A Survey Research Paper on the Perception of Revolution of College of Hotel and Tourism Management...

8/18/2019 A Survey Research Paper on the Perception of Revolution of College of Hotel and Tourism Management Students …

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A Survey Research Paper on the

Perception of Revolution of

College of Hotel and Tourism Management Students

A term paper to be submitted in

partial fulfilment of the

requirements for the subject

Political Science !" Politics of Revolution

Submitted #y"

$%&'() *+RT &,+S -.

MA Political Science /

Submitted To"

Ms. Sonia Masaoay

Political Science !

April 0!/1


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%.%(TR'$+CT%'(

#ac2ground of the Study

Karl Marx one said that “Revolutions are the locomotive of

history”. The symbolism of the locomotive specifically the steam

engine was an important invention during the industrial revolution.Aside from being a remarable invention it was also a radical

innovation in the sense that it pushed for greater technological and

cultural change. Therefore revolution is always associated with

change. !amuel "untington defines revolution as a rapid# fundamental

and violent domestic change in the dominant values and myths of the

society $%oldstone# &'()*.

+orld history reflects a lot of struggle for the pursuit of power

especially between who,s taing in charge of power. The common process

of this transition of power and authority is basically done through

arm struggle or simply war. The written history of the world is fullof conflicts pertaining individual versus individual# group versus

group# and nation versus nation. The world environment is full of

antagonistic relationship between and among man since we dealt to a

lot of differences# disagreements# disparities# and conflict of

interest. +ith such aims to gain the self# man against man# groups

against groups# nations against nations strategi-e such methods in

order to achieve their interest. n how to strategi-e# it may depend

to the social relation among those who are in power# the government

and those who are against. /ialogues may happen to what we may call as

diplomacy or reforms may tae place especially the inner circle. These

reflect to the imposition of soft power or approaching such situations

liberally# basically a win0win situation for both parties. "owever if

this would fail# hard power would be the last resort which would be

war and revolution.

1icero defines war broadly as 2a contention by force23 "ugo

%rotius adds that 2war is the state of contending parties# considered

as such23 Thomas "obbes notes that war is also an attitude4 25y war is

meant a state of affairs# which may exist even while its operations

are not continued32 /enis /iderot comments that war is 2a convulsive

and violent disease of the body politic32 for Karl von 1lausewit-#

2war is the continuation of politics by other means2# and so on

$Moseley# &''6*. +ar has different types and characteristics such as

whether it would be nation0states war# civil war# colonial war and

such. Revolutions may incorporate in all the different types of war

such as the colonial war of the 7hilippine Revolution against the

!panish colonial rule or the civil war happened in the Russian

5olshevi “8ctober Revolution”. Regardless to say# war is impossibly


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to achieve in a win0win situation# one may lose even disastrously and

only one may win triumphal in the conflict arena. t will be the

obvious competition of interest.

1arl von 1lausewit-# a 7russian general and military theorist

establishes an intellectual framewor for war regarding the

relationship between war and the state# often summed up in his well0

nown phrase4 “ war is a mere continuation of policy by other means”

$1lausewit-# &'9&*. This echoes the transition of authority or power

and as well as responsibilities $policy0maing* to those who have

shifted the holders of authority or political power which is

applicable in all certain types of conflict or war. This is the main

interest : a political interest. +ar according to him is the greatest

extent of man,s rationality. ;ach war such as revolutions would always

suit defined principles that would lead to their interest or

ob'*.

Revolutions are the locomotive of history according to Karl Marx

was the driving force of the world where to ma


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possessions of material entities to what Marx points out as the rising

fetishism of material or commodity fetishism. The development of such

system in history# the desire for commodity would soon evolve for the

desire of man for capital : accumulation of capital which gave birth

to capitalism. !ome would be advantageous to this phenomenon. This

will now lead the ineCuality among classes. The two classes willalways have social antagonistic relationship with each other because

from being uneCual# the nature of the bourgeoisie will always exploit

and oppress the proletariat. !oon the proletariat would have enough#

class consciousness will arise. The proletariat will lose their chain

and destroy the capitalistic system. A proletariat revolution occurs.

The development of the system as Marx and ;ngels stated that

capitalism will be abolishes or destroys# replacing it with socialism

through the victorious proletariat revolution# and through socialism

it will evolve through communism.

n essence class antagonism and conflict is the root cause ofrevolutions. @rom the principle developed by 1lausewit-# the

fundamental ob


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manifestation of class conflict. The change will not


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elites. The leadership in the government is only limited to the

political elites# authoritarian or oligarch government would

illustrate this type of political institution. The economic extractive

institutions will the extract resources to the masses which only a few

will benefit from it. !uch methods are through heavy taxation# limited

maret activity# and monopoli-ation of the industries and business$Acemoglu I Robinson# ?)&?*.

n the ndustrial Revolution# it had spared a critical


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social antagonism between the government and its citi-en $5urns#

?))=*.

