A Tendency towards Of Using Automatic Machineand Computer Techniques for Feeding and

Managing Livestock in Developing Countries

An-Kuo SuEmail:aksu@mail.tlri.gov.tw

Hualien Animal Propagation Station,COA-LRI, Hualien, Taiwan, R.O.C.

2017/6/2 1

Table 1. The number of cattle farms declined followed by GDP increased in Taiwan

Source: Agricultural Statistics Yearbook, 2007~2015.Source: Directorate-General of Budget, Accounting and Statistics, Executive Yuan, R.O.C.

Years Number of cattle farms

Number ofcattle

Cattle unit in farm

GDP in Taiwan

2007 3,266 137,127 42.0 15,4012008 3,153 133,950 42.5 15,3882009 2,964 133,713 45.1 14,3982010 2,816 140,002 50.0 16,6502011 2,641 144,312 55.0 17,9822012 2,472 146,186 59.0 18,1252013 2,379 147,398 62.0 18,8722014 2,227 145,739 65.4 19,7242015 2,115 149,379 70.6 19,653

Beef cattle situation in Taiwan

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Table 2. The number of cattle and their farms for beef production in Taiwan

Source: Agricultural Statistics Yearbook, 2012~2015.

Years Number of farms

Number of heads

Buffalonumber

Beef cattlenumber

Dairy bullnumber

2012 846 35,187 3,243 11,327 19,945 2013 815 34,456 2,772 12,109 20,306 2014 790 34,190 2,239 12,981 19,236 2015 830 34,274 2,128 12,838 19,224 2016 834 34,515 1,810 13,630 18,834

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Beef cattle Dairy bullWater Buffalo

Table 3. The market share of beef consumption in Taiwan

Source: Agricultural Statistics Yearbook, 2012~2015.

Years Domestic(Metric Ton)

Imported(Metric Ton)

MarketShare (%)

Imported value (million USD)

2012 6,187 82,636 7.5 49.12013 6,693 92,817 7.2 61.42014 6,874 98,955 6.9 69.42015 6,875 96,426 7.1 69.8

2017/6/2 4exclusive beef selling shop

traceability document beef brand

Good choice for using agricultural by-products to feed cattle

bamboo shoot shell

peanut vines

Bagasse wet brewer’s grain

soya cake pomace

cabbage edamame2017/6/2 5

distiller’s sorghum grain

tomato pomace

Table 4. The consumption volume of agricultural by-products by cattle and goats in Taiwan

Source: Su, et.al. 2000a; Su, et.al. 2000b.

Items Cattle intake daily (kg)

Goats intake daily(kg)

Soya cake pomace ------ 0.3-0.5Dry peanut vines 5-10 0.5-1.0Bagasse 3-5 ------Wet bamboo shoot shell 5-10 ------Wet brewer’s grain 10-15 1.0-2.0Wet distiller’s sorghum grain 10-15 1.0-2.0

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rice strawsoya cake pomace edamame distiller’s sorghum grain

Table 5. Effects of dietary tofu1 pomace levels on milking performance of Holstein cows

Items Levels of TFP in diets, kg (as fed)0 10 20 P

Dry matter intake, kg/d 21.5 20.4 20.3 nMilk production, kg/d 22.1 23.8 24.2 nFat, % 3.47 3.38 3.13 nProtein, % 3.17 3.10 3.01 nLactose, % 4.62 4.60 4.63 nTotal solid, % 11.9 12.0 11.4 nSomatic cell count, 103/ml 322 411 401 n

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a,b Means in the same row with different superscripts differ significantly (P < 0.05).1 Tofu pomace is soya cake pomace.Source: Chuange, et.al. 2001.

Items Ratio of Copra meal in diets0% 8% 16% 24% SEM

Dry matter intake, kg/d 2.09 a 1.96 ab 1.94 ab 1.76 b 0.09Milk production, kg/d 2.97 2.67 2.80 2.59 0.15Fat, % 3.05 3.00 3.10 3.16 0.06Protein, % 2.75 2.73 2.66 2.68 0.03Lactose, % 4.32 a 4.16 b 4.20 ab 4.14 b 0.04Total solid, % 10.82 10.59 10.67 10.68 0.08Milk urea nitrogen, mg/dl 40.0 a 34.9 b 35.4 b 36.0 b 1.3

Table 6. Effects of Copra meal in diets on dry matter intake and milking performance of

lactation goats

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Source: Fan, et.al. 2016.

