A SYNTACTIC ANALYSIS OF SENTENCE STRUCTURE ON A

FAIRY TALES BY AKRAMULLA USING GENERATIVE

TRANSFORMATIONAL GRAMMAR

A Thesis

Submitted to Letters and Humanities Faculty

In Partial Accomplishment of the Requirements for the Degree of Strata 1

Novalinda Puspita A. S. P.

1112026000101

ENGLISH LETTERS DEPARTMENT

FACULTY OF ADAB AND HUMANITIES

STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY SYARIF HIDAYATULLAH

JAKARTA

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ABSTRACT

Novalinda Puspita ASP, A Syntactic Analysis of Sentence Structure on

Fairy Tales by Akramulla using Generative Transformational Grammar. Thesis:

English Letter Department, Letters and Humanities Faculty of Syarif Hidayatullah

State Islamic University, Jakarta 2018.

In this case, the aims of this research are to find out the types of sentence used

in the fairy tales and the dominant type of sentence used in the fairy tales. The

method of this research is using qualitative analysis. The research questions will be

answered in analytical description. The collected types of sentence have been picked

up from the fairy tales then classified based on the structure. The types of sentence

are analyzed using Noam Chomsky theory which are elaborated into table and tree

diagram to see the structure.

The result of this research shows that there are twenty five data collected from

the fairy tales. Those collected data show three types of sentence which are mostly

found based on the table and tree diagram. The table and tree diagram process proves

that the meaning of sentences can be easier to understand, so the content of the story

is delivered successfully to the listener.

Keywords: Syntax, Types of Sentence, Structure, Tree Diagram, Noam Chomsky,

Fairy Tales.

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DEDICATIONS

My father and my mother

Thank you for always giving me a chance to prove and improve myself

through all my walks of life.

Thanks for love and support in all the way and condition that the writer went

through for finishing this thesis.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

In the name of Allah, the Most Glorious, the Most Merciful

Praise be to Allah SWT, the Lord of universe, who has created heaven and

earth, who has created mankind and all that we perceive. The writer finally could

finish her thesis with His blessing and mercy. Peace and blessing be upon the prophet

Muhammad SAW, his families, friends and followers.

The writer would like to express a special thanks to my little brother, Dzaky

Huda, because of his love and support in all the way and condition that the writer

went through for finishing this thesis.

A special thanks is also given to the writer’s advisor, Abdurrosyid, SS.,

M.EIL. for great advices and contribution in finishing this thesis. May Allah SWT

bless him and his family.

The writer also woukd like to convey her sincere fratitude particularly to:

1. Prof. Dr. Sukron Kamil, M.A., as the Dean of Adab and Humanities

Faculty.

2. Dr. H. M. Farkhan, M.Pd., as the vice-Dean of Adab and Humanities

Faculty.

3. Drs. A. Saefuddin, M.Pd., as the Head of English Letters Department.

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4. Mrs. Elve Oktaviani, M.Hum., as the Secretary of English Letters

Department.

5. All lectures in English Language and Literature Department who gave

thought and educated her during her studies at university.

6. Karina Nur Inayati, Nurrifa Yusran, Reyuna Larasatika, Khairun Nisa,

Fekky Noviyanty as my best friend who accompany me to do my

thesis.

7. All people who helped me in finishing this thesis who cannot be

mentioned one by one.

8. The last but not least is Me, Myself, Novalinda for keep struggling and

not giving up.

The writer hopes and prays that Allah SWT blesses, guides, and protects them

all. The writer realizes that this thesis is far from being perfect. Hence, the writer will

be very open to any suggestions and critics.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................ i

APPROVEMENT ................................................................................................. ii

LEGALIZATION ................................................................................................ iii

DECLARATION .................................................................................................. iv

DEDICATIONS ..................................................................................................... v

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ................................................................................... vi

TABLE OF CONTENTS ................................................................................... viii

CHAPTER I – INTRODUCTION ........................................................................ 1

A. Research Background................................................................................... 1

B. Research Focus............................................................................................. 4

C. Research Questions ...................................................................................... 4

D. Objectives of the Research ........................................................................... 5

E. Significance of the Research ........................................................................ 5

F. Research Methodology................................................................................. 5

1. The Method of the Research .................................................................. 5

2. Technique Data………………………………………………………...5

3. Unit of Analyis ....................................................................................... 6

4. Instrument of the Research..................................................................... 6

CHAPTER II – THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK ........................................... 7

A. Previous Research ........................................................................................ 7

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B. Theoritical Framework ................................................................................. 9

1. Syntax ..................................................................................................... 9

C. Grammar .................................................................................................... 13

1. Morpheme ............................................................................................ 11

2. Word ..................................................................................................... 13

3. Phrases ................................................................................................. 15

4. Clause ................................................................................................... 16

5. Sentence Types..................................................................................... 17

CHAPTER III – RESEARCH FINDINGS AND ANALYSIS ......................... 20

A. Data Description......................................................................................... 20

B. Data Analysis ............................................................................................. 21

C. Research Finding…………………………………………………………50

CHAPTER IV – CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS .............................. 51

A. Conclusions ................................................................................................ 51

B. Suggestions ................................................................................................ 52

BIBLIOGRAPHY ................................................................................................ 53

APPENDICES…………………………………………………………………...55

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CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

A. Research Background

Language is the main instrument of communication, it cannot be

separated from human being. We use language to express our feeling, respond

the phenomena, share an idea, and also critisize. Due to these facts people realize

that language plays an important role in their daily life. In communication with

other people either in oral or written forms; we use language as the media. Here,

the language we used ought to be meaningful and understandable to avoid

misunderstanding and misinterpretation.

In linguistics, the study about the sentence of language is syntax.

Gleason (128) defines syntax as the principles of arrangement of the contruction

formed by the process of derivation and inflection (word) into larger construction

of various kinds. According to the above definition of syntax, it is concluded that

syntax is the arrangement and relationship among words, phrases, and clauses

forming sentences or larger constructions based on grammatical rules.