n the 7hilippines# the antagonistic relationship increases

during the implementation of Martial Baw which is a threat towards the

right of the individual. The 1ommunist 7arty of the 7hilipines derided

its old party# the 7artidong Komunista ng 7ilipinas $7K7* for its

capitulation to Marcos and martial rule. The 177 movement with its Gew

7eople,s Army $G7A* as its arm0wing is a continuation of the 7K7,s

fight against the feudal system or the landlords and compradors# as

well as D! imperialism and its puppet# which sees 7resident Marcos as

a lapdog or Ltuta, of American mperialism $+eely# ?)&)*. Aside from

the radical left movements# there are also individual# parties and

also elites who are against the Marcos regime such as the 7artidong

Biberal and the ACuinos. All desire to get rid the dictatorship which

they view the regime as corrupt. They envision or aim for greater

democracy and human rights. +ith the influence of actors andinstitutions as well as historic moments come into play : 5enigno

ACuino and his assassination# the 1770G7A# the activism of churches#

the military group,s coup attempt and the cause0oriented group,s

mobili-ation of the masses push through the people0power revolution or

nown as ;/!A 7eople 7ower and the downfall of Marcos $Rebullida M.

B.# The ;xecutive4 Martial Baw# 1onstitutional Authoritarianism and

the Marcos Administration# ?))*.

Another peaceful means of a political revolution was the arising

7eople 7ower or ;/!A /os which cause 7resident Foseph “;rap”

;strada to his resignation. The 7eople 7ower demanded hisresignation after the failure of the !enate impeachment proceeding

against him. The impeachment case was triggered by locos !ur %overnor

Buis “1havit” !ingson of ;strada,s involvement in


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!iege $Rebullida M. B.# The 7hilippine ;xecutive and

Redemocrati-ation# ?))*. This now resembles 7eople 7ower >. There

were calls for change and attempts to shift the political leadership#

however it failed.

"istory of the world is definitely full of revolution. t has

narrated the end and also the birth of new states and nation which the

life of man circles around it. Revolution and states are inseparable.

The studies of the state always carry revolution with it. Benin

through his wor “The !tate and Revolution” describes the role of the

state in society# and the necessity of revolution. !ince the state has

an overall function in the society# revolution is a predetermination

if the state is functioning according to its tas and role. The

crucial function of the state is important to the life of man since

all in this world are mutually interdependent. To learn more about the

importance of the state# revolutions are significant and essential

topics to the discipline of political science and governance.

%mportance of the Study

n the relation to the studies of revolution# this simple survey

sees to determine the level of understanding and agreement of

students in the 1ollege of "otel and Tourism Management $1"TM*. This

simple survey aims to help the researcher to gather information

regarding the understanding and agreement of 1"TM students towards the

concept of revolution. Knowing this will help the researcher to now

the understanding of 1"TM students, concept of revolution# and their

agreement in achieving the revolutionary aim and suggesting for better

political leadership to avoid risy and costly events specifically

revolution. This simple survey will also help the researcher in

looing the understanding of the 1"TM students towards the causes of

revolution which is also a manifestation of the societal problems.

The outcome and findings of this survey on the level of

understanding and agreement of 1"TM students will provide us to now

more information on the perception of students towards revolution.

!ince the survey,s unit of analysis is students# this survey may

also be a great help for the academic institutions for it would give

the academe an idea on how aware and nowledgeable are the studentswhen it comes to revolution. !ince revolution is a reflection of

societal problems and the clash of political entities# this survey

will also provide the agreements and suggestions of students towards

dealing to this issue.

The findings may incorporate and set ad


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of social studies# political science and history. This may contribute

to the fields or sub


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people maximi-e their interest# there are always constraints on human

activity which man are engage in calculation of cost and benefits in

social transaction. n the case of revolution# interest will be the

central point. The transactions regarding revolution will always be

governed by interest and exchange of goods. n the case of the 1"TM

students# their concept# understanding and agreement will depend onthe own interest# interest of their profession and field.

Conceptual 3rame4or2

n the tertiary level of education# all courses and departments

must include 7olitical !cience & or the study on 7hilippine &'(9

1onstitution as an academic reCuirement. The 1onstitution sub


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role in contributing this factor. !pecifically the fields of

social sciences# political sciences and history would provide

the concepts of revolution.

>. Bevel of agreement : this will show that if the respondents

have an agreement on such situations and actions towards

revolution. The level of agreement is categori-ed into two4

a. Agreement on the means of revolution 0 there are a lot of

methods and means on how the concept of fundamental

change is achieved. The different methods would depend on

a degree. This is vital towards in achieving fundamental

change.b. Agreement on the revolutionary aims : the aims of

revolution would always be cause by something. The cause

would depend according to societal problems# political

issues# and conflicting interest.c. Agreement with suggestions regarding political leadership

: the best solution for such issues and problems of the

political system is change. 1hange can be acCuired

through reform or revolution. Reforms can replace such

norms and values in the system such as human rights and

corruption. Beadership also implicates on how to achieve

such change and solutions needed by the public before

resorting to revolution.

Survey Paradigm

Statement of the Problem

This survey aims to examine and determine the level of

understanding and agreement of 1"TM students towards the concept of

revolution. !ince there it is a survey type of study and no comparison

between college departments# a simple descriptive method will be used.

