(A) Top view of a paper Miura-ori pattern (B) Hornbeam leaves in the process of leafing show a...
-
Upload
mervin-rogers -
Category
Documents
-
view
218 -
download
3
Transcript of (A) Top view of a paper Miura-ori pattern (B) Hornbeam leaves in the process of leafing show a...
QuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
(A) Top view of a paper Miura-ori pattern
(B) Hornbeam leaves in the process of leafing show a natural occurrence of Miura-ori. A single row of kinks along the midrib allows a folded leaf to be deployed once the bud opens
(C)Zigzag Miura-ori patterns in a thin film that is compressed biaxially as it dries.
Mahadevan and Rica. 2004. Self-Organized Origami. Science 307: 1740
QuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
Beech at different stages of development. (Kobayashi et al. 1998. The geometry of unfolding tree leaves. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B 265: 147-154.)
QuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
Hornbeam at different stages of development. Kobayashi et al. 1998.
QuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
You can make your own folded leaf. (Kobayashi et al. 1998)
Are there other patterns of folding? Does the packaging of young leaves relate to phylogeny?
Textbook Version of the 4 Main Groups
These 3 groups are unresolved
3. Monocots
2. Magnoliids
1. Basal Angiosperms
4. Eudicots- the largest group
4 Main Angiosperm Groups Shown on Qiu’s Tree
Laurales
Magnoliales
Piperales
3. Monocots
2. Magnoliids
1. Basal Angiosperms
4. Eudicots- the largest group
Canellales
Qui et al. 1999
Magnoliales(4 families)
Magnoliaceae
Magnolia
http://www.botany.hawaii.edu/faculty/carr/magnoli.htm
Magnoliaceae Magnolia grandiflora
http://www.botany.hawaii.edu/faculty/carr/magnoli.htm
Magnolia grandiflora
Note many flower parts on an enlarged receptacle, leaf-like stamens.
http://www.botany.hawaii.edu/faculty/carr/magnoli.htm
Magnolia grandiflora
Young fruits (follicles) developing.
Stigmas are turning brown, anthers are drying up.
Petals have been removed.
http://www.botany.hawaii.edu/faculty/carr/magnoli.htm
Follicles have dehisced releasing a bright red seed suspended on a slender thread.
Magnoliales
Magnoliaceae
Liriodendron
http://www.botany.hawaii.edu/faculty/carr/magnoli.htm
Liriodendron tulipifera, Tulip Tree, Magnoliaceae- note tulip-shaped leaf, radial symmetry, woody, many flower parts.
http://www.botany.hawaii.edu/faculty/carr/magnoli.htm
Cross section:
Note expanded receptacle, many stamens and carpels, leaf-like stamens, radial symmetry.
Liriodendron tulipifera. Carpels separate at maturity producing samaras. (www.csdl.tamu.edu)
Laurales (5 families)
Lauraceae
Sassafras albidum
Sassafras albidum, Sassafras, Lauraceae
Note: male and female flowers (dioecious), 3 leaf shapes, woody.
Sassafras albidum, Sassafras, Lauraceae, Fruit = drupe with a bright red expanded cup-like receptacle.
Persea americana, Avocado, fruits (drupe)
Piperales (5 families)
Piperaceae
Piper spp.
Nodes Swollen and Jointed
Inflorescence a spike densely covered with minute flowers
Each flower with a peltate bract.
Leaves alternate, pinnate to palmate venation.
Piperaceae
Piperaceae
Piper nigrum
Black Pepper
Note:
Infructescence
Jointed stems
Palmate-like venation
Piper nigrum, Black pepper, Piperaceae
The joints on the stems are very clear in the first view.
The riper red drupes are clear in the second view.
Peppers
Green Black White
Pickled Green Pickled Red
Outer layer removed by soaking the pepper for 1-week in running water. This reveals the white “pit”.
Color of ripe drupes
Color of unripe drupes
Oxidized or fermented peppers
Early harvest, quick drying to prevent fermentation
Note Pink Peppercorns, (different from the red peppercorns above), are not from Piper sp. at all-- but rather the berries from Schinus terebinthifolius (Anacardiaceae).
Inflorescence of Piper, Pepper, Piperaceae
Typical flowers of the Piperaceae
Note: No sepals and petals
Flower subtended by a peltate (mushroom shaped) bract.
2 anthers in this species
stigma
More examples of inflorescences of Piperaceae- identify the flower parts.
The rhizomes of Piper methysticum are used to prepare Kava-- a drink used to “facilitate social interaction!”
Laurales
Magnoliales
Piperales
3. Monocots
2. Magnoliids
1. Basal Angiosperms
4. Eudicots- the largest group
Canellales