Language is also a system of arbitrary vocal symbols by means of

which a social goup cooperates (Lyons, 3-4). By using language, people can

develop their knowledge and know something. Beside, we also use language to

write, speak, and analyze, for example, the fairy tales.

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Language can also be expressed through fairy tales. The language in

fairy tales mostly used to entertain people. The people can use their own

language, their own style to express their feeling and imagination and they can

write it into a short story.

For beginners, the understanding of english structure is very

important. To understand the english text, learners can try to identify simple

sentences and try to create simple sentences in spoken or writing. A simple

sentence has only one full predication in the form of an independent clause

(Srijono, 70).

In the short story of fairy tales mostly use simple sentence, because

fairy tales is also simple story for kids. The readers of fairy tales can easily give

understanding to kids with simple sentences. There are many fairy tales which

have many simple sentences. For example the fairy tales by Akramulla Syed

entitled The hare and The Tortoise, and The Ant and The Dove.

There is a reason why the researcher selects fairy tales written by

Akramulla as the object of this research; first the writer wants to make an easy

research in order to make the beginner readers easily understand about types of

sentence, and in the Akramulla’s fairy tales there are some types of sentence

which the readers need to know. Writer also analyze with one simple way, which

is classifying using table and tree diagram which will certainly be easily

understood by the readers. These are the reasons why the writer took a fairy tales

as the corpus and the writer is interested in analyzing it.

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For example:

A Tortoise One Day Met A Hare Who Made fun of Her

A Tortoise + One day + Met + A hare + Who + Made fun of + her

S + Adv + V + O + Conj + V + O

A tortoise One day Met A hare Who Made fun of Her

Conj V O

S Adv V O Adverb of manner

S

NP VP

V VP

Adv V NP VP NP

N AdvM V N

A Tortoise one day met a hare who made fun of her

In the sentence above, the word A Tortoise is categorized as a subject,

one day is categorized as an adverb of time, met is categorized as a verb, a hare

is categorized as an object, who is categorized as conjunction, made is

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categorized as a verb, her is categorized as an object, and who made fun of her

are merged into Adverb of manner. This is type of complex sentence.

Previous research related studies of syntax have been carried out by a

number of researchers. For example, Astuti (2007) and Muntamah (2008). The

writer has similarities and differences with the previous research, the explanation

will be explained in chapter two. So the writer conduct a research on fairy tales

structure using the theory of Generative Transformational Grammar by Noam

Chomsky.

B. Research Focus

Based on the background of this research. This research will analyze the

type of Grammar in the fairy tales using the grammatical style. The writer will

focus on syntax with analyzing fairi tales by Akramulla Syed entitled The Hare

and The tortoise and The Ant and The Dove.

C. Research Questions

Based on the research background, the writer proposes two following

Problems, these are the following:

1. What are the types of sentence used in the fairy tales The Hare and The

tortoise and the Ant and The Dove?

2. What is the dominant types of sentence used in the fairy tales The Hare

and The tortoise and the Ant and The Dove?

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D. Objectives of The Research

The research aims to answer the problems stated above :

1. To find out the types of sentence used in the fairy tales The Hare and The

tortoise and the Ant and The Dove.

2. To find out the dominant type of sentence used in the fairy tales The Hare

and The tortoise and the Ant and The Dove.

E. Research Significance

The result of this research is expected to be useful for other

researchers who are interested in investigating other short stories which has

the same topic. It is also expected to be useful for the English students of State

Islamic University of Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta as linguistic reference which

will assist them to understand and appreciate works of linguistics, especially

types of grammar in syntax.

F. Research Methodology

1. Research Method

The research method in this research is a descriptive qualitative

which description of the types and forms of research that will be used in

research.. Qualitative method is the method which uses the descriptive data

and gathers the information not in numerical form (McLeod 2008), so the data

that is analyzed is a word form not a number (Mahsun 257).

2. Technique of Data Collecting and Data Analysis

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The technique of collecting data that used in this research by using the following

steps :

a. Download the short story by Akramulla Syed at

http://www.islamicoccasions.com

b. Choose two short stories by Akramulla Syed.

c. Read carefully of the short story that had been chosen as the

corpus.

d. Identify the types of grammar in the short stories.

e. List them in tabel.

3. Unit of Analysis

The unit analysis of this research is all sentences which are produced

in the fairy tales of The Hare and The Tortoise and The Ant and The Dove.

4. Research Instrument

The instrument of this research are some references and the writer

herself. After collecting data and choosing some of data findings, the writer

analyzes one by one data by reading and understanding the fairy tales and

analyzing using noam Chomsky theory.

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CHAPTER II

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

A. Previous Research

There are some previous studies related to the topic of syntax analysist as

follows. The first study came from School Of Teacher Training and Education,

Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta, written by Zakiyah Wasnadi Astuti

(2007), the second study came from the same university written by Muntamah

(2008), and the third study came from Faculty of Letters, University of North

Sumatra of Medan written by Yun Friska Irene Ginting (2009).

1. A Syntactic Analysis of Noun Phrase in Pride and Prejudice Novel by

Jane Austen Written by Zakiyah Wasnadi Astuti (2007)

Astuti’s research (2007) found that: (1) based on the position, there

are three positions of the modifiers in the noun phrase such 5 as

preposition (Modifier + Noun), post-position (Noun + Modifier) and

before and after noun (Modifier + Noun + Modifier), (2) based on

grammatical structure there are 6 constituent that function as modifier of

Noun Phrase such as adjective, noun, preposition, Infinitive, adverb, and

clause.

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2. Syntactic Study of Adjectival Clauses in Hans Christian Andersen’s Fairy

Tales Written by Muntamah (2008)

Futhermore, Muntamah (2008) had found her study: 1) there are 19

types of forms of adjectival clause constructions with the introductory

words, relative pronouns, functioning as subject, 14 types of forms of

adjectival clause constructions with the introductory words, relative

pronouns and relative adverbs, functioning as object of verb, and one type

of form of adjectival clause construction with the introductory word,

relative pronoun, functioning as object of preposition; 2) the types of

adjectival clause patterns are similar with the forms, due to the fact that

the patterns are described based on those forms; 3) there are 19 types of

meaning of adjectival clauses with the introductory words functioning as

subject, 11 types of meaning of adjectival clauses with the introductory

words functioning as object of verb, and one type of meaning of

adjectival clause with the introductory word functioning as object of

preposition.