This survey attempt to provide answer to the following Cuestions4

,5pected 'utput

&. There is a less# common or

different understanding of

revolution among 1"TM students

compared to the courses exposed

to the revolution discussions.

?. There is a moderate agreement

among 1"TM students towards

revolution.

$ependent

6ariable

0Bevel of

Dnderstanding

0Bevel of Agreement

%ndependent

6ariable

1"TM !tudents


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&. +hat is the extent of the closest understanding of revolution

among respondentsN

?. +hat is the extent of the situations that fits best of the

respondents, understanding of revolutionN

>. +hat are the most and least causes of revolution of therespondents, understanding of revolutionN

=. +hat is the extent of the agreement of the respondents in

terms of achieving the means of revolutionN

6. +hat is the extent of the agreement of the respondents in

terms of the revolutionary aimsN

. +hat is the extent of the agreement of the respondents in

terms of their suggestions regarding political leadershipN

This survey attempts to disprove the follo4ing hypothesis"

&. The extent of the closest understanding of revolution among

respondents is “economic revolution”.

?. The extent of the situations that fits best of the

respondents, understanding of revolution is “;/!A 7eople ”.

>. The most and least causes of revolution of the respondents,

understanding of revolution are “intensification of social

antagonism” as the most and “stoppage of the career open to the

talent” as the least.

=. The extent of the agreement of the respondents in terms of

achieving the means of revolution is agreeable in “change in

oneself” and disagreeable in “use in force” and “mass protest”.

6. The extent of the agreement of the respondents in terms of the

revolutionary aims is agreeable in “free from corruption”.

. The extent of the agreement of the respondents in terms of

their suggestions regarding political leadership is agreeable in

“members of the masses have potential for national leadership”

and disagreeable in “corruption as tolerable”.

%%. M,TH'$'-'78

-ocale


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The survey,s ob.? 0 =.))Agree $>* ?.6& 0 >.?6Beast Agree $?* &.9 0 ?.6)/o Got Agree $&* &.)) 0 &.96

All statistical computations are done through Microsoft ;xcel

and !tatistical 7acage for !ocial !ciences $!7!!* 7rogram.


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9uestionnaire

The Cuestionnaire is first answered by personal details. The

name# age and gender are answered to the respondent. The Cuestionnaire

is composed by twenty0one Cuestions wherein the first two Cuestions

are answerable by four options pertaining to their understanding of

revolution. The third Cuestion is answerable through the raning the

different items through their understanding the causes of revolution

with & as the highest and &) as the lowest. Ouestions four to eleven

used the Biert !cale which is answerable by !trongly Agree $=*# Agree

$>*# Beast Agree $?* and /o Got Agree $&* which determines the terms

of achieving the means of revolution.

The second part of the Cuestionnaire or remaining ten $&)*

Cuestions pertains to the students, agreement with the ideals of the

three 7hilippine revolutions. Biert scale was also used with the same

option. The first four Cuestions are about the agreement with

revolution aims while the rest of the six Cuestions are about

agreement with suggestions regarding political leadership.

%%%. R,S+-TS A($ $%SC+SS%'(S


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This chapter presents the results and discussions of the survey.

t provides information and gives answer to the problems being raised

in the survey. The following statistical results are being presented

through tables.

Statistical Results and $iscussion

/. Profile of the Respondent

A total of sixty $)* respondents are included in the survey. The

respondents are students belonging to the 1ollege of "otel and Tourism

Management $1"TM*. The availability of the respondents is access

through the help of Ma,am !onia Masaoay and her faculty colleagues

thus the respondents are purposely chosen.

Table /. $escriptive Statistics" Profile of the Respondents

( Minimum Ma5imum Mean Std. $eviation

Age ) &9.)) ?=.)) &'.)(>> &.9?)&'alid G

$listwise*)

The respondents have a mean age of &'.)(>> years $standards

deviation P &.9?)*# therefore the age of the respondent consistent

between eighteen to nineteen years of age. 5elow is the freCuency

composition of the age of respondents.

Table 0. 3requency of Respondents by Age Age 3requency Percent 6alid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

alid

&9.)) &).) &).) &).)

&(.)) ?> >(.> >(.> =(.>

&'.)) &= ?>.> ?>.> 9&.9

?).)) 9 &&.9 &&.9 (>.>

?&.)) > 6.) 6.) ((.>

??.)) > 6.) 6.) '>.>

?>.)) ? >.> >.> '.9

?=.)) ? >.> >.> &)).)

Total ) &)).) &)).)

The ma


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revolution. Revolutions may have been mentioned in the discussion

which already gives a basic understanding of students towards it.

Table :. 3requency of Respondents by 7ender

3requency Percent 6alid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

alid

Male &6 ?6.) ?6.) ?6.)

@emale =6 96.) 96.) &)).)

Total ) &)).) &)).)

There are more female respondents than male respondents in the

survey. @rom a total population of ) respondents# there are =6

females $96 percent* and &6 males $?6 percent*. n terms of the

composition of gender# there is still on0going pattern on the

domination of one,s gender in a certain profession. !ince the nature

of wors# roles and responsibility of the hotel# restaurant and

tourism incorporates women chores in the traditional perspective# morefemales attend and tae up "otel and Restaurant courses.

