Introduction

Pyrrhalta is a small genus of the subfamily Galeruci-nae distributed in Palaearctic and Neotropical regions(China : 38 species, Japan : 17 species, North America :27 species). Only 5 species are reported to occur inKorea; P. annulicornis, P. fuscipennis, P. humeralis,P. lineola and P. maculicollis. All of these species arewell known as agricultural and forest pests. Especial-ly, ecological and morphological notes of the imma-ture stages of Japanese P. humeralis have been descri-bed several times by Nakanishi (1962) and Takenaka(1963), because this species is an important pest.Taxonomic study and tubercle patterns of the allknown larvae of Korean genus Pyrrhalta were studiedfor the first time.

The purpose of this results is to provide a key, detai-led descriptions, illustrations and tubercle patterns ofall known Korean species of the genus Pyrrhalta asthe basic data for the phylogenetic study of the subfa-mily Galerucinae.

Abbreviations of the provinces in the collecting lo-calities are as follows:

GB: Gyeongsangbuk-do; GW: Gangwon-do.

Materials and Methods

Materials examined in this study were preserved in

70% ethyl alcohol. Larvae were cleared in 10% KOHsolution for 30 minutes and then rinsed in water. Thedissection of them were done under a stereoscopicmicroscope (Olympus SZX12). For morphologicalstudies of the minute structure, the parts were moun-ted on slides and observed through the compoundmicroscope (Olympus SZ4045). The terminology fol-lows Anderson (1947), Kimoto (1962) and Takizawa(1972).

Larval characters of the genus PyrrhaltaJoannis, 1866

Body yellowish or reddish brown, nearly flattened;defensive glands absent. Head. Hypognathous, round-ed, many spinules present on central portion, wellsclerotized; one pair of stemmata well-developed,behind antennae; antenna 1-segment, with conicalsensory papilla. Mandible palmate, strongly sclerotiz-ed, reddish brown anteriorly, brown posteriorly, with 5teeth, and 1-2 mandibular setae and 1 sensillum.Maxillary palp 3 segments; lacinia and galea develop-ed. Labial palp 2 segments. Thorax. Pronotum,strongly sclerotized; dorsal side with a very largetubercle D-DL; mesothoracic spiracle annuliform,situated on EPa. Legs rather long and slender; clawcurved, falciform, with 1 seta; pulvillus present.Abdomen. On dorsal side, tubercles consists of tworows. First row consists of three tubercles, Da, DLaiand DLae. DLae protrude, well developed, Dm ab-sent. Abdomen with 10 segments; abdominal spiraclespresent on segments I-VIII, similar to mesothoracicspiracles but smaller; typical abdominal segments

A Taxonomic Study on the Larvae of the Genus Pyrrhalta Joannis(Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Galerucinae) from Korea

PARK, Jin Young and Jong Eun LEE*

Department of Biological Science, Andong National University, Andong 760-749, Korea

ABSTRACT Last instar larvae of Pyrrhalta annulicornis, P. fuscipennis, P. humeralis, P. lineolaand P. maculicollis are described and illustrated for the first time in Korea. Their taxonomicremarks, tubercle patterns and a key are also given.

Key words : Chrysomelidae, Larvae, Tubercle, Pyrrhalta, Korea

*Corresponding authorE-mail: jelee@andong.ac.kr, Tel: 82-54-820-5618

ENTOMOLOGICAL RESEARCHVol. 34, No. 4, pp. 229-234, December 2004 Research Paper

with 2 folds; pygopod well developed.

A key to larvae of known Korean species of thegenus Pyrrhalta

1. Mandible with penicillus ∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙2- Mandible without penicillus ∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙P. fuscipennis2. Labrum incised anteriorly ∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙3- Labrum not incised anteriorly ∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙P. lineola3. Stipes with 3 pairs of setae ∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙4- Stipes with 5 pairs of setae ∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙P. maculicollis4. Frons with 4 pairs of frontal setae ∙∙P. annulicornis- Frons with 3 pairs of frontal setae ∙∙∙∙∙∙∙P. humeralis

Pyrrhalta annulicornis (Baly, 1874) (Fig. 1)

Last instar larva (Fig. 1a). Body length 10.0 mm(n = 5), body width 2.5-3.0 mm, head width 1.0 mm.