3. An Analysis of Sentence Structure in Tenesse William’s A Street Cat

Named Desire Written by Yun Friska Irene Ginting (2009)

Ginting (2008) research found that the play has four types of

sentence which are simple sentence, compound sentence, complex

sentence, and compound – complex sentence. Tenesse William used a

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variety of sentence types to make it more interesting and easier to

understand so the readers are interested in reading the play.

B. Theoritical Framework

1. Syntax

Syntax a branch of linguistics that is study of the structure of a

sentence and its elements. Some linguists gave devinition about syntax:

“Knowing a language includes the ability to construct phrases and

sentences out of morphemes and words. The part of the grammar that

represents a structure and their formation is called syntax” (Fromkin

and Rodman 106)

“Syntax studies the organization of words into phrases and phrases

into sentences” (Dwight 171)

“Syntax is study of principles and processes by which sentences are

constructed in particular language” (Chomsky 2002)

From the definitions above the writer concluded that syntax is the

branch of grammar which deals with: word syntactic structure, phrase

syntactic structure, clause syntactic structure, and sentence syntactic

structure.

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2. The Analys of syntactical theory

Avram Noam Chomsky is an American linguist, philosopher,

cognitive scientist, historian, political activist and social critic. Sometimes

called as “the father of modern linguistics” he developed the theory to be a

modern theory with his book “Syntactic Structures”. Noam Chomsky’s

wrote a theory about syntax in his book Syntactic Structure (2002), he argue

that grammar is Generative, because it can generate or create an infinite

number of sentences. It is called Transformational since a basic or simple

sentence like:

Nova writes a letter

Can be changed or transformed into other sentences with either the same

meaning

A letter is written by Nova

Or with different meaning

Does Nova write a letter?

Nova writes a letter, doesn’t she?

Nova does not write a letter

The basic sentence has been transformed by adding words, and by

the movement of word positions. Even though is not mentioned in the

examples above, the transformation also can be done by deleting words.

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These changes take place through specific rule, which are called the

Transformational Rule. From the examples above Noam Chomsky named

his theory Transformational Generative Grammar because Grammar

generates and transforms sentences. In generative/transformational grammar

there are three important aspects of sentence structure:

1. The linear order of words from left to right

2. The categorization of words into parts of speech

3. The grouping of words

Phrase structure trees or phrase markers or tree diagram represent

the framework of Transformational Generative Grammar. The trees provide

information about the sentencecs they represent by showing the hierarchical

relations between their component parts (Chomsky, 27). For example:

S

NP VP

V NP

Det N

Nova bring the pen

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3. Basic Structure of English Syntax

a. Morpheme

Morpheme is a form of language that does not contain parts which are

similar to other forms, either the sound or the meaning. (Bloomfield 6).

Morpheme described as the minimal linguistic sign which means that the

morpheme is the smallest component of a word which contributes to its

meaning (Radford,140). Morpheme is the smallest unit of form can distinguish

the meaning or significance. Morpheme has been divided into two, namely free

morpheme and bound morpheme. These the following of explanation:

1. Free Morpheme

A free morpheme is one word that can stand alone in a language,

without requiring the presence of additional morphemes in order to be freely

pronounceable as a word. Thus, words made up of only one morpheme, such as

cat, elephant, are necessarily free morpheme. It does not mean that free

morphemes always occur on their own, with no other morphemes attached for

example cat forms such as:

Cats and catty.

Elephant also have elephants.

The point is that form such as cat and elephant do not require the

presence of another morpheme in order to be pronounceable in isolation in

English.

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2. Bound Morpheme

A bound morpheme is one which cannot stand alone as a freely

pronounceable word in a language, but which requires the presence of some

morphemes. Thus, morpheme in English such as -ed “past”, -s plural (more

than one), re- (again, back) or mis- (wrongly) are bound morphemes. None of

these forms are never pronounced on their own by speaker of English. There

are always attached to some morphemes, and occur in words such as kill-ed,

dog-s, re-write and mis-hear.

Morpheme can also be classified according to whether they are roots or

not. A root is a morpheme which has the potential of having other morpheme

attached to it. A non-root, on the other hand, can never have any other

morpheme attached to it. The classification of morphemes into free and

bound morphemes, and into roots and non-roots, is cross cutting

classification. This means that there are either free roots or bounds.

b. Word

The smallest form of the sentence can stand alone and have meaning. In

terms of the form of words can be distinguished two kinds: single word of

morpheme, and a word that many basic word of morpheme: words that do

not have basic word affixes in general are potentially to be developed to be

derived terms.

1. Affixation

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Plag states that affix as a bound morpheme that attaches to bases

(Plag). An affix can be possessed in the beginning or the end of a base.

Affix that appears in the beginning of base is prefixes such as un- and mis-,

while affix that appears in the end of the base is suffixes such as –less and

–ish (Yule 59). Another example of suffixes are –ing in word sleeping and–

er in word beautifier (Fromkin 78). In addition, another example of

prefixes are de- in worddecomposition, and anti- in word antivirus (Plag

107-108).

2. Blend

Blend is the process of combining of two separate forms to produce a

single new term. Blending is taken by cutting the beginning of the word and

joining it to the end of other word. The combined effects of smoke and fog,

result a new word smog (Yule 55-56). Moreover, Plag states the best

treatment in describing blends is in terms of prosodic categories

(phonological phenomenon as the domain of syllabification). Blends mostly

are built of two or more base words, but the base words cut with a massive

loss of phonetic (or orthographic) material. According to Dressler quoted

by Plag, blending has often been described as a rather irregular

phenomenon where the rule is not transparent, yet Plag finds degree of

regularity (121-122).

