the most bitter lamentation, weeping most violently, and say-

obeyed me, and will cause my name to be intamous to ten thousand ages !' He

forthwith directed that his two agents in the murder of the Emperor should be put

to death. One of them, "^[^ '^V Yew-kung, in going to execution p^ Q ^^ i^ ^ ^ T i^ ^M ^ /l^ JP/

' Called out saying, I am sold

a victim to stifle the reproaches of the world, but how will it appear to the Gods !'

After this, Tsuen-chujig invited tlie nine kings, sons of the late Empero""

JJQ ?J>Chaou-tsung, to an entertainment »'^ [±[]

jl^^ the Lake Kew-ked,

where he caused them to be all strangled, and thrown into the lake. 41 this

^me, a Comet appeared, which has always been regarded by the Chinese as

ominous of some change in the governments of the world; in consequence of

this, Tsuen-chung put to death thirty men of influence at court, who were ob-

noxious to one of his favourites. Another of them having a dislike to a few

of the Literati, whose province it was to examine candidates, and to confer de-

grees, because they would not pass him, said to Tsuen-chun"-, " These fellow

always call themselves the ^ y^' Pure flow,' (a Chinese phrase for persons

ofjustice and equity ; uncorrnpted by bribes or undue influence) " They deserve

to be thrown into the Yellow River, and made tlie V;^ ^ ' Muddy flow.'

Tsuen-chung laughed, and gave an order that the suggestion should be carried

into effect. He afterwards murdered the EmpressM y(l^ ^ Ho-tae-how, to-

secure to himself the Imperial throne, which be had usurped How cruel and

mischievous a passion is the love of dominion !

31 [CITRONOIOGY.

^? W^ Miih-te, orJjg_

Teen, the second of tlicLeang Dynasty, after stabbing, through

the body, his abandoned father, amidst a load of abuse, in the chamber where

he lay extremely ill, before he loft the bed-room, despatched a person to kill

his brother, and immediately forged a decree in his father's name, affirming that

his brotherjyf^ ^(~ Yew-wan, was a rebellious and disobedient son, but that

^i^Yew-kwei (as Teen was then called) was faithful and dutiful; the

army was also thereby commanded to destroy Yew-wJin, and to deliver the con-

troul of their actions, and of the nation to Yew-kwei. On the strength of this

forged decree, drawn up by the advice of one of the principal Generals,

and of liberal donations to the jVIilitary, Ycw-kwei ascended the throne. After

reigning ten years, and leading a most profligate life, he killed himselfon the

approach of an enemy, in his 26th year; so that he must have been only si-xteen

'when he murdered his father!

903, Gold and silver first weighed by the |^ Leang or Tael. Before this,weighed by the

Ft* Kin or catty

CHRONOLOGY.

3

32

The^ j|^ Tang Dynasty. *

UEAOU-HAOU. KWli-HAOn.

p3 H*Chaou-seuen,

Fh t5V Chaou-tsuDg,

^ ^ He-tsung,

*p' ^^ T|^ E-tsze-tsuns'

la. ;^ Seuen-tsung, -

^ ^ Woo-tsung, .

X> :^ Wan-tsung, -

S" ^rr Heen-tsung,

^ -tt; King-tsung, -

Miih-tsung, -

.THSliun-tsung,

Tih-tsang,

-

ft^ Tae-tsung,--

/5nSuh-tsung, -

^ /^ Thiien-yew, . . - -

||i|jllLung-ke:;^)gTa.shun;f;1

IgKing-fiih,^^ Kan-ning ; [

T^ /f^Kwang-hwa.'^i^T'heen

fill) ;^ xfi T'heen-yew. - - -

4V f|-Kan-foo ; j^^ Kwang-ming

k'he ; ^ -|iM Wan-tih. - -

^t ^ Han-t'hung,

^ pjl Ta-chung, - . - -

@* S| Hwuy-chang, - - - -

^ ^p Tae-ho, 0^ ;,-J^K'hae-ching, -

tt^ Paou-lcih, . . - -

^ ^ Chang-king, - - - .

/Q ^ Yungho, - .../K^ Yung-ching,

^li rp Keen-chiug,

i

TT* Hiiig-yuen,

fc3 -jr" Ching-yuen

\«3

. J

^ ^, Kwa..g.Hh, ;|^^ Yung-tae

jr ^ Ta-leih, .

y^ Shang-yuen, _^|fg

ying.

Yuen,

Paou-

ve;irs

cio.'el

A.n

10

15

14

13

6

14

Q

4

15

1

26

17

897

895

879

864

850

S37

831

817

815

811

796

795

769

752

First

year of

Cycle.

LX.

904

LIX.

886

LVIII

804

L\ II

7 4

> Also styled PJ g Tang-ming-hwang. [Continued on page 34.]

33 [cimoNOLOCY.

mEMAUKABLE OCCURRENCES DURING THE DYNASTY TANG.

# * Pf '^ ;^ 1^) ^ t* ^ P -Is ^/^ )J' Yay ,

wns original!,

a term applied to a father. It became a term of respect during the Dynasty Tang.

896, Alfred tlie Great, after subduing the Danish invaders, composes his body of laws,

divides England into counties, hundreds, and ty things, erects country courts,

and founds the University of Oxford.

5jr 'I*'Sun-k'hwei, a distinguished oflScerof the Emperor BH -j^ Chaoulsnng, was

taken prisoner by &^ Eo K'hih-yung, who asked Sun-k'hwei to accept a com-

mand under him. He refused on the ground of its being dislionorable to liim,

saying, " that as his troops were defeateil, to die was his duty, but to accept an

office under one opposed to the Emperor was impossible. K hih-yung, in a rage,

gave orders Qi y^ To saw him as'mder. The txecutioners < f this barbaro..s

mandate, could not mjke the saw enter. ^ ,^ H ^ f^ fe ^ /^^

^ Ifl ;^ ^ yfr _^ 4{| M ' K'hwei railing said. You dead dogs and

slaves, if you would saw a man asunder, you should compress liim between two

planks ; but how were you to know it !' They accordii.gly did so with him, and

he kept railing at them till heexp'.rtd. (Vide, Kang-keen-e-che.)

Throughout the Chinese and Tarlar history, even up to the latest period,

gre.t cruelty appears to ha\e been exercised towards prisonerj. It seems to

have been a constant practice, to put to death the principil officers after being

taken. If they were able men and would serve their captors, they were spared ;

if not, thoy were destroyed with a liberal portion of abuse. Those who chose

to die rather than change sides, are in history, mentioned with honor, uniler

the appellation of^ grj Sze-tseg, which denotes, dying with an uudetiatinj;

adherence to the line of duty.

879, The literary title !j^ jp Chwang-yuen introduced. The term PH ^ Mua-

taiig, duuul nga Pupil, came into use after this.

CHRONOLOGY ] 3*

The Dynasty Tang. (Concluded.)

ME40U-HA0C.

35 [CI1IIONOL''GY.

y ^- VVaiig-seii, a Cliineso ri,vi?r:il il irin; tli- mjn of j^^ Ile-UunL', findiii^

provisions f,iiliii<; him on a inircli, fcnvi; or lers tint ull the ohi niul feeble should

remaia behind; if any prcHUMinl to ilisobey this order, Ihcy should be put to in-

(tint death. Ths G.MicraPs brothers, without his penirmion, ventured to t:ike

with them their aged motlier. Wang-scu, harshly repriniandcd Ihcni, sajing,

" Every army poss^'sses laws ; no army cin exist without theni ; ni>l to destroy

you for vour disobedience to my order, is to render my army without laws."

The brothers urged the peculiar case of tlieir mother. The General became en-

raged, and issued an order lo cut her head oil" The brothers begged to be put

to death (irst. The army interfered in their behilf, and procured a pard.>n.

This is on record as an instance on the one hand, of great filial duty, and on the

the other, of a total want of it.

During the same reign,M X j*^ ^JP ;1^ A ^P ^^ j^B' "^"^^ *='"'"& 5*""

or msteors, shot across the heavens with a motion repeatedly intersecting each

other's track, the appearance of which was simil.ir to threads interwoven. They

appeared of the size of a large bowl.' The phenomenon was regarded as yv ^^

4{i ^^''J extraordinary.

*'^' H TTj i^ fffi Shang-yuen Kea Isi-e, or the feast of lanlrnis, connncnccd

during this dynasty, and prevailed most during 5+r Sung.

815, J@^;:^|"'^^HiH'f|jiE M"^'"^ *'*"''*'' of avoiding malevolent

spirits, which return with the manes of the deceased, at certain periods; and also

of avoiding thebaleful influence of stars, existed during this Dynasty.'

"5, H ft"; ffn T 't# 'M ^ ¥•'

^'""'^ ""^ ^^""' ^y^^^^'"^^ (^ ^ jf Hea,

Shang, Chow) Han alone excelled in learning.' ^fe ^ CL^ -/Tf; JKi /ft

' Those of Wei, Tsin, Sung, I.eang, rather ii jured Icarnins.' ^ ka- ^. -J*

^.^ ^^. nt,f' ^ " j /^ :^ Ufa

M%, W 1^ ' ''"''"S Tang and Sung, was education's most splemlid period.'

T45, Books first bound up in leaves about this time. Some place it later. Before

this till e t'ley were in rolls.

*''^' -h r^ iff ^3 f^ ^'^•-''"' '"appoint an officer over foreign trading Ships.'

®^'' ^ ^rulj fiiVThcpulilic examinations of literary candidate* were instituted'

in the beginning of the Dynasty Tang.'

CHRONOLOGY.J se

The 7^; 11 Six Dynasties.

The Period called^ ^ Liih Chaou, or Six Dynasties, \iz-^^^ [!^ ^ ^Wei, Leang, Tse, Chin, Chow, Suy. Of these j^^ M^ Pih Wei, oty^^ Yuen

Wei ; iijl^^ Pih Tse, and;j [^^ Plh Chow, are not admitted into the Chronolo-

gical series.

^ ^ SUY DYNASTY.

HEAOU BAOU.

^^Kung-te, - -

f^ 'jf^Yang-le, - -

^^Wan.te,orfg

jfiQ Kaou-tsoo,

/{jfe T How-wang, .

'g ^ Seuen-te,

.

^f Wan-te, . . .

^^Woo-te. . .

^Ijl'King-te, . .

yt% Yuen-te, .

fffl^ wKeen-wan-te

Woo-te, - -

KWO-HAOU.

#2y E-niug

A Ta-neg,

K'hae-hwang, //— ^. Jin-show,

Keigned

years.

Kei};ii

closed

A. D.

1

13

24

622

621

608

I'lrsl

year of

Cycle.

tv.

624

S^ ^)? *^*^*'^ DYNASTY.

^ <^^ Che-tih,jl^ ^ Ching-ming,

^r ^1 Ta-kt-en,

7^ ^ Kwang-ta, .

^ ^T'heen-kea, ^ j^ T'heen-kang,

/K^ Yung-ting,

6

37 [chronology.

REMARKABLE OCCURRENCES DURING THE SIX DYNASTIES.

622, Mahomet flies from Mecca to Medina. From the Hegira, or flight of Mahomet,

the Arabic Era begins.

-g" /^ jife + ' An Embassador sent from China to Chth-too, (Cambodjia.)

%^m ^t ^A^ ^^i^ a ^ ^ ^ ^ ''" ''-

line of the Liih Chaou, there were persons to assist to weep at funerals ; finally

they came to the disgraceful practice of hiring some to weep for them.'

^R VI 5fe ^^ i^ El ' F''°'" ''"^ ''™^ of the Liih Chaou, the observing a

day of mourning on the anniversary of the deith of friends, was more practised.'

Also f:a A^E#^-t:0 ;^-i'.M-t'bpgt/cn HiJ ^S. 3S. ' The custom of observing every seventh day, for seven weeks,

or forty-nine days after the death of senior relations, as days of mourning and

deprecatory rights ; weeping closes with the forty-nine days.'

''''^ 1 1# fE^ If ifi) ^' >:>[a^ i^ ii;^"^ •""'''' °' ^^^"^

mention particularly, as an extraordinary custom which excited great notice, that

people sat with their legs hanging down,' i. e. they began to sit on cliairs or stools.

^ !?^ 35. ^t H'll^^ # ^ ' ^^*"S opened five schools, but paid most

respect to the doctrines of Fiih.

^ #1 3I ^J IP] X^ jfl ff# iO f- yA^ ' Tl>c custom of civil and

military officers going on the first and fifteenth of every moon to the civil and

military <.emples to burn incense, began in the time of the Liih Chaou.

dI6, Computing time by the Christian a;ra introduced by Dionysius, a Monk.

508, Prince Arthur begins his reign over the Britons.

161, Saxons establish themselves in Kent, under Hengist.

S^ ^ :^ 3t 'i ^m ' "^'"^ *^'""' of respectful direct address, Laousiien.

sang, was not used till the Dynasty Sung.' Many of the names of this period

are followed by the word 7^ Laou, as ^R ES^ Hoo-tang-laou, &c.

CHRONOLOGY.}

'M

38

TSE DYNASTY.

MEAOU-U.\0U. KWU-UAOU .

t Chung-hiiig,

"^H* '^ Tung-hw5n-howj t]V tt* Yung-yuen,

0J^;j|- Mii.gte, - - -

I^^ Keen-woo -

^ ;^ Woo-le,I -,J(-

fjjjYung-ming,

,e,'j]^' Kaou-te,or^||§ ^^ -^ Keer-yuen,

P^Sl,un.,e, - - .

y^ 'In' ^' Tsang-woo-wang

pS ^ '^' '"?-"=• - --

ll^^Fel-te.-

0:^^ Heaou- woo.tc

^7" '^' Wan-te, - - -

^j/ '^ Shaou-le, - - -

^^j Woo-le, - - -

SUNG DYNASTY, Or *5R^ B^ Shing-ming, - . - . -

7L' 4^ Yueii-hwiiy, - - - .

-^ y^ Tae.che,;is: ^f Tae-yu, -

^ ^ King-ho, ------J^ ^t_Heaou-keen)TK' HfjTae-niing,

fcM Yuenliea, - - - -

-^ ^ King.piiig, - - . .

;%,^J]Yung-ch-hoo. - - -

frw^

D-; TSIN DYNASTY, OR M.s^.

EASTERN TSIN.

J^ Kupg-te,

^ Gan-te.,Yuen-hiiig

Th7 iS? Heaou-woo-te

A' tS- Keen-waii-te

^ Te-y,h, - - -

/^ Gae-te, - - -

t^ Miih-to, - - -

'^ Kang-le, - - -

tjf Ching-te, - - -

f|3jj Miig-le, - - .

'jh Yueu-tc, - - -

-ir Eli Yuen-he, -

^ Iftt E-he, - - -

^^^Nmg-kang; j^j^l^e'^yiey^

1^^ Han-gaii,.

^ ^ Tae-ho, ------[^^ Lmg-ho;||.^ Hing-ning

VK ^ Vuiig-ho; ^- -ip Shing-pii.g

^^ Kten-yuen,

JPic #• Haii-ho 5 ^ ^ "^" '''"'

y{^ iy: Tae-niiig

^ ^ Keen-woo, -^^ Ta-hing,

/K B Yuiig-thang, - -

NORTH SUNG.

39 [chronology.i. ;

ip A ^l"^ ' The people of ?iing were fond of praise or fiunc.' :^ ^ 4V

^ ¥)tl 7Xf']T±'^'M }^ ^f $ '^^"^y Sreat man h.d his

actions recorded by his relatives and dependants.'

426, Romans withdraw their troops from Britain.

410, Rome taken and plundered by Alaric, king of the Visi-gotlis.

367, 'fyf M Shwuy-ke, or stamp-duty, on the sale of lands and houses introduced-

362, Constantinople made the capital."

^ £ i^>^ £ ^ f4iiKing Chaou allowed his peo|dc to worship Buddah, in

the time of lj|) /fe' Ching-te. The general introduction of Bnddism is, by some

dated from this act of toleration.

^ i^' ^ ^ Jj^H ^ @ ' In the first moon of the second year of Ching-tc,

a comet was seen; and another was seen in the first year of^ m^ Heaou-woo.

of Yueii-le, there was a dark spot in the sun.' (Vide, Kang kiien-e-che.)

Throughout Chinese History, the phenomena of Nature, such as an Eclipse, the

appearance of a Comet, a vivid Meteor, an Earthquake, as well as Pestilence, excessive

Rains, Drought, Locusts, and Famine, hare been regarded as signifying llie displeasure

of Heaven; and have induced a real or a feigned desire to repent, and to reform.

General pardons have been granted; measures taken to alleviate the distresses of the

poor; and S3 ^^ ig^ ^ Imperial proclamations issued, inviting persons to speak

pointedly and freely their opinions of what they deemed amiss in the Sovereign's conduct,

Chinese History mentions 101J-||j &^ Earthquakes; 26 ijl ^Fj falling, or rushing

down of mountains; and 63 yC yW Hoods, occasioned by excessive rains, or irrup-

tions of water from the beneath the surface of the earth. They mention a few tiiiie

a phenomenon which appeared to them ^ jfli a raining down of blood ; and once

M. i(D jfe- '" "^''''' ^'''^ """' appeared as blood.[;]| ^ Storms of rain and

hail are mentioned 24 times, and ^ jl^^' Great storms of rain and hail four

times. The hail stones are once compared to cocks and hens for size, and are said to

have measured in diameter 2 cubits 5 tenths. On this occasion it is said that they killed

the people on whom they fell.

CHRUNPLOGY ] 40

The ^ M fj] Wf>stern Tsin Dynasty.

MEAOU-HAOn.

41 [cilRaNOLOGY.

REMARKABLE OCCURRENCES DURING THE TSIN DYNASTY, &c.

^? ^! J^ Mio-te, i. e. 'The much-to-be-commiseraled Emperor,' or the Westeroe TtT; 111'

Tsin. Min, is the Meaou-haou, which is formed on what is called the gi She,

or descriptive epitaph, conveying a general idea of the character and fortunes of

the person referred to. The epitaph of Min, was ;;^ [^ ^ ^ 'Presiding

over the nation, grief and sorrow were his lot.' Hence the Meaou-haou, or

temple designation ' Min-te.' He was, in the fourlh year of his reign murdered

by 1^ £J^ fl^ Tsung, the sovereign of Han, answering to the first year of

^ 7C W "^^^ Emperor Yuen, of the Eastern Tsin. In the same year

TJlil Tsung's sons to the number of 21 persons were destroyed by fire.

0^ ^'J Zl -^ '" the 2nd year of Chaou-le^, the state ^fe Wei, passed a Salique

Law,in these words, ^ ^ J^ ^ ^ ffi i^h if^ ' From this time, Queens

shall not assist in the government.' The Historian adds a note, g y^ pj cm

'A good iavr, worthy of being a Master,' i.e. an example for the imitation of

others.

In the last days of >^ Han, the states ^fe Wei and *& Woo arose, and witS-

drew a part of the Empire, hence Historians removed the title JS* Te, and

inserted^ Choo. The General of Wei, )^ ^ Tang-yae, pursued the last

of the Han race to j^^ Ching-too, now the capital of Sze-cliuen Province.

The Emperor summoned a council of state, in which amidst a variety ofopinions,

it was at last determined to send the Imperial seal to Taiig-yne, and to surrender.

When the Emperor's songg Shin, heard this, he said, with agitated feelings,

' If reasoning fail us, and our strength be exhausted ; if calamity and ruin are

about to fall upon us, it is incumbent on us air. Father and Son, the Emperor and

his Ministers, to turn our backs on the city, and with the fall of our altars to die

fighting the enemy , then we shall not be ashamed to see our Imperial Ancestors.

Why would you surrender! The Emperor, however, would not listen to him.

CHRONOLOGY.] 42

Shiii therefore hastened to the temple offj^

^'I, and there having wept bitterly

for the disgrace of his family, he first killed his wife, and then himself. The

Emperor and his ministers were led out to the north side of the city, with their

hands bound behind their backs, and their coffins following them, in mournful

procession, to the General Tang-yae's cainp. Yae received them, loosened their

bonds, burnt their coffins, and seated them at a banquet. Thus j^ \^ Pe-

rished Han, once so illustrious !

There was given to the tonquering General,^ Mg ' A list of the popula-

tion' and of the army, with the Civil list. The numbers were these,p ' Doors,'

J. e. families, 280,000 ; H ' Mouths,' i, e. persons, 940,000. ^ ^ ' Men in

armour,' lOS.OOO; cfe^' Civil officers,' 40,000.

313, The term ^^j BB Ya-mun, denoting a public court, introduced by mistake

for-JJ^ BEj Ya-mun, which term had_ an allusion to the figure of the standards

placed before the gates of public offices.

309, Capital in jju j^j Keang-nan.

306, Constantine begins his reign.

286. The literary title ^ "^^ Scw-tsae, introduced about this time.

28^' ^Si^ ^ ?IS ^^^ ^. f^ ^ ' ^^P" """^y ^""' ^"'^ commercial

purposes, but to scatter at funerals), began in the time of Wei and Tsin. Of this-

there is no doubt.

273, I.onginus, a Greek Orator and Critic

260, Capital at ^3 tp Nan-king, in the Province of yX "^ Keang-nan.

254, Origen, a Christain father of Alexandria.

The Northern ^y ^i Erratic Tribes, on Wandering nations, against whom, Tsin

Che-hwang te built the gre.%t wall ; who shared the Empire with -J^ Sung : conquered

it under TT- Yuen ; and who repossessed themselves of it, during the last two cen-

turies, were exceedingly troublesoKe in the time of Han. The /fel -fiV? Heung-noo,

' Clamorous slaves,' as they were then called, appear in almost every page of the

history sf that period. In the 9th year fif Han^ jffl Tae-tsoo, -M^ 1& ^ ^^^ iP ^ ^ ' China began to form alliances with the Tartar kings, by giving

43 [CHRONOIOGY.

Princesses of the Imperial family to tliem in marriage. The Historian sajs,"

h"

^ 4" S ^- S # tl 4^ M-^'^^4- ^ 'Th^-<'is£^»cc brought uiToH

China, was never greater ; from this time she lost her honor anil her respectability.'

The minister who proposed and carried this measure, hoped to raise up a Chinese interest

amongst the Tartars. He said they were such barbarians that it was impossible to

reason with them ; moreover they had no permanent habitation, it was extremely dif-

ficult to carry on war with them. They were here to day, and a month hence hundreds

''of miles distant. The mother of the first Princess would not consent that her daughter

should be thus disposed of, and another feniale took her place, and was called the

Princess. Afterwards, the Tartars came every few years and demanded such alliances.

The character ef the Heung-noo of that day, may be surmised from the wav in which

they treated ^ ]^ ^ King Yu6-te, after killing him;1^2 ^ MM fj^^

they ' made a drinking vessel of his head.' The ministers of Han, do not appear to

have been much better,)^ ^ rl U^^ ^ fC ?M f- ^A |^^^

^T Wi ?^'J ^^ IX* They assembled together to drink and to wrangle about their

respective loerits; when drunk, some roared out improper language, whilst others

drew their swords and struck the pillars.' It is but just to say, that they afterwards

adopted certain court ceremonies, to prevent the recurrence of such barbarous

conduct in His Majesty's presence.

CHRONOLOGY.] 4i

The H m Three Kingdoms, viz. ||^^ Wei, Shuh, Woo,

151 . TUNG-HAN.

MEAOU-HAOU.

Heen.te,or^(|i^

*jSt» Hcaou-heen-te,

M Iff ^"'s-*'''

fe ^dft' Hwan-te,

-^ t^ Chih-te,

)r|J i^ Chung-te,

111^ Shun-te,

^ i^ Gan-te,

^1 ^ ^•'=""5-te, -

^ *^ Cl.ang-te,

ifr jf[^?he-tsoo, or

KWO-HAOU.

'^^^ Ch'hoo.p'hing,J^Z|i Hing-1|

p'hiiig,^ ^ Kiien-gan, ^ i'

m- Yeii-kang, - - - J

g^Keeii-ning, -M-^ He-p'hiiig\

l+j3Z: Chung-p'hing, - - -J

'^% Keen-ho, ^^ 2p Ho-p'hing^

Yung-hing, ^jl^^ Yung-show

kang, - - - - - J

^^ Puii-ch hoo, - - - - -

^^ ^,Yung-kea,

^( ^ Yu.>g-kang, |§^ Yang- -,

kea, /]<|;I]Yung-ho, 'j^^

years

31

22

Reijnosed

First

year of

A. n. Cycli'.

226

195

XLVllI

204

Hai>-gan, ^ ^ Keen-kang, J

y]^ ^ Yung ch hoo,7^;^

^Yuen^

ch'hoo, ^ ^ Yung-ning,^ [

^Keeil-kwang, ^ 7^^ Yen|

kwang, - J

.^ 5pl Yen-p'hing, -----tJ'^-j^

Yung-yvien,-^^ p^ Yueii-hinu

^ -^ Keen.ch'hoo.j^:^! Yuen-^

ho, "^ ^n Chang.ho, - J

7J( ^ Yung-phing,

^ 7^ Keen-woo, tjj TJ|^CIiuiig-yuen

21

19

19

1

n

13

18

33

173

152

151

150

131

112

in

94

SI

63

LXV II.

144

XLVI.

Hi

45 [^CHRONOLOGY.

REMARKABLE OCCURRENCES DURING THE THREE KINGDOMS.

— 1^ i£ San-kwii-che, a kind of Historical Novel formed on the events of this

period, is much esteemed for its style and the ability with which it is written.

It is thought a model of the Narrative kind.

time of Han, the rule of selecting the officers of Government from amon<>-st the

Literati, after certain public examinations, did not exist. They were all recom.

mended, hence the phrase Keu-jin,' i.e. a recommended person. .^ A Keu-jin,

is now a literary title.

320, In the close of this Dynasty, they began )*)( §01" /f^ !^ -^ M, ' To make

seats of wood cut for the purpose ; they vpere still called y^ Chwang, and^Ta. In all probability the were all ^ ffe ffi ^£ Ijjl for ' Sitting on cross-

legged, and not with the feet hanging down.'

•^ ^ Wi -^ ^ ' '" *'"' """^ "^ Hwan-te, India, Tatsin, (Egypt or Arabia,)

and other nations, came by the southern or Chinese sea with tribute, and from

this, trade with Foreigners was carried on at Canton.'

I IS, Juvenal.

Ill, Plutarch of Greece.

81, During the reign of 3B^ Ming-te, the religion of |ffi Fiih introduced.

99, Tacitus.—93, Josephus.—74, Pliny, the elder.—64, Boadicea.

63, Capital at '^ jl^ LQ-yang, injpj ^ Ho-nan.

54, Caractacus, 52, Julius Caesar's first expedition to Britain.

«IIR0N(3L0GY.] 46

The lEj -/l^ ^ Western Han Dynasty. *

47 [cHBONOLOGy.

REMARKABLE OCCURREKCES DURING THE WESTERN HAN DYNASTY.

