Chapter 16.1: A Troubled Century

European Nations Take OverThe Middle East was greatly affected by World

War IThe Ottoman Empire had sided with GermanyOnce the war was over the Ottoman Empire

was divided between Great Britain and France

Battle of Gallipoli

A History of Foreign ControlEurope took over the

regionControl took form of a

mandateMandate- country

placed under control of another by international agreement

Mandate for Palestine

YMCA; Instituted during British Mandate of Palestine (In Jerusalem)

Conflict over PalestineArab region that was controlled by the Jews 2,000 years earlierAfter WWII many Jews attempted to migrate to Palestine/JerusalemThe UN divided Palestine into two sections (Jews/Arabs) (1947) In May 1948 Jewish leaders declared Israel an Independent state Iraq, Syria, Egypt, Jordan, and Lebanon declared war on Israel

The Arab-Israeli WarsPolitical tension

between Arabs and Jews

Israel continued to expand after multiple victories

Conflict and Peace700,000 Palestinians left their homes and

became refugees in other Arab Countries.PLO is established to create an independent

Palestinian state.Over time the territory has been passed back

and forth.1979 Egypt became the first Arab country to

establish peace with Israel.1993 PLO established peace but in 2000 an

uprising broke out.

Source of Conflict Conflict is partly due to religious differences

Sunni v Shi’ites Religion:

Sunni (Iraq) vs. Shiites (Iran) differ over leadership, Shiites accept religious leader as political leader

Conflict between ethnic groups Ethnic:

Arab (Iraq) vs. Persian (Iran)

Nationalism (Kurds/ ethnic groups) Kurds want a country of their own. Have tried independence movements

in Turkey, Iran, Iraq and been defeated killing many Kurds

Fundamentalism- Ayatollah Khomeini -- took away rights and strictly followed Islam

fundamentalism (strict Islam) vs. westernizing –(Ayotollah Khomenii said no alcohol and limited women’s freedom for example)

Recent Wars1980 Iraq lead by Saddam Hussein invaded

IranWar lasted 8 years (Iran-Iraq War)Over oil rich territoryUN established a cease fireOne Million people died including 11 and 12

year olds

The Persian Gulf War1990 Iraq invades oil rich KuwaitUN imposes trade embargos on Iraq (took away most income) Jan 16, 1991 the Gulf War began with missile attacks and

then ground attacks. 100 hours later Iraq surrendered. Saddam managed to stay in power. Iraq released oil into the Persian Gulf and torched the oil

fields