3. Compound

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Derivation is not the only way of forming new words, of course. In

many languages, compounding is the most frequently used way of making

new words. Its defining property is that it consists of the combination of

lexemes into larger words. According to Plag compound is a word that

consists of two elements which the first is either a root, word or phrase, and

the second is either a root or word (135).

c. Phrase

Phrase is a group of related words does not contain a subject with an

attached verb (Betty Azar, 239). This element includes investigation of the

complexity of noun phrases and verb phrase in a text. Noun phrases are any

and all structures headed by a noun, or by a pronoun, or any other word or

structure that stands in for a noun. Thus even an entire clause may function

as a noun phrase (Tufte 41).

Based on Quirk and Greenbaum’s A Student’s Grammar of the English

Language (363), there are three components in describing a complex noun

phrase:

1. The Head.

Head is defined as something around which the other components

cluster and which dictates concord and other kinds of congruence with the

rest of the sentence outside the noun phrase.

2. The Pre-modifier.

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It comprises all the items placed before the head notably adjectives

and nouns. Pre- modifier includes noun, adjective, adjective phrase,

participle -ed and -ing.

3. The Post-modifier.

It comprises all the items placed after the head notably prepositional

phrases, non-finite clauses, and relative clauses. Post-modifier includes

prepositional phrase, relative clause and complementation but also there is

determiner in forming noun phrase.

d. Clause

A clause is a group of words containing a subject and a verb. On the

other hand, if a group of related words does not contain a subject with an

attached verb, it is simply a phrase (Betty Azar, 239). Clause is divided

into two kinds; dependent clause and independent clause. Dependent

clause is clause that cannot stand by itself. While independent clause can

stand by itself. This chapter will distinguish two large categories of

dependent clauses relative and subordinate (Tufte, 116).

A Dependent clause begins with a subordinator such as when, before,

even though, as soon as, whether, if, since, while, if, that, because,

although, and so forth (Danesi 247). A dependent clause also known as a

subordinate clause is a clause that relies on the information from an

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independent clause to form a complete, logical thought. It means that

dependent clause cannot stand on its own to form a sentence.

A relative clause substitutes a relative pronoun which consists of

(who, which, that). Relative pronoun introduces the clause stands for the

subject, and only the verb is needed to complete the clause. There is no

substitution in subordinate clauses, where a subordinator (because, if, as,

while, when, that) is added to a complete clause in order to connect it to the

main body of the sentence.

Dependent clauses are usually marked by dependent words, such as

subordinating conjunctions, relative pronouns, or relative adverbs.

Dependent clause has three kinds, such as adjective clause, adverb clause,

and noun clause.

e. Sentence Types

A sentence is a predication, something said about a subject. Writer

focuses to categorizes sentences based on their complexity. In general, there

are three main structures of sentences: simple sentences, compound

sentences and complex sentences.

1. Simple Sentences

Betty Mattix (95) states that Simple sentence is an independent

clause- one complete thought that can stand-alone. A sentence is considered

a simple one whenever it contains only a single clause. A simple sentence

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only has one subject and one predicate, or one clause. In the simple

sentence, the clause called independent which meant clause can stand alone

by himself. For example:

He is a teacher

In this sentence only has an independent clause, and it is the example

of a simple sentence structure.

2. Compound Sentence

Compound sentence may also be formed by using a semicolon, with

or without the coordinating conjunction. It also can be formed by using

semicolon and conjunctive adverb such as moreover, in addition, besides,

otherwise, however, still, nevertheless, therefore, consequently, and

accordingly (frank 7). For example:

He ran as fast as he could, but he could not catch up with the

tortoise

In this sentence has two independent clauses, and this is example of

compound sentence.

3. Complex Sentence

Complex sentence is made of one independent clause and one or

more dependent clause. While any sentence that has more than one clause is

included into a complex sentence. According to Comma Rule, in a complex

sentence, when the dependent clause comes first, separate the clauses with a

comma. When the independent clause comes first, do not separate them

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(112). It depends on an independent clause for its meaning to be clear. For

example:

Nova likes to watch a funny story that make her happy when she is

sad

In this sentence there are two clauses, independent and dependent. It

represents the type of complex sentence.

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CHAPTER III

RESEARCH FINDINGS

A. Data Description

The data of this research is the sentences in the fairy tales by

Akramulla. There are two story titles which will be analyzed, they are The

Hare And The Tortoise And The Ant And The Dove. The types of sentence

will be analyzed by using Chomsky’s theory in his book syntactic

structure, that grammar is generative, because it can generate or create an

infinite number of sentences.

There are 25 sentences found in this research, which contain

syntactic structure the types of sentence into three categories: Simple

sentence, Compound sentence, and Complex sentence.

The syntactic Features of Corpus Data

Data 1

No Corpuses Syntactic

Features

1 A tortoise one day met a hare who made of her Complex Sentence

2 My, my, you move so slowly, you will never get far. Compound

Sentence

3 The tortoises, upset by the hare’s manner, said “let’s have a

race and see who is faster.”

Compound

Sentence

4 The hare laughed and said, “you must be joking! But all

right, we’ll see who reaches the other side of the hill first.”

Compound

Sentence

5 Off he ran, leaving the tortoise far behind Compound

Sentence

6 After a while, the hare stopped to wait the tortoise to come

long. Simple Sentence

7 He waited and waited till he felt sleepy. Complex Sentence

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8 “I might as well take a nap” he thought. Complex Sentence

9 “Even if she catches up with me, I can easily win the race.” Complex Sentence

10 So he lay down under a shady tree and close his eyes Complex Sentence

11 When the tortoise passed the sleeping hare, she walked down

slowly but steady. Complex Sentence

12 By the time the hare woke up, the tortoise was near the

finishing line.