^^ ^& Moo-peaou, or £§1 ^5 Pci-peaou, ' Torab-stoiie*' iiitroiluced about tlii*

time. =|^> 1^ tyi JM pti ' Records engraved, were Imrried in the tomb.'

^<f jrt, jjj /El ' They narrated or extolled tlie virtues of the deceased."

17, Livy,— 19, Ovid.—20, Celsui.

JESUS CHRIST, tlie Divine Saviour, appeared in Judea, during the reigns of ^^ wT

^ Heaou-cbing-te, and ^ ^^ Heaou-gae-te.

—' P -p .^ (ft lA i^ y^ ' The division of the day (from midnight to raid-

night) into 12 parts of two hours each, commenced in the time of Han.'

In the time of the Two Han, '^ ^ ^ /fe X. ^^' ^ Hi']' ^^ <^<'"*'''er I'lfr

right the place of honor, and the left the meaner place, was long the fixed rule."

Since the time of Han, R^^jj^ fpQ 5l ' ^' "'^^ altered, and honor conferred on

the left.' When this change commenced, is not known.

^M^ )li 1^ 1^ M JS "lli' ^" *^'^ ^'""^ ""^ "'"' '°™ "f ""= district Magis-

trates themselves sold wine.' Perhaps thi^ opinion arose fr<ira the very "real

attention which was paid by Government in collecting the duty on liquors. For

the pco])le to distill clandestinely three measures of grain, was a capital crime.

in the habit of sending persons abroad to invite Foreigners. ^K ^ X^ ^ ^dtf yt

'r ^ Vip W^ ' ^'^^ pearls and Merchandise of Foreigners began to enter

China.' Some vessels arrived which were four or five months on their passa<fe.

29, Virgil.—34, Salust.—96, Horace.—S6, Jerusalem taken by Pompey.

^£^ ' Ching, the kingof Tsin, overcame the other si.\ nations; and formed

the Empire into thirty.six SK Keun ; or Principalities

Books burnt, and four hundred ano sixty of the Literati thrown into a pit to perish,

or buried alive. This was done at the suggestion of a worthless minister.

Hair pencils inTented by -^ djJj Mung-tiien, who was sent with 300,000 men to re-

duce the ji|j ^ Hoo-jin, or '{iij A^ Heung-noo, certain Tartar [tribes. To

keep out this Northern people, ^^'^ r^ ^ -M- ifij/ Wan-le-chang-ching, great

wall was built by him; it extends from S^ 'jik Lin-taou, on the west, to.

^^ ^^ Leaou-tung, on the east ; upwords of 10,000 Le.

CHRONOLOGY.] 48

^|)Ej Tsin Dynasty.

MEAOU-HAOU-

49 [cHRONOLOGIi

REMARKABLE OCCURRENCES DURING THE DYNASTY CHOW.

277, Eucli<1.—332, Aristotle.—332, Alexander the Great at Jerusalem,

284, Alexandrian Library. 284, Septuagint Translation.

it n i P] 5 ^ T ^ T^ j# U fi^ ® t E ^ iKl i^v

'The idea of the age, that to bear a child on the. 5th day of the 5th mooDs

\ras unlucky, existed in the time of the Chen-kwO.'

320, Ptolemy Soter takes Jerusalem.—348, Plato.—313, Demoslhenes poisoned himself.

350, Xenophon.—413, Herodotus.—400, Socrates.

jS J- Mang-tsze, or Mencius, disciple of Confucius, and writer of one of the \fU ^^Four-books, refers much to the Chen-kwo, or contending states of that period.

A native of the sUte ^K Chow.

TH" at -& ^- ' In ancient times there were no sacrifices offered at tombs.' It isI— *»\V /"X ^i"*

not known exactly when the practice commenced. Some say about this lime,

some place it later,

536, Cyrus the Persian Emperor.—497, Pythagoras—568, Solon of Athens,

5&8, Zedekiah and the Jews carried to Babylon.

606, Nebuchadnezzar over Baliylou and Assyria, in conjunction with his father.

No Chinese Buoks extant, which were written before the compilations of Confucius.

Confucius, (7f ^r -f~ Kung-foo-tsze,) Native of ^ ^Q Loo-kno, (the state

Loo,) now the Province |_i_j ^ Shan-tung. Born in the 11th moon, of the 21st

year of 4on Line.J, 2E "

^ -j[- Laou-tsze, or ^ ^ Laou-kcun, the founder of the j^i Taou-sze

Sect, lived also about this time.

•Chinese wrote on Bamboos with the point of a style; hence engraving the Character

i s expressed by ^jj ^ Tsze-tsze, ' Pricking the character." They also wrote

with a kind of red lead, called k^^ 4fl- Hung-tan.

CHRONOLOGY.] SO

The Dynasty Chow. (Continued.)

Sr [chronology.

650, Probable time when Biiddah lived.

"'"•iffl i^ A. ^' iH 7^ ^ ' Intercourse willi the eight barbarous tribes,

ciilled T'hiieii-ihiih, (India.)

i \ J^ ^\fii ^ ' '^'"' '""^"^"''^ ''^^t O" ^^^ ground.'

j^ i^ j^ !>K tlli' C""<^^3''''S <" avoiding the Wei (name), began in the time of

Chow. It was that name of himselfwhich a person used in worshipping the Deity;

after which it was held sacred. Still observed by the Chinese.

At present, only women ^^ Tt decorate their heads with flowers; but in ancient

times both men and women did so.

It is much discussed, whether women ever knelt in paying their obeisance; some in-

stances occur ; but they are cases in which persons voluntarily degraded themselves.

Some say they knelt, and their hands touched the ground, but not their heads.

Now they bend the knee slightly, and join their hands, the arms hanging down

on the left side.

Sedan chairs made of bamboo, existed in ancient times. Originated in the South.

720, Salmaneser, king of Assyria, takes the Ten Tribes.

First Eclipse of the moon recorded.

754, Romulus founds Rome.

: 818, Kingdom of Macedon begins.

869, Queen Dido founds Carthage.

907, Homer.

;3012, King Solomon lays the foundation of the temple.

1042, @^ ^ 'Chow, the great Historian,' and framer of the Seal Character,

bS

iJHRONOLOGY ]53".

The j^ ^ Shan" Dynasty.

53 [chronology.

REMARKABLE OCCURREMCES DURING THE DYNASTY SHANG.

^ 3E M ^ Cliow, or Chow-sin, the last king of the Dynasty Yin, which is

commonly spokjii of is the closiiijj pcriol of |rfl Shaiig Dynasty, was one of those

persons who obtuiii an infimous celehrify by their crimes and follies. He was

the youngest of three sons. His niolher in the charucter of the King's q^

Concubine, bore his two elder brothers; after vhii-h she became the King's -^

wife and d-en, and hud Chow, who, according to Ihe rnlo of succession in those

times, '^ ^ ^ -|^/jf\

Pj i :^ 'il -jF' "" ''"""" '"' " "^'^"'^ '°°' *

cuucubine's s.m cannot inherit,' ascended the throne.

Chow is represented as possessing good natural abilities, and great personal

strength, but his abilclies were employed to fortify himself agai^.st the advice of

his friends, and to gloss over his crimes. He was proud, extravagant, drunken,

debauched and cruel. Ode instance of his extravagance is more amusing than

serious. He introduced ^ X Ivory Chop sticks, used in eating. One of his

relations, Jj^ ^- Ke-tsze, sighing said, " Ivory chop-sticks are now made; these

must be followed by valuable dishes ; and v iluuble dishes must be filled with rare

viands ; the king thus gratifying his desires, endangers the safety of the Empire ••

Chow in his wars, took a female captive 1(0 l~^ Ta-ke, whose name is as

infamous as his own. They both gave themselves up to the greatest excess of un-

re.strained sensuality, and to the wildest extravagance. They had immoral songs

composed, and introduced a species of posture-making or dancing, in which those

who engaged, si>u;ht the pleasure of mutual compliance or indulgence 'Ihey

erected P^ ^ a kind of stage, or terrace, a thousand cubits high, and three

le (about one English mile) broad. It required ten years to complete it. They

laid out extensive gardens; formed manageries filled with horses, dogs, rare

animals, and curious birds; to feed these, and the crowd of idle people around

them, large gran irits were built. At l}h |^ Sha-kew, now the province of

Chih-le, they collected a vast concourse of people devoted to pleasure and dissi-

€HROSOLOGY.] 54

p-ition. They there made a lake of wine, and surrounded it with meat suspended

on the trees ; to this paradise naked men and women resorted, and passed the

long nights in drunkenness and debauchery. Profli2;acy to this extent is more

than the common sense of mankind, in the worst of times, can approve. The

king and court fell into contempt ; which Ta ke, instead of attributing to the

right cause, ascribed to the lightness of the ordinary punishments, and to the

easy deaths to which criminals were subjected. She therefore introduced a

punishment called ^ iU Wei-tow, which was an iron vessel, like the Chinese

measure called Tow, and which when heated red-hot, the criminal wa« obliged

to hold in his hands till they were roasled. She also invented a brass pillar,

called iVSl >y^ Paou-lo, which being greased, or daubed with unctuous matter,

and so made slippery, was laid over a fire of coals. Across this fire, the criminal

was forced to walk upon the slippery burning rounded brass. The consequence

was that he fell into the fire. It is said, that the inefiFcctual efforts of the cri-

minals to walk across the burning roller, afforded this cruel Lady much

amusement and delight.

Chow in a passion, murdered a nobleman's daughter, because she disliked the

debaucheries of the palace. He ripped up the body of a pregnant female, that

he mio-ht see the foetus in the womb. On seeing some persons fording a brook,

in a cold winter's morning, he said they endured the cold in a remarkable man-

ner, and forthwith ordered their legs to be cutoflF, that he might view the marrow.

His relation ^;^ —P- Ke-tsze. having reproved him, escaped death by affecting

madness. j^V -pPc-kan acquired immortal fame, by being one of the first

martyrs in the generally hopeless cause of reproving bad kings.

|g^ ^ Woo-wang, the martial king, thought it right to rid the world of

Chow. He made a solemn appeal to heaven ; imposed an oath on his nobles,

and proceeded to what he conceived was fighting Heaven's battles. Chow sent

700,000 men to oppose him. But they had no will to fight. They were

routed. Chow fled to the stage he had erected, clothed himself sumptuously,

adorned with pearls and gems, and in that state burnt himself to death. Woo-

wang cut down with the sword, the wicked and unhappy Ta-ke.—How often,

even in this life, does Divine Providence punish the atrociously profligate !

55 {[chronology.

^ ^^ Wo-yth, Tvas ^^ ;^ a bad man. He '^jH^ Kf^^Ji fP ' *'="'=

idols, and called them Celestial Gods.' He placed servants by tbem to move

them along. This gave offence to real Celestial Beings, and Woo-yth, when

hunting was struck dead by the force of thunder. (Vide, Kiing-miili.)

W ZL ^ {|^ WAM.7^ (IJljl'From the introduction of the Sect Fuh,

idols prevailed throughout the whole empire, but they jdid not originate with

that Sect- HE* T Te-ylh made an image of a man to represent the God or

Gods of heaven.' It is added, that those of Fuh were at first gold, but thati

they afterwards imitated the Chinese, and made them of wood or clay.

1570, Moses born,— 1451, died.

1552, Joshua born. 1556, Cecrops first king of the Athenians.

ving conquered Hea, made the 12lh moon the first month of the year; and of

colours he gave the preference to white-' He chose domestic animals that werp

white ; was clothed in white ; and made white the coloul) of his banners.

1703, Commencement of the seven years of famine in Egypt.

1729, Commencement of seven years of yT -^ ' Great drought' and famine in China.

At! the close of seven years, the King ]^ ;^ jjj^ ^t ^ f^^ ;i if '''"""''^

•went forth to the mulberry groves and to the desert places to pray—Confucius

has been thought to discountenance prayer ; but the duty of prayer has always

been acknowledo'ed by the practice of Chinese Kings and Emperors in seasons of

calamity. Tang rr.ade confession, and considered his own vicesas occasioning the

famine. It is snid, ^^B^f^^S^^'f'-^l "'='' ""^'""''^ ^^ ''""*

fully enunciated the words which expressed the contrition of his heart, a heavy

rain fell o-ver a space of several hundred miles.

^ tpl R^^ Q 1^ The king Pwan-kang changed the denomination of the

dynasty Shang to Yin.

The People on the north of China, have by the Chinese, been called by various names

under different dynasties. At this c^rly period, they used the language of con-

tempt and abuse, and instead of saying they subdued the j("oplc of the north, it

is written /fjL ?3 ~^ they ' conquered the land of demons or devils.'

CHRONOLOGY.] 56

The ^ 19 Hea Dynasty.

MEAOU-HAOD.

^r T Kee-Wiinj;, - -

Zf ^^ Wang-fa, - -

1p ^Wang-kaou, - •

rp 2f ffl Wang-kung-kea

-{-- ffi Wang-kin, - -

Zp JB Wang-shan;, - -

-F 'y^ [^Wang-piih-keai

^ ^ Waug-stg, - -

qp it Wang- inang, - -

rn i^Wang-hwae, - -

"F"^JWaiig-choo, - .

A^ rpL Shaou-kang, - -

_p /j;[jWang-seang, - •

jjjl j^ Chung-kang, -

-^ ^ Tae-kang, -

I^I^Te-khe, - -

Kei^ned? irs

j^ fi!^ Tang .nnd Yu, called the

year 4fc Ts e ; ^. Hea, called it iW

Suy; ^f-hir.g, call-d itjj]^

Sze,

and jlj Chow, called it ±E Neen.

ffi Yuwas9 cn1)il!>3 ten'hshigh.

Wine was made '•> ^j^ M^ '^''^'''^

Yu drank of it, and delighted in it;

but aipn-hensive of its consequences

in succeeding ages, [iroeurcd its pro-

hibition. ^ifi^KnU^Hfl 'At that time heaven raii;ed down

gold three days!' The grave state-

ment of this circumstance, certainly

lessens the credit of the History of

this period.

59

13-19

11

32

21

21

59

16

IS

26

17

22

27

13

29

9

8-27

Kcignclosed

B. c

17^6

1808

1821

1832

1-868

18t5

1^06

1965

1981

1999

2025

2042

2064

2091

2104

2133

2142

lirsl

year of

XV.1756

XIV.

1816

XIII

187 6

XII.

1936

XI.

1996

X.

2056

IX.

'.;116

The ^^ Five Emierors.

7^ ^Yule-shun; aged 110,-.

}a ^' ^' Tang-te-yaou ; aged 118, nul /J^or Chinese deluge,'

^ '^ r=*i ^ E^ Te-kw ii h-kaou-sin-slie, .

.

Jg ^ I^ M^ Chuen-kiih-kaou-yang-she,

/!/ ^. /^ -J\r VV" Sbaou-haou-kin-fheen-she,

50-61

1 00-72

70

84 -

^' fcHRONOLOSy.

REMARKABLE OCCDRREXCES DURING THE DYNASTY TANG.

1996, Abraham.—1S56, Inacfius, first kiiijr of Ihe Arsivi.

/2089, vEgialeus, first kingof Sicyon, the most ancient kingdom of Greece.

2126, Terah, Aliraham's father horn.

2142, Ta-yu, aged 100 years. The repairer of the effects of the Delnge, and he who di-

vided the land into^ ^j Nine regions, referred lo in the^ $]R Woo-king

and [7C) ^ She-shoo.

]i*^ fp^ ^ i ^ >jl 5^ flfi ^ M Ji H '«f '"« ^'-g-h-=

which treats of this piTiod, there is a copy called Koo-wiin ; since the Dynasty

Sung, (A. D. 1100); all the literati have ranch suspected that it was spurious.'

The other copy is not doubted. That Confucius had — -f- ^i 3,000 Odes

from which he compiled the She-king, is disputed. The ^ yM YTh-kino-,

also is mutilated ; some quotations from it are not now found in it. *

2142, The Hg -A existed at this time, and have, as a distinct people, continued to th«

present-day. Where Ihey not the aborigines, and the Chinese a Colony ?

2188, Kingdom of Egypt founded by Mizraira, the son of Bam.

2348, The Deluge recorded by Moses.

2366, Death of Methuselah.—2582, Death of Jared, 6th from Adam.

A Prince is here |)laced by some, who was called W ^S Te-che, and of whom it is

said, that# V^ iffi ^ 'He proceeded to ufnliroiled dissipation. Choo-foo-Uze

says, thatprior to this, it is impossible to fix the year of the Cycle. Mff J^' f^

•Ht 5^ '{Bb jfH that, ' It is impossible to give entire credit lo the traditions of

those remote ages.'

2330, Cycle said lo be formed by "^ J^ Ta-yaou, in the 61 year of J^ '^ Hwang-te.

^MW'^^TC^tWlil^ |i.ThecullureoftheM«lberry,theSilk.

worm, and Weaving, (is said to have) commenced with tt' 'oP Yuen-fe,' the wife

" "^ *t^ Hwang-te.

* Many of the above circumstances are taken from a work entitled lii '&s^ ^^ ;%nae-yu-tsung-kaou.)

(THRONOLOGY ] 58

The ^ ^ Three Sovereigns. *

lEAOU HAOU.

^ ift 'W yfft J0C'^^""S-te-yew-beung-she,

^ # K Te-yu-wang, -

^ Te-le,

^ 5^ Te-lae,

r^ i:"^^-^

lf^«

Te-miiig, . - - . -

%"' ;^ Te-chiiig, .....^* e^P ^ Te-lin-hwuy, - . . .

[S ft" Yea-te-shin-nuiig-sho, ....

:^ |[i J^ Neu-wo.she.

Hfi-- B /j^ ^ Pf Tae-haou-fuh-hcshe, ....Reign commenced, B. C. 3369.

Here Jfc 4^ ^ Choo.foo.tsze begins his History.

FABULOUS PERIOD.

it S. ^ Jin.hwang-she, 9 Brothers

j^ M PP- Te.hwang-she, U Brothers. ...."J? ^ Bf- T"been-hwang-she, 12 Brothers reigned.

J^ "^ Pwan-koo. First appeared after the Heavens and

earth were separated. He is represented as clothed

with a kind of apron of leaves; and holds in.one hand

the sun, and in the other, the moon.

Reigned

59 [CHRONOLOGr,

REMARKABLE OCCURRENCES DURIXG THE THREE SOVEREIGNS.

2799, Made caps and garraents.

Several things affirmed of this period K' •<% y^ )H 'li/iB /_^ P^ were all pushed

up by people who lived in subsequent ages.' (.Choo-foo-tsze.)

3254., Fiih-he, who tauLxht agriculture ; fi>hing; the care ofcatllo; marriage; music, &c.

Difference amongst Historians in the inanner and arrangement of this period.

Neu-wo-she, who melted stones and repaired the heavens. Though the character

Woinen forms part of the name, it is not known whether the person was a wo-

man or not, as there were no characters at that time. The characters were sup-

plied in subsequent ages to express the sound of the name. Some Chinese

Writers suppose, the story has a reference to an Inventor of the proper appli-

cation of 6re.

EXTRACT FROM CHINESE HISTORY.

"fc" ^ jlj Fang-kwan-shan says, that y^ ^^ Tae-keih. ' The First Principle,'

MOYiNG, produced [^ Yang; at rest or still, produced [f^ Yin. From the pre-ex-

istenceof -^ ;|:^ Tae-kelh, Yang and Yia were produced; these existing produced

I^TT ^l)\ Wan-wiih, i. e. ' All things," exclusive of Heaven, Earth and Man. Wan-wiih

existing, ^ J\^ Shing-jin ' Perfect men,' were born. But (he adds), hovp is it credible

that more than 10,000 years elapsed, as is asserted, (after the existance of~^ ^h Tae-

keih) before Yang was produced, and the heavens spread ; and that 10,000 years more

elapsed before Yin was produced, and the earth formed. That 10,000 more passed

before Yin and Yang united, to produce the various materi.il existences (expressed by

S i^ Wan-wuh) ; and further, that 40 or 50,000 years more passed away, before the

process of Yin and Yang was finished, and the Shing-jin ^ A appeared.

\2

CHRONOLUGY.] 60

^^ d^ J^ •{f/,Such a tale is contrary to all sense and reason. From

^ Yaou and ^ Shun, to the present time is not more than ^ :f- /^l tffe

Three thousand and odd jears. The^ /^ Three Dynasties M. Y^ SJ Hca,

Shang, and Chow were not equal in duration to ^- Tang and )p Yu, which

preceded them; and the latter Dynasties of y^ IS" Cl^ Han, Tang, and Sung, were

not equal to the ^ /ir San-tae. How can it be believed that 40 or 50,000 years

elapsed after the formation of the Heavens and the Earth, before man appeared, or the

earth and the water were adjusted, and food supplied to human beings ? or, that (if the

world had existed so long) these things should not have been arranged before /-fr ^^Fiih-he, and his successors? It is evident that -SS- "jt* Pwan-koo, who acted at the

separation of the heavens and earth, could not have been long before Fiih-he, perhaps,

a thousand years, certainly not 10,000; and the time of Fiih-he, must have been very

near S^ Yaou and ^S Shun, perhaps a hundred years, certainly not a thousand.

—No scholar should decline a thorough enquiry."

(Vide, jlljjj-J

ffl^ A view of History by Fung-chow.)

61 [geographv.

OUTLINE OF THE EMPIRE

1^1 MAN-CHOW FAMILY,

WHICH NOW FILLS TUB THHONE OF CHINA.!

THE whole Empire is frequently called by the Tartars -/r Ji? Efl Ta-fs'hinf-kwB

'The E.npire of Ta-ts'hing. The regions of Man-chow (Man-choo) Tartary, are called

^m. ^ Shin^-king. China proper may be distinguished by its ancient name ttl ^\Chung-kwo. The countries on the north of the III Jt? ;^ Wl Great wall, are

called ;^ "Q" Mung-koo; and the countries 0:1 the wis' and northwest, arc called

^ Jjj^ ^e-ylh. All beyond China proper, is sometinaes . enorainated H 4s. Beyond

the frontier.

The Chinese have undergone, perhaps, as many revolutions as any people on the

earth. They have been partially and completely conquered ; have delivered themselves,

and have been conquered again;—and the divisions of their country have undergone

a thousand diiTerent changes. Is it not the inflexible nature of their Language which

has contributed much to give them at all times an apparent sameness ?

In Statistical Accounts of the Empire, the relative distance of places is mentioned in

ffl Le, 250 of which makea Geographical degree ; but in Maps published under the

Astronomical Board, the distance is put down in degrees of Latitude and Longitude:

The latter reckoned from the meridian of Peking.

In the close of the Reign of ^^|i^ Keen-lung, a new edition of^ -jf^

— ^^ ' A complete Statistical Account of the Empire of Ta-tshing,' or the Manchow

Dynasty, was published. Amongst other things, it gives the Population and Antiqui-

ties of every part of China ; and some notices respecting the other parts of the Em-

GEOGRAPHY.] gg

pire. The countries seem divided Into such as are properly under the complete -orern-me„t of the rei,„i,.g fa,„ily

;those ,h.t are^ g attached, and to swell L list,

those that have -^^ honored them «ith o.cusional or regular tribute. *

The new territories ncnuired in the timp df v.:^^ iiquirea in me time ol Keen-lung, are represented as extend-

in?? from '1^ -^ Han-hae, or the desert-J/J/ ^^ Sha-mO on the cast, to p^ m ^^ Sa-raa-urh-han (Samarcand,, on the west. On the south to^^ L*-ts'a'ng,''or

Thibet, and on the north to -^^ ^ ^ Go-lo-sze (Russia): said to include a space

upwards of 20,000 Le in circumference. Of these^^ E-le is the seat of govern,

ment. II is distant from Peking io the northwest, J 0,820 le, nboiit 2,600 miles. In

Chinese Maps, said to be 44» 50" N. and 34° W. of the meridian of Peking.

The Edition of the above Work, now referred to, gives the names of Tartar places

according to a new fixed Olhograi.hy. U is directed, however, that the old Orthogra-

phy of the Chinese should also be slated, to prevent mistake. It may be presumed that

the new Orthography, made by TarUrs themselves, is sufficiently near to the true sound,

to enable the ear to recognise the name when pronounced. For the R following a

vowel, they use pjij Urh ; and for the r before o and u, they use fcft Lo and ^ Loo.

Sometimes these characters have a p by the side, as P^ Loo, or roo. ThcTH.as

occuring in the European Orthography of Tartar names, is expressed by ti Tih.

In the Chinese Government, there appears great regularity and system. Every dis-

trict has its appropriate officer; every street its constable, and every ten houses a

tything-man. They have all the requisite means of ascertaining the population with

considerable accuracy.

Every family is required to have a hoard, always hanging up in the house, and

* The Ta.ts"hing-y"ih-t'hung-rhe, does not profess to be An Account of all the

Nations of the World, but of the Empire of the Ta-tshing Dynasty; it includes only

nations over whom they have a right to hold domi'ilon. And that right, (w'lelber

they choose to exercise it <ir not) thcv found on the circumsfrnce of^ S ' Present-

ing Tribute.' When they include as firming pari of Ibcr Em|iire, the Nations

who j(^ g Tsin kuno^, it cnn no lon.rer I e a matter of doubt whnt the meaning of

thai phrase is. Whether it be advisable for European Sovereigns, in their intercourse

with China, io profess lo rci;;n under the sanction of His Imperial Majesty, as their

Liege Lord, is another question- The Ceremony, as it is loosely called, is the act of

homage or fealty.

63 [geography.

ready for the inspection of authorised officers, on which the name of all persons, men,

women, and children, in the house are inscribed. This board is called a PM I[^J Mun.

pae, ' Door-tiblel," because, where there are women and children wilhin, the officers arc

expected to take the account from the board, at the door. Were all the inmates of

a familj faithfully inserted, the amount of the population would of course be ascer.

tained with great accuracy. But it is said, this is not the case. Names are often

omitted, and the officers pass it over, cither from neglect, or from some consideration

given them by the head of the family, who, according to his situation inthecum-

munity, has various reasons to represent his family fewer than it is. One reason said

to operate sometimes is, that in urgent cases a conscription of every third male, able to

hear arms, has been made by the government. That, however, was an ancient regula-

tion, and is not applicable to the present Dynasty, which keeps up a constant standing

army. Every Tartar is a soldier. Others say, that amongst the poor, who constitute

the mass of the population in every country, the Mun-pae, or account of persons given

in, is generally crrect. To be the reverse, exposes them to informations and to much

trouble. This seems the more probable statement.

However, amongst Chinese, as amongst every other People, there is, either more

or less, a difference between what their institutions, opinions, and professions would

lead one to suppose was their character and practice; and what is really their character

and practice. Those who do not attend to this distinction, err egregiously in their

conceptions respecting whatever concerns the Chinese.

The JfjH /g6 * Original amount of l3 M Population, i. e. the Amount of the

Census taken at the beginning of the present Dynasty, is first given, and then the

'jlE 4 increase of Population since that time. The first was, probably about A. D. •

1644; and the last, about 1790.

