A tight coupling between atmospheric pCO and sea-surface ... · Supplemental Material 1 GSA Data...
Transcript of A tight coupling between atmospheric pCO and sea-surface ... · Supplemental Material 1 GSA Data...
Supplemental Material
1
GSA Data Repository 2018009
A tight coupling between atmospheric pCO2 and sea-surface temperature in the Late
Triassic
Todd K. Knobbe*, Morgan F. Schaller
Earth and Environmental Sciences, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180
SUPPLEMENTAL MATERIAL
DR1. Lagonegro, Lombardian, and Sicani Basin Correlations: Age Constraints and
Chronostratigraphy
Conodont samples from the Tethys basin used in Trotter et al. (2015), were originally
assigned stratigraphic ages based on the identification of stage-defining conodont biozones.
However, the conodont ages assigned by Trotter et al. (2015) do not agree with established
magnetostratigraphy (Maron et al., 2017; 2015; Muttoni et al., 2010; 2014) and a known U/Pb
date (Furin et al., 2006) for the Lagonegro, Lombardian, and Sicani basins. We revised the
original age assignments for samples from the Lagonegro, Lombardian, and Sicani basins to
agree with the established magneto- and bio- stratigraphy, which are described here (Figure
DR1, Table DR1). Stratigraphic sections used in correlations from the Lagonegro basin were
Pignola-Abriola, Gianni Grieco, Pignola 2, Lagonegro, and Sasso di Castalda. Brumano and
Costa Imagna are from the Lombardian basin. Pizzo Mondello and samples labelled as Portella
Gebbia are from the Sicani basin. Original age estimates from Trotter et al. (2015) for conodont
samples from Brumano and Gianni Grieco were not revised due to insufficient sample
information available in the literature, and are therefore not used in the ESS calculation.
Biostratigraphic correlations were made regionally between the Lagonegro, Lombardian,
and Sicani basins for sections that lacked absolute dates or magnetostratigraphic data. Pignola-
Supplemental Material
2
Abriola (Lagonegro), Pignola 2 (Lagonegro), and Pizzo Mondello (Sicani) have robust magneto-
and bio- stratigraphy that serve as the foundation for correlations amongst other sections found
within the Lagonegro and Sicani basins. Sections with magnetostratigraphy have been correlated
directly to the Newark Supergroup astronomically-calibrated geomagnetic Polarity Time Scale
(Newark-APTS) (Kent et al., 2017; Olsen et al., 2011) using the correlations of Maron et al.
(2015, 2017) and Muttoni et al. (2010, 2014).
Correlation to the North American Newark Rift Basin
Magnetostratigrahic correlations to the Newark Group in eastern North America provide
the most precise means for correcting conodont ages from the Lagonegro and Sicani basins. The
cyclic lake sediments of the Newark basin provide the basis for a high-resolution,
astronomically-calibrated geomagnetic polarity time scale (Newark-APTS) for the last 30 Myr of
the Triassic into the earliest Jurassic (Kent and Olsen, 1999; Kent et al., 2017; Olsen et al., 2011)
The upper portion of the Newark group strata contains lava flows of the Central Atlantic
Magmatic Province (CAMP), which are interbedded with orbitally-paced lacustrine cycles.
Blackburn et al. (2013) corroborated the 20 ky precision of the Newark-APTS by comparing U-
Pb zircon dates from the CAMP basalts to the astronomically determined time durations for the
interbedded sediments based on the Newark-APTS. Thus, ages can be estimated with a high
degree of confidence by magnetostratigraphic correlation to the Newark stratigraphy. Pizzo
Mondello, Brumano, Pignola-Abriola, and Pignola 2 have been correlated to the Newark through
detailed magnetostratigraphic age model (Maron et al., 2015, 2017; Muttoni et al., 2004, 2010,
2014) (Figure DR2). Regional correlations made between the Lagonegro and Sicani basins
accompanied by the global correlation of the Lagonegro, Lombardian, and Sicani basins to the
Supplemental Material
3
Newark yield the most precise age estimates for the late Triassic, and form the basis for our
revised stratigraphy.
Brumano and Costa Imagna
Only the upper portion of the Brumano section in the Lombardian basin has
magnetostratigraphy, while the lower portion relies on conodont biostratigraphy (Muttoni et al.,
2010). The magnetostratigraphic correlation between the upper portion of Brumano and the
Newark – APTS results in a corresponding age model for Brumano (Muttoni et al., 2010).
However, conodont samples J279 and J270 from Brumano used by Trotter et al. (2015) occur
below the first magnetostratigraphic data at Brumano, and the stratigraphic location of these two
samples is not indicated on the Brumano stratigraphic column in any of these publications. These
samples are left with their respective ages assigned by Trotter et al. (2015) and not used in the
ESS analysis of this study.
Costa Imagna was correlated to Brumano based on laterally lithostratigraphic marker
beds by Muttoni et al. (2010). Two samples (J 22a and J 18c) from Costa Imagna are used in
Trotter et al. (2015) initial δ18O curve. Sample J 18c is identified as the conodont assemblages M.
hernsteini and Mi. n. sp. A, and sample J 22a has M. posthernsteini (Muttoni et al., 2010). The
stratigraphic location of these two samples is not clearly indicated at the Costa Imagna section.