Compound

Sentence

13 He ran as fast as he could but he could not catch up with the

tortoise. Complex Sentence

Data 2

No Corpuses Syntactic

Features

14 One hot day, an ant was searching for some water. Complex Sentence

15 After walking around for some time, she came to a spring. Complex Sentence

16 To reach the spring, she had to climb up a blade of grass. Complex Sentence

17 While walking her way up, she slipped and fell into the

water. Complex Sentence

18 She could have drowned if a dove up a nearby tree had not

seen her. Complex Sentence

19 Seeing that the ant was in trouble, the dove quickly plucked

off a leaf and dropped into the water near the struggling ant. Complex Sentence

20 The ant moved towards the leaf and climbed up there. Compound

Sentence

21 Soon it carried her safely to dry ground. Compound

Sentence

22 Just at the time, a hunter nearby was throwing out his net

towards the dove, hoping to trap it.

Compound

Sentence

23 Guessing what he was about to do, the ant quickly bit him on

the heel. Complex Sentence

24 Feeling the pain, the hunter dropped his net. Compound

Sentence

25 The dove was quick to fly away to safety. Compound

Sentence

B. Data Analysis

All sentences in the table above will be analyzed by the writer. The

writer uses theory of Chomsky the syntactic structure about the

transformational grammar.

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The analysis are as follows:

1. Simple Sentence

There are three sentences represent the type of simple sentence.

The type of simple sentence is derived from the table and tree

diagram process based on the syntactic structure found in data card

number 6, 21, and 25.

a. Datum no. 6: After a while, the hare stopped to wait for the

tortoise to come long.

After a while

The hare

Stopped to Wait For the tortoise

To come Long

Adv of time

S V1 V2 O1 V3 O3

Object2

In the sentence above, a while is classified as an adverb of time, the hare is

classified as a subject, stopped to is classified as verb1, wait for the tortoise to

come long are classified merged into object2, wait is classified as a verb2, for the

tortoise is classified as an object1, to come is classified as a verb3, long is classified

as an object3. This is categorized as the type of simple sentence that can stand by

itself.

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S

VP NP VP

Adv Det N VP V VP

V P PP NP PP V NP

P Det N N

After

a while the hare stopped to wait for the tortoise to come long

b. Datum no.21: soon it carried her safely to dry ground

Soon It Carried Her Safely To dry ground

Adv of time S V O Adv of manner

Adv of place

The sentence above is categorized as the type of simple sentence. Soon is

categorized as adverb of time, it is categorized as subject, carried is categorized as

verb, her is categorized as object, safely is categorized as adverb of manner, to dry

ground is categorized as adverb of place. Here are the tree diagram:

S

S S

VP NP VP NP VP

Adv pro V pro Adv PP

Prep NP

Adj N

Soon it carried her safely to dry ground

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c. Datum no.25: the dove was quick to fly away to safety

The dove Was Quick to fly away To safety

S V Adv of manner Adv of place

In the sentence above the dove is categorized as subject, was is categorized

as verb, quick to fly away is categorized as adverb of manner, to safety is

categorized as adverb of place. This is the type of simple sentence because there is

no conjunction word that connects to each other. Here is the tree diagram:

S

NP VP

Det N V VP

PP V PP

Adj prep prep N

The dove was quick to fly away to safety

2. Compound Sentence

There are eight sentences represent the type of compound

sentence. The type of compound sentence is derived from the table

25

and tree diagram process based on the syntactic structure found in

data card number 2, 3, 4, 5, 12, 20, 22, and 24.

a. Datum no.2: you move so slowly, you will never get far

You Move So slowly You Will never get

far

S V Adv of manner S V

There are two sentences that the writer found in this sentence. This is

categorized as the type of compound sentence because there is no conjunction

word that connects to each other. In the first sentence is you move so slowly, you is

categorized as a subject, move is categorized as a verb, so slowly is categorized as

an adverb of manner. In the second sentence is you will never get far, you is

categorized as a subject, will never get far are categorized as a verb. The tree

diagram as follows:

S

S S

NP VP AdvP NP Aux VP

N V Adv Adv N Adv V Adj

You move so slowly you will never get far

26

b. Datum no.3: the tortoise, upset by the hare’s manner, said “let’s

have a race and see who is faster.”

The Upset By the Said Let’s Have a And See

Tortoise hare’s race who is

manner faster

S V O V V S O O

Adjective Object

1. There are four clauses in the sentence above, the tortoise upset by the hare’s

manner, said let’s have a race, and see who is faster. All of the sentence above

is independent clause except said, said is dependent clause.

2. There are three phrases in the sentence above, first is verb phrase with the

key word “upset”, second one is verb phrase with the key word “race”,

third is adjective phrase with the key word “faster”.

3. In view of word, the words above mostly are basic words, except upset, let’s,

and faster. Upset is a basic word plus prefix –up, let’s is a basic word plus

suffix –us, faster is a basic word plus suffix –er.

4. In view of morpheme

There are three sentences above. In the first sentence the tortoise is

classified as a subject, upset is classified as a verb, by the hare’s manner is

27

classified as an object, upset by the hare’s manner is classified as adjective. In the

second sentence, said is classified as a verb, let’s is classified as a, have a race is

classified as an object. In the third sentence, and is classified as a conjunction, see

who is faster is classified as an object, let’s have a race and see who is faster is

classified as an object. This is type of compound sentence because there aren’t

connecting words that connect to each other. Here the tree diagram:

S

S V S

NP VP cons VP conj V

Det N V PP V NP V NP VP

Prep NP det N pro V Adj

Det PP

NP

The tortoise upset by the hare’s said let’s have a race and see who is faster

c. Datum no.4: the hare laughed and said, “you must be joking! But

all right, we’ll see who reaches the other side of the hill first.

The Laughed And Said You Must be

Hare joking

S V Conj V S V

verb phrase

28

In the sentence above, The hare is classified as a subject, laughed is classified

as a verb, and is classified as conjunction, said is classified as a verb, you is

classified as a subject, must be joking is classified as a verb, you must be joking is

classified as an object phrase.