0. College understanding of revolution

a. Closest understanding of revolution

Table ;. Closest understanding of revolution

3requency Percent 6alid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

alid

economic revolution ?& >6.) >6.) >6.)

cultural revolution &6 ?6.) ?6.) ).)

peaceful political

revolution &= ?>.> ?>.> (>.>

violent political

revolution&) &.9 &.9 &)).)

Total ) &)).) &)).)

The researcher ass for the closest understanding of revolution

which provides four options4 economic revolution# cultural revolution#

peaceful political revolution and violent political revolution.

@rom the results# the largest part of the 1"TM students or >

percent would understand revolution as economic revolution. As for the

rest4 ?6 percent as cultural# ?>.> percent as political peaceful

revolution and only &) percent as violent political revolution.

1ommon 1"TM students would understand revolution as economic

revolution. Their understanding of revolution as economic may not have

anything to do with theories of economic determinism Marxism. t may

have to do with the ob


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provide Cuality training for future hoteliers# restaurateurs and

tourism professionals and to develop# transform and produce globally

competent leaders in the hospitality and tourism industry $D1051@#

?)&*. 7rimarily# the college promotes laisse-0 faire capitalism

which deny the Marxism. The college promotes students to be involved

in enterprises and business such as hotels and restaurants.

There is also heavy emphasis of commerce and participation in the

maret cycle. The structure of the 1T"M,s curriculum emphasi-es more

on the hotel and restaurants businesses. The role of economics is very

important in for the operation of the 1"TM# thus leaving behind the

other sub


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Most respondents chosen ;/!A 7eople 7ower as the closest

situation fitted in the understanding of revolution. 8ne significant

reason why the students have piced ;/!A is its exposure in the

present election debates. !ince there is a Marcos who is running for

the ice 7resident# the issues of during the Martial Baw which

eventually lead to ;/!A again are presented. !ince the electiondebates is a hot issue and topic# the publicity of the issues during

Martial and ;/!A are reintroduce today. The situation has also

trend especially in the social media which utili-e everyday by

students# thus given more exposure and understanding towards

revolution from other means such as class lectures.

;/!A 7eople 7ower and the Katipunan Revolution are among the

students, closest situation to revolution it is because of the

contents of the general units of 1"TM. %eneral units such as

7hilippine 1onstitution and "istory sub


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7hilippine history# raning each statement with & as the highest and

&) as the lowest.

Table 1. $escriptive Statistics" Causes of Revolution

( Mean Ran2ing Std. $eviation

%overnment deficit ) >.9&9 & >.)9)>?

1omplaint over tax ) =.?))) ? ?.'?&&

/esertion of intellectuals ) .)&9 ?.9=)&&

ntensification of social antagonism ) .>&9 ' ?.)(9)?

Administrative entanglement andconfusions

) 6.6>>> = ?.>'&?

Boss of confidence among members ofthe ruling class

) .?))) ( ?.((('

%overnment favouring on set ofeconomic intruders

) =.=9 > ?.6)')

!eparation of economic power frompolitical power and social

distinction

) 6.))) 6 ?.=>(>

1onversion of many members of theclass to the belief that theirprivileges are un>> 9 ?.66=?9

!toppage of the career open totalents

) .'>>> &) >.&>==

alid G $listwise* )

QMinimum4 &.))3 Maximum4 =.))

The table indicates the summary of the weighted mean and ran of

the causes of revolution of the 1"TM students. The result shows the

government deficit as the highest and stoppage of the career open to

talents as the lowest understanding of the causes of revolution. The

rest are arrange ascending matter4 complaint over tax $?nd*#

government favouring on set of economic intruders $>rd*#

Administrative entanglement and confusion $=th*# separation of economic

power from political power and social distinction $6th*# desertion of

intellectuals $th*# conversion of many members of the class to the

belief that their privileges are un


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which is a government document presenting the governmentJs proposed

revenues and spending for a financial year. The government budget

balance# also alternatively referred to as general government balance#

public budget balance# or public fiscal balance# is the overall

difference between government revenues and spending $M@# ?))*. A

positive balance is called a government budget surplus# and a negativebalance is a government budget deficit. !imply a government debt is

the accumulated amount of deficits $%ee# ?)&&*. There is also

significance between the complaints of taxation since the government

deficit is reflected to the fiscal policy and thus has great effects

in the economy. n the 7hilippines# this is characteri-ed by

continuous and increasing levels of debt and budget deficits# by which

it was inherent during the time of Marcos and was continued up to

present $5ulan# /omingo# I 1anlas# ?))6*. The fiscal policy during the

Marcos administration was primarily focused on indirect tax collection

and on government spending on economic services and infrastructure

development. The choice of the respondents on the most suitedsituation of revolution may also suit the causes of revolution.

7olitical economy theory explains the deficit bias of fiscal

policy. 8ne theory advanced is the “fiscal illusion” of voters and

constituents. The theory states that voters do not understand the

inter0temporal budget constraints of government. "ence# they

overestimate the value of current expenditures and underestimate

future tax burden. 7olicymaers tend to decide on this basis and rise

spending more than taxes to please “fiscally illuded voters”. @aced

with huge demands from their constituents# policymaers favour

expenditures to maximi-e benefits# but find it difficult to raisetaxes to pay for these benefits. Therefore# the burden of paying for

the cost of current benefits by the current generation is shifted to

future generations $Alesina I 7erotti# &''=*.

