A Total Ship-Crew Model to Achieve Human Systems Integration Dr. Loretta DiDonato CDR Joseph B....
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Transcript of A Total Ship-Crew Model to Achieve Human Systems Integration Dr. Loretta DiDonato CDR Joseph B....
A Total Ship-Crew Model to
Achieve Human Systems Integration
Dr. Loretta DiDonato
CDR Joseph B. Famme USN (ret.)
LCDR Alan Nordholm USN
Senior Chief Alan Lemon
I/ITSEC
December 7, 2004
I/ITSEC Paper 1564 12/7/04 2
Abstract
Requirements for new ships in an era of increasing threats, escalating personnel costs and fiscal constraints have escalated the priority of Human Systems Integration (HSI). The challenge is to create and use metrics for ship and human engineered systems that optimize human performance within ships that are designed with complex automated propulsion, auxiliary and weapon systems. Total Ship Systems Engineering (TSSE) includes techniques for manning analysis to characterize and validate the crew duty requirements in an associated sailor profile data base that describes the composite knowledge-task-time demand for each crew position across all mission profiles in the context of advanced automation technologies and survivable hull forms. A technology considered but not currently implemented in the manning analysis process is a Total Ship-Crew Model (TS-CM) that adds the attribute of dynamic time to the analysis of coupled ship systems-crew performance. This paper will address the use of a TS-CM analysis tool to validate ship systems processes and reduced crew manning while capturing the ship-crew model for future use in support of HSI objectives over the ship lifecycle.
I/ITSEC Paper 1564 12/7/04 3
Human Systems Integration
1. Human Engineering
2. Manpower
3. Personnel
4. Training
5. Safety & Health
6. Maintainability
7. Habitability
8. Personnel Survivability
I/ITSEC Paper 1564 12/7/04 4
Three Domains
I Human
Performance Analysis
II Ship
Performance Analysis
III Total Ship-Crew Model
I/ITSEC Paper 1564 12/7/04 5
Two Approaches to HSI Manning Analysis
0 30
75
114
325
245
175
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
Initial Rev n Rev n … Final
Zero Base
Decrement
Extension
SA’AR-5 /LCS
CG / DDGBaseline
FF / FFG
DDXObjective
Crew Size
Design Iterations Ref: J. Famme, ASNE Intelligent Ship Symposium, 1994
Also see J. Famme INNC 1997, South Hampton, UK
@ www.ITEinc.US, TAB Technical Papers
CG SmartShipDDG SmartShip?
I/ITSEC Paper 1564 12/7/04 6
Domain IHuman Performance Analysis
Creating the Crew Performance Model
• Sailor System• Navy Skills Data Base• MANPRINT• DoD Architecture Framework• SME Interviews• DDG-51 Class Reduced Manning Studies• Advanced Human Modeling Initiatives
– Human Attribute Modeling
I/ITSEC Paper 1564 12/7/04 7
Sailor System
• The DD(X) Design Agent “Sailor System Specification” (S3) ensure systems designed to implement the capabilities of the sailors who will ultimately maintain and operate the ship
• Interoperability of all ship systems integration and engineering design elements
• Verify HSI concepts and validate operability through human performance modeling and testing
• Sailor System Specification provides traceability among segment, element, component, and Computer Software Configuration Item (CSCI)
I/ITSEC Paper 1564 12/7/04 8
Navy Skills Data Base
• Littoral Combat Ship (LCS) program began with the Navy leasing several ships for trials and crew experience
• Outcome of trials is realization of the complex cross-tasks/skills requirements
• Navy rate structure by itself has been found to be too limited– Reflected in current CSOSS, EOSS and EOCC Procedures
• Navy Collecting Sailor “Skills” Data Base for basis of assignment
• See SkillsNet website for information about the Five-vector plan for advancement (Navy Times, 2003).
– http://www.skillsnet.org/navy%20sailors.htm
I/ITSEC Paper 1564 12/7/04 9
MANPRINT
• MANPRINT is concerned with the identification and integration of all relevant information in each of eight human performance domains (slide 3)
• Manpower Personnel Integration (MANPRINT) as applied through the systems engineering process.