But is categorized as conjunction, all right is categorized as an adjective. In

the second paragraph we’ll see who reaches the other side of the hill first. We’ll is

categorized as a subject1,seeis categorized as a verb1, who reaches the other side of

the hill first is categorized as an object1, who is categorized as a subject2, reaches

is categorized as a verb2, the other side of the hill is categorized as an object2, first

is categorized as an adverb of time. The tree diagram divided into two tree

diagram:

c.1

S

S conj S

NP VP VP NP VP

Det N V V pro VP NP

N

The Hare laughed and said you must be joking

29

c.2

S

Conj S S

NP VP NP VP

Adj N aux V pro V NP VP

pro NP Adv

PP NP

Prep det N

the

But all right we will see who reaches other of the hill first

side

d. Datum no.5: off he ran, leaving the tortoise far behind

Off He Ran Leaving The Far behind

tortoise

Adv of S1 V1 V2 S2 Adv of place2

place1

Adjective 1

30

In the sentence above Off is categorized as an adverb of place, he is

categorized as a subject1, ran is categorized as a verb1, leaving the tortoise far

behind are categorized as merged into adjective1, leaving is categorized as a verb2,

the tortoise is categorized as a subject2, far behind are categorized as merged into

adverb of place2. This is categorized as the type of compound sentence. The tree

diagram as follows:

S

VP VP NP Adv

Adv NP V V det N

Pro

Off He Ran leaving the tortoise far behind

e. Datum no.12: by the time the hare woke up, the tortoise was near

the finishing line

By the The hare

Woke up The tortoise Was Near the

Time finishing line

Adv of S V S V Adv of place

Time

Adv phrase

31

In this sentence, By the time is categorized as an adverb of time, the hare is

categorized as subject, woke up is categorized as verb, the hare woke up are

merged into adverb phrase. Second sentence is the tortoise was near the finishing

line. The tortoise is categorized as subject, was is categorized as verb, near the

finishing line is categorized as adverb of place. This is categorized as the type of

compound sentence. Here is the tree diagram:

S

S S

NP VP NP VP

PP det N NP V det N V AdvP

prep det N V Adv Adj NP

Det adj N

By the time the hare woke up the tortoise was near the line finishing

f. Datum no.20: the ant moved towards the leaf and climbed up

there

32

The ant Moved Towards the And Climbed up There

leaf

S V O Conj V Adv of

place

In the sentence above, The ant is categorized as subject, moves is

categorized as verb, toward the leaf is categorized as object, and is categorized as

conjunction, climbed up is categorized as verb, there is categorized as adverb of

place. This sentence is categorized as the type of compound sentence, and here is

the tree diagram:

S

NP VP

Det N V PP conj AdvP

Prep NP V Adv Adv

Det N

The ant moved toward the leaf and climbed up there

g. Datum no.22: just at that time a hunter nearby was throwing out

his net towards the dove hoping to trap it

33

Just at A Nearby Was His Towards The Hoping

that hunter throwing net dove to trap

time out it

Adv S Adv of V O Adv of O Adv of

of place place manner

time

In the sentence above, is just at that time, a hunter nearby was throwing

out his net towards the dove. Just at that time is classified as adverb of time, a

hunter is classified as subject, nearby is classified as adverb of place, was

throwing out is classified as verb, his net is classified as object, towards is

classified as adverb of place, the dove is classified as an object. Hoping to trap it

is classified as adverb of manner. The tree diagram as follows:

S

S S

VP NP VP S S

Adv PP art N Adv VP NP VP NP VP

Prep NP V AdvP pro N Adv det N V AdvP

Conj N NP Adv PP V NP

Prep pro

Just at that time a hunter nearby was throwing out his net towards the dove hoping to trap it

34

h. Datum no.24: feeling the pain the hunter dropped his net

Feeling The pain The hunter Dropped His net

V2 O2 S V O

Verb1

1. There are two clauses in the sentence above, the first clause is dependent

clause and the second one is independent clause.

2. There are two phrase in the sentence above, first is noun phrase with the key

word “pain”, second one is noun phrase with the key word “hunter”.

Verb phrase with pattern Noun + Verb + Adjective.

3. In view of word, all of the words are single word.

4. In view morpheme, all the words above are free morpheme except –ing, -er, -

ed. Feeling, Hunter, Dropped because feel is free and –ing is bound

morpheme.

In the sentence above, Feeling the pain is merged as verb1, feeling is

categorized as verb2, the pain is categorized as object2. The hunter is categorized as

subject, dropped is categorized as verb, his net is categorized as object. This is

categorized as compound sentence, and here is the tree diagram:

35

S

VP NP VP

V NP det N V NP

Det N pro N

Feeling the pain the hunter dropped his net

3. Complex Sentence

There are fourteen sentences represent the type of complex

sentence. The type of complex sentence is derived from the table and

tree diagram process based on the syntactic structure found in data

card number 1,7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, and 23.

a. Datum no.1: a tortoise one day met a hare who made fun of her

A

tortoise

One

day Met A hare Who

Made

fun of Her

Conj V O

S Adv V O Adverb of manner

1. There are two clauses in the sentence above, an independent clause (a tortoise

one day met a hare) and relative clause (who made fun of her).

2. The sentence above is a verb phrase with pattern noun + adjective + Verb +

noun + relative pronoun + Verb + noun.

3. In view of word, the words above all are basic words.

36

4. In view of morpheme, all the words above are free morpheme

In the first sentence of fairy tales entitle the hare and the tortoise, there are

many grammatical words that the writer found. In the first word, A Tortoise is

categorized as a subject, one day is categorized as an adverb of time, met is

categorized as a verb, a hare is categorized as an object, who is categorized as

conjunction, made is categorized as a verb, her is categorized as an object, and

who made fun of her are merged into Adverb of manner. This is the type of

complex sentence that only has one clause.