The favouring on set of economic intruders and administrative

entanglement and confusion# and separation of economic power from

political power and social distinction for respectively being third#

fourth and fifth may partae to the interest of 1"TM students towards

the economic operations of the government. n the government favouring

a set of economic intruders may have effects in the operation of their

business. ;conomic intruders such as foreign companies as may beadvantageous to some since there provide


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the services of the government. "owever agreed# the entanglement alone

must be supported by other more means towards revolution. The

separation of economic power from political power and social

distinction is located on the midpoint. t may depict a win0lose

situation. @or the 1"TM students the win part could be emphasi-e more

since aside from the means of the academe,s glorification of thecapitalist system# it can provide the interest as already mention.

The desertion of intellectuals $th*# conversion of many members

of the class to the belief that their privileges are un


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is answerable by !trongly Agree $=*# Agree $>*# Beast Agree $?* and /o

Got Agree $&*.

Table (>> &.)=>)) Beast Agree

Gecessary change are effectively reali-ed

through mass protest in the ey cities) ?.>(>> .')>9) Beast Agree

Meaningful change in the 7hilippine

government is dependent on the military

withdrawal

) ?.(9 .9))?( Agree

1hange begins from any change in the

individual) >.9))) .=69? !trongly Agree

1hange of personJs attitude is dependent

on the commitment of leaders in effecting

the change they want the whole country to

undergo

) >.?(>> .(?6?9 !trongly Agree

!treet protest is a sufficient measure ofthe public for change in leadership

) ?.'6)) .(6??? Agree

!uccessful change in leadership needs

vigilance of the people) ?.())) .(9'&= Agree

!uccessful change in leadership is

dependent to the new leadersJ leadership

and management styles

) ?.(9 .('&') Agree

alid G $listwise* )


The table summari-es the level of agreement of 1"TM students for

the means of revolution. The Arbitrary Range is used to measure the

weighted mean and provide the descriptive interpretation of each

means.

n terms of the result# change begins from any change in the

individual and the change of personJs attitude is dependent on the

commitment of leaders in effecting the change they want depicts that

the respondent,s strongly agree to both means. 5oth have something to

not on the broader scale of society but into the micro0perspective#

psychology and behaviour of man. 1hange begins from any change in the

individual. 8ne psychological theory that can support individual

change is the !ocial 1ognitive Theory. 5asically humans do not learn

new behaviours only by trying them and either thru success or failure#

but rather# the survival of humanind is dependent upon the

replication of the actions of others $5andura# ?))?*. The replication

of such action is through behavioural change which is determined by

environmental and individual elements. ;ach factor affects each of the

others. @or example# in congruence with the principles of self0

efficacy# choices the changing of one,s attitude# changing lifestyle

and creating personal resolutions to have more friends or to have


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better image in the public are dependent on self0efficacy $Bus-c-ynsa

I I !chwar-er# ?))6*. !elf0efficacy initiates behaviour change. @or

the case of the 1T"M students# revolution is indeed a total and

fundamental in not


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attaining change in the system. 1"TM students now the ris of

coercive force and violence. f non0violence is implied for the means

of revolution# there will be less cost specifically no cost in life#

and no any ris that is vulnerable to the vital structures in society.

@or the case of why respondent least agreed on mass protest in

the ey cities as an effective means for necessary change is because

of the feeling of tiredness of the people. Through the situation and

the failure of ;/!A to commit change# it had already fed0up the

people. Also there are such improvement in the political# economic and

social institutions and environment compared to the past

administrations. n a certain perspective especially for the 1"TM

students# the need of mass protest in the present situation is not

desired for such change. The government in particular is doing their

*# Beast Agree $?* and /o

Got Agree $&*.

Table =. $escriptive Statistics for the agreement 4ith revolutionary aims

( Mean Std. $eviation $escriptive %nterpretationfree from direct control of

foreign power) >.)6)) .9(6 Agree

free from one man rule ) ?.'9 .(?'? Agree

free from a corrupt and

inefficient regime) >.=(>> .(6>6= !trongly Agree

free from corrupt rule of the

oligarchs) >.=>>> .9(')6 !trongly Agree

alid G $listwise* )


The table summari-es the level of agreement of 1"TM students for

the means of revolution. The Arbitrary Range is used to measure the

weighted mean and provide the descriptive interpretation of each

means.

n terms of the revolutionary aims# the result shows that

respondents strongly agrees on government free from a corrupt and

inefficient regime and free from corrupt rule of the oligarch.

According to 5lacJs Baw /ictionary# corruption is a form of dishonest

or unethical conduct by a person entrusted with a position of


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authority# often to acCuire personal benefits. 1onflict of interest

occurs# thus the aim of revolution is necessary to solve the problem.

+hat happened during the presidencies of Marcos# ;strada and Arroyo#

and the ;/!A 7eople 7ower # and is a manifestation why the

respondent would pic corruption as an agreement on revolutionary aim.