Ration ingredient Cattle performanceBy-

productsConcentrate

or SilagePangolaor Alfalfa

ADG(kg)

Feed cost1

(USD)2

Concentrate ---- 70%(C) 30%(P) 1.20 1.87Dry peanut vines 84% 16%(C) ------ 1.02 0.91

Bagasse3 30% 70%(C) ------ 0.90 1.24Bagasse4 25% 75%(C) ------ 1.12 1.75Bagasse 6% 69%(S) 25%(A) 1.00 1.36Feather meal5 8% 72%(S) 20%(A) 1.20 0.99

Brewer’s grain silage6 46% 46%(C) 8%(A) 0.97 1.45

Table 7. Effects of different agricultural by-products in ration on the growth performance

and production cost of beef cattle in Taiwan

1 Feed cost per kg live weight gain was calculated on the price of ingredient before 2000.2 NTD exchange to USD by divided 31.3 Bagasse silage adding rice wine residual.4 Bagasse silage adding cellulolytic enzyme.5 Feather meal hydrolysis product.6 Corn and brewer’s grain silage.Source: Yang, et.al, 1998, Su and Yang, 1998c, 2001; Yang, et.al, 2000. Su, et.al. 2002.2017/6/2 9

Restriction on agricultural by-product utilization by cattle

1.Number of cattle in farm.

2.Distance of transportation fee.

3.The quantity of associate crop production at season of the year.

4. Analyzed center for agricultural by-product utilization.

5. Machine for mixing agricultural by-product with other feedstuff.

6. Silo equipment for agricultural by-products preservation.

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Big beef cattle cooperative used An excavator to mixed large quantity of brewer’s grain with Bagasse at specific season

The procedure of using agricultural by-products to feed cattle

Decide suitable agricultural by-

products can be used economically

Detect agricultural by-products quality and

nutrient content

Preserved agricultural by-products

economically

Formation a total mixed ration to feed

cattle

Check cattle intake , performance and

benefit 2017/6/2 11

Items TMR1 CFS2 SEDM intake, kg / day 2.08 2.0 0.21DM intake / Body weight, % 3.46 3.33 0.42Average dairy milk production, kg/head (3%FCM)

2.71 2.53 0.37

Average milk fat, % 2.72 2.69 0.32Average milk protein, % 2.91 2.77 0.17Average milk lactose, % 4.63 4.58 0.04Average milk solid, % 10.35 9.52 0.1Somatic cell count,104/ml milk 73.6 b 158.9a 31.6

Table 8. Ration intake and milk production of dairy goat fed with TMR or CFS

a bMeans with the different superscript differ significantly. 1TMR: Total mixed ration2CFS: computerized feeding concentrate and forage fed separately. Source: Su, et.al. 2002a.

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13

100 kg Barrel type sausage bag for 20 Tons

sausage bag for 150 Tons

500 kg Barrel type

sausage bag for 150 Tons feeding animal by truck2017/6/2

Silo types for preservation

Table 9. The total cost of corn-brewer’s grain silage preserved by different kinds of methods

1 Grain’s price based on 1994 and 1998 market price in Taiwan.2 NTD exchange to USD by divided 31.Source: Su, et.al, 2000.

Silo TypeTons

Feed cost1

(USD/Ton)Making cost1

(USD/Ton)Total cost1

(USD/Ton)

Large sausage bag 150 92.9 5.5 98.4Large sausage bag 20 98.4 8.1 106.5Barrel type 0.1-0.5 101.9 12.9 114.8

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* Each kg of premix contained Cu 10000 mg, Co 100 mg, Zn 60,000 mg, Mn 60,000 mg, Se 100 mg, Vitamin A 6,000,000I.U. , Vitamin D100,000 I.U., Vitamin E 4,000 I.U.Source: Yang, et. al, 1998.