Head (Fig. 1e). Frons with 4 pairs of setae; antenna(Fig. 1d) 1 segment, with 6 spine-like setae and 2sensilla at apical disc; clypeus (Fig. 1c), blackishbrown, with 2 pairs of clypeal setae and 1 pair ofsensilla; labrum, orange yellow, with 2 pairs of labralsetae; epipharynx with 6 pairs of spiniform setae;mandible (Fig. 1b) with 5 teeth, the fourth nearlyfused with the fifth, with 2 mandibular setae and 1

sensillum; penicillus well-developed; stipes with 3setae; lacinia pectinated distally, carrying a row with 9setae; galea with 8 pairs of setae; cardo without seta;labial palp (Fig. 1i), segment I with 1 sensillum;prementum with 4 pairs of setae; postmentum with 3pairs of setae.

Thorax. Pronotum (Fig. 1g) with 9 pairs of setae;legs slender; tibia (Fig. 1f) with 8 setae.

Abdomen. DLae protrude, well developed; sternalregion with two tubercles ES and SS; ES large. Analplate (Fig. 1h) with 5 pairs of setae and 7 pairs ofsensilla.

Material examined. GB: Mt. Galla-san, Gumi-ri,Namseon-myeon, Andong-si, 30-IV-2000, J.Y.Park.

Distribution. Korea, Japan, NE China, E. Siberia,Sakhalin.

Host Plants. The larvae of this species were rearedon the leaves of Viburnum dilatatum Thunb, V. awabukiKoch and V. sargentii Koehne. in the labo ratory.

Remark. The larvae of this species considerablyresemble those of Pyrrhalta humeralis, but differ fromthe latter in the following character: from the latter bythe dorsum without club-shaped setae.

Entomol. Res., 34(4), December 2004230

Fig. 1. Pyrrhalta annulicornis (Baly). a. last instar larva (l.v.); b. mandible (b.v.); c. clypeus and labrum (d.v.); d. antenna (d.v.);e. head (d.v.); f. leg (tibia, d.v.); g. pronotum (d.v.); h. anal plate (d.v.); i. lower mouth parts (d.v.). d.v.: dorsal view; l.v.: lateralview; b.v.: buccal view.

a

bc d

e

f g h i

Pyrrhalta fuscipennis (Jacoby, 1885) (Fig. 2)

Last instar larva (Fig. 2a). Body length 9.8 mm(n = 5), body width 2.8-3.0 mm, head width 0.8 mm.

Head (Fig. 2e). Frons with 3 pairs of frontal setaeand 1 pair of sensilla; antenna (Fig. 2d), 1 segment,with 6 spine-like setae; clypeus (Fig. 2c), slightlysclerotized posteriorly, with 3 pairs of clypeal setaeand 1 pair of clypeal sensilla; labrum, middle of ante-rior margin moderately notched, and anterior cornersarcuate; epipharynx with 8 pairs of epipharyngealspiniform setae (5 pairs of microsetae); mandible (Fig.2b) with 2 mandibular setae and 1 sensillum, withoutpenicillus; stipes with 3 setae; lacinia with 7 setae;galea armed with 8 spine-like setae; labial palp (Fig.2i), segment II with 1 sensillum; prementum with 4pairs of setae; postmentum with 4 pairs of setae.

Thorax. Pronotum (Fig. 2g) with 18 pairs of setae;ES fused with SS on sternal region; DLae large, con-vex; legs slender; tibia with 7 setae.

Abdomen. DLae small; sternal region with threetubercles ES, SS and PSi; SS and PSi small. Analplate (Fig. 2h) with 8 pairs of setae and 1 pair of sen-silla.

Material examined. GW: Mt. Gebang-san, Nak-

dong-ri, Jinbu-myeon, 23-V-1999, J.Y. Park andJ.E. Lee.

Distribution. Korea, Japan, E. Siberia.Host Plants. The larvae of this species were reared

on the leaves of Acer spp. in the laboratory.

Pyrrhalta humeralis (Chen, 1942) (Fig. 3)

Last instar larva (Fig. 3a). Body length 10.5 mm(n = 5), body width 2.8-3.0 mm, head width 0.8 mm.short and club-shaped setae on dorsal side.

