A Very Short Introduction to Hypersonic Flight
Transcript of A Very Short Introduction to Hypersonic Flight
A Very Short Introduction to Hypersonic Flight
Dr. Daning Huang
APUS Lab, apus.psu.edu
Aerospace multi-Physical and Unconventional Systems
Prepared for AERSP1, 09/16/2019
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Outline
• What is hypersonics?
• How does (air-breathing) hypersonic flight work?
• What are the challenges?
• What’s next?
2© 2019 by Daning Huang
Mach number = Velocity / speed of sound
3Source: Computational Fluid Dynamics 2006
Supersonic:𝑀𝑎 > 1
Cylinder in hypersonic flow (M9.5) ©HyperFlowLab
Hypersonic: 𝑀𝑎 ≫ 1
Re > 105, 𝑀𝑎 ∼ 0.1
Subsonic:𝑀𝑎 < 1
© 2019 by Daning Huang
Hypersonic: Over five times speed of sound
𝑀𝑎𝑐ℎ 𝑁𝑜. =𝐹𝑟𝑒𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑
𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑
4Source: NASA
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Airbreathing Hypersonic Flight
A scramjet (supersonic combustion ramjet) engine under testing
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… for Rapid Global Access
Boeing Hypersonic Commercial Jet
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… for Easier Access to Space
•More flexibleo Larger launch windowo All-weathero More basing options
•Cheapero Space shuttle: 10000$/lbo SpaceX: 2700$/lbo SSTO: <500$/lb
SSTO: Single-Stage-To-Orbit
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The History of Hypersonics, Dr. R.P. Hallion
Historically speaking …
8Source: The Promise of Hypersonic Flight PhysicsWorld
Supersonic
Hypersonic
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So what are the differences?
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Source: NASA Hyper-X Project
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Source: The Promise of Hypersonic Flight PhysicsWorld
Source: Subsonic Aircraft Wikipedia
Subsonic jetsRelatively mature
Source: imgur.com
Supersonic jets• Different aerodynamics• Different design strategies• But manageable
Source: NASA Hyper-X Project
Hypersonic aircraft• Aerothermodynamics• Immature propulsion• Immature design
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Waverider: Make shockwave a friend
Source: ScienceDirect.net
Source: research.lifeboat.com
• Lift is generated by pressure differential
• Upper surface:• Expansion to near-vacuum• Limit of physics• 𝑝𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑟 ∼ 0
• Lower surface:• Compression using shock wave• 𝑝𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 ∼ 50𝑝∞
➢ High-lift configuration with low drag11© 2019 by Daning Huang
Scramjet: Light a match in Hurricane
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Engine size scaling
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Thermal Management: Song of ice and fire
Source: DARPA’s Materials Architectures and Characterization for Hypersonics (MACH) program
• Waverider generates high lift• But also external heat!
• Scramjet engine generates high thrust• But also internal heat!
➢ Thermal protection/management• ~2000 K• Material endurance• Structural robustness
13© 2019 by Daning Huang
The History of Hypersonics, Dr. R.P. Hallion14© 2019 by Daning Huang
•Maturing propulsion•Advanced materials•Supercomputers
Ups and downs in the past
15USAF SAB report “Why and Whither Hypersonic Research in the USAF”
Hypersonic Commercial Jet Image source: Boeing
SR-72Image source: Lockheed Martin
Res
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X-51 WaveriderImage source: Boeing
2020+
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Challenge: System-level Coupling – I
Structural dynamics
Aerothermodynamics
Thermoelasticity
Aeroelasticity
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Challenge: System-level Coupling – II
Aerothermoelasticity
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APUS Lab, apus.psu.edu
It’s happening!
• Missions and Vehicles• Operational Systems Aspects• Thermal Management Systems for Vehicles and all Subsystems• Propulsion Systems• Propulsion Components• Guidance and Control Systems• Materials and Structures for Vehicles and all Subsystems• Test and Evaluation• Computational Methods• Hypersonic Fundamentals and History
18© 2019 by Daning Huang
Opportunities for You
19Source: USAF SAB Report
• Background• Aging experts and workforce• Boosting hypersonic business
• Industry is looking for• Multi-disciplinary experts• Teamworkers• Quick learners
• I am also looking for young talents ☺• apus.psu.edu/join-us
© 2019 by Daning Huang
Thank you! Questions?