The issues of corruption and conflict of interest may result to suchpolitical# economic and social effect. n the political institution for

example# corruption hinders democracy and the rule of law. The

economic effects of corruption may have dangerous impact to the

national wealth. t would cause depletion of fund# greater scarcity

and the utili-ation may be inefficient and ineffective for the public.

The problems of political and economic institution due to corruption

would now reflect to the society. !ocial ineCuality and social status

gap rises# poverty# and such. +ith the need and interest for change#

people resort to revolution. ;/!A # # and all call for demand

of the people for counter0corruption measures. 1hanging the regime and

prosecuting it and prescribing more transparent governance andleadership# public accountability# and the importance of the rule of

law.

The revolutionary aims that pertain to free from direct control

of foreign power and one0man rule is agreed by the respondent however

not as high with the recent two mention aims. @ree from foreign

control from 7hilippines, former colonial government : !pain# Dnited

!tates and Fapan and one0man rule under 7resident Marcos are

illustrated and mentioned in the history classes. This gave the

students additional picture towards the revolutionary aims. "owever

the level of agreement differs. n terms of corruption# probablyma


26/46

The researcher inCuires the respondents to their agreements in

terms of the suggestion regarding political leadership through using

the Biert !cale which is answerable by !trongly Agree $=*# Agree $>*#

Beast Agree $?* and /o Got Agree $&*.

Table >. $escriptive Statistics for the agreement 4ith suggestions

( Mean Std.

$eviation

$escriptive

%nterpretation

%overned by @ilipinos and independent from

foreigners) >.&9 .'?>= Agree

7hilippines needs to resolve the ills of the

society is a dictatorial government) ?.9>>> .'&(&? Agree

"uman rights is least important in comparison

for national development) ?.(&9 .'?'6( Agree

1orruption is tolerable as long as it is not

reported by the media) ?.)))) &.&)=' Beast Agree

+ealthy individuals are more Cualified as

leaders of the country) ?.=&9 &.)?>? Beast Agree

Members of the masses have potential for

national leadership only if politicaldynasties are abolished and honest election

put into place

) >.?(>> .()==9 !trongly Agree

alid G $listwise* )


The table summari-es the level of agreement of 1"TM students with

suggestion regarding political leadership. The Arbitrary Range is used

to measure the weighted mean and provide the descriptive

interpretation of each means.

n terms of the suggestions regarding political leadership

towards revolution the respondents least agreed on the following4corruption being tolerable as long as it is not reported by the media

and wealthy individuals are more Cualified as leaders. 1orruption here

in the 7hilippines will never be tolerable for a lot of people. The

1"TM students show that to their answer. ;/!A # and manifest

that people cannot bear this issue. Also there would always be groups

that would push or pressure the government in fighting against

corruption. Recently on August ?# ?)&># thousands of people went to

Buneta 7ar in protest against the 7riority /evelopment Assistance

@und scam# also called the 7/A@ scam or the por barrel scam. The

gathering was dubbed the 2Million 7eople March2. The movement was

considered as the incubation period of 1rane 5rinton,s Anatomy of

Revolution where the threat or prelude towards revolution is nearby.

n the case of wealthy individuals are more Cualified as leaders

provides that the respondents prefer more on members of the masses

which have potential for national leadership. The case of members of

the masses has the potential for national leadership only if political


27/46

dynasties are abolished and an honest election put in effect shows

that the respondents, desire for a government that promises democracy.

The advocacy that are presented by groups in the media and press# the

discussion on what is the best type of government in the classroom#

the propaganda of the government provides a model of democracy which

is desired by the public. The essence or values of a representation#participation# transparency and accountability# egalitarian and the

rest reflects to “liberal democracy” principles in which the

particularly schools# organi-ations# and the government is trying to

advocate. As this what the system dictates# it will be followed and

supported by such. n Marxist tool of analysis# it will be the members

of the masses or lower class that would lead to change3 he or she will

lead this class towards development and revolutioni-e the system.

n the options that fall under the agree descriptive

interpretation# the need of the 7hilippines for a dictatorial

government to solve its ills and human rights is least important incomparison for national development portrays wish for an authoritarian

leadership type of government. The result of this two suggestion

statement may somehow contradict to some ob


28/46

to the charismatic authority. This is now the arguments of a pro0

Marcos or a Marcos loyalist between who is the best president of the

7hilippines. Also the contemporary situation especially post0martial

law period# there has been notion of a wea executive. !tatements such

as “we do have wonderful laws but there is a wea implementation of

these laws” that may be a reason why government action is noteffective in the perception of some and why we can,t reach the

ob


29/46

To the closest understanding of revolution among 1ollege of "otel

and Tourism Management $1"TM* students# the respondents depict

revolution as economic revolution. The curriculum instruction has

enhanced the concept of revolution analogous to the industrial

revolution which greatly emphasi-es more on the economic aspect for

the 1"TM students. And the same time the concept of economic changeand innovation is advantageous and beneficial to the 1"TM students

especially to their field and future career.