The conodont Mi. n. sp. A occurs once at Costa Imagna and this sole occurrence can be used to
infer the stratigraphic location of sample J 18c. Three occurrences of M. posthernsteini occur at
Costa Imagna. All three occurrences of M. posthernsteini occur within a short stratigraphic
range. Ages for samples J 18c and J 22a are calculated based on the age model for the lower
portion of Brumano from Muttoni et al. (2010). Ages for all three occurrences of M.
Supplemental Material
4
posthernsteini at Costa Imagna were determined and averaged to estimate an approximate age
for sample J 22a.
Pignola-Abriola, Sasso di Castalda, and Lagonegro
The magnetostratigraphic record of Pignola-Abriola is correlated to the terrestrial Newark
basin by Maron et al. (2015) to construct an age model, providing precise age control for those
conodont samples based on their stratigraphic position (Figure DR1) (Rigo et al., 2016). Samples
from Sasso di Castalda and the Lagonegro Section were correlated to Pignola-Abriola following
the biostratigraphic correlations of Rigo et al. (2005) and Giordano et al. (2010). The age model
of Maron et al. (2015) was applied to the stratigraphic position of samples that were directly
correlated to Pignola-Abriola from the Sasso di Castalda and Lagonegro Section. Samples that
were not directly correlated to Pignola-Abriola were assigned ages based on interpolation
between established biostratigraphic tie points between these three sections (See Fig. DR1 and
Table DR1). The ages of the Rhaetian 18O samples from the Lagonegro basin revised using this
magnetostratigraphic age model now fall into good agreement with stratigraphically equivalent
samples from the Sicani basin (Fig. 2), resolving an apparent discrepancy between these two
basins that had been previously ascribed to upwelling at Sicani (Rigo et al., 2012b; Trotter et al.,
2015).
Pizzo Mondello and Portella Gebbia
The main section of Pizzo Mondello was correlated magnetostratigraphically to the
Newark basin by Muttoni et al. (2004, 2010) to construct a marine-terrestrial age model (Muttoni
et al., 2014). The stratigraphic positions of conodont samples from the Pizzo Mondello section
Supplemental Material
5
were obtained from Mazza et al. (2012) and were assigned ages based on this Pizzo Mondello –
Newark Basin age model.
The samples identified as Portella Gebbia in Trotter et al. (2015) come from three
floating sections near the main Pizzo Mondello section. We refer to these sections as Floating
Section 1 (FS1), Floating Section 2 (FS2), and Floating Section 3 (FS3). These three sections
were not sampled for magnetics due to poor exposure (Muttoni et al., 2010) and were originally
correlated to the main section of Pizzo Mondello based loosely on conodont fauna (Balini et al.,
2010).
FS1 and FS2 contain seven conodont 18O values and were estimated to be Sevatian of
age based on the occurrence of the following conodont assemblages: Mockina bidentata,
Mockina zapfei, Parvigondolella andrusovi, and Epigondolella slovakensis, and the occurrence
of Misikella hersteini and Misikella koessenensis in FS2 (Giordano et al., 2010; Kozur and
Mock, 1991; Rigo et al., 2005). However, there are no physical stratigraphic bounds on these
non-continuous sections and Pizzo Mondello, and the specific biostratigraphic correlations
between them and Pizzo Mondello are not readily apparent. Better constraints on FS1 and FS2
were made possible by instead directly correlating them to Pignola-Abriola using conodont
biostratigraphy and adjusting their stratigraphic positions in relation to Pizzo Mondello. For
example, sample NR 52 from FS2 contains Miskella hernsteini and a conodont assemblage
similar to those that characterize sample PR 16 at Pignola-Abriola. Also, NR 52 and PR 16 lack
Mockina zapfei, while this form is present in sample NR 51, further supporting this correlation
and suggesting that the strata represented by samples 51 and 52 lie somewhere in the zapfei-
hersteini transition. Importantly, sample NR 6 from FS1 lacks the mid-Sevatian conodont
Miskella hernsteini, but contains N steinbergensis, placing it below PR 16 and above PIG7 at
Supplemental Material
6
Pignola-Abriola. This correlation to Pignola-Abriola shifts both FS1 and FS2 down about 30 m
from their original location with respect to Pizzo Mondello (at ~425m) to its new location shown
in Figure DR1 (~395m). Moving FS2 down also fills in a biostratigraphic gap at Pizzo Mondello
between ~395 and ~405 m, and the assemblages that comprise FS1 and FS2 are in much better
agreement with assemblages at Pignola-Abriola. Ages were assigned to samples from FS1 and
FS2 using the Pizzo Mondello age model (Muttoni et al., 2014) and closely agree with the ages
of complimentary samples at Pignola-Abriola. PR 16 at Pignola-Abriola has an age of 210.80 Ma
based on the age model of Maron et al. (2015), and lowering FS2 yields an age of ~210.80 Ma
for sample NR 52 at Pizzo Mondello.