Table 10. The composition and chemical analysisof corn-brewer’s grain silage

Ingredients Composition

Wet basis %

Brewer’s grain, wet 50.0

Corn, whole dry grain 41.0

Soybean meal 7.0

Limestone 1.4

Salt 0.5

Premix 0.1

The successful example of farm level livestock feeding agricultural by-products in Taiwan

The idea ismixed whole dry corn with wet Brewer’s grain and preserved to form a reconstitute corn

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corn-brewer’s grain silage

Incubation times TreatmentsEnsiled-corn Corn grain

Hours % 0 40.4±3.40 3.47±0.294 82.7±0.90 55.7±0.308 84.9±1.50 60.5±5.6112 86.1±0.91 64.8±2.2024 88.4±3.40 69.9±3.1836 91.3±1.40 88.4±1.0448 93.5±0.63 89.3±0.32

Table 11. The dry matter degradability of ensiled-corn and corn grain in the rumen

Source: Yang, et. al. 1998.

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Rumen cannula and dacron bag technique

Table 12. The growth performance and feed cost of goats fed with corm-brewer’s grain

silage and corn-distillers sorghum grain silage

a,bMeans within same rows with different superscripts differ significantly (P<0.0 5 ). 1 Feed cost based on the price of grain in 1998.2 NTD exchange to USD by divided 31.Source: Yang, et. al. 2000;

Items

TreatmentsCorn-brewer’s

grain silageCorn-distiller’s sorghum grain

silage

Concentrate SE

Number of animal 16 16 16Average daily gain (kg) 0.135 0.134 0.151 0.03Feed intake (kg)(DM) 0.86 0.87 0.98Feed efficiency (DM) 6.40 6.50 6.50Feed cost (USD/100 kg)12 14.0 12.9 24.2

Cost (USD/kg weight gain) 1.42a 1.35 a 1.79 b 3.2

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Items Groups

Concentrate Corn silagedistiller’s sorghum

grainMethane at zero hour(ppm) 2.52 ± 0.55 2.21 ± 0.75 2.02 ± 0.85Methane at first hour(ppm) 11.26 ± 1.72 9.43 ± 2.42 7.80 ± 2.35Methane at second hour(ppm) 14.21 ± 1.26 12.39± 1.84 13.03± 2.26Methane at third hour(ppm) 19.91 ± 2.18 a 16.37± 2.43 ab 15.08 ± 1.94 b

Table 13. The production of methane from Taiwan yellow cattle by different rations

Source: Shiu, et. al. 2012.

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(Open path CH4 analyzer)

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Extension work of agricultural by-products for dairy goat

Loading feedstuff mixing feedstuff mixing out Loading barrel

Transfer barrel preserved barrel Silage looks Feeding animal

RFID automatic identification and management system for cattle

internet

SQL Server

Data center

internet

Data collection

Data analyzedData return to farmer

Idea was constituted through---------

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RFID system for cattle weight collection

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Table 14. Time saving on cattle weight collected by different weight scales

a, b Means within the same column with different superscripts differ (P < 0.05).1RFID: radio frequency identification weight scale system; TE: traditional electronic weight scale.Source: Su. et. al. 2012.

scale1 n Time spend, sec/head

labor key-in, sec/head

Total time, sec/head

Time saving , %

RFID 32 3.0 ± 1.0 b 0 3.0 72.5

TE 32 6.9 ± 3.6 a 4 10.9 -

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RFID automatic identification and management system for Taiwan buffalo

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RFID weight scale

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Table 15. The percentage of RFID ear tag damage and falling down after tagged onbuffalo ear

Source: Chuang and Su, 2013.

Tagged month After 5 months After 6 months After 7 months

Damage, % 5.7%(3/53) 1.9%(1/53) 0%(0/53)

Falling down, % 13.2%(7/53) 7.5%(4/53) 7.5%(4/53)

Raising on shrub area, %

50.0%(3/6) 16.7%(1/6) ------

shrub-like behaviorsoaking-like behavior Damage of RFID ear tag2017/6/2 25

PDA and desktop software for managing Taiwan buffalo

PDA software for managing Taiwan buffalo out of field

Customized software for managing Taiwan buffalo on server2017/6/2 26

RFID Multi-target sensing systemTo know how many buffalo moving another pasture

RFID automatic rotation grazing control system

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CONCLUSION

1. Using automatic machine and computer techniqueswill go to trend into developing countries for managingcattle in the future.

2. This huge capital investment of automatic machine and computer technique system will go to decline followingby the human techniques advancement.

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Thank you for your attention(The white buffalo in Hualien propagation station TLRI-COA Taiwan)

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