* The Work itself does not state what the time of the original Census was, that it was

at the beginning of this Dynasty, rests on the verbal authority of natives.

geography.J 64

NAMES OF PLACES.

wi ^ Hing-king.

;^ -/r PS Fung-t'heen-foo, includes, M- Mand ^^ a" The present population is given al

n Sliing-king,

The 1^ 'jrl Yew-chow of vffl Han Dynasty,

and the region of ^^ Leaou and '^ Kin, who

held the aorthera part of China in the close of

TJ^Sung

S. % King-sze, or jg |^ Ch.h-le, or -^jgf S'Pihchih-Ie. TheProvince of Pe-che-leJ

The^ j^ Yen-kwB of the Dynasty I^ Chow.

Vt @S ^^ Kt-ang-soo Province,

Thej^ ^ Nan-kiug, of BB Ming Dynasty.

^^Gan-hwuy Province - - - .

These two Provinces are included under the

name j'J^^ Keang-nan

iLl l^ti ^^ Shan-se Province,

lUM 'M Shan-tung, Province . . .

f omt'ekin

1710

1470

Eiig,

milesahtmt

420

360

2400

2700

1020

800

In the time of the Dynasty Kj Chow, was^^ Tse-kwS, ^ jp^l Loo-kw«. The native

place of Confucius, also '^i ^ VVei-kwo,

and various others.

600

670

255

200

65 [geography.

Incre.nse of

Po)>ulalion

17i'0.

95,929

248,963

25,049,528

87,893

68,487

TOTALPopulation

390,714

3,504,038

28,967,235

1,438,023

1,860,816

25,447,633

REMARKS.

The scat of Government, wlien the present family first assumed

the regal or Imperial title, in 1615. The y\ ^jf Eight

Standards are put ilown at Uie very low mimber of persons which

appears in the column opposite. It is near to the native place of

the reigning family ; and distant about 60 miles to the east and

southward of ,^ p Shing-king, which is at once the name of

the whole Man-chow Territory, and of the present seat of

Government, in that region.

"cT^jj]

King-szc, is sometimes applied to the town of Peking!

sometimes to the whole Province of Pih-chih-le ; and ^ pi]l ^King-sze-too, denotes ' A Map of the Whole Empire.' Capital

district is I||B -jfv Rd" Shun-fheen-foo, which includes Peking,,

and is the seat of the Provincial Government.

Capital district JX. ^ Jj^-Keang-ning-foo.

Capital Dislrict ^ ^^ Gan-king-foo.

Capital Dislrict ;^ M /j^Tae-yuen-foo.

Capital District )^ ^S jM Tse-nan-foo.

«EOGRAPHy.] 66

KAMES OF PLACES.

VpT ^3 -M Honan Province. During Sj Chow

Dynasty, it was called ¥Si M Yu-chow. In

the time of^^ ^f:" Chun-tsew, it included the

territory of seven different states.

|5\ ^9 'H Shen-se Province, - . -

In the time of mfe ^ Chen-kwo, seat ofthe

court of ^Tsin,

"w BH" "H -^^l-siih Province,

LefromPciiin

Eng.aboutmiles.

1540

2650

Lat. N

385

662

4040

W JX ^ Chg-keang Province,

yX W 'g Keang-se Province,

i^)] ^ ^ Hoo-pfh Province,

lp}\ m H Hoo-nau T\ ivince - - - .

These two Provinces united, composed fflH

J^ Hod-kwang.

3300

1010

35°

35°

Lon. 1 Original

fromPekino

2°50'

Populationaliout 1644

2,005,088

S-SO' w

36°20'

825

4850 1212

3155

4550

788

1137

30°

2S°40

30°

28°20"

12-40W

3°30' r

l°50'w

3« w

>°j0 w

240,809

311,972

2,710,649

5,528,499

469,927

375,7t.'.'

67 [geography.

Incrca'ie of

Po|uilation

1790

617,SS1

16,895

28,114

16,264,540

393,661

24,134,442

8,722,£«8

Tf>T*L.

PoDulalion

2,662,969

257,704

340jOS6

18,975,099

5,922160

24,604,309

9,096,0)0

BEMARKJ.

Capital District Rul M" fS Kae-fuiig-foo. At (liflcrciiti)crio(!5

of Chinese history, called "ffl ^P Tung-king, 3fi Ki Se-king,

il' M\ P^'="-'^''"S. &c.

Capital district at Q ^ /j^Se-gan-foa. Of ^ "^ Soldiers

placed on the land, there are 109,524,

Capital district ^B l\\\i f^ Lan-chow-foo. Besides the popula-

tion "-iven in the column, tliere are "fn" HT Soldiers who culti-

vate the land 217,415; of those who W^ have changed their

names (the cause and circumstances of which do not appear)

15,868, and "f^ Ifij/ ^ ^ F* Foreign families who have

submitted to the govermnent, or emigrated thither, 57,331.

Capital district tn jU kX Hang-chow-foo. This and^ ljf\

to Soo-chow-foo, in yj^ ^^ Keang-soo Proviuce, are siid

to be the best districts in the Empire.

Capital district jfej g 1^ Nan-chang--foo, There are of people

denominated|]j| "y,^ ~p, and ]i^

"J"8,041.

Capital district •^r a IS- Woo-chang-foo.

Capital district -E- y/h J^ Cbanj-sha-foo.

X S

GEOGRAPHY.] 68

NAMES OF PLACES.I

Li-

fromEnmill's

n'ldiit

Lal.N,

Loii.

truiii

Pekin.j

E9 )ll '^ Sze-chuen Province, - - -

Before the time of ^Tsin, it was a barbarous

nation called |^ Sjj Pa-shiih.

MS ^fc '^ Fdh-keen Province. - -

In the time of j^ Chow, called -\^ MTs'hih-min, or the Seven barbarous states.

K W^ 13 Kwang-tung Province. - - .

In the time of ^j Chow, a fcreign dependant

stale. During theoal Si Chen-kwo period, was

•^^""^ ff^ Plh-yue. j^ ^ Che-hwang,

the Burnerof the books, seized it, and made it

^ j^.^ Nan-hi;e-keun, 'The Principality

of the southern ocean.' In the tiras of ^i|fe Han

it became m ^M j^ Nan-jue state or na-

tion. In -jQ Yuen, it was connected T>ith the

kingdom of^ Kj]- Keaou-che, or Ton-kin.

In the period of the^ j^ San-kwO, (the ,Srd

century) it was called j^ J,jJ Kwang-chow.

In 1366, it was called |^ th' Kwan<'-tun'^

(Canton), by the first Emperor of the last

Dynasty.

^S PEj ;& Kwang-se Province, - . .

In the^ ^J\^Chung-tsew period, was called

• H 9 M Pi'' >ue-te. X|l Yue, is now

5710

6130

7570

•y460

1487

1532

1S92

1865

99°40-

26°3'

23*I0'

'25°20'

Ori;;iMal

Population

iliout 161).

I2-50H 144,134

1»30e 1,468,145

4° w 1,148,918

"50 'w 205,995

69 [geogkaphy.

liitie;is<' of

ll'opul.ition

1700.

TorAL.I'opulutionI

216,383

342,353

7,789,782 These 7,789,782 are said to compose 1,765,899 families. Capita)

districtjj)(,^ /^ Chiiig-too-foo.

684,528 Capital district/"Jig

j^ Jf^ Fiih-chow-foo.

1,481,271

2,363,523 2,569,618

Capital district ^ j|| }]^ Kwang-chow-foo. The ^ j^Taii-hoo, or people who live in hoats in this Province, arc

considered a district race, JeL ^p /l\ ^ ^^ wh.se origin

cannot be traced ; fishing was oriiinaily their profession. ^?

Biln the fourth century, they amounted to upwards of 50,000!

boats, after J^ Ta ig they were numbered and taxed. Mj 'dt

^ 111 1370, they weie united along the sides of the rivers

and put under the chargeofanofEcer calledypj jR Wl^°'

po-so, 'The anchoring place officer,' and paid a tax in fish.

In marriage they made no previous bctrothment. The man

who wanted a wife, placed a platter of straw on the end of bis

oar, and the female who accepted his uflFer, did the same with a

basket of flowers, after which they united in singing barbarous

songs. ^ ][£ Yang-ching, about 1730, allowed them

to live on shore and cultivate the land. Poor people on shore

still consider it degrading to marry with them.

Capital district -^ ^i jf^ Kwe.-Hn foo. Of J^ "j"

who cultivate the land, there are 250.

Soldiers

GEOGRAPHY.] 70

KAMES OF PLACES.

LefromPfki.

often applied to this Province and the preceding

one. They are also called ^1 ^g Leang-

kwarig, as yX ©3i ^^^ VX ^5 ^^^ called

P^ )X Leangkeang

^. "ra -fi Yun-nan Province. -

m jfl .^ Kwei-chow Province,

8200

7640

Ell

milesnlioiil

2050

1910

Ion.Lat.N. from

Pekins

I'opulatioii

abiiiil

A. D. 1644

22°20'

24''40'

I6"30W

Q-SO

2,255,666

51,089

Theahove are all the Provinces of China Proper. These Provinces are divided iuto

j^ Foo andj>J<j

Chow, which are larger cantons, including under them, smaller districts

called J^ Hiien, which have subordinate Departments called^ ^^ ^ Seuu-keen-sze,

and which include a few^ Tsun, or villages.

71 [geography.

Increasi* ot

Popiilnlion

1700.

827,7^3 3,083,459

2,890,303 2,941,391

Capital district^ ^ t^ Yun-nan-foo. Bordered on Ihesoutli

'•y ^ [ilh Kcaoii-che, (Ton kin), on the wcsl by |lj]l ^Meen-ti-cii, (or Pegu) and on the north by n4- ^^ Too-fan.

There is said to be no increase of population, the 827,793 are

what are called H^ "j Foo-ting.

Capital district g ^a Rd- Kwei-yang-foo.

The whole Population as thus given by the best authority is below One Hundred

and Forty-three Millions, which differs widely from the account given to the English

Embassy, at Peking, in 1793, and also from the accounts contained in Grosier. From what

source he obUined his^^ ^ Chung-min-shoo, 'Number of the people,' I do not

know. 1 have enquired in vain for a document so designated. Allow 2 Millions

'or the army and civil list, and 2 Millions for people who live in boats, still the whole

amount will be under 150 Millions.

Nations, Tribes, or hordes of Shepherds, who |{E ^ |^ [^ 7)C ^ )^ ^being destitute of fixed habitations, move about to whatever place a plentiful supply

of water and pasture invites them, leave no monuments to perpetuate the memory

of past events. -The /fejl Vlj^Heung-noo, and i^ H Keth-tan, and others who for-

merly inhabited the countries now occupied by the Mung-Uoo's, have left nothing

but there names on the page of Chinese History.

The present ^ "jff Mung-koo Tribes, extend on the East toM f| ^ H'l"-

ung-keang, the river Amour; on the west to |^ ^1 E-le; on the south to /^ i^

Cfeang-ching, The Great Wall ; and on the north pass beyond the desart ^^ ^^ Sha-mO.

SEOGRAPHY.] 72

ttl*1^2ltThe old dependant Mung-koo's, consisting of Fifty-one Standards, are situated iti

the following; places:

73 [geographv.

^ '# Ij^"^

recently attached mung-koos.

1. ^X Hf Mi'ihchini;, for the breed of horses. Dl^lant from Peking, N. E. 1250 le.

2- ^ Ho"^ Chii-hi-urh, 8 Stindards, N. W. 1000 le. ^ /J^ Wanderiiij

Shepherds.

^' P^- M P^'^'''"''' '''''' Gerghis, [^ *-|| Four tribes, 74 standards; extend-

ing on the East to the river Amour ; ontheWesllo|IpJ ^^ ^ O-nrb-tae Moun-

tain and E-lc. On the South lo the desert Sba-uiu, and on the North to Kiissia. From

E. to W. 5000 lj; from N. to S. 3000 le. Divided into three V^ Khan. Fon^Mit

with the/g 'ffl 4i Gihloo fib, Eleutbs, when the Emperor of China interfered,

iHe allowed them to reliin th; title of ^T* K"han, and conferred the hereditary rc<'al

title, together with various titles of nobility, I© ^^ ^ tpjj Ij?. ^ ^ ztr

^ ^ iih^ which they call Wang, Pei-lih, Pei-tsze, Kung, Tae-keih. Some

say, they correspond to King, Duke, Count, Marquis, &c. ; apparently similar to what

is caILd the Feudal System in Europe.

4. "m" >iro Tsing-bae, anciently called ^G -^ Se-hae. Foreign name is J^ ^/^ M JS % ^Koo-koo-churElcuths, liesS. W. 5070 le, between "j^ ^ Kan-

sub, on the West of China and Thibet. it Wf M ^f Pll^ ^ P^ ^ ^^nh Mj It is the land where the Toirgoutbs and Gerghis feed their flocks.

6. g 1^ «e-tsang, Thibet, extends E. and W. 6100 le ; N and S. 6500. Lies

on the west of ^^i jyl Ynn-nan and JU Ijl Sze-chuen. Countries on the west of

it, they denominate ^ :^ [g] p^ jAc '/^^'}il

Western Mohainedan tribes,

and great sandy desart. On the north are ^ /© >S. u'PTsing-bae and Moha-

luedaci tribes.

The Chinese observe the same divisions as are mentioned by Europeans, viz. pfa

1^ Chun-tsing, ' The Centre or Middle Thibet;" J'^ j^ How-tsang, 'Upper Thibet."

and ^ 1^ TstJen-tsang, 'Lower Thibet.' In the Middle Thibet, is the capltaljjj; If,^

La-sn, sometimes writteng^j |^ La.sa, Lassa; which is distant from ]M III Sze-chun,

34&0 le.

Chinese say, that the natives call their country MI Yj^ ii Too-pTh-lih,The

SEOGRAPHY.^ 74^

Thibet, and also S^ "g* 'W Tang-koo-lih. Same as what the Chinese formerly

called pTL ^^^ Too-fan. Fan, probably denoting Foreigner, and Too, the first syllable

of the proper, name ; for the Chinese like to abbreviate long Foreign names. In fact

their own names of places are often abbreviated, one syllable of a well known name is

used, instead of three or four. Recently, A. D. IS15, His Imperial Majesty found

fault with the writers about court for taking this liberty with various Tartar names.

^F 1^ Yung-lO, of the Dynasty, Ming, (about 1430), bestowed the regal title ^^Wang, on eight of the Priests of Thibet. Each is accompanied with a sentence in praise

of the person receiving the title, and all referring to the excellence of the religion they

professed, or of their zeal for it, and being ornaments of it ; one of them is literally

S^ ^f 3E ''^'"o' defender of the Faith,' or the religion taught.

HIM ilp^''""S-cl'e, of the present Dynasty conferred ^ fflj ^ A^ Golden

books and a golden seal no the nfe p^ La-ma, with the title ^ ^ ^ ^ ^^fe Y^ ' The greatly good and self-existing Fiih of the Western Heaven.'

^& ^ ^ i^ ^^ I'm P^ ' According to their tradition, they had an

ancestor whose name was Kih-pa, and who lived at Lassa. He first introduced the

religion of the Yellow-cap. (as that of Lama is called). In succeeding ages, Kan-tun-

kea-muh-tso, established the Te-pa to govern the country. So-no-rauh-kea-rauh-tso,

was the first who was called Ta-lae Lama, (Delai Lama.)

The period of this may perhaps be ascertained by the following remark,^ j|g Jpu

ml •"" ^X *'"^ temple of Poo-ta-la, which is the residence of the grand Lama, was first

built by the Pjt ^ Too-fan, in the time of -^ ~^ A, D. C60, and^ {tt^ |^after the Five Dynasties (about 740), Ta-lae Lunia and the Te-pa rebuilt them.

In the 32th year of Kang-he, the Lama died, orasthey sometimes express it pr;; ^^' Manifested silent rest," and the Te-pa concealed it sixteen years liom the Chinese.

After this, the 'I& fla ^ Chin-ko-urh from the north, invaded Thibet, overcame,

burnt and destroyed the temples, and drove away the priests. The Delai Lama took

refuge in a temple of -tf" "^ Kan-siih Province. Kang-he, 53rd year, an aruiy was

Sent and reduced Thibet again under subjection to the Chinese.

'^ [geography.

In tlie 3Sii(1 year of Karg.Iie, the Tc-pa was sljlcd j^ jft ^+. IM ~f I^'"g "f

Thibet.' I;i llij 4lli year uf Kl-eH-luno;, he appoiiilcd a person in 'I'hibct with the title

--}- King. In his 12lh j ear appointed the King's son, and in the 1.5th jear put him to

death, and a|poii,tcd f|rt jl^ ^ l/t| bl '""'" I'ohlus to assist in the government of

the country.

In his 4Jlh y;:ir, ^ J^ ^' }0^ Pan-shen Lama, who is ihe second in digi ity,

came to Peking, and we.,t to rot, i. e. died. It is said, that liis Majesty sent him back

to Thiliet in a -g^ ^ Gohlen pagoda, or Miusoleum.

The Poo-lo-ia teni,de, it is said ([n the Ta-tshing-chc), is 367 cubits, 4 tenths high.

The tps of the num. rous buildings are covered with gold. There are in the temple

many gold and siher Pagodas; aiid images ofFiihoutof number, made of gold, or

silver, or valuable stones.

The people of Ihibet b ffr /fj^ ^Cj III Trade at Sze-chuen. The road from

Peking to Lassa lies through Bh tSf tlic District Se-ning, in the Province Kan-siih.

Tribute is brought every two years.

6. Ftj ^ J0_'^. ^ Se-taou Gih-loo-tiih, the western Eleuths. 3 Standards.

Distant from Peking 5000 le, and situatedoa the south of Shamo desert down to the

frontier of "y" yfi Kan-siih Province.

They are the descendants of the Dynasty Yueu, and immediately from Rpf pJw

O-loo-tae, which is|/j/ JR Iq |& ^J^ Erroneously written Gih-loo-tih, or Eleuths,

A

NEW EOnNDAniES ON THE WEST.

The whole of this extensive country, (see Page 61), is under the government of a

yS^ ]|fe Tseang-keun, which term commonly denotes a military commander, but in this

case, the authority both Civil and Military is vested in him. He was first appointed

in the 27th year of Ki-'cn-lung. The records of any intercourse with VU ^^ the

Western ii.land Countries, commences in the time of V^ rdj^ JS} Hau-woo-le, B. C.

too, when they became acquainted with thirty-six difiereul nations.

V

geography] Tv

I. 'fe ^!/ E-l ' is til? seat of Government, and is distant from Pekinft/N.W, 1S2T

le. There is a H^ ^ TsL'anj;-keun (willi autl'.orily similar to the Tseantj-kcim of E-le).

at^ S^ Vf. Hlh-lung-keaii^, or the river Amour. Distant from Peking 'jn the N. E.

830 le; and 2000 Ic distant from tlie j^ ^ ^ ^ Russian frontier.

At the town of E-le, in 1790, there were soldiers of difTereiit Irihes, 10,640

People connected with the ^ ^ {fe Eleuths, 3,155

Turgouth shepherds, 25,595

Of Mohamedans 6,000 families, (they are put down at 20,356.) perhaps^>• 30,000

equal to, J

Chinese 71 families, S90

Criminals transported, 244

Total Population, 69,9->4

^" }M "^ P^ Pa'1 ^ ^ Koo-urh-klh-la-woo-soo, A military station on the

East side of E-L'. 348 soldiers who cultivate the land, and a few criminals.

^' ^Sl E I'M "Pfa-urh-pa.k«-t.ae, on the north east of E-le, extending to

the borders of Russia. Eleuths, 3516 families, making 11,737 p-rsons. Tourgouths

944 families, making 4200, all removed from E-le in the 42nd year of Keen-lung.

4. nK ^ H5 meth, Hami, Lat. N. 43, W. Lon. 22° 40'. Distant from Peking 7180

le. Country destitute of water, long cold and vast quantities of snow. Water is daily

procured fiora melted snow. Mohamedan subjects, 1950 families, 12,163 persons.

5. 0^ ^Peih-chen, to the W. of the preceding place. N. 43°. W. 25°. 30'. On

the South side of the ^ ill T'htjen-shan, ' Heaven mountains.' In this range of moun-

tains there are jjiTf fS ill Ke-lcen-shan ; ^ jlj Seiih shan, ' Snow-mountains," &c.

They extend from E. to W.6000 le. On the .south are the fp] ^|) -Mohamedan tribes.

On the north are the ^ pg| || f^ Chin-kO-urh tribes. ^ ^ ^^ (1) ||$

P^ p Peth chen, is The door to the Mohamedan tribes. Of Mohamedans, there

are 2937 families, 1373 persons.

6. pAw p^l] ^j)h ^ Ha-la-sha-urh, is 1 600 le wefst of the preceding. Distant from

Peking 9100 le. Mohamedans, 1330 families, 5390 persons.

^l| "yk Sae-la-miih, to the S. W. of the following. Mohamedans, 600 fa.

'i7 [chronology.

milies, 1697 persons. A people called f£.Pae, 563 families, 1735 persons. Produces

red copper and salt pctre.

8. Rfe j|£ Koo-chay, N. 4 1" 50' W. 3 t°. To Peking ISOO lo. Mohamedans, 1 1 12

families; 4660 persons. ^^ /fft Rji Sha-ya-urh, families 673, 1898 persons.

g. Kpt ^itk O-kih-soo, N.4r. W. 35. Mohaniedan,756 families; 24,607 persons.

10. ^ Y+ Woo-slilh. N. 42°. W. 36''. Mohamedans, 822 families; 3258 persons.

" P^ 'fi' PM ^ Kih-sluli-kr.-urli, Cashgur, N. 41° W. 43°. To Peking 11,925

le. Mohamedans, 14,036 families ; 66,413 persons.

On the west is the ^S >fS Tsunj-lin^ Mountain, which is a continuation of the

~fr |,|_|T'heen-shaii. This mountain produces lar<;e -^ Tsung, or Onions, and

hence its name. It is the Si Be Screen that limits the ^ ]^ Western Regions.

The river 'W^ '^S\ ^^^ VpT Y6-urh-keang, takes it rise from this mountain; the 36

nations of the ancients were bounded by it; produces gold, red copper, silk with gold

interweaved; and cotton.

12. ^ ^' ^i^ Y^-urh-keang 500 le south of Casbgar. Mohamedans, 15,574 fa-

milies, 65,495 persons.

13. ^1^ Hoteen,N.35°30'.W. 34°. Moharaedans,13,642 families,44,630persons.

The families do not seem lo average more than 5 or 6 Persons. *

THE LATITUDE AND LO NCIT'JDE OF THE FOLLOWING PLACES, ARE GIVEN IN THE

CHINESE IMPERIAL MAP OF THE WORLD.

14 1^ ^ If^Pih-too-nah, N. 46° 20.' E. 8° 40'.

15. ^P M# Gu-urh-shen, N. 36°. W. 47°

16. 1^ ;fjj ^ Ne-poo-tsoo, N. 53° 30.' W. 11°

,7 ^•^. f^ ^ Woo-loo-miih-tse, N. 44* 30' W. 28'

18. P %! ^ Pa-le-kwan, N. 44°. W. 23.

19. pF[ A^ Pa-pa-tah, N. 35°. W. 45°.

qflTfcj fe /j4 Poo-loo-tih, N.38*. W. 50°. There is '^ and^ of this name.

The famous Zhehol is in Chinese, |/l Jpj"Jg-ho. Ho-tun, is ^jP] f^ Ho-tun.

That a Population of about four thousand persons should, in a few years ac-

quire a dominion the most extensive of any in the world, is a remarkable case. How

Tariable the condition of nations and of men!

GEOGRAPHY.] "^S

^ ll ^ ffi

NEW DEPENDANT TERRITORIES.

J. yfcr p/^ R3: "^ Left Iliiu-ba-klh, Hassacks or Cossacks. From south to north,

lie between E-le and Russia. On llie N. W. "f 'he ^^^ ^ Chiu-ko-urh

tribe. Their tribute p-isses bj the way of E-le to Peking.

^' /& ''^ i^^ ^'^^^ Hassacks, 2080 le to the west of the preceding.

3. ^ ^ ^ it±Ent Po(..loo-t:h,liel400btotheS.W. ofE-b. Tlieir tribute

passes through RJ ^ the Mohimedan cantons to Peking. Tiiey are a p 'opis

fond of gain and of qiiarrjling. They do plough ; but prefer flocks. Lie on the N.

ofy^ jjj Th'Jen-shan mountains.

'*• ^ ^ ^ A{± West Poo-loo-t7h. SituatedontheN.W.ofCashgur,andofthe

^l ii^ Tsu"g-ling Mountains. Entirely wandering shepherds. On the West, they

extend to ^ pK SJ Poo-hhO-urh.

^ ^Ho-han,N.W. of Cashgur, 880 le; joins the preceding; on the VS^est,

bounded by T& 'fy ^?Ta-shlh-han: Occurs in Chinese History under different names.

6. ^ :^ 5i§Gan-tseih-yen, N. 37°. W.40-.

7. ^ <(y ^ Ta-shlli-kan, 1 300 le north of Cashgur. Send their Tribute through

the Mobamedan Cantons. Woody and fertile region.

8- k^ ^B. !^ Ui P'^-t^-kth Mountain, to the S. W. of Cashgur, amongst the j^).vj Tsun«'4ino- Mountains, (the mountains of leeks.)

9_ -Ha V5C ^B Pfi-lo-urh, on the eastside of the preceding.

10. ^ ^ ^Gae-ookan, on theS. W. of^^ ^ "tj" Pa-ta-kih mountain.

11.3^:^13 ffil glf Han-too-sze-tan, Hiiidostan, on the S. E. of the preceding.

In the time of Han, the iKji ^ Ke-pin nation occupied the territory. The people of

this country are skilful artisans, and excel in working gems, Tihich they [olish with

water and not with sand. They are neighbours to the -Fj L'l) Ts" [^ 'P'*'^ Yin-too,

Indo, or Geiitoo nations. They are a people fond of trade, and formerly carried on com-

merce with the Mohamedans of Ye-urh-keang. In ths 25th year of Keen-lung, when

the Western territories were settled. His Majesty published a Proclamation to those

people, and conferred gifts upon them. Commercial intercourse goes on now as formerly.

79 [geography.

It was anciently called-JJ^^ 5jj^ Xfl WSti.loo-sze-tan, which, after an eraminalion of

"H ;X.t'^e language of Fan, is changed to what is correct, viz. ikC ^K Mjr ifl

In the time of jM ji^ ^j*j about 100 years B.C. the Chinese intercourse with

India commenced : and in hooks of tliat period, there are accounts of the civilization

and riches of the country. It is said, that several of the Ambassadors from China

were put to death by the Princes of India, and-Jf^ /^ Yuen-te discontinued the in-

tercourse. In the time of tb' TSp Ching-te, at the commencement of the Christain

Era, the people of India sent an Ambassador to China, |H| 3^ to make an Anolo"-v-

(India is here spelled jHS |S Ht;en-too).