Because we lowered FS1 and FS2 by 30m without stretching or compressing them with
respect to the main Pizzo Mondello column, sample NR 2 now correlates to the MPA3n sub
reversal at Pignola-Abriola, equivalent to the base of PM11n at Pizzo Mondello (Maron et al.,
2015) (Figure DR1). Sample NR 2 best correlates to Pignola-Abriola between samples PIG 7 and
PR 16 due to the mix of conodont assemblages that occur in PIG7 and PR 16, further supporting
a lower position of FS1 and FS2 from their original position. We note that this hypothesis is
explicitly testable by generating magnetic stratigraphy through FS1 and FS2: If NR 52 is indeed
of normal magnetization we suggest that it would fall midway through MPA3n at Pignola-
Abriola. We also hypothesize that the short reversal in PM11n may be found in FS1 and that the
PM11n-r transition should be contained within FS2. If both samples NR 2 and NR 6 from FS1
are of normal magnetization, they should fall in the lower portion of MPA3n below sample PR
16 at Pignola-Abriola. Detailed magnetostratigraphy on these floating sections is needed to
confirm our correlation and the placement of FS1 and FS2 slightly lower in the Pizzo Mondello
section. Alternatively, we suggest that any future geochemical data (e.g., conodont 18O) should
Supplemental Material
7
be generated on the main Pizzo Mondello suite of samples instead of on short stratigraphically
unconstrained sections.
The third floating section comprising the Portella Gebbia sample set in Trotter et al.
(2015) (referred to as FS3 in our study), was obtained from the Portella Gebbia Limestone
located at the Contrada Torcitore locality in Italy. This section contains conodont samples
exclusively from the overlying Portella Gebbia Limestone and marks the First Appearance
Datum (FAD) of Misikella posthernsteini, which is accepted as the conodont stage boundary for
the base Rhaetian. No additional magnetic or biostratigraphic data are available to constrain the
ages of the Portella Gebbia Limestone conodont samples. Misikella posthernsteini was the basis
of the age assignments used by Trotter et al. (2015) and are not revisited here. However, the
revised sample ages for 18O values from Lagonegro and Lombardian basins now agree closely
with the 18O of these Portella Gebbia samples.
Pignola 2
Pignola 2 from the Lagonegro basin contains the Aglianico ash-bed which was dated to
be 230.91 ± 0.33 Ma (Furin et al., 2006) and recent magnetostratigraphy (Maron et al., 2017).
However, the age obtained for this ash-bed and the ages assigned for the conodont samples from
Pignola 2 by Trotter et al. (2015) were in disagreement. For example, samples P14 and P24 from
Pignola 2 were originally assigned age of 232.31 Ma and 231.05 Ma, respectively. However,
samples P14 and P24 both occur stratigraphically above the Aglianico ash-bed, therefore, both
samples P14 and P24 must be younger than 230.91 Ma. Recently published magnetostratigraphy
for Pignola 2 correlates this section to the Newark APTS (Maron et al., 2017) using the date
from the Aglianico ash-bed as a tie-in point. An age model was constructed based on the
Supplemental Material
8
magnetostratigraphic correlation between Pignola 2 and the Newark APTS. Stratigraphic
location of samples were obtained from Rigo et al. (2012a). Sample P14 is the only sample used
that is confined by the magnetostratigraphic correlation between Pignola 2 and the Newark –
APTS. The age mode was applied to the stratigraphic depth of P14 to obtain a revised age of
230.44 Ma. This revised age resolves the conflict with the date of the Aglianico ash-bed.
Samples P1, P3c, P8, P24, P35, and P37 were not contained within the magnetostratigraphic
correlation of Pignola 2 to the Newark – APTS. Revised dates for these samples were
extrapolated based on the Pignola 2 age model.
S.2. Atmospheric pCO2 and Sea-Surface Temperature Regressions
Simple linear regressions were applied to both the rise and fall in atmospheric pCO2 and
the sea-surface temperature anomalies (Figure DR3, Table DR2) between ~212 and 201 Ma. A
period of pCO2 doubling and halving is identified using linear regression analysis through the
paleosol-based atmospheric pCO2 estimates of Schaller et al. (2015). The time intervals for the
observed doubling and halving are applied to the sea-surface temperature anomaly to identify the
magnitude of temperature change that occurs during these intervals (Figure DR3). Samples from
the inflection points in both sea-surface temperature and pCO2 trends (ca. 209 Ma) were included
in the regressions for the observed increase and decrease in each record. Conodont samples from
Brumano (J279, J270) were excluded from the regression analysis due to their unknown
stratigraphic position.