The sentence above is categorized as complex sentence. A Tortoise is

categorized as a subject, one day is categorized as an adverb of time, met is

categorized as a verb, a hare is categorized as an object, who is categorized as

conjunction, made is categorized as a verb, her is categorized as an object, and

who made fun of her are merged into Adverb of manner. Here is the tree diagram:

S

NP VP VP

Det N Adv V NP conj VP

Det N V PP NP

NP prep pro

N

A tortoise one day met a hare who made fun of her

37

b. Datum no.7: he waited and waited till he felt sleepy

He Waited And Waited Till He Felt Sleepy

S V1 Conj V1 Adv S V2 adj

Adjective1

In the sentence above, Both waited is classified as a verb1. He is classified

as a subject, waited is classified as a verb1, and is classified as a conjunction,

waited is classified as a verb1, till he felt sleepy is classified as an adjective1, till is

classified as an adverb, he is classified as a subject, felt is classified as a verb2,

sleepy is classified as an adjective. This is categorized as the type of complex

sentence. The tree diagram is:

S

S conj S

NP VP VP NP VP

Pro V

V Adv pro V NP

Adj

He waited and waited till he felt sleepy

38

c. Datum no.8: I might as well take a nap he though

I Might as well Take A nap He Thought

S Adv V O S V1

Object Phrase1

This is categorized as the type of complex sentence, I refer to The Hare. I

might as well take a nap are categorized as merged into object phrase1, I is categorized

as a subject, might as well is categorized as an adverb, take is categorized as a verb, a

nap is categorized as an object, he is categorized as a subject, thought is categorized as

a verb1. Here is the tree diagram:

S

VP NP VP

NP Adv V det N NP V

pro pro

I might as well take a nap he though

39

d. Datum no.9: even if she catches up with me, I can easily win the

race

Even She Catches With I Can Easily Win The

If up me race

Adv S V O S Adv Adv V O1

In the sentence above, Even if is categorized as an Adverb, she is

categorized as subject, catches up is categorized as verb, with me is categorized as

an object. Second sentence is I can easily win the race. I is categorized as subject,

can is categorized as an adverb, easily is categorized as an adverb, win is

categorized as verb, the race is categorized as object1. This is categorized as the

type of complex sentence that there are two sentences. Here is the tree diagram:

S

S S

VP NP NP VP NP

Adv NP V PP N pro Mod Adv V det N

Pro Prep pro

Even if she catches up with me I can easily win the race

40

e. Datum no.10: so he lay down under a shady tree and closed his

eyes

So He Lay down

Under a

shady

tree

And Closed His eyes

Adv S V Adv of Place

Conj V1 O1

In the sentence above, So is classified as an adverb, he is classified as

subject, lay down is classified as verb, under a shady tree is classified as an adverb

of place, and is classified as conjunction, closed is classified as verb, his eyes is

classified as object1. This is categorized as the type of complex sentence, in word

and they are connecting each other. Here is the tree diagram:

S

S conj S

VP NP VP NP

Adv NP V PP art Adj N V N N

pro prep pro

so he lay down under a shady tree closed his eyes

f. Datum no.11: when the tortoise passed the sleeping hare she

walked on slowly but steadily

41

When The

tortoise Passed

The

sleeping

hare

She Walked on Slowly but

steadily

Adv of time

S V O S V Adv of

manner

Adverb Phrase

In the sentence above, When is classified as adverb of time, the tortoise is

classified as a subject, passed is classified as a verb, the sleeping hare is classified

as an object, when the tortoise passed the sleeping hare are merged into adverb

phrase. Second sentence is she walked on slowly but steadily. She is classified as

subject, walked on is classified as verb, slowly but steadily is classified as adverb

of manner. This is categorized as the type of complex sentence because it consists

of two clauses that asymmetrical relationship one to another. Here is the tree

diagram:

S

Conj S S

NP VP NP VP

Det N V NP pro V V

Det Adj N V PP Adv conj Adv

Prep

When the tortoise passed the sleeping hare she walked on slowly but steadily

g. Datum no.13: he ran as fast as he could but he could not to catch

up with the tortoise

42

He Ran As fast as he But He Could not to With the

could catch up tortoise

S V Adv of manner Conj S V O

In the sentence above, He is categorized as subject, ran is categorized as a

verb, as fast as he could is categorized as adverb of manner. Second sentence is

but he could not to catch up with the tortoise. But is categorized as conjunction, he

is categorized as subject, could not to catch up is categorized as verb take from

catch word, with the tortoise is categorized as an object. This is categorized as the

type of complex sentence. The tree diagram as follows:

S

S conj S

NP VP NP VP

Pro V clause pro clause PP

Prep NP

Det N

as fast as couldn’t to

He ran he could but he catch up with the tortoise

h. Datum no.14: one hot day an ant was searching for some water

One hot day An ant Was searching for Some water

Adv of time S V O

43

In the sentence above, One hot day is classified as adverb of time, an ant is

classified as a subject, was searching for is classified as a verb, some water is

classified as an object. This is categorized as the type of complex sentence. Here is

the tree diagram:

S

NP VP

Adj P N NP V NP

Adj Adj Art N PP NP

N prep Adj N

One hot day an ant was searching for some water

i. Datum no.15: after walking around for some time she came to a

spring

After walking around She Came To a spring

for some time

Adv of time S V O

1. There are two clauses in the sentence above, the first clause is dependent

clause and the second one is independent clause.

44

2. There are two phrase in the sentence above, first is verb phrase with the key

word “walking around”, second one is verb phrase with the key word “came”.

Verb phrase with pattern noun + Verb + adjective.

3. In view of word, all of the words are single word.

4. In view of morpheme, all the words above are free morpheme. Except

walking, because walk is free and –ing is bound morpheme.

This is the example of complex sentence that has two sentences because it

consists of two clauses that asymmetrical relationship one to another. In the second

sentence of fairy tales entitle the ant and the dove there are two sentences. First

sentence is after walking around for some time. After walking around for some

time is classified as adverb of time. Second sentence is she came to a spring. She is

classified as a subject, came is classified as a verb, to a spring is classified as an

object. The tree diagram as follows:

S

Conj S S

VP NP NP VP

PP N pro V PP

Prep Adj prep NP

Art N

walking

After around for some time she came to a spring

45

j. Datum no.16: to reach the spring she had to climb a blade of

grass

To reach The spring She Had to climb A blade of grass

V2 O2 S V O

Object2

In the sentence above, To reach is categorized as verb2, the spring is

categorized as an object2, and to reach the spring are merged into object2. Second

sentence is she had to climb a blade of grass. She is categorized as subject, had to

climb is categorized as a verb, and a blade of grass is categorized as an object.