• Goal: System design process to meet acquisition system performance goals
I/ITSEC Paper 1564 12/7/04 10
Department of Defense Architecture Framework
• Assistant Secretary of the Navy for Research, Development, and Acquisition (ASN-RDA) Chief Engineer’s Office has developed human-centered architecture
• Total systems engineering approach • As one of the costliest system elements over the ship life
cycle, the role of the warfighter directly impacts system cost-effectiveness.
I/ITSEC Paper 1564 12/7/04 11
Subject Matter Expert (SME) Interviews
• Tool for HSI driven ship manning analysis is the interview of SME’s (crew members) of current ships concerning their performed tasks and skills including an estimate of the time required to perform each task.
• DDG51 Crew Interviews used, in part, for DDX • Comments
– DDG51: a sailor represents ~1/325th of the crew tasks with little automation support. For the DD(X) a sailor represents ~1/114th
– DDG = low automation– DDX = approaches “autonomic” automation– Does not address human factors that are not necessarily
intuitive such as situational factors of perception, comprehension, and projection
I/ITSEC Paper 1564 12/7/04 12
DDG-51 Class Reduced Manning Studies
• SME interview technique discussed above, with added sophistication and comprehensive analysis
• DDG51 class manning reduction • Revealed that the process to evaluate Return on
Investment (ROI) and the TOC impact for manning reduction initiatives is difficult.
• Case of USS COLE, it was not sheer numbers that saved the ship, but the actions of a handful of very experienced people
• Comments – “Navy ships need to be prototyped now to ensure preparedness
for the introduction of a new generation of warfighting ships”– DDG51: a real-time survivability model has never been created
I/ITSEC Paper 1564 12/7/04 13
Advanced Human Modeling Initiatives
• Office of Naval Research (ONR) cognitive science research is a scientific revolution in understanding the human operator
• Research is yielding computational theories of human cognition and perceptual/motor activity, provides precise quantitative predictions variables such as times required to learn and complete tasks
• TS-CM paper does not include the modeling potential of emerging ONR human attributes pending access to more complete research results– Human Attribute Modeling as nodes in an “autonomic” control
systems
I/ITSEC Paper 1564 12/7/04 14
Domain IIShip Performance Analysis
Creating the Ship Performance Model
• Ship Performance Modeling• Enabling Technology
– CAD– PBD
• CAD – PBD Integration• Element of Dynamic Time• Creating the Ship Performance Model
I/ITSEC Paper 1564 12/7/04 15
ElectronicData
Integration
Computer Aided Design (CAD)
Physics Based Design (PBD)
Dynamic Time
Ship Performance Modeling
Enabling Technology:
Electronic Data Integration
I/ITSEC Paper 1564 12/7/04 16
A user may drill into any configured shipA user may drill into any configured shipprocess system to the smallest process system to the smallest level of detail for process engineering level of detail for process engineering Design and Training.Design and Training.
Ship Firemain Process Detail
I/ITSEC Paper 1564 12/7/04 17
and then, navigate within the ancillaryand then, navigate within the ancillaryprocess connections of the process connections of the multi-discipline SIMSMART™ multi-discipline SIMSMART™ environment.environment.
Ship Electric Plant Process Detail
I/ITSEC Paper 1564 12/7/04 18
Ship compartments may be modeled forShip compartments may be modeled forflooding and progressive flooding, fire and flooding and progressive flooding, fire and
smoke spreadsmoke spread
The SIMSMART™ flooding model may beThe SIMSMART™ flooding model may belinked to dynamic ship stability calculationslinked to dynamic ship stability calculationsfor draft, GM, etc...for draft, GM, etc...