FIGURE CAPTIONS
Figure DR1. Bio- and magneto- stratigraphic correlations between the Sicani and Lagonegro
basins and the Newark-APTS. Pizzo Mondello magneto-, bio- and litho- stratigraphy modified
Supplemental Material
9
from Mazza et al. (2012). Note that sections labeled FS1 and FS2 at Pizzo Mondello have been
shifted down uniformly by 30m from their original placement in Balini et al. (2010). Pignola-
Abriola magneto-, bio-, and litho- stratigraphy is compiled from Maron et al. (2015) and Rigo et
al. (2016). Sasso di Castalda bio- and litho- stratigraphy is based on Giordano et al. (2010) and
Rigo et al. (2005). Lagonegro section bio- and litho- stratigraphy is modified from Rigo et al.
(2005). Ages are derived from the age model of Maron et al. (2015) for Pignola-Abriola and are
translated to correlative sections in the Lagonegro basin. Red lines represent biostratigraphic
correlations from this study. Red dashed line indicates our suggested correlation of sample NR 6
to Pignola-Abriola. Blue lines represent biostratigraphic correlations from Rigo et al. (2005).
Dashed blue line is a lithostratigraphic correlation for the Lagonegro basin made by Rigo et al.
(2005). Note difference in scale thickness between sections from the Lagonegro and Sicani
basins. Gray dashed lines indicate magnetostratigraphic correlations between the Newark
Supergroup, Pizzo Mondello, and Pignola-Abriola (Maron et al., 2015). Correlations regarding
Pignola 2, Costa Imagna, and Brumano are not shown.
Figure DR2. Magnetostratigraphic correlations between Pizzo Mondello and Pignola Abriola to
the Newark astrochronological polarity time scale (Maron et al., 2015). Adapted from Maron et
al. (2015).
Figure DR3. Atmospheric pCO2 and sea-surface temperature anomalies for the Late Triassic. A)
Atmospheric pCO2 calculated using the lower bounds of the formal error window. B) Best
estimates of atmospheric pCO2. C) Atmospheric pCO2 calculated using the upper bounds of the
formal error window. Atmospheric pCO2 data is from Schaller et al. (2015). D) Sea-surface
temperatures calculated from the δ18O of conodont bioapatite from Trotter et al. (2015). SSTs are
plotted as temperature anomaly with respect to the mean Late Triassic sea-surface temperature.
Supplemental Material
10
Blue and red lines represent linear regressions. Gray points were excluded from the regression
analysis because correct stratigraphic placement could not be verified or properly assessed. Solid
black lines indicate intervals of atmospheric pCO2 doubling and halving with respect to the best
estimates of pCO2.
TABLE CAPTIONS
Table DR1. Sea-surface temperature anomaly for the Late Triassic calculated from the δ18O of
conodont bioapatite from Trotter et al. (2015). Revised ages were calculated based off magneto-
and biostratigraphic correlations. See text for more detail. Please note that samples KE3 and KE6
were used in regression analysis for both the rise and fall in sea-surface temperatures.
Table DR2. ESS estimates using a range of pCO2 estimates from Schaller et al. (2015). ti = time
initial; tf = time final; Ti = temperature initial; Tf = temperature final.
REFERENCES
Balini, M., Bertinelli, A., Di Stefano, P., Guaiumi, C., Levera, M., Mazza, M., Muttoni, G., Nicora, A., Preto, N., and Rigo, M., 2010, The Late Carnian-Rhaetian succession at Pizzo Mondello (Sicani Mountains): Albertiana, v. 39, p. 36-58.
Blackburn, T. J., Olsen, P. E., Bowring, S. A., McLean, N. M., Kent, D. V., Puffer, J., McHone, G., Rasbury, E. T., and Et-Touhami, M., 2013, Zircon U-Pb geochronology links the end-Triassic extinction with the Central Atlantic Magmatic Province: Science, v. 340, p. 941-945.
Furin, S., Preto, N., Rigo, M., Roghi, G., Gianolla, P., Crowley, J. L., and Bowring, S. A., 2006, High-precision U-Pb zircon age from the Triassic of Italy: Implications for the Triassic time scale and the Carnian origin of calcareous nannoplankton and dinosaurs: Geology, v. 34, no. 12, p. 1009.
Giordano, N., Rigo, M., Ciarapica, G., and Bertinelli, A., 2010, New biostratigraphical constraints for the Norian/Rhaetian boundary: data from Lagonegro Basin, Southern Apennines, Italy: Lethaia, v. 43, no. 4, p. 573-586.
Kent, D. V., and Olsen, P. E., 1999, Astronomically tuned geomagnetic polarity timescale for the Late Triassic: Journal of Geophysical Research:, v. 104, p. 12,831-812,841.
Kent, D. V., Olsen, P. E., and Muttoni, G., 2017, Astrochronostratigraphic polarity time scale (APTS) for the Late Triassic and Early Jurassic from continental sediments and correlation with standard marine stages: Earth-Science Reviews, v. 166, p. 153-180.
Supplemental Material
11
Kozur, H. W., and Mock, R., 1991, New Middle Carnian and Rhaetian Conodonts from Hungary and the Alps. Stratigraphic Importance and Tectonic Implications fro the Buda Mountains and Adjacent Areas: Jb. Geol. B.-A., v. 35, p. 69-98.