b. Situations fit to the understanding of revolution

To the situation that is best suited to the understanding of

revolution# the respondents understand revolution by ;/!A 7eople 7ower

. The contact of 1"TM students to general academic units in college

such as 7hilippine 1onstitution and "istory sub


30/46

since there are no significant reasons for people to revolt against

with.

e. Agreement 4ith revolutionary aims

The respondent would agree on the fight against corruption. The

1"TM students are aware to the controversies# issues and effects ofcorruption especially not


31/46

effect towards business sectors. t will have crucial effects

especially on the operations on both the political and economic

institutions. Thus businesses and the government institution have

inseparable relationship. Revolution is one main theme in ris

analysis. t may effect such maret operations with examples lie the

decision0maing of investors# sales and mareting# and such. The studyof ris has been more incorporated in such social sciences and

business degrees but less in hotel and restaurant courses. The need of

studying ris can contribute to the better understand of 1"TM students

in revolution and also can be helpfully for their field and

profession. +ith the study of ris# students that would later on be

practitioners and managers of their respective fields will not


32/46

5acani# B. $?)&=# May ?*. CE! lists in"#eman#, priorit$ college

courses until %&'(. Retrieved from 7hil!tar4

http4www.philstar.comcampus?)&=)6?&>)9&'ched0lists0

demand0priority0college0courses0until0?)&(

5andura# A. $?))?*. !ocial cognitive theory of mass communication . n

F. 5ryant# I M. 8liver# )e#ia Effects* +#ances in -heor$ an#

Research $pp. '=0&?=*. Gew Hor4 Routledge.

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ociolog$* Brief E#ition. @lat +orld Knowledge# nc.

5oyce# F. K. $&''>*. The political economy of growth and

impoverishment in the Marcos era. Manila4 Ateneo de Manila

Dniversity 7ress.

5ulan# !.# /omingo# M.# I 1anlas# M. $?))6# August*. /iscal Rules* -he

Wa$ /or0ar#1 Retrieved from !enate ;conomic 7lanning 8ffice47olicy nsights4 http4www.senate.gov.phpublications7S?)?))60

)(S?)0S?)@iscalS?)RulesS?)0S?)TheS?)+ayS?)@orward.pdf

5urns# T. $?))=*. 2ife #uring the Communist era in Cechosloakia.

Retrieved April &(# ?)&# from 7rivate 7rague %uide 4 1ustom

Travel !ervices4 https4www.private0prague0

guide.comarticlelife0during0the0communist0era0in0

c-echoslovaia

1";/. $?)&?*. igher E#ucation in numers. Retrieved from 1ommision on

"igher ;ducation $1";/*4 http4www.ched.gov.phindex.phphigher0education0in0numbersenrollment

1lausewit-. $&'9&*. 8n +ar . n A. Rapoport# 5n War, e#. an# intro $p.

&&'*. 5altimore4 7enguin.

%ee# +. $?)& 8ctober &*. !et, !eficits, an# )o#ern )onetar$

-heor$. Retrieved from "arvard nternational Review $"R*4

http4hir.harvard.edudebt0deficits0and0modern0monetary0theory

%oldstone# F. $&'()*. Theories of Revolutions4 The Third %eneration.

n Worl# Politics $p. >?*.

M@. $?))# !eptember &=*. Worl# Economic 5utlook !ataase. Retrieved

from nternational Monetary @und4

http4www.imf.orgexternalpubsftweo?))9)&dataweorept.aspx

N

syP?))IeyP?))(IscsmP&IssdP&IsortPcountryIdsP.IbrP&Ipr&.xP()Ipr&.

yPIcP''(IsPG/G%/7S?1G%!/G%/7S?171771"S?1%%5G%/7S?151A

S?151AG%/7/IgrpP&IaP&P;ur=


33/46

Kumar# R. $?))=*. Mahatma %andhi at the 1lose of Twentieth 1entury.

Anmol 7ublications 7T. BT/.

Baswell# ". $&'>'*. +orld revolutionary propaganda. A 1hicago study.

Gew Hor4 5lumenstoc# /orothy.

Bus-c-ynsa# A. ..# I I !chwar-er# R. $?))6*. !ocial cognitive theory.n M. 1onner# I G. 7# Pre#icting health ehaiour $pp. &?90&'*.

5ucingham# ;ngland4 8pen Dniversity 7ress.

Marcos# @. $&'9 !eptember 9*. TodayJs Revolution4 /emocracy. (0?6.

Malacanang 7alace.

Martell# +. $?))9*. ictory in +ar4 @oundations of Modern Military

7olicy. Gew Hor4 1ambridge Dniversity 7ress.

Moseley# A. $&''6*. -he Philosoph$ of War . Retrieved from nternet

;ncyclopedia of 7hilosophy $;7*4 http4www.iep.utm.eduwar3alexandermoseleyUicloud.com

Rebullida# B.# I !errano# 1. $?))*. 5ureaucracy and 7ublic Management

in /emocracy# /evelopment and %overnance in the 7ilippines. n T.

Tandem# I G. Morada# Philippine Politics an# oernance* +n

ntro#uction $p. ??'*. Dniversity of the 7hilippines# /iliman#

Oue-on 1ity4 18R A!A nc.