Head (Fig. 3e). Frons with 3 pairs of frontal setaeand 1 pair of sensilla; anterior margin of fronsstrongly sclerotized; antenna (Fig. 3d), 1 segment with8 spine-like setae and 2 sensilla at apical disc;clypeus (Fig. 3c), slightly sclerotized posteriorly, with3 pairs of clypeal setae and 1 pair of clypeal sensilla;labrum oblong-oval antero-laterally, concolorouswith the clypeus, middle of anterior margin modera-tely notched and anterior corners strongly arcuate;epipharynx with 6 pairs of epipharyngeal spiniformsetae and 4 pairs of epipharyngeal sensilla; mandible(Fig. 3b) with 5 distal teeth, the fourth nearly fusedwith the fifth, with 2 mandibular setae and 1 sensil-lum; penicillus well-developed; stipes with 3 setae

Park and Lee : Immature Stages of the Genus Pyrrhalta 231

Fig. 2. Pyrrhalta fuscipennis (Jacoby). a. last instar larva (l.v.); b. mandible (b.v.); c. clypeus and labrum (d.v.); d. antenna (d.v.);e. head (d.v.); f. leg (tibia, d.v.); g. pronotum (d.v.); h. anal plate (d.v.); i. lower mouth parts (d.v.). d.v.: dorsal view; l.v.: lateralview; b.v.: buccal view.

a

bc

d

ihgf

e

Entomol. Res., 34(4), December 2004232

Fig. 3. Pyrrhalta humeralis (Chen). a. last instar larva (l.v.); b. mandible (b.v.); c. clypeus and labrum (d.v.); d. antenna (d.v.); e.head (d.v.); f. leg (tibia, d.v.); g. pronotum (d.v.); h. anal plate (d.v.); i. lower mouth parts (d.v.). d.v.: dorsal view; l.v.: lateralview; b.v.: buccal view.

Fig. 4. Pyrrhalta lineola (Fabricius). a. last instar larva (l.v.); b. mandible (b.v.); c. clypeus and labrum (d.v.); d. antenna (d.v.); e.head (d.v.); f. leg (tibia, d.v.); g. pronotum (d.v.); h. anal plate (d.v.); i. lower mouth parts (d.v.). d.v.: dorsal view; l.v.: lateralview; b.v.: buccal view.

a

bc

d

f g h i

e

e

a

b c d

f g h i

and 1 sensillum; lacinia pectinated distally, carrying arow with 9 setae; galea armed with 8 spine-like setae;prementum (Fig. 3i) with 3 pairs of spine-like setae;postmentum with 3 pairs of setae.

Thorax. Pronotum (Fig. 3g) with 11 pairs of setae;ES fused with SS on sternal region; legs slender; tibiawith 5 setae.

Abdomen. DLae flat; sternal region with three tube-rcles ES, PS-SS and SS. Anal plate (Fig. 3h) with 7pairs of setae and 1 pair of sensilla.

Material examined. GB: Mt. Galla-san, Gumi-ri,Namseon-myeon, Andong-si, 30-IV-2000, J.Y.Park and J.E. Lee.

Distribution. Korea, Japan, China, Taiwan.Host Plants. The larvae of this species were reared on

the leaves of Viburnum sargentii Koehne, V. dilatatumThunb and V. awabuki Koch. in the laboratory.

Pyrrhalta lineola (Fabricius, 1781) (Fig. 4)

Last instar larva (Fig. 4a). Body length 2.8-3.3 mm(n = 3), body width 1.3 mm, head width 0.7-0.8 mm.

Head (Fig. 4e). Frons with 3 pairs of setae; antenna(Fig. 4d), 1 segment, with 9 spine-like setae; clypeus(Fig. 4c) reddish brown, with 3 pairs of clypeal setae;labrum yellowish brown, with 3 pairs of labral setae;

epipharynx with 9 pairs of spiniform setae; mandible(Fig. 4b) with 2 mandibular setae and 1 sensillum;penicillus well-developed; stipes with 3 setae and 1pair sensilla; lacinia pectinated distally, carrying a rowwith 7 setae; galea armed with 8 spine-like setae;labial palp (Fig. 4i), segment I with 1 sensillum; pre-mentum with 1 pair of setae; postmentum with 3 pairsof setae.

Thorax. Pronotum (Fig. 4g) with 14 pairs of setae;DLai elliptic and smaller than Da; DLae protrude andlarge, convex; legs slender; tibia with 5 setae.

Abdomen. DLae small; sternal region with threetubercles ES, SS and PSi; SS the smallest. Anal plate(Fig. 4h) with 10 pairs of setae.