Maron, M., Muttoni, G., Dekkers, M., Mazza, M., Roghi, G., Breda, A., Krijgsman, W., and Rigo, M., 2017, Contribution to the magnetostratigraphy of the Carnian: new magneto-biostratigraphic constraints from Pignola-2 and Dibona marine sections, Italy: Newsletters on Stratigraphy, v. 50, no. 2, p. 187-203.
Maron, M., Rigo, M., Bertinelli, A., Katz, M. E., Godfrey, L., Zaffani, M., and Muttoni, G., 2015, Magnetostratigraphy, biostratigraphy, and chemostratigraphy of the Pignola-Abriola section: New constraints for the Norian-Rhaetian boundary: Geological Society of America Bulletin, p. B31106.31101.
Mazza, M., Rigo, M., and Gullo, M., 2012, Taxonomy and biostratigraphy record of the upper Triassic conodonts of the Pizzo Mondello section (western Sicily, Italy), GSSP candidate for the base of the Norian: 2012, v. 118, no. 1.
Muttoni, G., Kent, D. V., Jadoul, F., Olsen, P. E., Rigo, M., Galli, M. T., and Nicora, A., 2010, Rhaetian magneto-biostratigraphy from the Southern Alps (Italy): Constraints on Triassic chronology: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 285, no. 1-2, p. 1-16.
Muttoni, G., Kent, D. V., Olsen, P. E., Di Stefano, P., Lowrie, W., Bernasconi, S. M., and Hernández, F. M., 2004, Tethyan magnetostratigraphy from Pizzo Mondello (Sicily) and correlation to the Late Triassic Newark astrochronological polarity time scale: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 116, no. 9, p. 1043.
Muttoni, G., Mazza, M., Mosher, D., Katz, M. E., Kent, D. V., and Balini, M., 2014, A Middle–Late Triassic (Ladinian–Rhaetian) carbon and oxygen isotope record from the Tethyan Ocean: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 399, p. 246-259.
Olsen, P. E., Kent, D. V., and Whiteside, J. H., 2011, Implications of the Newark Supergroup-based astrochronology and geomagnetic polarity time scale (Newark-APTS) for the tempo and mode of the early diversification of the Dinosauria: Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, v. 101, no. 3-4, p. 201-229.
Rigo, M., Bertinelli, A., Concheri, G., Gattolin, G., Godfrey, L., Katz, M. E., Maron, M., Mietto, P., Muttoni, G., Sprovieri, M., Stellin, F., and Zaffani, M., 2016, The Pignola-Abriola section (southern Apennines, Italy): a new GSSP candidate for the base of the Rhaetian Stage: Lethaia, v. 49, p. 287-306.
Rigo, M., De Zanche, V., Gianolla, P., Mietto, P., Preto, N., and Roghi, G., 2005, Correlation of Upper Triassic sections throughout the Lagonegro Basin: Italian Journal of Geoscience, v. 124, no. 1, p. 293-300.
Rigo, M., Preto, N., Franceschi, M., and Guaiumi, C., 2012a, Stratigraphy of the Carnian - Norian Calcari Con Selce Formation in the Lagonegro Basin, Southern Apennines: Rivista Italiana di Paleontologia e stratigrafia, v. 118, no. 1, p. 143-154.
Rigo, M., Trotter, J. A., Preto, N., and Williams, I. S., 2012b, Oxygen isotopic evidence for Late Triassic monsoonal upwelling in the northwestern Tethys: Geology, v. 40, no. 6, p. 515-518.
Schaller, M. F., Wright, J. D., and Kent, D. V., 2015, A 30 Myr record of Late Triassic atmosphericpCO2variation reflects a fundamental control of the carbon cycle by changes in continental weathering: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 127, no. 5-6, p. 661-671.
Supplemental Material
12
Trotter, J. A., Williams, I. S., Nicora, A., Mazza, M., and Rigo, M., 2015, Long-term cycles of Triassic climate change: a new δ18O record from conodont apatite: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 415, p. 165-174.
M. p
osth
erns
tein
iM
. her
nste
ini/p
osth
erns
tein
itra
nsiti
onal
form
sM
. her
nste
ini
P. a
ndru
sovi
N. S
tein
berg
ensi
sP.
vrie
lync
kiE.