In this part of the Work, there are several notices of -^ ^^ Sjf -44}-Sae-m6-iirh-

kan,Samarcand, and of the great wealth and splendour of a city called j}^ ^&)^ ?ew.secn

(Shu-shan ?) The king was crowned with gold, and sat on a throne of >'old. In the time

°^ 5C IS ""'' ^ n^ about A. D. 630 ; an Ambassador came from thence to China.

12. U^^ ^ [i^ Ha-li,seeras(Delhi),upwardsof llOOlefromthe Western frontier

of China, and 2400 le south of Samarcand. The title of the Prince is noticed, A i^

"/_ ^^ @5 HH Je. P^^ons honor him by the name Soo llh-tan (^nltan). Some

surrounding states are mentioned, and all of them said j,^ -^ ^) '—'Jpj

*°

observe a weekly division of time, and a Sabbath, which in the language of the place,

is calledjjp| jj^ ^ 0-te-na. This day is considered J^ cj ™"*' hlesscd, and

tL ^f: '^ _gX '©' all who worship Heaven assemble to do so.

13. The reign of^ "^ fM Tih-mo-urh, Tamerlane is noticed, and his being the

husband of a Princess of tt" Yuen.

14.^ ^ ijS T'heen-fang kwij, ' The Celestial Country,' or otherwise^ ^jLo.kwo, Arabia Felix is mentioned, 'g* ;^i. Seuen-tlh, about 1430, sent an Ambassa-

dor thither. The voyage is represented a; lasting three months. The pretentions of

3^ P^ ife Ma-ha-mo-tih, (Mohamed) are mentioned. There is no rain in the

country, and vogetaliou is promoted by the dew which falls at night.

15. £ M|] |^£ Pa-iil>-te, is a sm:ill state on the East of Hindostan, consisting only

of a few Ihousmd persons. Unknown till they submitted to the armies of Keeo-lung

inhis25lh year, when pursuing his conquests in that quarter.

The dependence on China, of some of the above states, scrms merely nomiua?,

as all who send Ambassadors vfith presents to China, are said to offer Uibule.

GEOGRAPHY.] 80

^ pi

HT TRIBUTE

RECORDS OF THE iTj^ ^h BOARD OF RITES AND CEREMONIES.

THE NATIONS WHICH HAVE BROUGHT TRIBUTE TO CHINA, AS THEY STAND ON THE.

I. ^}| B^ Chaou-seiin, Corea, otherwise called ^ h§ Kaou-le, whence the name

Corea. In the period of the mt j^ Chen-kwO, B. C. 300 years, it belonged

to the kingdom ij^ Yen. Also called je^ /^^ Kaoii-keii-le; tho two lattc

.syllables denote a colt. A person of the name r~^ Kaou fled thither on a colt, and

founded the kingdom in the close of ^S Han, A. D. 100.

n. ^ ^ Gan-nan, Cochinchina. Anciently called ^ ^ Nan-keaou. In the

time of ^^ w How-han, A. D. 250, a Prince rebelled, and affairs being again

arranged, the boundaries were marked by a ^[pj tPX- brass pillar. In the northern

part were ^ Pj}^ ^ "tl 1^ Keaou-che, and other small states, seven in

number; the region now called Tonking. 5|| jj^ Ying-chiiig, A. D. 1730,

made a settlement of the limits, and gave to the reigning Prince the title pi

^ 1^ ijj^Jih-nan-she-tsoo, It denotes ' The Sun of the .South, through

ages happy,' which he still uses on oiBcial documents.

HI. Tm^ Lew-kew, the Lekyo islands. Little or no intercourse with China till

the Dynasty jr Yuen. More intercourse during the present Dynasty. Their

features appear remarkable to the Chinese, on the same account as the Europeans

do, \iz. yS g -M- S, ' deep eyes and long noses.'

IV. ^ fi Ho.lan, the Hollanders or Duch. )^ ^ '^Mt-'^T^'M.tb j^ ' In ancient times a wild territory which had no intercourse with

China.' The first persons who appeared, were very remarkalle for their deep

eyes, long noses, and the hair of their heads, eyebrows, and beards, being all red ;.

hence they were denominated iij .^ j^ Hung-maou, ' The Red-h lired nation,'

a terra which has since been transferred to the English ; and which is again giving

way to the name j^ "^^|J

Ving-keih-le, English.

81 [geographt-

"V. ^^ iMi Tsi-i-n-lo, Siam, situated on the South west of [t uw Clicn-chiii", which

is the^ J2 1^ Chih-too nation of W Taug.

VI. TO yY"^"^-y^"?' Western Ocean, the name assumed by ^|| Jffi W MMtlhew

Ricci, when he came to China in the time of m ^ Wan liilh, (1580), he seems

to have intended by it the whole of Europe; in which sense it is often used.

But in later times, it has come to denote the Portuguese alone. It is said, that

His Majesty was gratified with the distance which he had come; treated him

graciously, and retained him. Afterwards many of his associates came who all

boasted great things of their ancestors. JS S ^ Ml Ew S' IsI Matthew

had a Map of the World, by which he endeavoured to give the Chinese a[i idea of

it. An outline of the great divisions of the world is inserted, with some

mistakes, j^ iSj ^£ /^ ^ E-sze-pa-ne-a, (Hispania); ^^ J^^^Fii-lang-

cha, (France); B VT S_ t[{? E-til3-a, (Italy), &c. are inserted, with accounts

of their Manners ; perhaps as accurate as our accounts of foreign countries

soinetimcs are. They are a littlj inflated, and appsar something modified

by passing through the hands of the Chinese. It hat not yet become the fashios

in China to study Universal Geography.

VII. f^ |w Soo-lC, the Sso-IoJ of the Philipine Isles. In the time of fir ^^ Yung-

lo, A. D. 1420, three or four of their Princes came, accompanied by their wires

to China, on an Embassy. Brought pearls, tortoise shells, &c.

VIII. [^ ^ Nan-chang, or Jg^ Laou-chwa, (D'Anville, kingdons of Tanking)

came with tribute in the time of yhr *£ Yung-lo, A.D. 1420. Brought Elephants.

IX. ^KM Hr or -^ S^ ttf Go-lo-sze, (Russia). This name began in the time of

^ Yuen, 14th Cejitury. In the t'™^"*K'^g Shun-che, A. D. IG50, they

-were, on the river Amour, called^ ^IJ Lo-cha. About that time, they built

the town ^ ^]^ Ya-kih-sS, (Ya-kutsk). In the 15th year of Keen-lung.

an Ambassador came from Russia. His Majesty '=^, V'j fcfr Hy ^§ j^\\

^ 1^^ l^M.^'^^""^ ^^^ Ambassador tj restrain the people of Lo-cha,

end not allow them to disturb the frontier. They howerer continued to do

aEOGRAPUY.3 "^

so, and His Majesty sent troop's against thrm, who compelled them to su!)mits

after which affairs went on as liefore. This ^uspension of arms lasted, however,

but for a short lime ; and in the 24th year thry were again attacked and sur-

rounded (or besieged) by the Chinese, or rather Tartars. Next season,^ y^

pf- Cha-han-kan (Catherine), sent an Ambassador who made an acknowledge-

-^ 1 ^ P a If ^ ^ if J^ I? 1^ ;5:' ^he acknowledged

the crime which had been committed, and said. Should the people on the

frontiers of (our) the inferior nation quarrel and fight, it is proper for us to punish

them severely ourselves. We beg you to raise the siege of Yakutsk, and request

you will decide the limits' His Majesty issued a proclamation permitting it.'

In the 28th year, persons were sent 'oJg^ ;^ ^ (""^ /^ '^ /£ ) ^ !^

Ne-poo-chaou, or ne-poo-lsoo, (Tobolskoi ?) to settle the limits. Yakutsk and the

neighbouring places reverted to the Chinese. On the north the river ^;^^^VK/JiK K.h-urh-peth-tse was made a boundary, and a monument erected by the

side of the river.

• The city at which the king of the country resides, is called Mosze-ko-wa, (Mos-

cow or Muscovy), near the great north-west sea ;" very remote from Peking.

It is said, that the nation was at first small and weak, but rose by force of arms,

and is now AV £] ^ 1^ ^ ^^ ^ M S an extensive country,

stretching upwards of 20,000 le. In the time of Kang-he, they sent persons to

study at Peking. ^ ^^ ^ M ^ ^^ t^ Hk BM it ¥) t^ MBj] ^(r . A •& ftfy ^^ /V ' "^ school was established on purpose

fyr them, and a Manchow teacher withaChincse teacher appointed, (about 1"00).

X. FJ ^^ Jih-pun, (Japan), the ancient ^ W ^ Wei-noo nation. Called Jih-

pun, 'Day source," from being situated in the region of tlie risii g sun. /g jS.

^p ^ g First came with tribute in the time of How-han, (third Cenlury).

Thty "^ {^ ^ 'fa '^ yi V»'"e the books of the learned, and believe the

doctrines of l-iih.

XI, ^ Q?Leu-sung, Luzon or Manilla, and hence the name has passed to Spain. The

83 [geography.

first is now called /]^ g ^ Little Le.i-sung, and Spain is called ^^ ^ ^Great Leu-sung. In the time of '^^ Wan-kih, about A. D. 1600, the Pirate

taoukeen, fled thither when pursued by the goTernmcnt forces, and the people

of the place assisted in attacking the pirates, which act was meritorious.

XII. '^ ^ ^ Ha-raeaou-le, some islanders near to Manilla, in theW ^fS Eastern

sea, accompanied the Ambassadors from Ava.

XIII. ^ 5^ 1^' Mei-lfl-keu, (Moluccas), first heard of in the beginning of QFj Ming

Dynasty, about 1420.

^»^- nm^i^^ IP 1 M- ii t: ts # s^^ ^^S Jll About A. D. 16C0, the Franks and Dutch contended about those

countries, arid every year had battles, which alarmed the natives." Many Chinese

were there for the purchase of spices, and used their influence to reconcile con-

tending parties. The Franks and Dutch then divided the Islands. They made

^r lai |J^ Laou-kaou-shaii their boundary, on the north of which were the

Franks, and on the south the Dutch.

It is curious to observe the light in which these things were represented at the

court of Peking. It is added, that though the two Foreign nations divided the

counlr), the native Prince remained. HR M ffil Jt [^ ^^ ^fe ^'Mf -tt/

' He was made dependant, but his kingdom was not destroyed.'

XV. 'jlK Ji# PoJo, a people on Borneo, otherwise called -yf ^fe WSn-tsae. First

sent tribute in the time of ttj ^ ^^ Hi Tang, about 670.

XVI. te' ^ ^|| Pang-ko-la, Bengal. ;fr ffij' -^ On the Western (Indian) ocean.

"^'"^ '^ (J# :^ ^ [M Sh'n-tuh nation of Han. In the time of^ -7^

How-han, (3rd century) called ^^ Theen-chuh. Also called ^ |it W^ Po-lomun, Brahmin land.

7*C — ^P 5. J^ ^ Thiien-chiih is

the same as Woo Yin-too. Tl>e first »yllable denotes 'five,' the other two

seem to make ' India, or Gentoo,' i. e. the Five Gentoo Nations.' In the

^- ^ jffH Year 930, A Chinese Priest travelled into the nalion.s of the west

lEEOGRAPHY.] 84

He travelled twelve years, six of vrhich he spent among the^ htj ^ Five

Hindoo rations. ^ -^ 'E.^ j^ In the time of Sung, (A D. 980)

another pr'est travelled to -fr ^^ India, and brought back a letter from the

King ^^ if^ ^ Miih-se-nang. On being translated, it read j^ ^ ^ ^[Jm * ^ M ^ ^p IB ^- M f^ ^ m '

'''-'= -«"'"y

heard that there is in W ^K Che-na (.China) an illustrious King, must excellent

;

most august and powerful ! I blush to think of my ill fortune, by wbich I am left

without the means of obtaining an interv ew with your Majesty. At a distance,

I look towards "t* BR Che-na, and wish Your Sacred Fer^on, rising or at rest,

ten thousand bles^iiigs.'

A Priest from India accompanied the Chinese Priest to Peking with a document

similar to the preceding. The Itinerary of the Priest is then inserted, contain-

ing a dry list of the names of places, and the days" journey between each.

In the next reign, a VK ^fe l-^ i^ Brahmin Priest came to Peking. And

%i f)|xKeen-tih, in the year 950. |t ij' Pi H W A A X ^ ^

•O ^'J /^ H^ ^ f^'Ordered Three hundred Sha-mun Priests to goto

India ai.d procure relicks of Fiih, and the books of Buddhab (Pci-to-y6.) The

itinerary (or quotations from it) of these three hundred pcrsoi.s is given, in

which they tell "^ tl>e^ |^ ^^^ ;^^ Pagodas, temples, traces, yes-

tiges, or miracles of Fiih, which they saw in immense numbers. And yj^ .Vn

7p1 ^ "^ A f-^ M ^^^^"S passed the river Hang, they saw a large (figure

of) fow-too (Buddhah) on the soutbside of it. "1^ jP\ Hang river, appears to

be tlie name used for the Ganges l)y the Chinese Priests. They often recite Vg^

r'i y'y^ ^ fS' ^ ^"^ '*''" exists (in forms or persons) numerous as the

sands of the river Ganges.'

An Ambassador came from Bengal in the sixth year ofW ^ Yung-lO, A. D.

1417, and also during the lOth jear. After this they ceased to come. jSI -{A. [^

"/? IS] :^H^^ i ^'"-- '^"''''^ate the doctrines of Buddhah and do not

destroy animal life.

XVII. ^ -^ Koo-le, A place in the Bay of Bengal, three days sail from j^ j^

85 [geography.

O-che, which in Chinese Maps, is placed in the site of Arracan ; ten dajsjourner

from Ml ^ ^C'h-lan. From Koo-le, (Calicut <ir Calcutta?; the person who

Trent from China to Arabia in the fifteenth century, set sail. First Embassy to

China in the reign of ^i\^ |jl^ Yung-lO, A. D. 1410.

XVIII,+pj ;^ O-che. Intercourse with China commenced during ^^ Sung Dynasty.

^ ^ ^ Tliey are of the Buddhah rclision.

^'^' ^ 1^ ^ Selh-lan (Ceylon .>) nation. By the side of the sea, there is on a

rock, the print of a foot three cubits long. At the f< ol of a hill is a trniple^ ^jljii ^ i^ IPl]^ /::|c t '" "li'*^'' '' ll'e real Itody of Fiih I) ing on its side on

a couch. '^ '^ i^'^ ^'^/f.\]^y the side are teeth of Fiih, and

relics which are called Shay-le.

XX. ^ ]^- 3^ ^ Se yang-s( -le, appears to be a place in the Bay of Bengal.

Amliassadors came to China in the 14th century, and brought with them Pepper

which they sold. The use of gg i¥. Sc-yang, by th.s pelty state, puzzled

the Boards at Peking, when Matthew Ricci went there and called biinselt "m -^

J[^ A man from Se-yang; they thought he had been from Ihe same place as the

^ ^ So-le. It is said, that there is a degree of obscurity with respect to

this people, as those from jfc JM, Chen-ching, j^ ^£ Tseen-lo, ^^ ^Selh hn, andypT *jt 0-cho, all called Iheniselves So-le people.

XXI. ^ j3tj "JK" i|i|[ Soo-mun-la-b,(Soom tra). to the S W. of jh ^Chen-ching.

Afterward changed the name to ^ 1^ A-tsi-e, (Acl.eer.)

XXII. f6i w[ ^ij Nan-pi5.le, Moharaedans, three days sail from Soo-ma-taJa.

XXIII. (^ i^jj^ Chen-ching, (Perhaps Carabodgia.) TheH; S Linyih of ;&; Tsin.

A violent warlike people. Country proiluces gold, el. phants, &c.

XXIV. JH, Hfel Chin-la, or t^ jja Chen la, originally called it r^ Foo-nan. During

the Dynasty i\^ Yuen, subdued Chen-chiijg. Elephants, gems, &c.

XXV.jjj^

[^Kwa-wa, ATa,(Inthe 'mperiil Map of the World put for Java.) The

ancient ^ 'J^ [^ Too-po nation. In /r Yuen Dynasty first called Ava. It

GEOGRAPHY.] 86

"IS ifi ^ W /^ Hi^ ^^^ thoroughfare of all the Fcreisnerj on the

south west. Began its intercourse with China during -jr AT S© Sung Dynasty.

XXVI. 'i^ yfrj PiS-ne, formerly connected with the preceding.

XXVII. HS^ ^ ^Mayg-ung; ten days sail from Chen-ching.

XXVIII. — fro 7'3P San-fuh-tse, adjoins Chen-ching. Was subdued by Aw.

XXIX fife ^^ Fiih-lang-ke, the Franks or French, first denoted Europeansgenerally.

The court heard of their ravages on the sea, and that they attacked V^ "mil jftn

Malacca. Appears to have conceived of them as one of the nations ol the Bay

of Bengal.

XXX. 1^ ^ Fiih-lin, ^ ;^^ [^ the Ta-tsin of Han -, also called ^ SPLe-keen, situated on the west of the Bay of Bengal. Very remote. "^ fl

^A^IE^M^M^^MZA^ The people wm tall

and well formed, of the same race as the Chinese, and therefore called Ta-tsn. •

jfe iS*^ ^ 7^ About A. D. 150, they began to come to China. In the time

of S-Tan.^, they changed their name to Fiih-ling. There is a most splendid

account of the country, and it is added, when Matthew Ricci came to Pekiig,

he affirmed that -^^ -^. ^^ j(P f/g. ^ 1: ^jj f^ ;^ ^ jijJesus

was horn in Judea, which was the Ancient Ta-tsin.'

In th.- original, the Bay of Bengal is denoted by ^ Jto Se-hae, ' The Western

Sea.' ^ \i& Tung-hae, denotes ' The Eastern ocean ;' ^ )^ Nan-hae, ' The

South Sea,' denotes what is commonly called the Chinese Sea. The two latter

terms are sometimes confounded. What lies on the south east is also called W^

>^ Tung-hae.

* Does this not favour the late De Quigaes' supposition, that the Chinese were

originally a Colony from Egypt.

87 [government.

Names and fuxctioxs of the officers of

govermmext.

TEIE following sketch, as well as the preccJin^, is iiiten IcJ n )t fur Political, but

for PhiIolo:;ical purpuses. Perhips every Student of Chinese his fc-lt Ihs difficulty

arising from not having some brief Analysis at hand, to enalile him when reading, to

conceive neirly of the period of an event referred to; of the n-lalive situation of a

place; or of the rank and duties of a particular Office. A person who lias a Nat ve

Assistant at hand, can generally from him obtain enough of information on such subjects

to enable him to proceed; but to a Student in Europe, without a Native Assistant, the

difficulty arising from being unaquaintedwith what these sheets are intended to supply,

(thou;;h but partially) has always been insurmountable. Hence, no person in Europe

has succeed in acquiring the Language to any extent.

OF THE SUPREME GOVERNMENT.

-^ ^ ^ Ta-hwau'T-te, ' The Great Emperor, is the source of all authority, he

is otherwise designated § '.V/ Hwang-te; 0- Jq Hwang-sh.mg, ^ _j£ Shing-

choo, and when speakin;; of him, $fl ^ Chaou-t'hing, as we say ' His Majesty."

By following the order of the 'g*^ Kwan-shoo, or Pu'jllc Offices in the Capital,

we shall best conceive what the functions of the officers in them are.

The Capital, Peking, is called ^ ^ King-ching, to which there are -^ p^

Nine gates. In the centre of that, 's ^ "^^ Hwang-thing, ' the Imperial city,' eighteen

le in circumference; and within that, i» ^t ^ ^ Tsze-kin-ching, 'The sacred city,'

six le in circumference. The south gale U called ^p [J!j Woo-mun, within the Woo-

raun, is :

' \^Wi Nuy k3. The imperial Council Chamber. In this Chamber assemMe the

jkif^± Ta-he5-sze, \^ y^ ;g.H Two Tartars and two Chioese; also

GOVERNMENT.] 83

^ 9 Wl ^ mi ^ Shang-shoo-heg-pan-kB-woo, or as they are commorilj

called TO, ^W y]^ W; 3^ He6-pan-ta-lieO-tsze, one TarUr and one Chinese.

The Tartars always take precedence. These six persons are called 35 jfF\ Pae-

sean^. Seang, denotes to Assist ; and Pae, to Bow and make (ibeisance. The

persons who have been appc inted assistants of the Sovereign md made their bow.

The first is called "ft" ;M3sliow-sean;;, ITead-assistant, or Prime Minister. The

first four have the litto '(} '^ Cheng-tang attached to their names, and by

inferiors they are called (^ ;^p^ K option, (Colao). There are in this office also

ftl ^ ^ ^f;^ Nuyko-heo-sze, six Tartars andfour Chinese. Further, fln ^^ fj (f: Jr Nny-ku ske-tuh-heo.sze, and j^ ^ f# || !& ^ f^^Saji ^i Nun-kiS-she-tiih-teen-tselh-seuen-wan-pan-sze, also ftl ^ ^^ y^Chung-shoo-shay.jin, 'Who perform the duties of Secretaries and Clerks.' The

term Ta-ht3-sze, was first employed during the Dynasty Tang. Placed next in

order is the :

—

U. ^ jej^ [^ Han-lin-yisen, A CoHege instituted in tlie time of Tang. It is partly

literary and partly political. All national works are conducted by its members, and

they are frequently appointed to high offices in the state. It is not a school open

for the education of youth, but a kind of Royal Society, or National Institute, the

members of which rank xfy '.

pp in (he second efthe Nine Orders.

There are two j^ Ife j^ J;^ Chang-ynen-hefl-sze, or Presidents, one Tartar

and one Chinese. There are six persons styled {^ =S ^. Hh Ske-liih-heo-sze;

also six "is f^ &^ IShe-keang-heo-sze, ethers called '^ ^e She-tiih and

^^. =^ She-keang. Further j^ ^^ Sew-seuen-peen, |f |^ g'j"^ "^

-^ Sew-kiien-taoushoo-ki^ih-szc. Also^ 0^ -^ =0 ^L N '^'='^"''*'''

she-chaou-keung-miih, all of which titles express different literary departments,

danls of Confucius and Meucius are hereditary members, and eminent classical

scholars are attached to the Han-lin College.'

in. S" ^ ffS- Chen-sze-foo, the officers of which have the conlroul of Her Majesty

and the Princes' household.

89 [government.

^^'- M ^ yi idg Khe-keu-choo-kwan, a Recorder's office, filled by a member of

the Han-liu College.

^'P^ ^ -W l^ny-'^oo-f""' for the affairs of the Palace t ^ IM ^.[|l ^"^ -JU-

g has the general controni of the higher officers of state: Is divided info

seven departments.

VI. y^ ^-'j- Liih-ko, Six Offices attached to the Six Boards, and have^ ^IJ the

controul of the seals of those hoards. There are two i^^ ttl Kcih-sze-chun<r,

and two ^^ ^ Keih-sze.

VII. CJq ^ 1^- Chung-shoo-ko, at present, ^ ^ ;^ p^^ in this office,

they have the charge of, and write certain documents issued by His Majesty.

Tin. ^^ A flCT^ Tsung-jin foo. An Office for the oversight -of all the branches of

the Imperial family. The presidiug officers are, |^ ^ ^ ^^ S j|/J^

IX. ^ §K Le-poo, the Board which presides over all appointments to official rank

in the state. There are two Presidents calledjj^ 1^ Shang-shoo, one Tartar

and one Chinese. Other members arc called /(^ Bh She-lang; ^K (fa Lang-

chung; ^ ;^|>^pVuen-wae-lang; ^jS £^^Lang-choo.szc. In this and

the following offices are^ ||l^^ Peih-telh-she, Clerks or Writers, and^^ ^ ^^ Fun-chang-fan-yih, Translators.

X. 5 iU Hoo-poo, the Board of Revenue. The Presidents and Members are de-

nominated by the same names as the preceding, only distinguishing to what

Board they belong. Also fourteen persons from various Provinces called jrq

^ ^p[ Ts'hing-le-sze,

XI. )Ijffl §[( Le-poo, the Board of National Usages. Officers similar to the above.

XI ff|| SK Hing-poo, the Penal Board.

XIII. ^ ^ Kung-poo, the Board of Public Works.

XIV. jM ^S& P^ Le-fan-yuen. Established by the reigning family for all the affairs

GOVERNMENT.] 90

of the dependant states; Thibet, the Tartars, the Moharaedan Cantons, &c.

Officers similar to those of the Six Boards. They are 'j^ tjj\ ^ "j^ AManchow Tartars and Mung koos.

^^' ^tt ^^ P^ Too-cha yuen, the oflSce of Examiners. Persons appointed to over,

look the affairs of the Prince ;: the Magistracy ; and the People ; and to give their

opinions or information to the Sovereign, whenever they please, in writing. The

rule is that their persons should be sacred: at least that they should not lose

their lives for what they say. That rule, however, was violated by the late

Emperor, when he was advised to name his successor. They are at all times

liable to very severe censure from His Majesty, when he happens to differ from

them. He does not scruple to tell them that they wjj^ talk nonsense, and to

direct that their papers be i^ Ig" thrown back again to them. He does not

like them to interfere with his family arrangements. One of them, not

lono- a<f0, objected to the number of expensive gardens which his Majesty kept;

a^id had fora reply, that it was none of his business; his province was National

Affairs, and not the concerns of the palace. They act the part of spies occasion-

ally, and are also sent to distant parts of the Empire as Commissioners of in-

spection. A few years ago, two wire sent to /g« ^g; Tae-wan, Formosa.

The general epithet for them is,j.^\ ^Yu-sl.e. There are two Presidents,

one Tartar and one Chinese as usual, called ^ B^ ^^ |^ cb Chang-

yuen-tso-too-yu-she, and have four Assistants. Viceroys and Fooyuens all take

this as an honorary title, when they go to their several governments. Of these

called^ 1^ fjllj ^ Chang-taou-yu-she, there nre thirty ; one Tartar and one

Chinese for almost every Province; and of the ^^ ^^ /^ V^ Keeh-chS-yu-she,

there are twenty-six. They have sometimes been called Censors.

XVI. iS i^ j^ B] Thung-ching Sze-sze, Officers through whom official docu-

ments pass to and from His Majesty. The three first characters express the na-

ture of the office. There are other two, a Tartar and a Chinese. Also a Secretary

called ^p^ ^,Sl m Che-sze.k=ng-leg.

XVir.;;;AC Jl ^ Ta-le-sze. In which are two officers called ^fl King, with;^ 1^

^' ^ p I^p- Sw ^ Assistants in the discussion of business.

91 [goveiinment.