Material examined. GW: Mt. Gebang-san, No-dong-ri, Jinbu-myeon, 23-V-1999, J.Y. Park andJ.E. Lee.

Distribution. Korea, Japan, NE China, Sachalin,Russia, Europe.

Host Plants. The larvae of this species were rearedon the leaves of Salix spp. in the laboratory.

Pyrrhalta maculicollis (Motschulsky, 1853) (Fig. 5)

Last instar larva (Fig. 5a). Body length 12.0 mm (n

Park and Lee : Immature Stages of the Genus Pyrrhalta 233

Fig. 5. Pyrrhalta maculicollis (Matschulsky). a. last instar larva (l.v.); b. mandible (b.v.); c. clypeus and labrum (d.v.); d. antenna(d.v.); e. head (d.v.); f. leg (tibia, d.v.); g. pronotum (d.v.); h. anal plate (d.v.); i. lower mouth parts (d.v.). d.v.: dorsal view; l.v.:lateral view; b.v.: buccal view.

e

a

b

cd

f g h i

= 5), body width 3.0-3.5 mm, head width 1.2-1.3mm.

Head (Fig. 5e). Frons with 4 pairs of setae; antenna(Fig. 5d), 1 segment, with 6 spine-like setae and 2sensilla; clypeus (Fig. 5c) reddish brown, with 3 pairsof clypeal setae; labrum blackish brown, with 2 pairsof labral setae; epipharynx with 10 pairs of spiniformsetae (4 pairs of minute setae); mandible (Fig. 5b) with2 mandibular setae and 1 sensillum; penicillus well-developed; stipes with 5 setae and 1 pair sensilla;lacinia with pectinate distally, carrying a row with 7setae; galea armed with 7 spine-like setae; premen-tum (Fig. 5i) with 4 pairs of setae and 1 pair sensilla;postmentum with 5 pairs of setae.

Thorax. Pronotum (Fig. 5g) with 36 pairs of setae;sternal region with a small tubercle ES. DLai smallerthan Da; DLe large, convex; ES fused with SS onsternal region; legs slender; tibia with 8 setae.

Abdomen. DLae very small; sternal region with asmall ES and SS. Anal plate (Fig. 5h) with 18 pairs ofsetae.

Material examined. GB: Andong National. Univ.campus, Songcheon-dong, Andong-si, 28-V-2000,J.Y. Park and J.E. Lee.

Distribution. Korea, Japan, N. China, SE Siberia.Host Plant. The larvae of this species were reared

on the leaves of Ulmus pavifolia Jacq. in the labora-tory.

Remark. This species is characterized by densely

long setae on the body.

Acknowledgments

This work was supported by a grant from 2003Research Fund of Andong National University.

References

Anderson, W.H., 1947. A terminoloy for the anatomicalcharacters useful in the taxonomy of weevil larvae. Proc.Ent. Soc. Wash. 49: 123-132.

Kimoto, S., 1962. Description of immature stages of JapaneseChrysomelidae belonging to the generic groups Chryso-lina, Gonioctena, Potaninia, Phola and Phaedon (Coleo-ptera). Jour. Fac. Agr., Kyushu Univ. 12: 89-103.

Nakanisi, Y., 1962. Ecological notes of chrysomelid-beetleGalerucella (Pyrrhalta) viburni annulicornis Baly (Coleo-ptera: Chrysomelidae). The collecting and bree-ding. 24:30-33.

Takenaka, H., 1963. On the leaf-beetle, Pyrrhalta humeralisChen (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Gensei. 13: 9-16.

Takizawa, H., 1972. Descriptions of larvae of glanduliferousgroup of Galerucinae in Japan, with notes on subdivi-sions of the subfamily (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae).Insecta Mat. Suppl. 10: 1-14.

(Received 16 September 2004; Accepted 23 September 2004)

Entomol. Res., 34(4), December 2004234

Fig. 6. Larval tubercle patterns of the Korean Pyrrhalta. a. P. annulicornis; b. P. fuscipennis; c. P. humeralis; d. P. lineola; e. P.maculicollis. T1: prothorax; T2,3: mesothorax and metathorax; A2: second abdominal segment; D: dorsal region; DL: dorso-lateral region; EP: epipleural region; P: pleural region; S: sternal region.

a b c d eD D L E P P S

T1

T2, 3

A2