slo
vake
nsis
M. b
iden
tata
kz 3
ke 7ke 6ke 5ke 4ku 3
ke 3
Ku 6
Ku 7
0
40
50
20
10
30
Moc
kina
bid
enta
ta
Moc
kina
zap
fei
Parv
igon
dole
lla s
p.M
ocki
na s
lova
kens
is
Mis
ikel
la h
erns
tein
i
Parv
igon
dole
lla a
ndru
sovi
Nor
igon
dole
lla s
tein
berg
ensi
s Parv
igon
dole
lla la
taPa
rvig
. vrie
lync
kiM
isik
ella
bus
eri
Mis
ikel
la p
osth
erns
tein
i
Mis
ikel
la k
ovac
siZi
egle
ricon
us s
p.M
isik
ella
ulti
ma
Mis
ikel
la k
oess
enen
sis
Mis
ikel
la h
erns
tein
i/pos
ther
nste
ini
Betra
cciu
mde
wev
eri
Calc
ari c
on S
elce
Fm
PIG 0
PIG 7
PR 16
PIG 16 = PR 12PR 11
PIG 15 = PR 13
PR15
PAR 3
PAR 2
PAR 1
PR 10, PIG 18
PIG 19
PR 6
PIG 38
PIG 24
PIG 37, GNC 102
PR 4
PR 3 = PIG 40 PIG 41A PIG 41
GNC 101GNC100
GNC 22GNC 21 GNC 20
GNC 17
GNC 16 PA 142GNC 15 = GNM 49GNC 14GNC 13
GNC 10GNC 9
GNC 7GNC 6
GNC 5
GNC 1
GNC 3
PR 2
PR14
PI 5
PA 25
GNM 50
Ram
iform
s
Mis
ikel
la s
p.
60 PR 1
Scisti Silicei Fm
GNM 52
MPA1n
MPA5r
MPA5n
MPA4r
MPA4n
MPA3r
MPA2r
MPA2n
MPA1r
Prop
arvi
cing
ula
mon
ilifor
mis
Maron et al. (2015)Age (Ma)
Sasso di Castalda Pignola-Abriola
“Tra
nsiti
onal
Inte
rval
”
LGP 15
LGP 16
LGP 14
LGP 13
LGP 12
LGP 8
LGP 6
LGP 4
LGP 3
LGP 2
LGP 1
P. a
ndru
sovi
E. b
iden
tata
Lagonegro
208.63
208.00
216.20
217.55
207.60
205.70
207.29
205.05
204.45
213.52
215.66
212.22
Lagonegro BasinSicani BasinPizzo Mondello
Calc
ari c
on S
elce
Fm
Scis
ti Si
licei
Fm
0
40
50
20
10
30
60
0
20
10
30
sa 99cBU 120
sa 89, 5sc 33csc 33c
k 206kz 1
ku 5ku 4
ke 2
ku 1
kz 2
ku 2
ke 1
Nev
era
mbr
209.03
CalcareniteShale\Marl
Limestone
Marly Limestone
Dolostone
Marly DolostoneChert (layered)Chert (nodular)
LEGENDRudites
Black, gray, red shales
Red shalesBlack radiolarian cherts
Radiolarian cherts
Covered
Knobbe-SM-Figure-DR1-https://doi.org/10.1130/G39405.1
430
400
350
300
NO
RIA
N
naitaveSnainualA
RH
AETI
AN
(Mut
toni
/Ken
t/Tai
t 199
8)- c
onod
ont s
ampl
es
Porte
lla G
ebbi
a lm
s.Sc
illato
Fm
78
81101
79 A
79 B80
?
75
111
115
122
105
?
0
11
- con
odon
t sam
ples
0
23
- con
odon
t sam
ples
(Nic
ora,
Maz
za 2
009)
0
16
(Nic
ora,
Rig
o, M
azza
200
7)NR1
NR7NR6NR5NR4NR3NR2
NR53NR52NR51NR50NR49
NR54NR55NR56 NR57
NR58NR59
PG34
PG39PG38PG37PG36PG35
PG40 PG41PG42 PG43PG44 PG45PG46
PG47PG48PG49
PG51PG50
PM 9n
PM 9r
PM 10n
PM 10r
PM 11n
PM 11r
PM 12n
PM 12r
Moc
kina
bid
enta
taM
ocki
na s
lova
kens
is
Mis
ikel
la h
erns
tein
i
Parv
igon
dole
lla a
ndru
sovi
Nor
igon
dole
lla s
tein
berg
ensi
s
Mis
ikel
la p
osth
erns
tein
i
Mis
ikel
la k
ovac
si
Zieg
leric
onus
sp.
Mis
ikel
la u
ltim
aM
isik
ella
koe
ssen
ensi
s
Moc
kina
zap
fei
Moc
kina
aff.