XVIII. H[r* 'h* ^. Taechang-sze, in whichare two oflScers called^ |filj Shaou-king,

JS J^T ^""^^^1 Learned men. In what way these assist in the government does

not appear.

XIX. ^ W(^ Kwang-l3-she, officers similar to the preceding.

XX. ^ (^ ^ Tac-p3-she, with similar officers.

XXI. •Jji lit ^ Hung loo-ske.

XXII. t^ -f ^ Kwo-tsze-ki-en, ^'^"^ ~^^ ^°^ ""^ Education of the

sons and brothers of (he Mung-koos. It is more properly a college than the

Han-Iin-yuen. The first officers are called^ vQ Tsc-tsew. There are two of

them. The Tartars are called -|§! "J^ ^/ ^V PO-sze-tsoo-keaou, Ml J£ HeO-

ching, and J^ ^* HeS-lfi. The reigning family has paid great attention to this

college. Keen-lung often went in person to pour out libations before the tablet

of Confucius, who is called -Jr- (^jfi ]A ^ and whose name is placed as

high as His Imperial Majesty's. He wrote inscriptions for the various halls,

and erected stone tablets commemorating his several victories. Every time

that he went in person he compoced an Ode.

XXIII.^^^ Kin-t'hiJeii-kiJen, the Imperial Astronomical Board. ^ j£

"^''aI^I HF -^ —* Prin'^'P*' Astronomers, one Tartar and one European,

Assistants one Tartar and one Chinese. Secondary Assistants, one Tartar and

one European. There are also inferior officers attached to it.

XXIV. -^ Tae-e-yuen, Imperial Medical Board. President is cMled KS 1t^

Ynen-sze. Assistant jtj. i|J Yuen-pawn. And a certain number of |M) -^^

Imperial Physicians.

XXV. ^^ -Ip Sze-yth-kwan, Translator's office. Eight rooms. There were

originally appointed ninty-siz ^^ S! ^ Translators. There are now only

eight.

XXVI. ^^ -^ ^^ Lwan-e-wei, office of the Imperial Guards.

XXVII.^y^^^ ^fP^ Pake-too-iung-ya-roun, Court of the eight Standards-

GOVERNMENT.] 93

XXVIII. -/L P^ IB^^ P^ K^w-mun-te-luh Ya-mun, the Court of. the

General of the city, or of the. Nine Gates, a high military command.

XXIX. ^ oif n ^ ^ ^ Tsung-wan-mun-keen-tuh-shoo, the Court of the

Commissioners of Customs.

XXX. ?£ ^ -fi- ^J r]Wo"^ching-ping-raa-sze, office of the Cavalry.

XXXI.^^ Tsung-heo, yJi^C^ ^ "jT ^School for the Imperial Fa-

mily. There are Masters to teach the Manchow Tartar language, Chinese

horsemanship, arcliery, &c.

XXXII- »^^ j^ Ke0-lo,-he8, a School for the children of [the Keolo, a branch of

the Imperial family. Some other Schools are mentioned.

XXXIII. The^ /«& ~fc B" Keun-ke-ta-chin, appears to be a Special Council, the

members of which vary. The words might be rendered a Council of War.

OF THE PROVINCAL GOVERNMENT.

CANTON WILL SERVE AS A SPECIMEN OF THE OTHER PROVINCES.

^^t CIVIL OFFICERS.

'^- ^ 1^ ^®> '^ Leang-kwaiig Tsung-tiih,. Governor-General of the two Kwang,

or Viceroy of Cantpnand Kwang-se. He is otherwise denominated jfcl] ^T Che-

lae.

II 1^ ^ 1^ -P^ Kwang-tung Seun-foo, the Seun-foo, or Mff JJ^ Foo-yuen of

Canton. The Viceroy takes precedence of him, but cannot controul him. They

are collcues in office. It is a maxim in the present dynasty to divide the

power as raucbaSi possible, both in the Civil Ser<'ice and in the Army ; a principle

which has its defects as well as,advantages. What they cannot agree in innst be

referred to Court.

III. i§ ^@ jF^ Te-tuh-heO-ching, is the first literary officer in the Proviuce,

and has a certain controul in the army on special occasions..

93 [government.

'^- /fir J^ 1^ Po-cliiiig-szc, over the Revenue of the Province, and has a ccftain

conlroul in inferior appointments. In his office there \».

^SM '^'"S"*'=^' " •""'' "^ Secretary.

08 l& Chaou-mo, keeper of the Seal.

^ ^ Y^ Koo-ta-sze, keeper of the Treasury.

.

V. j^ ^ (^ Gan-cha-tsze, a Criminal Judge.

.

A Secretary like the preceding.

PI |||[^ze-yti, a Gaoler.

* ' ^ ^S I^EYen-yun-sze, an Officer who superintends the Salt Trade.

The inferior officers are a ^^ [pjYun-t'hung, who attends to the transport-'

iug Salt from place to place. A Secretary as above; a^ ^ Che-sze,

Assistant = J^ ^ |^ Koo-ta-tsze, a Treasurer, &c.

VII. ^g j|r Leang-taou, Superintendant of the Public Granaries. ^"^i^Tsang-ta-sze, a Granary Keeper,

Each j^ Foo has a Magistrate called a ^|| J|^Che-foo, as ^ >J>H T^F fcP }^

Kwang-chow-foo Che-foo, the Che-foo of Kwang-chow-foo. Several Assistant

Officers situated in different parts of the district, who are called [pj 4n T'hunoj-

cbe, or ^^ fi^ Fan-foo. There are also attached to him, ^a TlJ T'hung-pwan,

rff (^ ^jr JV Foo-heS-keaou-show, a Teacher in the district school, other-

wise called MiJj^

HeO-ching,

p)l ?S Heua-taou, Instructor. i^^ Kinglet, Secretary.

^ M( ®^*^"y°' Gaoler.

Each j»N Chow has a Magistrate called fflj ^iM Che-chow, with inferior officers simi-

lar to the Foo.

Each 1|^ Heeii has its j^^ Che-hcen. la common language, the name of the

GOVERNMENT.] 94-

Hiien answers for the nRme of the officer who presides over it, as "m */«• M^

Nan-hae Heeii, is used lo-designate the^^ Che-liiien, and the district itself.

The Assistant to a Hiien -is called^ ^ Heen-ching, or^^ Tso-tang; also^JBIi Fun-heen, and

;j^ y|^,Jung-ting;, in contradistinction from whom the Heen

is called JJ^ ^ Ching-tang. The Tso-tang holds a separate court.

INFERIOR OFFICERS IN A HEEN.

wfs fel -kkr cBr Heen-heo-keaou-yu, Tutor.

gill ^t Heun-taou, Instructor.

-p w. Choo-poo, an Assistant officer in a Htien.

^ 71^ Seun-keen, or.jj^^ Poo-ting, over villages.

iSl ^ Teen-she, a kind of clerk.

VoT VB A/r Ho-po-so, controuls the boats on the river.

"m^ ^ Le-miih, Attendants in Courts.

In Canton there is a Commissioner of Customs arising from Foreign Trade,

who is appointed immediately by His Majesty. He ranks with the first officers

of the Province, and is callled ^t^ Si| Hae-kwan, and 6^ "fe Keen-tiih, also

sometimes ^ ^ Kwan-poo. By Europeans called Hoppo, from a misapplication

ofthenameof the Board of Revenue, to him, viz, ^ ^K Hoo-poo. The Secretary

to the Hoppo is called i^ "yfi. King-ching.

All these officers have personal friends whom they employ to assist in drawing

up official papers, and whom they call^[|j J^ Sze-yay. Their household servants

are called^ M\ Yay-mun. These ar» generally appointed to be Tide-waiters, and

attendants at the ?M P Kwan-k'how, or Custom-houses. Attendants in the outer

apartments, and at the gate, are called P^ J" Mun-shang. Official Messengers are

called^ H Wei-yuen. The Pettv Police Runners are called M ^ Yuen.chae,

or ^ 1Y Chae-yub. A constable of a single street is calledM^ -f^ Te-paou.

95 [goveunment.

Incases of flagrant Mul-admlnistralion in the distant Provinces; or cliaro-es

brought against the higher officers, it is the custom lo send some persons of rank

from the Capital to try the parties on the spot. These Imperial Commissioners

are called ^K ^5 Kin-chae.

II.

t MILITARY OFFICERS.

iti ^ j,_(, ^^_ chin-show Kwang-lung Tseang-keun. The Tsiiang

keun, or General for the defence of Canton. He is always a Tartar.

S'll|^K MiV Foo-too-tung, two Adjutant Generals.

^ '^H i^ -^ ^^ H^Mwan-cbow-han-keun-hee-ling, commonly called

_^ 'IotKeun-heg, asortof Major-Generals, There are eight of them.

^C. m ^**'-''"S' sixteen.

jfiP Fang-yu, thirty-two.

1^ JS^ yk^ Heaou-ke-keaou, thirty-two.

^^^ ^^^ (pl^^ Suy-tseang-keun-yin-woo-peih-tiie-shTh,

two Secretaries who accompany the Tseang-keun.'

7]< ^^'fiX^i^J] fE Shwuy-sze-ke-ying.he6-ling, a kind ofAdmiral

appointed in the tenth year of Keen-lung, since that there has been

appointed a7J^ ^|p |^ '^ Shwiiy-sze Te-tuh, who is an Admiral

possessing higher powers than the preceding.

•^f-^^ 4* W-^'W p'i 71^ Tseang-keun-peaou-chung-keun-tso-ying,

foo-tst;ang. The Foo-tsisang or Adjutant-General of the left of the Tsi-ang-keun's

centre division. Subordinate officers are.

sis p\ Too-sze, perhaps about the rank of a Major.

~p ziM Tsiien-tsung, rank of a Captain.

ip* zi0 Pa-tsung, rank of a Lieutenant.

The "^ f^t Yew-ying, right encampment, has a j^wise called ira Byp Yew-foo. Under him arc,

: Yew-kelh, other

GOVERNMENT.] 96

III.

^ PJShow-pci.

CX^ ^fe Tseen-tsung.

Jl^ ^M Pa-tsung. There is a still inferior officer called a ^K "^ Wae-wei.

He may probably rank with a Sergeant.

>& Z® tp ^ gl] ^ Tuh-pcaoii-chung-keun-foo-tseang, the Adjutant-

General of the Viceroy's troops. Officers same as above. The ^Af!. /p Fjll 'f^

Left, right, front, and rear J^ Camps, call the principal officers ^ )|^Tsan-

tseang ; under whom are t^ "Ijff Show-pei,^ 6^ T'shijen-tsung, andW ^gPa-tsung.

IV. ^ ^ 4* ^^ tI^Foo-peaou-chung-keun Tsan-tseang, the Tsan-tsi^ang

or Major-General of the Fooyucn's troops. With inferior Officers, as above.

V. ^ "^ ^& Jt 'p'Te-tiih-tsung-ping-kwan, the Te-tiih-General officer. In-

ferior officers as above. This is considered of high rank. He and the preced-

ing in some cases have their own departments, and each can act for himself;

in other cases it is necessary for them to act in concert. Of the «y^ i!@ _^ 'g*

Chin-lsung-ping-kwan, there are seven or eight in different parts of the Province.

Who answer to European Generals.

97 [ranks.

OF THE NINE RANKS.

In these Nine they distinguish between Principal and Secondary, expressed by

j£ Cbing and j^ Tsung.

Tp —— pi FIRST RANK PBlNCIPiL.

Distinguished by a ^J^ '^^^ Hung paou shlh, Red Precious Stone on the top of

the cap. On common occasions wear Coral. These Globes or Buttons are called

ijlg ][gMaou-ting.

"a^ GJR Tae-sze, ~| Guardians of the Sovereign. Incases of minority

"^ 'jM Tae-foo, y they act as Regents. None at present enjoy

^ j^ Tae-paou, J this dignity.

y^^i Ta-he8-sze, Ministers of State.

-(^ —— ffifFIRST ORDER—SECONDARY.

/J? l^jR Shaou-sze, "^

4^ # Shaou-foo,i^

Of these there are not any now.

\ I^ 4^ Shaou-paou. J

/^ -^ J^ ^jjjTae-tsze-tae-sze, "j

^ ^^ j^ Tae-tsze-tae-foo, ;. Guardiaps of the Prince.

y!\^ -J- ys^ "ffi Tae-tsze-tae-paou. J

Of this rank are all the 1^ ^ Shang-shoo, and |^^ Yu-she. These persons

write on their cards the title t^ '^ &^ 'f^ y^iKwang-yung-liih-ta-foo. Thoif

Ladies are styled —» £i 4r- K Yih-pin-foo-jin.

T 98BANKS.] ^^

"Tp ~^ £?, SECOND RANK—PRINCIPAL,

Distinguished by /\\^^7^ an inferior Red Gem; coiamonly wear^ J{|^Flowerd Coral.

^ ^ /J/ ^jfi Tae-lsze-shaou-sze,

H^ JiJ- /\7 -^ Tae-tsze-shaou-foo,

-^ ^ /j;"^ Tae-tsze-shaou-paou,

;^ i^ ^^ 'M Ka sang Tsung-tiib, the Viceroys of all the Provinces,

li^ P^#^ Poo-yuen-she-lang.

Write on their cards#^ ^/i^^ Tsze-ching-ta-foo. Ladies are styled^/y^Foojin,

Secondary Guardians of the

Prince.

;fjK. pp SECOND RANK—SECONDARY.

PI ^ ^ db Nuy-kS-he8.sze.

^ >H^ 1^ *^ P^^i Han-lin-ynen, and Tang-ynen.he8-sze.

^ '^ 3^ 'te^'^ ^''''S Seun-foo, all the Foo-juens ofthe Provinces.

^ 3^ '^ Poo-ching-sze.

Write on theircards^^-j^^ Tung-fung-ta-foo. ladiesarc styled^ ^Foo-j in.

J^ htt THIRD RANK PRINCIPAL.

Distinguished by |^ ^ 7? a Blue Stone Globe.

§i ^ ^P ^ ''"^ '"^ Yu-she. The Assistant Yu-she OflBiers of the

Courts above mentioned. ^ A /^ Tsung-jin-foo ; jg^ ^^T t-ing-ching-sze. The Officers called 1M King. ^ ^ '^Gao-cWsze.

Write on their cards ^ ^fe -^^ T'hung-e-ta-foo. Ladles styledJ^J?

y^Shiih-jin.

/OV _ pp miRD HANK SECONDARY.

Some of theJ^Pjl King. ^ ^ jd^Yen-yun-sze.

Write on their cards^^ -^ E-to-foo. Ladies are styled y|7 A Shiih-jin.

99 [rankb.

j£ n3 Mir^""""* RANK—PRINCTPAl.

Distinguished by a Light Blue Stone, or Glass Globe,

jg j]^ glj -^ Tung-chin-foo-sze. /p 'fj^Shaou-king.

/X :§"" ^ 3^ 1§ The Seun-taou of all the Provinces.

Write on their cardsf' ^ ^ ^ Chung-heea-U-foo. Ladies styled^ ^Kung-jin

^ ITU] £i FOURTH RAKK—SECOMOART.

g ^ Efe^M The Tse-tsew of Kwo-tsze-kiien.

fl^ ^ "^ Is !^ i Nuy-ko-she-tiih-heB-sze.

/i: §# ^^ -J^ She-keaog-he8-sze.

^ i^ ^ /ft^" "'^ ^'"^*"'"> of districts caUed Foo.

Write on their cards SH^^ ;^ Chaou-e-ta-foo. Ladiet styled^ A Kung-jin

JE 3Z, PP '"'•'H RANK PKIirclPAL.

Distinguished by Crystal or a White Glass Globe.

^^^ ti-l Keih-sze-chuDg.lilD T-" I

li^ ^P ^ Yuen-lang-chung.

SK. ^^ rm Kin-fheen-keen, the Astronomers.

jr ^g Ta-e, Members of the Medical Board.

i^ ^ 1^ ^ All the Thung-che of the Foo Districts.'

4njl*]')

Che-chow, and the Magistrates of Chow, in Peking Province.

Write on their cards ^^ |K( yv ^P Fung-chiog-ta-foo. Ladies styled 'n* A E-jic

^.. -« »— pipxH RANK—SECONDARY.Dt S PP

^ 'Tr Ix "RP HK '^ ^ '''•'^ She-tuh and Shc-keang of Han.Kn

College, ^^ ^|. gp Yuen.wae-lang. ^ jf ^^ ^ $ The

Kijen-cha Yii-she of all the Taou.

'Write on their cards ^ j|]^ ^ Fung-chih-ta-foo. Ladies styled^ A E-jin.

\

1

HANKS.] IGOl

j£. Irs PP SIXTH BANK—pniWClrAt-r

Distinguished by a White Stone or Glass Globe.

The ArtM Hcen Magistrates of Peking ; the ofiScers called^^ King-lgg of the

higher courts, &c.

/"% 00 SIXTH RANK—SECONDART.

Trl Iw Chow-t'hung, &c.

Write on their cards^ |^^ ^B Ching «h-lang, a difiference between the Principal and

Secondary. Wives styled :^ y^ Gan-jin.

^^ ^P ^ All the Magistrates of Been.

/jffp '[^ HQ S^VE'^'TH RANK—SECONDARY.

® "?*^ 1^ i '''"''^ P^"*^^ of Kwo-lsze-keen.

Write on their cards ^^ '^^ Ching-sze-lang. Wives stjled MjJ\^

Yu-jin.

Tp* 7^ fij EJGHTH RANK PRINCIPAii

Distinguished by a flowered Gold Globe.

/^ J|^ ;^ All the Assistant Magistrates of Heen, otherwise called j/Jl^ Tso-taug.

/jjp /\ 5i EIGHTH RANK—SECONDARY.

The inferior Secretaries and Writers of various courts.

t/ H, NINTH ORDER.

Saolers; inferior Treasurers ; Village Magistrates, &c. They also wear a gold button.

on their ca|is^

101 [ranks.

^ A MPERSO>fS WHO HAVE NOT ENTERED THE SERIES.

I .--.'1.1

Denotes those inferior Attendants on Public Courts, who are not of any of the Nine

Orders, but who are understood to be attached to the Government. Any of the above

distinctions of Rank may be purchased from the Government, and give to the pos-

sessors a certain kind of respectability among their fellow subjects. Though in cases

where the rank is purchased, it is always attended with a large deduction of inBuence

on that very account. None affect to distinguish more than the Chinese between mere

wealth and real merit.

Those who possess any of the above distinctions, are said to possess ]t/J ^ Kung

ming, or W^ /^ Ch1h fun. And in cases of a breach of the law, the first step is to jE

Kfe Kih chih, take away their nominal rank. The possession of the rank gives a certain

privilege and dignity to their character, which mu.st be removed ere they can be beaten

or fettered. With the higher ranks this degradation must take place before the parlies

can be tried.

After all, there are but three Classes in China, those in Power; the Wealthy ; and

the Poor ; and according to a homely adage of their own, " the great fish eat the

smaller; the smaller eat the-shrimps, and the shrimps are compelled to eat mud."

There are exceptions to this censure, and when an exception does occur, the indivi-

dual is almost adored by the people.

^ ^ PUBLIC EXAMINATIONS.

The Examinations of persons who devoid themselves to-, letters, for the purpose

of having degrees conferred on them. According to a theory introduced in the lime

^Tang, it was intended to choose from this well educated Class the Officers

of the Government. The idea is still partially, and but partially acted on. Places

are conferred for other than literary merit, and many are sold.

At these Examinations, all who choose, excepting Menial Servants, their Children

or Grand-children; inferior Police Officers called|§y ^^

Ya-yuh ;and Play Actors,

•nay attend. These persons are also excluded from obtaining any of the above ranks

TIME.] 103

The prohibition including Menial Servants excludes a large number of pprsons. If

such a person however becomes wealthy, the law is often evaded. To superintend the

Examinations, two persons called^ yk Choo-kaou, are deputed from Peking.

The lowest rank obtained at these Examinations is^ ^J"Sew-tsae ; the second,

^ A Keu-jin; the third is^ J^Tsin-sze; the fourth ^ ;j^ Han-lin. The

first of the Keu-jin, is called fi^ tt* Kae-yuen ; the first of the Tsin-sze, is called '^

•T^ Hwuy-yuen; and the first of the Han-lin, jw tt- Ch'hwang-yuen ; next to which

are the titles^ y|[^Tan-hwa, and^ ^^ P.ing-yen.

The present Dynasty, which takes great pains in training a standing army, has in-

troduced a similar examination, and similar titles amongst the Military.

r. -f /\ ^TWENTY EIGHT CONSTELLATIONS.

THEIR NAMES ARE THESE, AND ORDER AS FOLLOWS.

1 2 3 4S * 5 6 1

Keo; ^Kang;_g;Tei j^ Fang; l(^Sm; ^Wei, ^ Ke;

8 9 10 11 S 12 13 U3|>Tow; -4^ New; -^ Neu ; j^ Heuj tg^ Wei ; ^ Shih ; |g Peih

;

15 16 17 18 S 19 20 21

:^Kwei;^Loo; ^Wei; ^ Maou; S^ Peih ; ^Tsao; ^ Tsze,

22 23 24 25 S 26 27 28

^ Tsing ;^ Kwei ; ^ Lew ; ^ Sing; g^ Chang;^ Yu ; ^ Chin.

Besides being the names of the Constellations, one of these is applied to every day

in regular succession; from which circumstance, four of them, viz. -^ P^ ^ ^S

regularly occur in rotation, on the first day of every succeeding seven days, and cor-

irespond to our weekly Sabbath. No such day, however, is observed by the Chinese.

* The Sunday Characters.

103 [time.

- + K # tTWENTY-FOUR TERMS OR PERIODS OF FIFTEEN DAYS EACH.

These mark the Seasons more regularly thao the number of their Moons ; and

wme of them are referred to as Holidays. They correspond to our Months nearly

as folloif s

:

r/J\ Seaou, ^ Tar/\\ Seaou, -;^r Ta "1

January 6, J _[ <J 1 21

I^^Han, ^Han, J

rJ/. LeKh, pH Yu, -^

February 5J T: \'^ isit^Chun, 7jl(ShwuyJ

March 6.

April 6,

May 7,

June 7,

rM King, ^ Chun,^

•S lb l-A ?\_^ Cbih, /^ Fun, J

f^Tshing, g Kuh, -»

l^Ming, p)|Yu, J

f "fjf leih, /\\ Seaou "»

\W Hea, ^ Mwan,/

r:gMang, ^Hea, >i

Ifl Chung, ^ Che, J *

July ^/J^Seaou, ;^: Ta, ^

^M ^ ea 21l;^- Shoo, ^ Shoo, J

August 9,

Choo, "1

Sept.

r V* Leih,

\^ Tsew, ^ Shoo, J

^P'h, f^Tscw.1•{

24

24

October 9

iSk Loo,

NoTemberS

December 8.

too, ^Fun, J

^Shwang T

I^Keang J'

Cm. Leih,/J\

Seaou,^

'Ir^Tung, ^Sefih, J

(i^-r^ ^Tung,-^

'l^Seuh,/88

Che. J t

The Months or Moons are numbered. The first is called )^ H Chin"'-yu<i j the

others, ^^ H Urh-yue,_2I^

H San-juS, &c. in succession. They have besides

what may be called Poetical names, from an allusion to the Season, and which are

used occasionally in the introduction of letters, &c. An intercalary moon is

expressed by PM Jun, before the number of the moon.

The day, or twenty-four hours of Europeans, is divided into twelve 'parts, and

the characters of the j^^ Te-che, are applied to them. (See Cycle, page S.)

* Summer Solstice. + Winter Solstice.

TIME.] lOi

Midnight is expressed by-J-

Tsze, which extends backwards to eleven at night,

and forwards to one in the morning. J£^ Ching-tsze in twelve at night ; ^ IE

Keaou-tsze, is eleven. The words Ching and Keaou, are applicable to all the other

characters in a similar way.

11 to 1 (3d —^ W Watch, morning) IZl Tsze

I — 3 in the morning (4th ^ M Watch) is expressed by^ Chow,

3- 5 (Sth^^Watch) gvin.

5— 7 -^MMaou,

7— 9 J^Shin,

9— U Forenoon J2 ^ ^Sze,

11 — 1 The point ofnoon is 7F -flp Ching-woo, .„ JiL Woo,

1 — 3 Afternoon "K"^ tJc ^^'

3— 5 ^ Shin,

5— 7 ffi Yew,

7— 9 (1st ^ ig Watch,) jjA ^^"'

9—11 (2d ^ |S Watch,) ^ Hae.

One of these two-hour-perlods is called —• j^ pi^ Yih-ko-she-shin. The

eighth of which is ^J Kih. jE ^P—

' -^ij Ching-maou-ylh-klh is a quarter

past six in the morning,^ W| Z2. ^'JEeaou-maou-urh-kih, is half past 5 o'clock.

nn ^ Sze-ke expresses the four quarters of the year, ^ M M ^ Chun,

Hea, Tsew, Tung, Spring, Summer,Auturan,Winter. The three months of each quarter

are distinguished by the characters "^ 4w '^^ Mat\g, Chung, Ke. g^ iftl Hea-chung

is the second month of the Summer quarter.

The month is divided mto three decades called '^ Seun. _[[ tp ~K Shang,

Chung, Hea, express the first, second, and third, rf] "&! Chung-seun is from the tenth

io the twentieth of the month.

105 [festivals.

POPULAR HOLYDAYS.

FIRST HaOlf, FIRST DAY.

IE y^ 'I^I'~~'

'S 7C'The first day of the first moon U called Yuen-jTh,'

sometimes 5fr ^B. Sin-neen, ' The New Year,' new Year's day. For two

*hree, or more days, all work is put a stop to. Early in the morning crowds

of people repair to the temples to worship. During the day, there is much

visiting, feasting and congratulating each other, which is called ^p 4E. Pae-nijen.

y^ ^^ Leih-chun, when the sun is in the 15° of Equ»ritis, is aholyday time. Whole

families go to the temples to worship ; and ramble about the country for amuse-

ment, the season of festivity continues ten days. The first day is called^ ^'Fowl-day;' the 2nd, ^ Q 'Dog-day;' 3d, ^ g Pig-day; 4th, -:j^ Q'Sheep-day;' 5th, 4^ Q 'Cow-day; 6th, ^ Q 'Horse-day;' 7th, y^ Q'Man-day;' 8th, ^ ^ 'Grain-day; 9lh, J^ p ' Hemp-day ;' 10th,^ Qj

' Pea-day.' The 7th, is the greatest day.

J 5th. ^* 't^ Shae-tans, ' A strivine to excel in an exhibition of Lanterns.' Com-

monly called the Feast of Lanterns. It is also called^j^^ Hwa-ting.