This is categorized as the type of complex sentence. And here is the tree diagram:

S

S S

VP NP NP VP

PP V det N pro clause NP

prep NP PP

Art N prep N

To reach the spring she had to climb a blade of grass

46

k. Datum no.17: while making her way up she slipped and feel into

the water

While Making Her way

up She

Slipped and

fell

Into

the

water

Adv of time2

V2 O2 S1 V1 Adv of place1

Adverb of time1

In the sentence above, While is categorized as adverb of time2, making is

categorized as verb2, and her way up is categorized as an object2, while making

her way up are merged into adverb of time1. Second sentence is she slipped and

fell into the water. She is categorized as a subject1, slipped and fell is categorized

as a verb1, into the water is categorized adverb of place1. This is categorized and

the type of complex sentence, because it consists of two clauses that asymmetrical

relationship one to another. Here is the tree diagram:

S

Conj S S

VP NP NP NP VP

Pro NP Adv pro VP NP

N V conj V PP NP

Prep det N

While making her way up she slipped and fell into the water

47

l. Datum no.18: she could have drowned if a dove up a nearby tree

had not seen her

She Could have

drowned If

A

dove

Up a nearby

tree

Had not

seen her

S1 V1 Conj S1 Adv of place V O

In the sentence above, She is classified as a subject1, could have drowned is

classified as a verb1, if is classified as conjunction, a dove is classified as a

subject1, up a nearby tree is classified as adverb of place, had not seen is classified

as verb, her is classified as an object. And this is categorized as the type of

complex sentence, because it consists of two clauses that asymmetrical relationship

one to another. Because this is complex sentence so there are two subjects and two

verbs. Here is the tree diagram:

S

S conj S

NP VP NP AdvP VP

Pro art N Adv Art Adv V NP

Adj N

She could have drowned if a dove up a nearby hadn’t seen her

48

m. Datum no.19: seeing that the ant was in trouble the dove quickly

plucked off a leaf and dropped it into the water near the

struggling ant

Seeing That The

ant

Was in

trouble

The

dove Quickly Plucked of

A

leaf

V2 Conj O3 V3 S1 Adv of manner1

V1 O1

O2

Adverb of manner 1

And dropped It Into the

water

Near the struggling

ant

Conj V1 O1 O1 Adv of place1

This is categorized as the type of complex sentence, in the sentence above,

seeing is classified as a verb2, that is classified as conjunction, the ant is classified

as an object3, was in trouble is classified as a verb3, that the ant was in trouble is

merged into object2. Second sentence is the dove quickly plucked off a leaf and

dropped it into the water near the struggling ant. The dove is classified as a

subject1, quickly is classified as adverb of manner1, plucked off is classified as

verb1, a leaf is classified as an object1, and is classified as conjunction, dropped is

classified as verb1, it is classified as object1, into the water is classified as an

object1, near the struggling ant is classified as adverb of place1. Here is the tree

diagram:

49

S

S conj S

S S VP PP VP

VP conj NP VP NP VP V NP Prep NP Adj NP

V det N V PP NP det N Adv V NP det N det N

Prep N art N

plucked

Seeing the was trouble dove of leaf dropped it into the near ant

that ant in the quickly a and water the

struggling

n. Datum no.23: guessing what he was about to do the ant quickly

bit him on the heel

Guessing What He

Was

about

to do

The

ant Quickly Bit Him

On

the

heel

V2 O2 S3 V3 S Adv of manner

V O

Adv of place

O1

V1

In the sentence above, Guessing what he was about to do is merged into

verb1, what he was about to do is merged into object1, guessing is classified as

verb2, what is classified as an object2, he is classified as a subject3, was about to do

is classified as verb3. Second sentence is the ant quickly bit him on the heel. The

50

ant is classified as subject, quickly is classified as adverb of manner, bit is

classified as verb, him is classified as object, on the heel is classified as adverb of

place. This is categorized as the type of complex sentence, because it consists of

two clauses that asymmetrical relationship one to another. The tree diagram as

follows:

S

S S

VP NP VP NP VP

V pro pro V PP V det N VP PP

Prep prep Adv V N prep NP

Pro det N

what was to do the ant quickly bit him in the heel

Guessing he about

C. Research Finding

In brief, this research has found that many complex sentences. It is to show

that relates with the story generally by Akramulla Syed. The writer found 25 data

from this fairy tales, which is simple sentence, compound sentence, complex

sentence. The researcher found the dominant types of sentence is complex sentence.

The complex sentence is mostly appear rather than simple sentence and compound

sentence.

51

CHAPTER IV

CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS

After analyzing the data using table and tree diagram, the writer would like to

draw some conclusions and give some suggestion dealing with what has been

discussed in chapter III.

A. Conclusion

Having discussed the data, the next step is to draw conclusion of the

syntactical study concerning the types of sentence of Akramulla’s fairy tales related

to the theory of syntax based on the theory transformational grammar by Noam

Chomsky. It can be concluded that from the two of Akramulla’s fairy tales used as

the samples in this thesis, the types of sentence used in the Akramulla’s fairy tales are

simple sentence, compound sentence, and complex sentence. Through the discussion,

the researcher also found the dominant type of sentence used in the fairy tales. The

complex sentence mostly appear rather than simple sentence and compound sentence.

To give clear understanding of the conclusion, these are the types of sentence

and the number of each type. The simple sentence 3, the compound sentence 8, and

the complex sentence 14.

52

B. Suggestion

Considering the importance of understanding the sentence structure especially

in the study of syntax, these are some suggestions. For students who are willing to

conduct a research on the same topic, it will hopefully give a clear understanding and

a wider analysis of fairy tale. For instance, the analysis of the suitability of the

structure in a fairy tales with the children’s cognitive.

It is also hoped that there are other students who will conduct study on related

topic from different angle, hoping that there will be a new findings dealing with

syntactical study. Finally, the writer hopes that this thesis can be used as a reference

for those who are interested in studying syntactical study.

53

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55

APPENDIX