Ship Compartments / TanksBallast & Drain Process Details
I/ITSEC Paper 1564 12/7/04 19
Total Ship ModelThe TS-CM Ship Performance Model
I/ITSEC Paper 1564 12/7/04 20
Domain IIIShip-Crew Performance Model
Creating the Ship-Crew Performance Model
• Prototyping Benefits• TS-CM Objective• Building the TS-CM• Elements of the TS-CM• Sources of Crew Skill based Task Models• Event Time• Scenarios• Collecting & Evaluating Data• Optimizing / Trade-off Analysis• Expected Results
I/ITSEC Paper 1564 12/7/04 21
Crew Tasks from EOCC Procedures
I/ITSEC Paper 1564 12/7/04 22
Crew Tasks Inserted into the TS-CM
Tasks
Tasks
I/ITSEC Paper 1564 12/7/04 23
Merging Ship & Crew Task Models into the Scenario
I/ITSEC Paper 1564 12/7/04 24
PMS430 – BFTT - Total Ship Training & Operational Decision Aids Architecture
BOPCScenario Generation
& Control
IT21 LAN / SWAN
TPTSPlatform Simulation
Ship Interior Communications
TraineeTrainee
DebriefProducts
Central Control Station (CCS), Damage Control Central (DCC),Machinery Spaces, Repair Stations 2, 3, 5, 8, …
TraineeTrainee
Perceived Truth
Perceived Truth
IT21 SWAN & 2-Way Wireless LAN
Performance
Monitoring,
Training &
Assessment
GROUND TRUTH
Two-way
STOW LANDATA
COLLECTION LAN
PERCIEVED TRUTH
TrainerTrainer
TrainerTrainer
Ground Truth
Training Flags
DCAMS
MCSWearable Computers
USN & Coalition Combat Systems Training
TS-CM: Executing the Scenario
I/ITSEC Paper 1564 12/7/04 25
TPTS Instructor Station (1)
I/ITSEC Paper 1564 12/7/04 26
TPTS Operator Station (1)CG47 ECSE Upgrade
Courtesy Litton Integrated Systems
I/ITSEC Paper 1564 12/7/04 27
TPTSInstructorStation (2)
Scenario & Instructor Control “Flooding”
“fire”, “smoke” & Equipment Damage & Repair
Operator
I/ITSEC Paper 1564 12/7/04 28
TPTS Operator Station (3)Instructor
I/ITSEC Paper 1564 12/7/04 29
Collecting Ship-Crew Task Performance Data
I/ITSEC Paper 1564 12/7/04 30
Histograms:
Time-based Analysis of Systems and Crew Performance
I/ITSEC Paper 1564 12/7/04 31
Histogram Analysis
C W Tem perature
0
50
100
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
Tim e
Te
mp
(F
*)
C W Pressure
0.0
2.0
4.0
6.0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
Tim e
Pre
ss
ure
SPS Radar Status
0
0.5
1
1.5
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
Tim e
Op
Sta
tus
Event A
Auto Response
Fails
R5 on Scene
Crew Decision = R5 Response
R5/8 CSOSS / EOCC Actions / Restore Control
Pressure Up / Temp
Down
System Restored
Key Technology: Natural vs. Signal Coupled Model
I/ITSEC Paper 1564 12/7/04 32
TS-CM: Expected Results
Systems Design The prototype systems design should be readily adjustable for
designers by observance of model dynamics. The feedback will be rapid and insightful.
Crew Manning The prototype crew manning should be rapidly modifiable for
intended customers and designers by observation of the operating models to provide rapid and insightful feedback.
Validated Model Capture TS-CM prototype models will be electronically captured at every
phase of design and as a validated design that can be used for all of the benefits of rapid prototyping and support of HSI objectives over the ship’s life cycle, such as embedded training, as described in this paper.
Today, none of these models (computations / metrics) are captured or delivered to the Navy except in a few specialized reports
I/ITSEC Paper 1564 12/7/04 33
Conclusions
• This paper has described the use of dynamic modeling as a new tool for manning analysis for ships now in design. The new ships must meet all Navy HSI requirements while achieving revolutionary crew reduction supported by autonomic-based control systems yet to be implemented. Existing ships can also use the TS-CM process to improve manning and automation analysis. TS-CM provides a prototyping and analysis environment to meet this requirement that balances the use of traditional human engineering performance factors such as skill based tasks analysis combined with a real-time dynamic total ship model created through the use of physics based design tools. The TS-CM environment is based on qualitative systems and crew performance in a quantitative, dynamic real-time model of ship systems and crew performance tasks. The TS-CM can be used during every phase of a ship’s design to verify that HSI compliant reduced manning levels are quantified, validated and captured for re-use over the ship’s lifecycle. Because the validated TS-CM model can be based on the system performance models that were used to verify the ship’s design, the TS-CM will be able to be reused for all of the future HSI functions of Embedded Training, Condition Assessment, Performance Monitoring, Readiness Assessment, Decision Aids, and Future Modernization.