5nd moon, 2nd day. iJTgi fjjlj =3E Fiihshin-tan, or otherwise called ^t jffi ^GToo-te-tan, includes the Lares urbani familiares; rustici and compitalcs. The

Second is the general birth-day of these, when at all the public offices, and in

various of the streets, plays are performed, and ^ 'j^ Chuen-paou, Crackers,

are let off in great numbers; also;?^ >J;^ Hwa-paou, decorated rockets. The

spectators struggle to obtain the fragments of the last, under the idea that he who

obtains it will be fortunate, j^ ^JPaoQ-tow, the common rocket, and j^ j/^

YcB-ho, various fire works.

FESTIVALS.] 106

3rd moon. In April, at the )« 0H BflTs'hing-raing-tseg, every one repairs to the

tombs of tiieir f;itliers, mothers, or uncles, to ^^^ Jttr Tse-saou, 'Sacrifice and

sweep i' i.e. to offer sacrifices. of fish, fowls, swine or sheep, with oblations of

wine to the manes of their deceased relatives, and to repair the tombs. After

the ceremony is performed, they j^ |;[^Ya-che, fix a piece of paper beneath

a sod on the top of the hillock to show that the usual ceremonies have been

performed. This period is called §M yS- K'hae-ts'hing.

^th moou, 8th day. Is |Si^P ^j ||S^ the birth-day of Shih-kea-filh, (Buddah),

many people go and gather the fragrant herb ^^ ^^ Yuen-se, and make it up

into cakes. It is a charm or preservative against every disease.

5th moon, 5th day. 'Id ?:^ ^ t|l The day is called T'heen-chung, otherwise called

JjS if' 'g'n Twan-woo-tseg, or^ IS Twanyang. People make a long narrow

boat «hich they call §g flft Lung-chuen, ' Dragon boat,", with which they run

races ; a person beating at the same time a large drum in the centre of the boat.

This is called pjj f| Tow-lung-chuen. ^ :^, /fjl^' Men and

•Bomen go to see them. At this terra j^ A U^ |l^ Ej people clear oflF

their tradesmen's accounts

.

6th moon,.6th day. Is called Hr H{? T'heen kwang. Every one on this day airs their

clothes, from a tradition that clothes aired ou this day are not liable to be

injured by insects.

7th moon, 1st to 16th day. Is called ^ ^ BSW Yu-lan-shing-bwuy. There is

a tale of a certain young man whose name was ^ j|| Miih-leen, to which "^^" Tsun chay, ' the honorable,' is now attached. His mother was a very

wicked woman, and after death was consigned to punishment in Tartarus. Miih-

leen was a very, virtuous person, and knowing that his mother was in torment,

he went op the ISfh of the 7th moon to j{£ i^\ the place of future misery, and

rescued his mother. When the infernal gates were opened, many of the spirits

in darkness escaped from thence. Founded on this story are the observances

of this period, which is called ^fs ^^ an Shaou-e-tseg, from people making]

garments of parti-coloured paper, and burning them in order that they may pass

I

\

»07 [festivals.

to the invisible world. Benevolent and rich men invite the'priests of Kiih and

Taou to^ ^ Ts8-tseaou, which expresses their spreading cirpets on the floor,

and reciting various prayers; laying out tables covered with fruit, pastry, &c.

All which is intended (^ >^ Chaou-too) to elevate and make jmss over

from abodes of darkness and wo, the(^jf^ jj| Koo-hwSn) disconsolate and

orphan spirits, who have no relatives to paj honors to their manes, or intercede

for them. All is done ^ -^ '/^^ ^ ;^ "^ with an intention of raising

them to more elevated and purer regions of existence. They also go on the

water in boats to ^ OS H ij'^'^ disperse or scatter prayers, and burn

clothes in behalf of the spirits of those who have been drowned- Nuir.crous

lanterns are 'lighted up at nights, and hence the period is also called Tw' M 'f/^

Fang-shwiiy-tang, or T|Of Tik C^ Fang-shwiiy-luh, from being pcrforuied both

on the land and -water. They continue these observances night and day, from

the first to the fifteenth. At this period, people settle their accounts.

8th moon, 15th. Is called t}l^j{ fn Chung-Uew-tsee. It is said, that the Emperor

HB ^ Ming-hwang, of the dynasty jg- Tang, was one night led to the palace

of the moon, where he saw a large assembly of l^fr j^ ||lj -^ Chang go si;en

neu, Female divinities playing on instruments of music. On his return, he ordered

persons to dress themselves, and sing in imitation of what he -had seen. ( pp /^

5^ ilii1'^^^ '^^ ^ ^ -*

^'^^ ^''*°"' ''''""' '" '""*'''"' ''"'«"^Se ^^rSI IT. rp. Le-yuen-tsze-te, ' The sons and brothers of the Pear Orchard,'

the place where they first acted, originated in this Imperial excursion. Persons

now, from the first to the fifteenth, make cakes like the moon of various

sizes, and paint figures upon them, these are called ^ f^ Yufi-ping, ' Moon

•cakes.' Friends and Relations pay visits, purchase and present the cakes to each

other; and give -entertainments. At full moon they spread out oblations and

make prostrations to the moon.

9th moon, 9lh day. Is called^ ^ ^^ Chung-yang-tscc, also called^ ^ TSng-

kaou, 'Ascending high.' Many people go in parties to the hills to drink and

amuse themselves. It arose from a person mentioned in ancient story, whose

FESTIVALS.] 108

name was ig" -M* Hwan-kiiig, havin«j ascended a hill on that day to avoid some-

impending calamity ( j^- j/^)' Others make variegated fancy kites, -which

after amusing themselves with, they let fly wherever the wind may carry them,

and give their kites and cares at once to the wind, this is called^ ^ ^Fang-fung-tsang.

1 1 th moon. The shortest day, or^^ Tung-che, is called^ ^ |g Chang-che-

-it- -=fci" A-*Tft

tsiig. All officers of government, both civil and military, repair to ^ ^ ^Wan-show-king, the Imperial hall; one of which is in every Provincial city,

and make their prostrations to the Winter Solstice- Many make cakes, &c. with

which they ^ .0 congratulate the Solstice on the returning sun. In the

streets and markets there is a great concourse of people. The Term is othewise

called j;^ in Tung-tse6. People settle their accounts.

1,2th moon, :^^ "7*Nijentsin-leaou, the close of the year. Great preparations

are made ^1 ^1]^ :£& '^ for the approaching new year. New clothes are

purchased, provis'ons bought in for feasting, and for offerings to the gods. Public

offices are shut twenty days before, and opened twenty days after the New year.

24th. On the evening of the 24th, every family pays its adorations to ^ jjj^Tsaou-

shin, the god of the furnace employed in the dressing of provisions. It is called

Wi\ 'tcS^^y-tsaou, 'Thanking the furnace divinity."

JOth, On the evening of the 30th, every person -w 'jmj /Y/T lets off crackers, this is

called i^ :fl^ Hg Sung-niJea-keung, ' Seeing out the old year.' Wine, victims,

&c. are spread out, and the deities, worshipped ; and the whole family, men

women and children partake of a repast, which is called IBbI Tp Twan-neen,

' Rounding off the year.' Many persons do not sleep, but wait for the New year,

which is called ^^ j^> Show suy, ' Watching for the year.' There is a common

saying, j^*g, -j|- j^ j-^ ^ -^ 'He who can watch for the year will obtain

long life.'

2d moon. In February, at^ S. Lefh-chun Term. There is made at the expense

of Government, a clay image of a man called ^^* Tae-suy, i^in allusion to

109 [festivals.

the year of the Cycle,) and a buffalo of the same materials, which is called ^tt- Chun new. On the day preceding the terra, the*r| lO-Che-foo of CTcry

provincinl city, goes out in state to JffJ -^^ Meet Spring, when he offers sacrifice,

and makes prostrations to these two figures. There are, dressed out by all the

inhabitants ofthe different streets, a number of children, who are placed on tables,

or represented sitting on trees. These tables are carried on men's shoulders,

who parade the streets. These living figures are called -^ '^ Chun-slh, and

CTcry one vies with another to dress them more handsomely and fancifully. Oa

the following day the same oflScer comes out as the Priest of Spring, in which capa-

city he is the greatest man in the Province, and would receive obeisance from th»

Viceroy in case of meeting him. He takes a whip in his hand, and strikes the

buffalo two or three times in token of commencing the labours of Agriculture.

The populace then stone the buffalo till they break it in pieces, from which

they eipect& aE an abundant year. The ?^ -fi Decorated tables, upwards

of seventy in number, with living figures upon them, go to the various public

offices to return thanks for the 'p*^ tt^ Silver Medsis which have been given

tkem.

RELIGION.] 110

RELIGION AND MYTHOLOGY.

IHJoo, ^Shih, JgTaou,

ARE THE NAMES OF THE THREE ACKNOWLEDGED SECTS OR RELIGIONS. THE FOI.-

iOWERS OF CONFUCIUS, OFBUDDAH; AND OF ^^ -j|- l.AOU-TSZE.

OF THE SECT CALLED JOO-KEAOU.

The divinities acknowledged by the Government in its ofiScial capacity, are chiefly

these, 7?T'heen, and jijiTe, 'the Heavens and the Earth,' which they worship on

the first and fifteenth of each rabon.

Jfi 4l3i^''^y Tseih, the'Gofl.s^ "f ,the Land and of the Grain, worshipped by all

the officers of Government in Provincial towns, at jj^ ^; and ^^ m^ Spring and

Autumn.

|ij Ijj M ^ ^ Jl^'^'"^ ^P""''* "^ ""^ ^'"*' ^'*^"' Winds, and Fire.

P|g -|^ Lung Wang, the Dragon king, or the jw] inffl god of the Sea ; the Nep-

tune of China. Of this divinity the officers of Government supplicate rain. Temples

dedicated to him are numerous on the banks of the Great Canal.

During the second and eighth moons, they ^^ ^1 ^^ -r sacrifice to Confucius.

The word sacrifice is used by the Writer of this, in preference to offering or oblation,

because the worshippers use victims which they have previously deprived of life.

^^ J^ T'heen-how, the Queen of Heaven.

[|l| *j!fr Kwan-te, a deified Warrior of the dynasty Han. Worshipped by the m-

ilitary chiefly. Highly honored by the reigning family for various alledged inter-

positions in the Imperial cause.

^ B W^n<^hang, the god of Letters, honored by the literati. In the temple

of this god, is the idol M- S. Kwei-sing, worshipped by the literati.

J'1 [religion.

OF THE SECT CALLED SHIH OR FUH-KEAOU.

THE MOST NOTED DITINITICS ABE,

' • -^ W TO San-paoii-fiih, the Three Precious Fiili,—Past, Present, and to Come.

2. ^£ ^^ Chiii-te, a goddess willi numerous arms, indicating her power to save.

3. ^B ^^ Kwan-yin, a merciful goddess, much spoken of, and frequently represented-

4. ^/(J' ^ Bh T'heen hwa Shiii-raoo, the Sacred Motbec who supcrintcuds chil-

dren ill of the small pox.

5. ^ j|g ^^ J\^ Hwiiy-fuh Foo-jin, the patroness of barren women. Worshipped

by those who desire children. Always represented with a child in her arms.

^' 1^ /(i^ Tsae shin, the god of wealth, &c. &c. to the number of many thousands

OF THE SECT CALLED TAOU-KEAOU.

THE DIVINITIES ARE

1. — ifg San ts'hing, the Three Pure Ones, are first in dignity.

2. ^ ^ Yiih-hwang, or J^ ^ Shang-te, the Most Honorable in Heaven.

3. j.j^ ^ Pih-le, the Northern Emperor.

4. ^fe T^ Hwa-kwang, a god of fire.

5_ -^ /t SI ^ Sung sang sze ina. Who preside over the birth of children.

The Penates are expressed by -{^ ^ Too-lc. There are W \M i fjl

Mun low too te, the gods of the door and of the upper story. ^ "fc" ^ ^^^**"

fang loo te, the gods of the four corners of the house, and of the centre, &c. &c. At

the dedication of the' idols, certain rites are performed, and the eye is painted with

animal blood, " the life is in the blood." This is called flp} -^^r Kac kwang. The

intention is, /j^^ ^ Sze ke ling, ' To give to it spirituality.'

ueligion] li3

Tliough the Chinese have imported many of Iheir divinities from India, they seem

to have left behind entirely the across indecent parts of th • Indian superstitions. Their

Mythology is perh-ips quite as ridicuh>us as those of the Greeks and Romans, though

certainly not so offensi"ve to good morals as some parts of those " elegant" systems.

Those who have acquired Classical taste enough to admire enthusiastically the

ery delicate and divine stories told of Jupiter, Venus, &c , have said that genuine

Polytheism was highly tokrant. Without saying any thing of genuine Poly-

theism, as it is difficult to conceive of a corrupt or spurious one, the justness of

the remark may be much questioned. They were tolerant to the principle of a mul-

tiplicity of gods, and on this principle, had no objection, when fancy struck tliem, to

adopt divinities who would submit to a share of the worship and honors they had

to offer ;—they were tolerant to the principle of a multiplicity of gods ;i. e. they

were tolerant to their own principle. A very great stretch of toleration certamly.

But suppose their principle opposed; suppose Monotheism partially introduced

amongst them, and then let their actions bear witness to their very great toleration.

They also will be found to have failed in the true principle of toleration, and to have

pleaded their eauseby physical strength, instead of by strength of argument.

The same remark applies to those persons who cannot see distinctly the line which

distinguishes truth from error, and are disposed to think that there really is no line of

separation, particularly in matters of Religion and Morals; and hence give up to scepti-

cal indifference. Towards those whose opinions differ from theirs, but who yet hold

their sceptical principle, they are exceedingly good-tempered and complaisant, but

towards those who oppose their principle, and think that considerable certainly may be

obtained in Religion and Morals ; i. e. towards the bigots and zealots, (as they

are pleased occasionally to denominate such persons), they lose all patience.

'"^[priests.

OF THE PRIESTS.

In a j^ Meaou, or Temple of Fiih. The apartment of the Superior is called 'k"^Fang-chang. The same term is applied to the Superior himself. The inferiors are

called ja\ ra Ho-shang.

^ -^iP fp^Laouhoshang, denotes a Superior who is out of office, the Superior

holds his situation three years. '^ ^ ^H fi] Tang kin ho sh u.g, expresses

those who at present act. Of the i..feriOrs every one hjs his department particularly-

specified. Thejjjg ^jjj

Shen-S7.e, arc those who engage in the religious rlti-s. The

persons who receive visitors at the temple, are called ^ ^ -Jr Kjfi Che-kih-ta-sze.

Of the others, some are appointed to superintend the incense matclies, and some to .

perform the menial offices ofthe institution. These temples are also called ^_ Sze.

THE SECT TAOU.

Denominates its temples^ Kwan, and its Superior^ fjjjjLaou-sze, or -Jg ^

Taou-chang. The Inferiors are called ^ -^ Taou-sze; the ^ ^' j^ "Jt

Taou-sze, marry and have families, or as they express it, Dwell amongst the fires.

THE NUNNERIES

Arc called Efe 'W' Gan-tang. The Superior is called ^jfi ^ Tsze-tae, and the

Nuns fS •Bit Ne-koo. Persons wearied of a life of prostitution, who can pay for

their own support, are sometimes received into these houses.

The above may be called the Established Religions of China, in as much as, they

arc not ordinarily molested by the Government in the performance of their usual rites.

The Iffl [0] ^v Mohamodans also are suffered to have temples, but arc not allowed

to make proselytes. Besides these, there are various fraternities, whose sentiments

never appear, but the bond of whose union seems to be some religious observance, or

an obscure Shibboleth, as the word^^' To instruct ; the things tanght' is applied to

them, in common with all the others. These associations, arc by the Government,

called^ ^ ' Religious Banditti :' and their systems ^K ^k ' Depraved Ethics.'

When discovered, the ring-leaders are punished, sometimes capitally, and their followers

compelled to recant.

MARRIAGE.] H^

jj^ "^0 MARRIAGE

Is preceded liy an espousal which is expressed by Wj. Ping. This is ratified bj

presents sent from the intended Bridegroom. On the d.iy i/f marriage, the Sir t->K

Sin-lang, or Bridegroom, undei;goes the ceremony of JIU ^' Kea-kwan, i. e. putting

on his head a tap, and pronouncing a benediction over him. The^ 'i^ Sin-foo

or Bride, is expected to Tpeep for ten evenings previous to the marriage, in which sbe

IS often joined by her sisters, from whom she is about to be separated.

The chair, presents, music, &c.. which go from the Bridegroom to receive the

Bride, is expres.sed by -(Tfl ^^ Ying tsin. At the Bridegroom's is a large assembly

01 friends waiting to congratulate the parties, and partake of an entertainment.

A table is prepared for the Bride and Bridegoom, which is calkd jfe fj^V\ an-fang-fan. They sit down at this and make a shew of eating together, and also

^ ^y^ "f exchanging cups, which seems to seal the marriage, as it is considered

the most important, and an indispsnsible pirt. After the Gentlemen have dined,

they are permitted^ ifr jj^ . To see the Bride.' When a month has elapsed, the pa-

rents ofthe Lady visit her at the house of her husband. This is called ^ iH Hwuy-tsiu.

For a person who has a wife and children to marry a ife Tse6, or Concubine, is es-

teemed less virtuous than to refrain from doing so. If for many years a roan has no

children by his wife, it is considered perfectly correct to take a concubine. For every

addilional concubine a man takes, he sinks in the scale of virtue. And Chinese

Moralists have drawn out a fanciful scale ol the exact degrees of virtue and vice, varying

from one to ten thousand. To give a daughter to be a concubine is considered

derogatory to the female, and to the dignity of the family; heiic* they are generally

obtained from persons in an inferior condition. Men of high spirit will not give their

daughters to be co.irubines to the Sovereign himself. Of course, there are always

time-serving men of high rank who are not so scrupulous.

^ ^£ FUNERALS.

When a Parent dies, a messenger is sent ^fi ^^ to announce it to all the rela-

tions. On each side of the door ere f)i, HJQ pasted up pieces of white paper

;

it'

113 [fIJNF.ua LS.

white bein^ t'ir> colour of mourning in China. Wi-alt'iy f^imilies place :i biur.l at tilt-

door, on nliich is written 'SK 'c4" ii slutement iif the ilcce iscd |)ersv>n\ nin> •, .i^ •, ftc.

The chilHren and graud-cliildron ot" the di-c.ascd, sit on the ^roimJ arou i.l llii

corpse, weeping, clothed in white, and a white baudige ruui.d Ihilr heads. This ii

called ^S- -^ Show sing. The friends o I' the deceased come with pieces of «hil<?

cloth or silk, the s.ze of a coverlid, ^S /(]^ ^ ^ ^ which they lay o»er

the corpse, and which is denominated My i|y Poo pe.

The ^ -+- eldest son takes an earthen bowl in his hands, and puts into it two ^w]

^^ sm;ill copper coins. His friends then snppnrt him by the arms, and he proceeds

weeping with the howl in his hands, to the ditch which surrounds the city, or to the

well at the gate of a vilbige, and I ikes from thence a little water in his bowl. The

coin he throws into the stream or w.ll, and relurMS with the water. This is called

^ .^C''"' '"S water. On reaching home, the face and body of tiie corpse is wash-d

wi.h the w iter brought by the son, and then A i!n put into the coffin, and Tjt- P^

placed in state ; and a t iblet erected with the name of the deceased inscribed ou it, thus:

il

m^ "IN

Ii:

^

A FATHER S TABLET.

EHPEROR

ts'hing (dynasty)

the illustrious dead

isheduis stateoftrial.

NAME

KUB-

CBANG- (StRNAHE)

C H A O U

iih's,

spirit's

TABLET.

A MOTHERS.

f^ ts'hihg (dynasty)

M^ DECEASED,

' ^i^ COMFANiaJS OF HER HUSBAM*

^^ CBAOU'S

rj GATE ^HOUSB),

LS

MAIDEN NAMEft

lADY 3,

spirit's

TABLET.

^ i4 Fuo moo, Father and Mother, when applied to the dead, i» expressed by.

2b

FUNERALS.] 116

The tomb-stone has generally the same characters written on it. The Father's

wou'd read thus in English:—The Tomh-slone of Mr Chaou-k'he-chang ; the deceased,

who shone illustrious ill his day, finished his slate of probation during the Dynasty

Ts'hing.

The Mother's tluis, *—The Tomh-stone of Mrs. Chaou, whose maiden name

was Le. The companion of her husband, and pattern of his virtues. Died during the

Dynasty Ts'liing.

When pl;iced in rooms, the word Tomb-s!one must be rendered TaTilet It is first

written on paper, which is burnt, and its place supplied with wood. Before the tablet

incense isHi.hted up, and the children _g^ -Q K^ ^^ during the first seven days,

prostrate themselves every morning before it.

— -f^ /p, (_Ll After three timfs seven days, the funeral procession takes place,

attended by Ihe chihlren, wife, concubines and friends. The rclatiims weep aloud. The

tablet is carried in a sedan-chair, placedat the head of the grave, obhitions offered,

and prostrations again performed.

After interment, IPj ^' they bring back the tablet,and place before it whole roasted

pigs,^ IjA or 2l ^3E t'lree or five kinds of dressed animal food, fiuits, and paslry,

they again prostrate themselves ; ai d For -r" -j^ seven times seven days, at mornii.g

and evening, present oblations and m.ike prostrations.

The first seven days of mournirg, are by some extended to seven weeks. And

with the rich, the period of iiiternieiit is somctunes deferred maiy years. -w Ig

' Send a treasury,' expresses erecting rooms ofpaper ; burning thtm ; and so passing them

to the invisible stale for the use of the deceased.

^ Kaou,F;,ther, pnd-Jrt^ Pe, Mother. These are the Tomb-stones ofCanton Province.

Ill the interior they vary in their form and inscription.

* Tablets are not erected for unmarried children. ^ ^1^ Mae-shwiiy cannot be

performed but by the eldest son living; or the eldest sous son in preference to the

second son. Whoever brings the water, is entitlid to a double share of the properly.

W hen neither children nor grand-children are in life, cousins, or those neit in kin ^yk buy the water and ipherit the property.

117 [DIAGRAMii

A ^THE PA-QUA OF THE ^ YIH-KING. 5».

I

>f

^•u^UU-3

Hre

o

¥

/E

O ^V^nn

c

?!

^

O

•a

5'

w

M

DIAGRAMS."] 118

The Eight Diaproms ''ere drawn, it is saiil, I'v the far famed p^ f^jjFiih-hr, They

were an;il)sed by a persim naiiiod ,..j (how, of Ih' dynasty '^ '"Ung. He iiitro-

duced the Circle, to which he a| pliid the words Tae-Ke.h, the exlrenie limit ( chaos,

or priM.itive existence : unity. On the divisioit «>f unity, a lii.e became two

___ ^ and thus exist, d an odd and an rv n niiinbi-r. The One was [E- Vang, and

the Two "^iYiii.lhesanaea* is r present. d by the 7n? pj Ho-too, and •j^^ Liih-

shoo, or the odd and even dibits |,laced so as to ui ke Ten every way. Which figure

wa» obtained Ly Fiih-he, from the back of a tortoise. 11 is thns represented. *

With the lines, one whole and the other divided, or an odd and sn even nniiiberj

by placingon each, first a whole aid then a divided line, the|;^ ^ ^ze-se .1 gare pro-

duced. Thns, on the whole line place a lii.t ==, ihei. 011 llie whole line 1lace a

a divided linp Keit on thedividid line place a CZTZZT line ; and finally,

on the divided li< e plucc a divided line ^TTZT, they are the Sze-seang.

Bv pn cecding according to the s.:nie rule, i.e. by placing on eacli of Ihtse, first a

whole line, and then a divided line, Ihe^^ ilN Pii-kwu are jrodiiced. In the Yih-

* This is the most approved method of rcpresciitiiig the I&. ^ Liih-shoo.

119 [dugrams.

kin; they are carried to six lines on each other, which makes Sixty-four Kwa, lo each

of wliich a name is given.

The whiile of this seems to consift in representinc. by lines a oeometrical

SERiEs, WHOSE CONSTANT MULTIPLIER IS TWO. Carriccl to twcnty-fouf lines, they

are said to make 16,777,216 changes.

In the Liih-shoo, the five Elements and the points of the Compass are inserted. The

fifth Element is J^ Too, which is commonly made to occupy the centre of circular

diagrams. *

What gives these trifles such importance with the Chinese is, the helicf that they

represent the manifold changes which lake place in nature, and in the aftairs of the

vioild; and wlieu referred to by lot in divination, that they give previous iiiliraalion

of those impending changes. Thus they become a source of profit to the impostor,

who knows better; and an object of superstitious dread to the credulous mind, that is

itself deceived.

* For an account of the Five Elements, and the Theories of Ihe Fortune-teller,

•Physiogiioniist, and others, consult Morrison's Chinese Dictionary, under the

characterJj^ Woo, page 48, compared with^ K'hih, page 238.

CONjCLUSION."] J20

CONCLUSION.

FnoM the above dry detail of Names and Terms, the Reader must not expect to

find, what the Writer did not mean to gi^e. It i* intended for the assistance of the

Chinese Student, and not for the amusement of the general Scholar. *

It has often been remarked, that to teach Language, whether viva voce, or by

Grammars and Dictionaries, is the humblest of all literary undertakings, and perhaps

most irksome. The labour is useful and necessary, and must therefore be sub-

'ted to. To teach the a, b, c, to spell, and to define single words, cannot, from the

nature of things, be entertaining.

It IS scarcely possible for a person in Europe, without a Chinese Assistant, to study

the Language with success. Perhaps the following course may be the best for any one

about to acquire the Language.

Begin with one of the works of Fiction, called /k |"'^ Seaou shwo, 'Small talk.'

They are not all colloquial. The ^?-^ -fS ' Happy Courtship," translated into

English under the title of ' The Pleasing History,' is colloquial. The f{I ^S^' Dreams ot the Red Chamber,' in the Dialect of Peking, is also so. In attempting to

read these, the lines of Poetry at the commencement of each section will be found too

difficult for a beginner. All descriptions of person's dress; of houses; the words of

inscriptions above doors, and in rooms, which inscriptions are called ^ /g^ Peen-gih,

are difficult. Also sentences contained on rolls of paper, called^;J-

-X- Tuy-tsze, or

; Tuy-leen, are generally unintelligible, without a large share of what may be

* The Author is informed, that the Rev. W. Milne, of Malacca, designs to pi.Mish an

Account of Chinese Customs and Opinions, more calculated for the general Reader than

this work.

1-1 [conclusion.

called the Classical Literature of the ChiDcie. Thej hare often an allusion to pcrions

places or events, vrhicb cannot be perceived, but by those who are acquainted with the

tales of other times. What the persons, mentioned in the narrative, did and said will

geuerally be found easy.

In connexion with these books, the Student will find considerable assistance fro™

the ^ ^Ij Ig =jjj ^jr Shing-yu-kwang-heun-choo. The

j^| ^ Pih-wSn, or

teit of this book, is an Imperial production, and is in Ihe stjle of ^'^ fine

writing. To each section there is a colloquial paraphrase by an officer of rank.