toze
ri
210.80 MPA3n
- FS1
- FS2
- FS3
Newark APTS
230
225
220
215
210
205
200Ma
201.52±0.034E24
E23
E22
E21
E20
E19
E18
E17
E16
E15
E14
E13
E12
E11
E10
E9
E8
E7
E6E5E4E3E2E1
(Blackburn et al., 2013)
Car
nian
Nor
ian
Rha
etia
nH
etta
ngia
n
Nor
ian
Rha
etia
n
Newark APTS
215
210
205
201.52±0.034
Pignola-Abriola(Southern Italy)
0 m
40
50
20
10
30
MPA1n
MPA5r
MPA5n
MPA4rMPA4n
MPA3r
MPA3n
MPA2r
MPA2n
MPA1r
PM12nPM11rPM11n
PM10rPM10n
PM9r
PM9n
PM8r
PM8n
Pizzo Mondello(Italy)
450
350
400
300
250
E24
E23
E22
E21
E20
E19
E18
E17
E16
E15
E14
E13
E12
(Blackburn et al., 2013)
Knobbe-SM-Figure DR2-https://doi.org/10.1130/G39405.1
pCO
2(ppm
)
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
200202204206208210212214Time (Ma)
0
A) B)
C) D)
pCO2 RisepCO2 Fall
pCO
2(ppm
)
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
200202204206208210212214Time (Ma)
0
pCO
2(ppm
)
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
200202204206208210212214Time (Ma)
0
Sea-
Surfa
ce T
empe
ratu
re (°
C)
Time (Ma)200202204206208210212214
pCO2 RisepCO2 Fall
pCO2 RisepCO2 Fall
Knobbe-SM-Figure DR3-https://doi.org/10.1130/G39405.1
SST RiseSST Fall
-8
8
6
-6
4
-4
2
-2
-0
Sample Conodont Species Mean δ18OphosN 95% CI Temperature Temperature Anomaly Section Locality Trotter et al. (2015) Age Knobbe and Schaller (2017) Age Model Reference Sample Reference
(‰) (°C)† (°C)† (Ma)
PG47 Mi. posthernsteini 20.39 0.57 21.15 ‐2.70 Portella Gebia Sicani 202.04 202.04 Mazza et al. (2012)
PG46 Mi. posthernsteini 19.99 0.33 22.95 ‐0.90 Portella Gebia Sicani 202.75 202.75 Mazza et al. (2012)
PG43 Mi. posthernsteini 19.99 0.28 22.95 ‐0.90 Portella Gebia Sicani 204.17 204.17 Mazza et al. (2012)
PR1 Mi. posthernsteini 19.86 0.35 23.53 ‐0.31 Pignola‐Abriola Lagonegro 203.46 204.45 Maron et al. (2015) Rigo et al. (2016)
PG42 Mi. posthernsteini 20.19 0.49 22.05 ‐1.80 Portella Gebia Sicani 204.88 204.88 Mazza et al. (2012)
PIG38 Mi. posthernsteini 20.02 0.35 22.81 ‐1.03 Pignola‐Abriola Lagonegro 205.59 205.05 Maron et al. (2015) Rigo et al. (2016)
PG40 Mi. posthernsteini 19.99 0.35 22.95 ‐0.90 Portella Gebia Sicani 205.59 205.59 Mazza et al. (2012)
PIG24 Mi. hernsteini/posthernsteini 20.01 0.16 22.86 ‐0.99 Pignola‐Abriola Lagonegro 209.46 205.70 Maron et al. (2015) Rigo et al. (2016)
PG39 Mi. posthernsteini 19.74 0.33 24.07 0.23 Portella Gebia Sicani 206.30 206.30 Mazza et al. (2012)
PG37 Mi. posthernsteini 19.68 0.32 24.34 0.50 Portella Gebia Sicani 207.01 207.01 Mazza et al. (2012)
KU6 Mi. hersteini 19.26 0.31 26.23 2.39 Sasso di Castalda Lagonegro 209.94 207.60 Maron et al. (2015) Rigo et al. (2012); Giordano et al. (2010)
J18c Mi. n. sp. A 19.77 0.55 23.94 0.09 Costa Imagna Lombardian 207.72 207.02 Muttoni et al. (2010) Muttoni et al. (2010)
LGP14 No. steinbergensis 19.83 0.21 23.67 ‐0.18 Lagonegro section Lagonegro 213.05 208.00 Rigo et al., (2005)
KE6 Pv. Andrusovi 19.06 0.47 27.13 3.29 Sasso di Castalda Lagonegro 210.66 208.08 Rigo et al. (2012); Giordano et al. (2010)
KE3 M. bidentata 19.11 0.22 26.91 3.06 Sasso di Castalda Lagonegro 212.09 209.03 Maron et al. (2015) Rigo et al. (2012); Giordano et al. (2010)
J22a Mi. posthernsteini 19.96 0.37 23.08 ‐0.76 Costa Imagna Lombardian 209.46 207.08 Muttoni et al. (2010) Muttoni et al. (2010)
J270 Mi. hernsteini 20.76 0.44 19.48 ‐4.36 Brumano Lombardian 209.70 209.70 Muttoni et al. (2010)
KE1 Pv. Andrusovi 19.00 0.54 27.40 3.56 Sasso di Castalda Lagonegro 212.57 210.15 Rigo et al. (2012); Giordano et al. (2010)