The Student may next advance to the works of Confucius ; RQ ^~ '

^\- Sze-

ihoo-choo, or j/Q S^ /g>- ^^ Sze shoo-hO-keang, where, in the Commentary, he will

find much concise and perspicuous definition.

The best copy of the older Classics called '-fl ^M Woo-king, it that by Imperial

authority, entitled^ ^ 5. ^ 'f^^ ^'"^ Commentary in this work, is

in a lucid and good style. Having gone through these latt«r books, the Chinese give

themselves up to general reading.

An European can have little motive to eiter on the study of Chinese ; or at least, can

scarcely have motive sufficiently strong to carry him successfully through. Abstract

Science, or the Fine Arts can learn nothing from China ; and perhaps as much is already

known, as can be known, to aid the general Philosopher in his reasonings. Her His-

tory will not bear out the fond expectations of the opposers of Christianity, in dis-

proving the Jewish and Christian Scriptures; nor can the friend of Christianity obtain

any useful addition to his Religion or Code of Morals from her Sages.

In China there is much to blame, and perhaps something from which to learn. A

good Writer * has remarked that the Christian Spirit is very different from what may be

called the heroic spirit ; it is of a more tame, gentle, and submissive cast. It is matter

of regret how little, in this particular, it has moulded the public feeling of Europe,

and how much we yet overvalue a high proud spirit, with a bold disregard of con-

sequences, and prefer it to a rational, meek, unaspiring and humble spirit. Nothing can

l>^ more unchristian than the stern resentment of insults cherished by Europeans.

* Archdeacon Palev

tONCtUSIOS ] 123

Tlie Chinese teach contempt of the rude, Instead of figliling with them. And the

man' who unreasonably insults another, has public opinion against liim, nhijst he who

bears and despises the affront, is esteemed.

The Chinese are fond ofappealing to reason. They have their #0 0[ Qy /V ^^^"^

i)f a high spirited sense of right, and who manifest a bold adheienceto it, hut still such

characters are at great pains to shew that reason is on their side. They have no con-

ception of thiit sullen notion of honor, that would lead a man to prefer being shot,

or shooting somdwdy else, rather than explain and prove the truth and reatonable-

ncss of his words and actions.

Even the Governoicnt U at the utmost pains to make it appear to the people, that

its conduct is reasonable and benevolent on all occasions. They have found by the

experience of many ages that it is necessary. To make out the argument, they are not

'nice about a strict adhetence to truth ; nor are their ri;a£ous or premises such that

Europeans would generally admit : but granting Ibem ilieir awn premises and statement

of facts, they ncTer'ftiil to prove that those whom they oppose are completely in the

wrong. A Chinese wfliild' stand and reason with a man, when an Englishman would

knock him down, or ah Italian stdb fatHi- It is needless to say which is the moreill; . ;

rational mode ofproceeding. '

'

Were the religions arid moral writings of Europeans considered by a person living

! in China, as a faithful delineation of their character, how much wjpuld he be mistaken,j

And on the other hand, ii* he forced his Opinion from the follies and vices recorded 1

in the daily Paperf, whilst he would form a -^uite opposite .opinion, it would be]

equally unfair. We shoiild jguard against judging of the whole by a pactonly. Thej

European Student must not consider what the Chinese teach, and v»hat they do, as

always the same. Theif moral maximt are as ineflectual in regulating their hearts

and conduct, as the moral maxims of Christendom are with' respect to Europeans.

This, knowing what is right, and doing what is wrong, can be accounted for only on

the principle that human nature is depraved, or jallen from its original purity and i

rectitude. "j

The Millions of China, whom, on principle, we must recognise as children of

I

123 [conclusion.

the same Almighty Father, (for God hath made of one blood all nations of men) are

rendered by the strong arm of power, exerted by the Magislr.ilc, Ihc Parent or

Guardian, more afraid of telling truth than Europeans. They arc vastly prone to

prevaricate, to deceive, to lie. Superstition and Idolatry usurp the place of true

Religion; and, Chinese, like the rest of mankind, afc inclined to be satisfied with

external observances, instead of Religious and ])|Ioral, Rectitude.

The affairs of Europe are of comparatively no importance whatever to China ; and

on the other hand, the affairs of China do not much concern Europeans. There exists

mutual indifference.

The Greeks and Romans were the ancestors of Europeans. The scenes of their

battles; the situation and antiquities of their cities: the birth place of their Poets,

Historians, Legislators, and Orators, all possess an acquired interest in the mind:> of

those whose education has Jed them to an early acquaintance with Ibem. But it

would be difficult for.a Chinese of the best talents and education, to acquire in the

years of manhood, a similar interest.

The Chinese also can point out the scenes of battles where thousands fought aud

died; the situation of splendid courts; the tombs of Monarchs ; the abodes of Histo-

rians, Moralists and Poets, whose memory is dear to them, and which interest their

hearts in the antiquities of their fathers. But what they look on with intcrent

and pleasure, can certainly have few charms for a foreigner, who is excluded

from their families, and passed from Peking to Canton in a boat, under military escort.

Still from this to deny that the country does not possess any of the charms of Europe,

does not seem a fair conclusion. If the reality of things is to be judged of by the

feelingsof the inhabitants of a country, every region of the world, and every state of-

society, would in its turn assume the place of high superiority. Europe, which is the

most scientific portion of the globe, is not yet free from selfiib and narrow prejudices ;

and to a person placed on the fUistern verge of the Asiatic Continent, who hears little of

the nations of Europe, but the distant rumour of their perpetual wars, with all their

advantages, they appear still as rancorous against each other, as if they possessed no

great principles of equity and justice to appeal to, or were too selfish and barbarous to

do so.

s2

CONCLUSION.] 124:

There are certainly not many things.in which the Chinese are worthy of imitation :

there is, however, one benevolent cause, which a Chinese would never think ofoppos-

in"-, hut which has yet to striif;s'^ ""'"^ much unreasonable opposition in modern

Europe, viz. that of making education as general as possible, and giving to Moral

Science a decided preference to Physical Science, in the education of youth. To honor

Tjrtue more than talent. It is painful to hear a smattering of astronomy and geo-

graphy, together with a little music, drawing, and dancing, which can be of very little

use in the regulation of the heart and life, considered of great value, whilst instruction

in Relative and Religious Duties, on which depend the peace and happiness of familiei

and of nations, is lightly esteemed. To utter a moral or religious sentiment any where

but in the pulpit is esteemed perfectly insuflfcrable. Every benevolent Englishman

must wish to see the reasoning faculty more called into exercise, than it generally

is amongst the poor of his own country, and'to hear Duty to Parents, with a Rational

and Religious Self-controul, quite as much honored in general conversation as those

attainments and accomplishments, which may confer elegance on a dwelling, and give

grace to a person, but which have no influence on the Springs of Human Action,

morally considered, norfeed the Sources ofreal heart-felt Human Bliss.

The Writer, however, means not to insinuate, that in morals we are inferior to

the Chinese; he believes the fact to be very far the reverse. Their advantages indeed

have not been equal to ours; and our public morals are still greatly below what our

acknowledged standards require. As, 'Fas est ah hoste doceri,' so probably in

iome things, nations denominated Christian, may yet learn from Heathens. As Confuciui

,

taught, our dislike of a lean's vices should never be carried to such a height, as to

make us blind to what is^ really good, about him.

The good traits in the Chinese character, amongst themselves, are Mildness and

Urbanity; a wish to shew that there conduct is reasonable, and generally a willingnesf

to yield to what appears so; Docility; Industry ; Subordination of Juniors; Respect

for the Aged, and for Parents ; acknowledging the claims of poor kindred : these aro

the virtues of public opinion, which, of course, are, in particular cases, often mor*

sbew than reality. For on the other hand, the Chinese are Specious, but Insincere,

1-5 [conclusion.

Jealous, Envious, and Dislriistful to a lii;;h degree. There is amongst Ihcm a conaideiv-

aUc prevalence of sce|iticism ; of :i Saciiliiocan, and ralliiT; Alhcisticat spirit ; and Uiuir

conduct is very generally such as one woiiUl natur.illy expect, from a people, whose

minds feel not that s,-nse of Divine Aiilliorily, nor that revcrpiicc, foe, the Pivine

Majesty and Goodness, nhieh in Sacred Scripture is dCRonnnatcd the 'Fcaruffiod.'

Conscience has few checks hut the laws of the land ; av4 a little frigid ratiocination,

on the fitness and propriety of things, which is not generally found clfectual to

restrain, when the selfish and vicious proper.silics of our nature, may be indulged with

present impunity. The Chinese are generally selfish, cold-blooded, and inhumane.

Perhaps the behaviour of no people amongst themselves, and towards Foreigners

is exactly the same. With the Chinese it is exceedingly difterent. When interest

ftr fear do not dictate a different course, they are to Strangers, haughty, insolent,

fraudulent and inhospitable. A Merchant will flatter a foreign devil (as they express

it), when he has something to gain from him; then he can be servile enough; par-

ticularly if he is not seen by his own countrymen; for the presence of a menial

servant of his own nation, will make him more on his guard in yielding his fancied

superiority. Europeans are secluded from general intercourse with natives of

different ranks; which affords great facilities to Merchants and native domeslici

to combine and impose upon them, which they usually do. Few instances of gratitude

«r attachment have ever occurred on the part of servants to their European Masters.

The Chinese study to get the better of those with whom they have to contend, by bringing

the other party into a. dilemma, like the king in Chess, who is reduced to check-

mate; and they become apprehensive, when their opponents maintain calmness and

an apparent indifference ; they remember their own maxin), ' He that has reason od

his side, need not talk loudly.'

Love to one's own country is perfectly compatible with benevolent feelings to all

mankind ; and the prosperity of this nation, with the prosperity of that. It seems

^uite a mistake to think that attachment to one's own People is manifested by a vio-

lent dislike of others. Will the day ever come when the various Tribes of men

iliaU live together as Brothers ? When they shall not hurt, nor destroy each other any

CONCLUSION ]^^"

„ore . When Truth and Knowledge shall universally prevail P Let us still cherish

tbe pleasin, hope, that so desirable a slate of soc.et, will finally exist, and .hilst

cherishing this hope, every serious mind .Ul readily join in the King of Israel. Prayer

to the Almighty, God, " let thy ways he known upon the Earth, and ihy sav.ng

health amongst ail nations."

TEE. ENB.

INDEX,

ABORIGINES, Chinese not the, page 52.

Meaou-lsze, probably lUeAborigiiies,

page J7. . , ^,

Abraham, page 59. rV)

Alexander Ibe Great, pajje 46

Alexandrian Library, 49.

Alfred the Great, 33.

Ambassador fo Arabia, 79. From Sbii-

shan to China, p. 70. from India, to

China, 84.

Amour river, 7i. '

Anecdotes of ihe origin of the Manchow

race, 10, U.

Antiquities (very high) not credible, 59,

160.

Arabia or Egypt (ships from)> 45. Arabia

Felix, 79, 86.

Aristotle, 49.

Asia (Central), called Se-yih, 61.

Atrocities of Tsuen-chung, 28, 29,30.

Astronomical Board, 91.

Ava, 85.

B

Bay of Bengal, how expressed, p. 86.

Bengal, p. 83-

Blood, wind appeared like showers of, 39

Boards of Controu! (six) at Peking, 89.

Books, ancient, imperfect; spurious, 57.

None extant, written previously

to the compilations of Confucius, 57

Books burnt, 47. First bound up in

leaves, 35.

_Bprieo, a people on, 83.

.Buddisra introduced to Chind, '39, 84.

Biuldah, birlh-d:iy of, a festival, 106.

Buttons or globes, worn fo distinguish

rank, 97—100.

C hard in Cbinejc names, see K.

Canibodgia, 85.

Canal, Chinese great, 17,18.

Canton Province, see Kwang-tung, 68

Canton city first walled in, 25.

Capital of the Empire, see Metropolis.

Caps and garments first made, 59.

Caractacus, 45.

Cards, visiting, its origin, 52. Red paper

w en first used, 18.

Carthage founded, 51.

Cashgur, 7 7.

Censors, 91.

Ceres of China, 110.

Ceylon, S3.

Cha-ha-urh,name of a place, 7S.

Cha-lae-tih, name of a place, 72.

Cha-loo-tTh,name of a place, 72.

Chairs to sit on, 37.

Chang-ho, Imperial title, 44.

Chang-king, Imperial title, 32.

Chang-sha-foo, capital of Honan, 67

INDEX.] 128

Chang-te, an Emperor. 44.

Chans-woo, an Imperial title, 44

Chan^-yuen-heo-sze, President of the

Han-lin College, 88.

ChaouJe^-te, an Emperor, 40.

Chaou-scen, or Corea, 80.

Chaoti-seuen, an Emperor, 32.

Chaou-le, an Emperor, 46.

Chaou-tsung, an Emperor, 32.

Chaou-wang, a king, 50.

Character of Tartars and Chinese, in the

close of Ihe Han Dynasty, 43

Che-ta, Imperial title, 16.

Che-hwaiig-te, who burnt the bookt, 48

Che-ho. Imperial title, 16, 22.

Che-kiang Province, .

.

Chen-kw3, the Belligerent states, 48.

proceedings are reasonable, p 122-

China and Europe mutually indif-

ferent to each other, 123.

Ching-shintr, Imperial title, 36.

Ching-te, Emperor, 38, 46.

Chin Dynasty, 36.

CMh-te, an Emperor, 44.

Ching-wang, a king, 50.

Chi ig-hwa, Imperial title, 12.

Ching-tsung, an Emperor, 16.

Ching-t'hung, an Emperor, 12.

Ching-tsung, an Emperor, 22.

Ching-tlh, Imperial title, 12.

Ching-tsoo, an Emperor, 12.

Ching-yuen, Imperial title, 32.

Chin kS-urb, 5, 76, T8.

Ching-ling-wang, a king, 48.

Chen-sze-foo, (91, called KwO-tsze-keen)Ching-too-foo, capital district of Sze-

Controllers of the Princes' household '''

Choo-foo-tsze, commentator on the Four

Books, 23. Begins his history, 58.

Choo-yuen, an Imperial title, 56.

Chop slicks (ivory), 53.

Chow-wang, or Chow-sin, 53.

Chow-wang, or Fung-chow-wang, 41.

Chow Dynasty, 48.

Chung-ho, Imperial title, 32, 20

Chung-hing, Imperial title, 38.

Chung-kang, a king, 56.

Chung-p'hing, Imperial title, 44.

Chuiig-tsang, 73.

88.

Che-ping, Imperial title, 22.

Chc-taou, Imperial title, 22.

Che-tsang, Imperal title, 20.

Ch'hoo-p'hing, Imperial title, 44.

Chih-le, or Province of Peking, 64.

China sea how called, 86.

Ching-hing, Imperial title, 26.

Ching-ho, Imperial title, 20.

Ching-kwang, Imperial title. Si.

Ching ming, Imperial tille, 26, 36.

Chinese have undergone great char.ges,61

.

Not opposed to general education Chun-te, an Emperor, 44.

124. Chung-tsing, an Emperor, 34.

China, called Che-na in India, perhaps Chung-yuen, Imperial title, 44, 64.

the name fiom thence derived to Chuen-kiih-kaou-yang-she, 56.

Europe, 84. Division of Territory Chwang-lee, an Emperor, 12,

*1. Not much to be learned from.

Her history will not disprove the

Sacred Scriptures, page 121. TheGoTcrnn.cnl tri«s to shew that its

Chwang-tsung, an Emperor, 26

Coblai, grandson of Zeughisk'hau lU.

Cochinchina, 80.

College of the Han-lin, 83.

1^ I^INDEX.

Colao, 88.

Comet, 39.

Commerce, foreign, at Canton stopped,

18.

Confucius born, 49.

Constantinople made the Capital, 39.

Concubine's son, cannot inherit to the

prejudice of tlie wife's son, 53.

Concubinage not compatible with

strict virtue, 114.

Constantine, 42.

Constellations, 102.

Cores, 80.

Cossacks, 78.

Cotton Cloth when first made, 21.

Countenances of Europeans remarkable to

the Chinese, 80.

Cruelties of Tsuen-ching, a Chinese Ge-

neral, 29, 30. Of Chow-wang, 53.

Customs, Commissioner of, 94.

Cycle of Sixty-years, 3.

whenforraed, 57, 58.

Cyrus, 49.

D

Day and night divided into twelve por-

tions, 47.

Debaucheries of Chow-wang, 53, 54.

Dedication of Idols, 111,117.

Decades, 104.

Degrees of Rank, 97, 101.

Delhi, 79.

Deluge, Chinese time of, 56.

Demosthenes, 49.

Desert of Sha-mO, 7.

Diagrams called Pa-kwa, 117.

Districts, how divided, 70.

called Foo, olEcers in; called

Chow, officers in; called Heen,

oificert in, 93, 94.

Dragon-boat, a kind of holjday time

106.

Dress of the head, men and woraea both

used flowers, 51.

Dutch, 80.

E

Earthquakes, how many noticed ia

Chinese history, 39.

Eastern Ocean, 1 6.

Eclipse predicted, did not occur, 25.

E-he, an Imperial title, 38.

£-ho, an Imperial title, 20.

E-le, seal of Chinese Government in

Central Asia, 62; mentioned, 71,

Population, 76.

Eleuths, 73,75.

Emba.ssador from China to Cambodjia, 37.

E-ming, an Imperial title, 36.

Emperor, how denominated, 87.

Empire first united under one Monarch,

47. How dividedat present, 61.

English, 6,80.

Epitaph of Chinese Sovereigns, 41.

Era, Christian, introduced, 37.

Espousal, 1 15>

E-teih first made wine, 56.

E-tsze-lsing, an Emperor, 33.

Euclid, 49.

Eulogies, posthumous in fashion, 39.

Eunuchs murdered, 29.

Europe, a term for, 81 ; now denotes the

Portuguese.

E-wang, a king, 50, two names so pro-

nounced.

E.\amination, Public, for literary honors,

101.

Fabulous period, entirely to in Chioctr

history, 58.

INDEX.] 130

Faith, defender of, 74.

Famine, sevfii vearsof, in China, 5S,

Familie» average five or six persons, 77.

Feast of runl^t'rns commenced, 33.

Fei-te, an emperor, 26.

Fifth day ot the fiftli moon an unlucky

birt:i.d),49.

Fingers, people tut them off to avoid

being- eoroll.d in the Militia, 24.

Fire arms taken from the Japanese inva-

ders, 14.

Fire chariots, fire umbrellas, warlike en-

gines so denominated, 13.

Fo, see Fiih,

Fo6, Fo, FiiH, or Bnddah, applied to the

Laraa,'74. Religion introduced, 45.

Foot (small) of Chinese women intro-

duced, 28.,

".

Foreigners, those esteemed such by the

Chinese, occupied the sea coast in

ancient lin\es. 52. A foreigner was

the first Emperor of the Uow-han

Dynasty, 27.

Founilcr of the Dynasty Tsin, a foreigner.

Foreigners invited to come, 47.

Fiih-chow-foo, capital of, 69.

Fiih, an abbreviation of Fiih-too, i. e.

Boodoo, or buddah, 74.

Fub-he, (Fo-hii, the firs civilizer of the

Chinese, 58, 59.

Fiih-keen (Fo-kien) Province, Situation

and Population, 68.

Funeral rites, observances of the 7th day

for seven weeks, 37.

<J !e-oo-kan, 78.

Gae-te, an Emperor, 38, 46.

Gan-h»uy Province, 04.

Gan-king-foo, capital of Gan-hwuy, 56.

Gau-uan, or Cocbuichina, 80.

Gan-te, an Emperor, 38, 44.

Gan-bang, a kin-r, 48.

G;m-fsc'ih-yen,78.

Gaou-han, a place in Tartary, 72.

Ganges, river how called, 84.

General (famous) who invited the pre-

sent Manchow-Tarlars to assist a-

gainst a Chinese rebel; Ironi which

circumstance arose their conquest

of China, 7. Wang-seu orders bis

mother to be decapitated to pre-

serve discipline, 35.

Gengbisk'han, 19,23.

Gentoo, 78.

Gerghis, or Kih-urh-klh, 72, 73.

Gih-loo-lih, 75.

God of the furnace, 108. Most noted of

those worshiped by the several Sects,

110.111.

Gold, rained down, 57.

Gold and silver first weighed by the

Tael, 31.

Go-urh-shen, 15,77.

Go-urhlo-sze, or Ortus, 72.

Government, Chinese, very regular and

systematic, 62.

seat of. Central Asia, C2.

in Manchow Tartary, 65

Hae-yu-tsnng-kaou, a work on Chinese

Antiquities, 57.

Hail stones, 39,

Ha-la-sha-urh,76.

Ha-li, probably Delhi, 79.

Hang-chow- foo, capital of Che-keang, 67.

Ha-meih, name of a place, 76.

Harai, 76.

Han Dynasty, 44, 45 ; miserable end of,

41, 42. Spirited conduct of the

Emperor's son, 41, 42.

131 [jiNDEX.

Han-gan, Imperial title, 44.

Han-lin-juen.akind of national institute,

58.

Han-iiing, Imperial title, 40.

Hau-ho, Imperial title, 38,

Han-kang, Inipcrinl title, 33.

Han-gan, Imperial title, 33.

Han-p'hing, Imperial title, 22.

Han-sliun, Imperial title, 20.

Han-t'hung, Imperial title, 32.

Hassacks, 78.

Hca Dynasty, 56.

He-fung-kow, 72.

Hciiou-gae-te, an Emperor, who reigned

when Jesus died, 46,

Heaou-wang, a king, 50.

He-p'hing, Imperial title, 44.

He-tsung, Imperial title, 12.

Hiien-warg, a king, 48.

Been-kii'.g, Imperial title, 34.

Heen-tsurg, an Emperor, 32

Hi -tsuiig, an Emperor, 32.

Hc-ming. Imperial title, 22.

Htvn-tsung, an Emperor, 12.

Heaou-keen, Imperial title, 38.

Heaou-woo-te, Emperor, 38, occurs twice.

Heaou-tsung.an Emperor, 12, 20.

Hi-m-tTh, Imperial title, 26.

Hcen-te, or Heaou-heen-te, an Emperor,

44.

Hih-lung-keang, the Black Dragon River

on the river Amour, 71

Hindoo Nations, 81.

Bindobtan, 78, 79.

Hing-iiing,' Imperial ti'le, 38.

History added to in subsequent ages, 59,

liut credible for more than 3000 odd

years, 60.

Bing-p hing, In perial title, 44.

Uiiig.yueu, imperial til'.e, '62.

12

na-han, 78.

llo-nan I'rovincc, Situation and I'opu"

lalion, 59.

Hoo-nan Province, 66.

Htio-kwang Province, 66.

Hoo-p"ili Provi.ice, 66.

n<i-pi"g, a» Imperial title, 46.

Ho-lan, Hollanders, 80.

Ho-leen, 13, W.

Ho-tun, 77.

Hoo-pi-li, 16.

Hoppo, a Commissioner of Customs, 94.

Ho-te, an Emperor, 44.

Ilow-jiien, Imperial title, 46.

How Chow,j

' ^""'1 The five latter Dynasties,

. Tsin, y26.

Tang,

leang,

How-chiio, an Emp ror, 40.

Horses bred at Miih-chaiig, 73.

Hours, day ai,d iii^ht first divided into

tv\tlve portions, 47, 1C4

Hung-che, Imperial title, 12.

Hiirix-lie, Imp rial title, 12.

Hu.igw'io, Imperial title, 12.

Huugkea, Imperi .1 title, 46.

Hwan-te, an Lmperor, 40.

Hwan-t.-, an Emperor, 44,

Hwau-v\ang. a ki..g, 50.

Hwae-yang-wai;g, an Emperor, 46.

Hwang-te, or Uwang-te-yew-heuug she,

58.

Hwan-ho, Imperial title, 46.

Hwaig.king, Imperial title, 16.

Hwang-)e'», Inipcriil title, 22.

Hwuy-chaiig, In.perial till •, 38.

Hwuy-te, an Emperor, 12.

Hwuy-lsuug, an Kmperi.r, ""O.

Hwuy.te, au tUifcrur, 40, »6,

INDEX.] 132

I

Idols when introduced, 55. Increased bythe Buddists.

India called T'heen^hiih, 51. Called

Yiu-too, 78.

Imperial city, 87. Imperial Council-Chamber, 87.

Inherit, ceremony performed to the de-

ceased by the person who inherits,

113, 116.

Ink, a kind of redJead used instead of.

Innovation, general, bad; whether fromrecent to very ancient; or fromexisting usages to entirely new ones,

24.

Institutions of the Chinese, cannot judgecertainly of their character fromthem, 63.

Italy, 81.

J

Japan, 83.

Japanese repeatedly pillage the Chinese

coast, 14. Pillage Shan-tung, 15.

Were taken by the Chinese, and also

their fire arms, 14.

Jin-hwang-she, 58.

Jin-show, Imperial title, 36.

Jia-tsung, an Emperor, 1 6, 22.

Joo-tsze-ying, an Emperor, 46.

Josephus, 45.

Judea, according to Pere Ricci, 86.

Julius CjEsar, 45.

Juvenal, 45.

Juy-tsung, an Emperor, 34.

K

Kae-hwang, Imperial title, 36.

Kae-yuen, imperial title, 34.

K'hae-ching, Imperial title, 32.

Kae-paou, Imperial title, 22.

Kae-fung-foo, capital of Ho-Dtn Pro-

vince, 67.

Kang-he, Imperial title, 4.

Kang-te, an Emperor, 38. [Should be

read Tang-te.]

Kang-liug, Imperial title, 22.

Kaug-che, Imperial title, 46.

Kang-tih, Imperial title, 22.

Kang-wang, a king, 50.

Kang-ning, Imperial title, 32.

Kan-hing, Imperial title, 22.

Kan-foo, Imperial title, 32.

Kan-hwa, Imperial title, 26, occurs twice.

Xan-siih Province, 66.

Kan-taou, Imperial title, 22.

Kaou-tse-tih, 72.

Kan-yew, Imperial title, 26.

Kaou-wang, a king, 48.

Kaou-te, or Tae-tsoo, an Emperor, 38.

Kaou-tsoo, an Emperor, 1«, 34, 36.

Kaou-tsung, an Emperor, 34.

Kaou-tsung, an Emperor, 20.

Kaou-how-leu-she, a Queen, 46.

Kaou-te, an Emperor, 46.

Kaou-tsung-shun-hwang-te, Emperor, 4.

Keang-se Province, 66.

Kea-king, Imperial title, 4.

Keen-lung, Imperial title, 4, 22.

Ke-leen-shan, 76.

Ke-pin, ancient name of Hiadostan, 78.

Keang-soo, or Keang-nan Province, 65.

Kea-ting, Imperial title, 20.

Keaou-che, or Tonking, 80.