J279 Mi. hernsteini 20.23 0.45 21.87 ‐1.98 Brumano Lombardian 210.18 210.18 Muttoni et al. (2010)
NR59 Mi. hernsteini 19.83 0.3 23.67 ‐0.18 Portella Gebia Sicani 210.42 210.36 Muttoni et al. (2014) Mazza et al. (2012)
NR58 Mi. hernsteini 19.87 0.35 23.49 ‐0.36 Portella Gebia Sicani 210.89 210.44 Muttoni et al. (2014) Mazza et al. (2012)
NR52 Mi. hernsteini, Pv. andrusovi 20.05 0.35 22.68 ‐1.17 Portella Gebia Sicani 211.13 210.89 Muttoni et al. (2014) Mazza et al. (2012)
NR50 Mi. hernsteini 20.46 0.27 20.83 ‐3.01 Portella Gebia Sicani 211.37 211.07 Muttoni et al. (2014) Mazza et al. (2012)
NR6 Mi. bidentata, Pv. andrusovi 19.89 0.31 23.40 ‐0.45 Portella Gebia Sicani 211.85 211.68 Muttoni et al. (2014) Mazza et al. (2012)
NR4 Mi. bidentata 20.42 0.51 21.01 ‐2.83 Portella Gebia Sicani 212.33 211.79 Muttoni et al. (2014) Mazza et al. (2012)
NR2 Mi. bidentata, Pv. andrusovi 20.55 0.62 20.43 ‐3.42 Portella Gebia Sicani 212.81 212.05 Muttoni et al. (2014) Mazza et al. (2012)
PIG7 M. bidentata, M. slovakensis 19.24 0.21 26.32 2.48 Pignola‐Abriola Lagonegro 211.61 212.23 Maron et al. (2015) Rigo et al. (2016)
LGP6 M. bidentata 18.29 0.24 30.60 6.75 Lagonegro section Lagonegro 213.52 213.52 Rigo et al. (2005)
K201 M. bidentata 18.56 0.38 29.38 5.54 Sasso di Castalda Lagonegro 213.28 213.76 Rigo et al. (2012)
K64 M. bidentata 19.25 0.22 26.28 2.43 Sasso di Castalda Lagonegro 214.00 216.20 Maron et al. (2015) Rigo et al. (2012)
K68 E. serrulata 20.14 0.25 22.27 ‐1.57 Sasso di Castalda Lagonegro 216.19 217.19 Rigo et al. (2012)
PIG0 M. slovakensis 19.00 0.27 27.40 3.56 Pignola‐Abriola Lagonegro 214.96 217.56 Maron et al. (2015) Rigo et al. (2016)
KZ6 E. spiculata 19.99 0.25 22.95 ‐0.90 Sasso di Castalda Lagonegro 217.42 217.82 Rigo et al. (2012)
NA59 E. rigoi 20.66 0.43 19.93 ‐3.91 Pizzo Mondello Sicani 221.87 223.62 Muttoni et al. (2014) Mazza et al. (2012)
GG13 Me. Parvus 20.56 0.2 20.38 ‐3.46 Gianni Grieco Lagonegro 226.00 226.00
GG11 Me. Parvus 19.81 0.24 23.76 ‐0.09 Gianni Grieco Lagonegro 227.00 227.00
P37 Me. Praecommunisti 19.05 0.18 27.18 3.33 Pignola 2 Lagonegro 228.71 228.10 Rigo et al. (2012)
NA27 C. pseudodiebeli 20.69 0.19 19.80 ‐4.05 Pizzo Mondello Sicani 228.53 228.18 Muttoni et al. (2014) Mazza et al. (2012)
P35 Me. Praecommunisti 19.31 0.19 26.01 2.16 Pignola 2 Lagonegro 229.07 228.45 Rigo et al. (2012)
P24 P. noah 18.95 0.14 27.63 3.78 Pignola 2 Lagonegro 231.05 229.71 Rigo et al. (2012)
P14 P. noah 19.16 0.2 26.68 2.84 Pignola 2 Lagonegro 232.31 230.44 Maron et al. (2017) Rigo et al. (2012)
P8 P. tadpole 20.11 0.18 22.41 ‐1.44 Pignola 2 Lagonegro 233.57 231.87 Rigo et al. (2012)
P3C P. praelindae 20.06 0.38 22.63 ‐1.21 Pignola 2 Lagonegro 234.29 232.71 Rigo et al. (2012)
P1 P. polgnathiformis 20.06 0.25 22.63 ‐1.21 Pignola 2 Lagonegro 235.01 233.55 Rigo et al. (2012)
*Samples and data are from Trotter et al. (2015)
†This study
TABLE DR1. LATE TRIASSIC SEA‐SURFACE TEMPERATURE CHANGE*
Triassic stage t(i) t(f) Δt pCO2(i) pCO2(f) ΔpCO2 T(i) T(f) ΔT ESS
(Ma) (Ma) (Ma) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (°C) (°C) (°C) (°C)
Rhaetian Low 208.04 202.59 5.45 2404 1241 1163 1.49 ‐2.39 3.88 4.07
Norian Low 212.26 210.13 2.13 1328 2419 1091 ‐3.21 0.61 3.82 4.41
Rhaetian Mean 208.04 202.59 5.45 4000 2000 2000 1.49 ‐2.39 3.88 3.88
Norian Mean 212.26 210.13 2.13 2000 4000 2000 ‐3.21 0.61 3.82 3.82
Rhaetian High 208.04 202.59 5.45 5598 2761 2837 1.49 ‐2.39 3.88 3.81
Norian High 212.26 210.13 2.13 2681 5590 2909 ‐3.21 0.61 3.82 3.60
TABLE DR2. LATE TRIASSIC EARTH SYSTEM SENSITIVITY