Kea-tae, Imperial title, 20.

Kea-yew, Imperial title, 22.

Kea-he, Imperial title, 20.

Kea-lsing, Imperial title, 12.

Kee-wai)g, a king, 56.

Keen-wang, a king, 48.

Keg-wang, 56, so called, 48.

Keen-wan, Imperial title, 12.

/

133 [index.

Keen-yen, Imperial title, 20.

Kcen-chang-tsing-kwo, Imperial title, 20.

Keen-ching, Imperial title, 32.

Keen-fnng, Imperial title, 3i.

KiJen-wan-te, an Emperor, 36.

Ki;en-gan , Imperial title, 44.

Keen-ning, Imperial title, 44.

Kiien-ho, Imperial title, 44.

Keea-kang, Imperial title, 44.

KiJen-kwang, Imperial title, 44.

Keen-woo, Imperial title, 38, 44. (twice).

Kiien-yuen, Imperial title, 38, 46.

Kiien-chaou, Imperial title, 46.

Kiien-ch'hoo, Imperial title, 44.

Kiien-hing, Imperial title, 40.

Keen-ping, Imperial title, 44.

Keu-che, Imperial title, 46.

Keu-jin, a literary title, how introduced,

45.

K'hae-he, Imperial title, 20.

K"hae-king, Imperial title, 20.

Khae-yun, Imperial title, 26.

K'hac-ping, Imperial title, 26.

Kih-urh-kth, or Gerghis, 72, 73.

Kih-la-chin, 72.

Klli-se-kih-lang, 72.

Kih-shih-ko-urh, Cashgnr, 77.

Kings, ancient, 48.

Kite, Paper flying of, a festival, 107.

King-wang, a king. Two persons so

called, 4S.

King-sze, same as Peking, or Chih-le, 64.

King-wang, a king, 50.

King-ning, Imperial title, 46.

King-te, an Emperor, 46.

King-lae, Imperial title, 12.

King-ho, Imperial title, 3S.

King-p'hiug, Imperial title, 38.

King-te, an Emperor, 36.

King-lung, Imperial title, 34.

King-fiih, Imperial title, 32.

King-tsung, Imperial title, S2.

King-till, Imperial title, 22.

King-te, an Emperor, 36

King-Ice, Imperial title, 22.

King-ting, Imperial title, 20.

King-yen, Imperial title, tO.

Kin-tsung, an Emperor, 20.

Kneel, doubled whether women ever

knelt as an act of obeisance, 51.

Koo-urh-kih-la-woo-soo, 76.

Koo-chay, 77.

Koo-koo-cho-urh, Eleutbs, 73.

Ko-urh-chin, 72.

Ko-urh-lo-sze, 72.

Kung-tsung, an Emperor, 20.

Kung-te, an Emperor, 36.

Kung-te, an Emperor, 26.

Kung-wang, a king, 50.

Kwang-wang, a king, 50.

Kwang-tung Province, 6S.

Kwang-chow-fiio, Capital district, 6<».

Kwang-se Province, Situation and

Population of, 68.

Kwang-ta, Imperial title, 36.

Kwaug-tih, Imperial title, 32.

Kwang-k'he, Imperial title, 32.

Kwang-ming, Imperial title, 32.

Kwang-hwa, Imperial title, 32.

Knang-shun, Imperial title, 26.

Kwang-tsung, an Emperor, 20, 12.

Kvrei-rm-foo, Capital of Kwang-se, 69.

Kwei-chow Province, Situation and Po-

pulation of, 70.

Kvrei-yang-foo, the Capital of Kwei-chow

Province, 71.

Kwei-hwa-ching, 72.

KwO-haou, What, 2 ; when begun, 46

Ladies, appellations of, according to their

diQerent Ranks. 97,100.

INDEX.] 134

lama, presents and titles given lo, 7 t.

died at Peking, 75.

Dolai, 7 i, deceased how expressed,

74.

Lanterns, the feast of commenced, 35,

time of, 105.

Lan-chow-foo, Capital ofKan-suh Pro-

vince, 67.

Language difficult without a knowledge

of the customs, 1. Mode of com-

mencing tlie Chinese Language, 120.

Liou-seen sang, a terra of respect when

introduced, 37.

L-iou-lsze, founder of a Chinese Sect, 49.

L.xsa, 73,74.

L .res, birih day of, a Festival, 105.

Le, Chinese land measure, 61.

L.-aou-tung, Tartars, 10.

Lee-wang, a king, 48.

Le-wang, two kings so named, 30.

Learning, flourished under the Dynasties

Tangaiid Sung, 35.

Lii6-kwB, ' Constituted States,' a phrase

applied to the various states wliich

constituted the Empire of Chow, 48.

Leang Dynasty, 36. First Emperor, 28.

Lekvo, or Lew-kew, Islands, 80.

Le-tsung, an Emperor, 20.

Ling-wang, a king, 48.

Ling-te, an Efiiperor, 44.

Ling-hac-wang, an Emperor, 36.

Lin-tlh, linptrial title, 34.

Literary examinations when instituted 35.

Lung-ho, Imperial title, 38.

Luiig-gan, Imperial title, 33.

Luiig-ke, Iniperial title, 32.

Luiig-su, Imperial title, 34-

Lung-king, Imperial title, 12.

Luiig-kiiig, Imperial title, £0.

Luzon, 82.

M

Macao, time of building the barrier,

13. Isthmus at the Barrier, name

of, 13. Foreign European vessels

first come to, 14.

Magpie, venerated by the Tartars, 11.

Maou-ming-gan, 72.

Mahomet, see Mohamed.

Malacca, name of a place, 86-

Maniila, name of a place, 83.

Marco Paulo, 21.

Mars of China, 110.

Meaou-haou, or titles of Emperors con-

ferred after death, 2.

Mencius, 49.

Metropolis of the Empire in Ho-nan Pro.

vince, 23. 52, in Keang-nan, 42.

Meteors, extraordinary, 35.

Medical Board, 91.

Militia, a kind of, 24.

Ming Dynasty, 12.

Min-te, an Emperor, 26.

Ming-tsung, an Emperor, 16, 26.

Ming-jin-tsung, an Emperor, 12.

Titles Chwang-yuen and Mun-siuig, Military officers in a Province, 95.

when introduced, 33. Object of, 101.

Literary degrees of rank, 102, persons

excluded from, 101.

Lo-kwO, 'The happy nation,' Arabia

Felix, 79.

Longinus, 42.

LSyang, the Capital at Ho-nan, 45.

Ming-le, an Emperor, 38, occurs twice-

Mohamed, Chinese Ma-hO-mo-lih, 79.

Moon, observance of the new and full,

introduced, 37. Harvest festival, 107.

Moluccas, 83.

Months how namtd, 103.

Moral writings, the actual characters of a

135 [index.

people cannot, be known from them,

122.

Mdlhor, the sicrcd, a goddess, III.

A'C-'-ang, a king;, 50.

Mouiitiiiiis, fjlliiig, 3'); mountains of

Central Asia, called Tsung-ling, 77.

Miih chantc, 73.

Miilite, an Emperor, 26.38.

Miing-koo Trihes, who have long been

dependant on the T.s"hing Djnastj',

72.

Mun-pne, list of persons in a family.

Hung up at the door, Population

easily taken from it, 63.

Miib-tsung, an Emperor, 32, 12.

Mythology, Chinese, not indecent, 112.

N

Nae-man, 73.

Nails of the fingers coloured red by

Mol.amedan women, 21.

Names abbreviated by the Chinese, 74.

Name sacred, 51.

Nau-chatig-foo, Capital of Keang-se Pro-

vince.

Nanwang, a king, 48.

Nebuchadnezzar, 49,

Ne-poo-tsoo, 16, 77.

Neptune of China, 20.

Neu-wo-she, a fabulous personage, said

to have melted stones and repaired

the heavens.

New-year's day, 105.

Ning-kang, Imperial title, 38.

Ning-tsung, an Emperor, 20.

Nobility, Tartar titles of, 7.

Nuns, 113.

Nunneries, 113.

O

Officers of Government, how Chosen, 45.

of a Province, Civil, 92. Military,

95. At the Capital, 87,92.

k'ih-soo, 9, 77.

0-pa-ha-na-urh, 72.

Oloo-t:ie,

0-|);i-kue, 72.

Opprobrious language early used by the

Chinese, 54.

Origen, a father of the Church, 45.

0-roo-ko-nrh-chin, name of a place in

Tartary, 72.

Ortous, or Go-urh-to-sze, 72.

Pae, 77.

Pa-lih-te, 79.

Pa-lin, 72.

Pa.le-kwJii!g, 42, 77.

Paper money burnt at funerals, 42.

Pa pii ta, 75.

Parriside, instance of, 31.

Pa-seen, or ei5;ht Genii, story of, when

originated, 18.

Pa-ta-kih Mountain, 78.

Paou-leih, Ini|ierial title, 32.

Paou-yew, Imperial title, 20.

Paou-ying, Imperial title, 32.

Pearls prohibited at Canton, 23. First

entered China, 47.

Peih-chen, 76.

Penates, 11!.

Peking, first made the residence of the

Court, 14. Situation of, 64.

Pencils, hair, invented, 47.

Pe-kan, a famous censor who lost his life

for remonstrating with the king

Chow, 54.

P'hing-te, an Emperor, 46.

Pih-too-nah, 14, 77.

Ping-wang, a king, 50.

INDEX.] 136

Pirate, famous in the time of Kang-hc, 7.

Pliny, 45.

Plutarch, 45.

Poo-lia-urh, 79.

Po-lo-urh, 78.

Poo-loo tih, a place in Western Tartary,

77, 78.

Poo-ta-la Temple, 74.

Population in the time of the Emperor

Kang-he, 7.

A. D. 1394, 15. Whole popu-

lation about A. D. 1790, 71.

In the middle of the 3d century.

; Of western dominions, 76.

Powder, gun, invention of, 21.

Portugueze, 81.

Prayer always practiced by the Chinese.

55.

Presents to the Emperor of China from

Foreign nations, how to be under-

stood, 62.

Presidents of the Han-Iin College, 88.

Priest, Chinese, travelled in India, 27.

Priests of Fiih, and of Taou, what called,

113.

Principalities, 36, 47.

Printing first introduced to the notice of

Government, 27.

Princesses first given in Marriage by the

Chinese to the Tartars, 42, 43.

Profligacy, atrocious, punished in this

life, 54,

Prime Minister, 88,

Prisoners, principal, taken in -war put to

death, 33,

Privileges of Rank, loi,

Ptolemy Soter, 49,

Punishments, cruel, invented by a Queen,54,

Purgatory, festival of, deliverance from,

106,

Pwan-koo, who separated the lieaven

from the earth, 5S.

Pythagoras, 49,

Q

Quang-tung, Qiiei-chow, &c. for the

initial Qu, in the names of Chinese

places see, Kw.

Queen of heaven, a Goddess, 110.

R

Rank, not regarded in the commence,

raent of the Ming Dynasty, 13. The

Nine Ranks, 97, 100, are really

but three, 101. Privileges of maybe purchased, 101. Persons excluded

from Literary degrees of Rank, 102.

Religions, the three established, 110,113.

Ricci, Matthew, 80, 85, 86.

Rome founded, 51, taken by Alaric, 39.

Romans withdraw their troops from

Britain, 39.

Russia, Chinese dominions extend to, 62,

76. Included amongst the Tributary

nations, 81. Had a school or Col-

lege at Peking, 82.

Sabbath, conjecture respecting, 52, No-

ticed, 79.

Sacrifices at tombs, not offered in ancient

times.

Salique law passed, 41.

Sae-la miih, 76.

Samarcand, mention made of, 62, 79.

San-kwO, the three Kingdoms, 44,45.

Saxons establish themselves in Kent, 37.

Sawing asunder, punishment inflicted, 33.

Screen or limit on the west, 77-

137 [index.

Seal Cliaracter framed by Chow, 51.

Sedan chairs, 51.

Seats (none) People sat on tlie ground, 51.

Schools opened, 37.

Seuen-tih, Imperial title, IS.

Seasons, four, 104.

Se-gan-foo, capital of Shen-se Province,67.

Septuagint translation, 49.

Seun-te, an Emperor, 36, 46.

Seuen-wang, a king, 50.

Se-tsang, Thibet, 73.

Se-yang, Europe, 80.

Seuen-lsuiig, Imperial title, 32,12.

Seuh-shan, Snow-hill, 76.

Sew-lsae, a Literary title 1st introduced 48

Sha-mo Desert mentioned, 62.

Sha-ya-urh, 77.

Shan-se Province, 64.

Shang-te, an Emperor, 44.

Shang-tung Province, 64.

Shaou-haou-kin-t'hi;en-she, 56.

Shang-yuen, Imperial title, 32.

Shaou-kang, a king, 56.

Shaou-tae, Imperial title, 36.

Sliaou-te, an Emperor, 38.

Shaou-shing, Imperial title, 20.

Shaou-hing, Imperial title, 20.

Shaou-he, Im(ierial title, 20.

Sba-mun Priests go to India, 84.

Shaou-ting, Imperial title, 20.

Shaving the head required by the Tar-

tars ou pain of death, 6.

She-tsoo, an Emperor, 16.

Shen-se Province, 66.

She-tsung, an Emperor, 12.

She-tsung-keen-hwang-te, an Emperor, 4>

She-tsung, an Emperor, 26.

She-tsoo-chang-hwang, an Emperor, 4,

She-tsoo, 16.

She-tsoo, or Kwang-woo, an Emperor, 44.

Shca-tsoo-jin-hwaug-lc, 4.

D

Shepherds, wandering, leave no mouu.raents, Tl.

Shin.nung, an ancient Emperor, 58.

Shin-tsing-waiig, a king, 48.

Shin-tsoo-jin-hwang-le, an Eminiror, 4.

Shin-lsung, an Emperor, 12.

Shin-lung, Imperial title, 34.

Shin-tsnng, Imperial title, 22.

Shiiig-king, Capital of Man-chow, CI.

Shiug-phing, Imperial title, 3S.

Shing-uing, Imperial title, 3a.

Shushan, 79.

Shun-tsung, 16.

SImn-vew, Imperial title, 20.

Shun-tsung, an Emperor, 16.

Shun-cbe, Imperial title, 12,

Shun-te, 16,

Shun-hwa, Imperial title, 22,

Shun-te, an Emperor, 16,38,44,

Shuu-lio, Imperial title, 20.

Shun-tsung, an Emperor, 32,

Shiih, one of the Three Kiugdomi, 44,

Siara, SO.

Silk, 57,

Small po\, guardian goddess, HI.

Snow mountains. Snow, water procured

from, 76

Soolo, of the Philipinc Isles, 81.

Soo-ne-lih, 72.

Socrates, 49.

Solon, 49.

Solomon, lays the foundation of the

Temple, 5.

Soomalra, 85.

Solstice, winter, a hplyds^y, J08.

Sparrow-ko, nickname of an Eni|)eror,

Spelling of Tartar words, by Cluuoie/

character^ 62,

Spain, 81,82, :,_

Spirits, malevolent,, storief respecUng

them, 35. ,:.;j

INDEX.] 13S

Spirits of the Hills, Rirers, &c. 110,

Spriiij;, ceremony at the iiitroduclioii of,

105,108, 109.

Spring, salt water, 0.

Spurious, Chinese Classics, 56,

Stamp duty in China, 39.

Standards of the Tartars, 65,

Stars falling, 35, Baleful influence avoid-

ed, 36,

Statistical work, name of, 61,

Stools first invented, 45.

Storms of rain and hail, destructive, 39.

Sultan, 79,

Sun, spot in, 39,

Suh-tsung, an Emperor, 32.

Sung Dynasty, 20, 21, 22. Miserable end

of, 25,

Superstition, dread of the pheaomena of

nature, 39,

Sanday, Character in the Chinese Alman-

ack which corresponds to. Chinese

observe none, 103,

Supreme Government, 87,

Sung-chaou, or Pih-sung-chaou, 48,

Suy Dynasty, 36,

Sze-chuen Province, 63.

Sze-shing, Imperial title, 34.

Sze-t»ze-poo-lOh, 72,

Ta-chung-tseang-foo, Imperial title, 22.

Ta-chung, Imperial title, 32,

Tae-kang, a king, 56,

Tae-haou-fiih-he-she, 50,

Tae-yuen.foo, Capital district of Shan-se,

65,

Tae-che, Imperial title, 40,

Tae-kang, Imperial title, 40,

Tae-she, Imperial title, 40,

Tae-tsung-wau-hwang-te, an Emperor, 8.

Tae-ning, Imperial title, 3S,

Tae-yuen, Imperial title, 3S,

Tae-ho, Imperial title, 32, 38,

Tas-ning, Imperial title, 38,

Tae-che, Imperial titk, 38

Tae-yu, Imperial title, 38, .

Tae-t'hung, Imperial title^ 36j

Tae-p'hing, Imperial title, 36,

Tat-p'hing-hing-kwo, Imperial title, 22,

Tae-ktiih, Imperial title, 24.

Tae-tsung, an Emperor, 12, 22, 32, 34.

Tae-chang, Imperial title, 12.

Tae-tsoo-kaou-hwang-te, an Emperor, 8.

Tae-ting, Imperial title, 16,

Tae-tingte, an Emperor, 16.

Tang Dynasty, 32. 1 1. .jsaJ-'.-

Tang-ming-hwang, Imperial title, 32.

Tang-koo-tih, name given to Thibet, 74.

Ta-shih-ha.i, or kan, 79.

Ta-ur-pa-kotae, 74.

Ta-k'he, an Emperor, or king, 56.

Ta-yu, the remover of the waters of the

Deluge, 56.

Ta-ts'hing Yih-thung-che, a Statistical

account of the Chinese dominions, 61

Ta-ke, a famous and profligate Ciueen,53.

Ta-lefh, Imperial title, 32.

Ta-ls'hing-chaou, the Dynasty that now

(A. D. 1817), fills the throne of

China, 12.

Ta-tih, Imperial title, 16.

Ta-shun, Imperial title, 32.

Ta-uee, Imperial title, 36.

Ta-hing, Imperial title, 38.

Ta-keen, Imperial title, 38.

Ta-kwan, Imperial title. 90.

Ta-paou, Imperial title, 36.

Te-e, 58.

Te-chiug, 58.

Te-le, a Sovereign, 58.

Te-che, 57.

Te-lin-hwuy, 58.

139 [index.

Tt-lae, 58.

Te-ning, 58.

Te-ping, au Emperor, 20.

Te-)ii-wang, 5'i.

Te-ylh, an Emperor, 38.

Te-pa, officer in Thibet, 74, 75.

Te-hwiih-ltaou-sin-she, 56,

Te-liwang-she, 58.

Terras, the year divided into, 24, 103.

Temples of Buddah, of Taou-keaou, and

of Priestesses or Nuns, 113.

Temple of Solomon built, 51.

Teen-shan, 78.

TiJen-hwang-she, 58.

Thi-en-fiing, 79.

T'heen-lee, Imperial lille, 16.

T'heen-shun, Imperial title, 12.

Tliiien-k'he, Imperial title, 12.

T"ht;en-kang, Imperial tille, 36.

T'heeii-kiJen, Imperial title, 36.

T'heeu-kea, Imperial title, 36.

T'been-paou, Imperial title, 34.

T'hiien-yew, Imperial tille, 2.

T'hijen-chiiig, Imperial title, 26.

T'htJenfiih, Imperial lille, 26, 32.

T'heen-he, Imperial title, 29.

T'hijen-tsung, Imperial tille, 8.

T'heen-iiing, Imperial title, 8.

Thibet, name, &c.—Invaded by the

Chi:i-ko-urb Tartars, 74.

Tih-yew, Imperial title, 20.

Time, divided into periods of 15 days

each, 103.

Ting-wang, a king, 48.

Toleration of the Religion of Buddah 39-

Toleration, Polytheists and Sceptics also

intolerant, 112, 113.

Tombs repaired annually, and cere-

monies performed at, 106. Tomb-

stones, inscription on, 115.

Tomb stones, introduced, 47.

Tonkin, 81.

Ton-kin, or Ton-king, 7 1,

Tourgouths, 5, 73,

Too-urh-pih-tih, 72.

Too-hih-lib, 72.

Too-pih-tili, Thibet, "3.

Too fan, 71.

Too-urh-hoo-tih Han, the Han of Tour-

gouths, 5.

Too fan, 74.

Traditions, ancient not to be implicitly

believed.

Translators Office, 91.

Tribute, note respecting, 62.

Tribes, the ten carried away, 51

.

Tsang-woo-wang, an Emperor, li'-

Tsung-ching, Imperial title, 12.

Tsung-ling Mountains, 79.

Tsin-chaou, or Dynasty, 48.

Tsing-hae, 73.

Tsiiang-keun, a Military commander, 75-

Tsijen-tsang, 73.

Tseen-lo, or Siam, 80.

Tse-wang, an Emperor, 26.

Tsang, Thibet, 73.

Tsung-fih, Imperial title, a.

Tsung-ning, Imperial title, 20.

Ts'hing-tac, Imperial tille, 26.

Tsiiig-kang, Imperial lille, 20.

Tseang-hing, Imperial title, 2().

Tsze-nan-foo, Capital district of Irhau-

tung, 65.

Tung-kwang, Imperial tille, 2(>.

Tung-h.an Dynasty, 44.

Twan-kung, Imperial tille, 22,

Tivan-tsuiig, an Emperor, 20,

Types, moveable, 21.

Type cuttefs Patron, demigod, 27.

Ung-neii-lih, Ti

INDEX.] 140

Urh-shc-hwang-te, an Emperor, 48.

W

Wall, great, built, 47.

Wan-tsung, an Eraperor, 16. •

Wan-te, an Ennperor, 46, 38, 36.

Wan-wang, Woo-Wang's Father, never

was king, 53.

Wan-tsiug, an Eraperor, 32.

Wan-te, an Emperor, 46, 38, 36. .

W&n-tsung, an Emperor, 16.

Wan-leih, Imperial title, 2.

Wang-choo, a king, 56.

Wangchoo, a king, 56.

Wang-shaug, a king, 56.

Wang-fa, a king, 56.

Wang-kaou, a king, 56.

Wang-kin, a king, 56.

Wang-kiiig-kea, a king, 56

Wang-seang,a king, 56.

Wang-hwae, a king, .56.

Wang.puh-keang, a king, 56.

Wang-mang, a king, 56.

Wang-see, a king, 56.

Wang-tih, Imperial title, 32.

War, declaration of, made by the Tartars

against the Chinese, 8, 9.

Watches of the night, 104.

Wealth, the god of. 111.

Weeks, three, intervene between demise

and interment. After a week of

weeks, or seven weeks, other ob-

servances take place, when the spirit

of the deceased is supposed to return

and visit an apartment of the house,

116.

ft"ci ll'^-wang, a king, 48.

Wei, one of the Three Kingdoms, 44.

Western Regions, 61, 77.

Wine, a lake tilled with, 54 Sold by

the magistrates, 47.

While, the favorite colour at court, 55.

Witches and wizards prohibited, 25.

Woo, one of the Three- Kingdoms, 44.

Wuo-chiuig-foo, capital of Hoo-pih, 67

Woo-choo-miih-.tsin, 72.

Woo-la-tih, 73.:

Woo-san-kwei, a famous Chinese Gene-

ral, 7.

Woo shih, 10, 77.

Woo-loo-rauh-tse, 77, 17. i.

»

Woo-tae, The Fiv« Dynasties, 26.

Woo-te, an Emperor, 36, 38, 49, 46.

Woo-tih, an Imperial title, 34.

Woo-tsing, an Emperor, 12, id, 32.

Woo-tsung, an Emperor, 16.

Woo-mang, a king, SO', 54. i .'

Writing performed on Bamboos with the

point of a style, 49.

X

Xenophon, 49.

Ya-kih-sa, or Yakutsk, 82.

Ya-mun, denoting a public court or of-

fice ; when introduced, 42.

Yang-kea, Imperial title, 44.

Yang-so, Imperial title, 46.

Yang-te, Imperial title, 36.

Yaou, or Tang-te-yaou, 56.

yay,a title of respect, when lntroduced,3S

Year expressed by a different word in

different periods of history, 56.

Aew year, ceremonies at, 108.

Commenced with the 12th moon,

108.

Yellow religion, 5.

Yen-kwang, Imperial title, 5.

Yen-p'hing, Imperial lijle, 44.

Yen-he, Imperial title, 40.

Yen-kaug, Imperial title, 40, 44.

141 [index.

I

Yen-he, Imperial title, 44.

Yeii-fe, 37.

Yeii-tc-shin-nung-she, 58.

Yen-yew, Imperial title, 16.

Yd-iirli-keang Riyer, 77.

Yew-waiig, a ki.ig, 50.

Yiiig-shun, Imperial title, 26.

Ying-tsun, au Emperor, 12, IG, 22.

Yin-te, Imperial title, 26.

Yiien-che, Imperial title, 46.

Yuen-ctiing. Imperial title, 16.

Yucn-ch'hoo, Imperial title, 44.

Yuen-fung, Imperial title, 46.

Yuen-he, Imperial title, 38.

Yuen-hing, Imperial title, 38, 44.

Yucn-ho, Imperial title, 44.

Yuen.foo, Imperial title, 20.

Yuen-fung, Imperial title, 22.

Yuen-hwuy, Imperial title, 38.

Yuen-kea, Imperial title, 38.

Yuen-kang, Imperial title, 40.

Yuen-kwang, Imperial title, 46.

Yuen-neen, Imperial title, 46.

Yuen Dynasty, 16.

Yuen-te, 36, 38, 46.

Yuen-wang, a king, 48.

Yueu-kea, Imperial title, 44.

Yuen-show, Imperial title, 46.

Yuen-tung, Imperial title, 16.

Yueu-tsung, an Emperor, 34.

Yuen-yew, Imperial title, 20.

Yuen-yen, Imperi.l title, 46.

Ynug-ch"h()(), Imperial title, 38.

Yung-ching, Imperial title, 4, 32.

Yung-he, Imperial title, 82.

Yung-hwuy, Imperial title, 34.

Yung-ho, Imperial title, 38.

Yung-IO, Imperial title, 12.

Yung-ch'hoo, Imperial title, 38, 44.

Yung-cliang, Imperial title, 38.

Yung-ho, Imperial title, 38,44.

Yung-kaiig, Imperial title, 44.

Yung-ning, Imperial tille, 3^,44

Yung-phing, Imperial title, 44.

Yung-kea, Imperial title, 40.

Yung-hing, Imperial tille, 58.

Yung-show, Imperial title, 44.

Yung-ting, Imperial tille, 36.

Yuug-tae, Imperi il title, 32.

Yun-ming, Imperial title, 38.

^'un-nan Province, situation and popu-

lation of, 70.

Yun-nan-foo, the capital district of Yua-

nan Province, 72.

Zedekiak, 49:

Zenghisk'kan, 19.

Zbehol, 77.

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