Rebullida# M. B. $?))*. The ;xecutive4 Martial Baw# 1onstitutional

Authoritarianism and the Marcos Administration. n T. Tadem# I G.

Morada# Philippine Politics an# oernance* +n ntro#uction $p.

&9>*. Dniversity of the 7hilippines# /iliman# Oue-on 1ity4 18R

A!A nc.

Rebullida# M. B. $?))*. The 7hilippine ;xecutive and

Redemocrati-ation. n T. Teresa# I G. Morada# Philippine Politics

an# oernance* +n ntro#uction $pp. &(90?)6*. Dniversity of the

7hilippines# /iliman# Oue-on 1ity4 18R A!A nc.

Rothfels# ". $&'=>*. 1lausewit-. n M. o. Thought. 7rinceton

Dniversity 7ress.

!harp# %. $?)&?*. !harpJs /ictionary of 7ower and !truggle4 Banguageof 1ivil Resistance in 1onflicts. Gew Hor4 8xford Dniversity

7ress.

Tadem# ;. $?)&)*. Marxism# 7easantry and Agriaran Revolution in the

7hilippines. n T. Tadem# I B. !amson# )ar8ism in the

Philippines* continiung engagement $p. (>*. Mandaluyong 1ity4

Anvil 7ublising nc.


34/46

Trevisani# /. $?)&6*. !emiotics for Beaders. The ;xa0Beadership Model

for Beadership and "uman 7otential /evelopment. . Medialab0

Research 7ublishing.

D1051@. $?)&*. College of ospitalit$ an# -ourism )anagement.

Retrieved April &(# ?)&# from Dniversity of the 1ordilleras4

http4www.uc0bcf.edu.ph7rograms/epartmentN1ollegeP1"TM

+eely# K. $?)&)*. Marxsim# Gationalism# %lobali-ation# and the Beft.

n T. Tadem# I B. !amson# )ar8ism in the Philippines* continuing

engagements $p. 6&*. Mandaluyong 1ity4 Anvil 7ublishing nc.

Appendi5 %. 9uestionnaire


35/46

Appendi5 %%.

Tabulated Profile of the respondents and college students?understanding of Revolution

Respondents

Profile +nderstanding

Age 7ender ClosestSituatio

n

& &' ? & &


36/46

? &' ? > ?

> &( ? ? ?

= &( ? ? ?

6 &' ? = &

?? ? > >

9 &( ? > >

( ?) ? & >

' &' ? & >

&) &' & ? >

&& &( ? > ?

&? &( ? & ?

&> &( ? & &

&= &9 ? & &

&6 &9 ? = =

& ?? ? ? ?

&9 ?& ? > &

&( ?& ? ? >

&' &' ? > &

?) &( ? > &

?& ?& ? ? &

?? &( ? & &

?> &' & ? &

?= ?> ? & >

?6 ?> & = &

? &( ? & ?

?9 &' & > ??( ?) & > >

?' &( & > &

>) ?) ? = &

>& &9 ? ? ?

>? ?? & & ?

>> ?= & & &

>= ?) & ? ?

>6 &( ? ? ?

> &' ? ? ?

>9&( ? ? &

>( &( ? & ?

>' &' & = >

=) &( ? > >

=& &' ? > >

=? &' ? & ?

=> &( ? = &

== ?) & & ?


37/46

=6 &( ? & ?

= &( ? ? >

=9 &( ? ? >

=( &( & = >

=' &9 & & ?

6) &' ? = &

6& &( & & &

6? ?) & & ?

6> &( ? & ?

6= &' ? & ?

66 &9 ? > ?

6 ?= ? & ?

69 &9 ? = &

6( &( ? ? ?

6' &( ? = &

) ?) ? > >Total3requency" //; /! /:: //<

@eighted Mean/>.!=::

: /.

6alues

%ender4 1losest Dnderstanding4 !ituation4Male : & economic revolution : & Katipunan 0&@emale 0 ? cultural revolution : ? ;/!A 7eople 7ower 0 ?

peaceful pol. revolution : > ;/!A 7eople 7ower 0>violent pol. revolution : = ;/!A 7eople 7ower 0=


38/46

Appendi5 %%%.

Tabulated Profile of the respondents? cause of revolution

espondents

Causes of Revolution

7overnment$eficit

Ta5ation $esertionSocial

Antagonism Administrative ,ntaglement

-oss ofConfidence

7overnmentfavouring

Seperationof economic po4er

ConversionStopof c

& 9 & ' ( ? > &) 6

? = &) ' 6 9 & ( ?

> ( &) ? > 6 = ' 9 &

= ( &) ? > 6 = ' 9 &

6 = ? 6 &) 9 > ' (

> = 6 &) 9 ( ' &

9 ' &) ( & ? > = 6

( ? 9 > ( ' = &) 6

' = 9 ' &) ? > ( 6

&) ' &) 9 ( = 6 ? >

&& ? & > 6 9 = ( '

&? & ? 9 ( > ' = 6

&> > = ( 9 6 & ? '

&= ( 9 6 ? & > = &)

&6 > ? ' = 6 &) & 9

& & &) ' = 6 ? > 9

&9 & ? &) 9 ( ' > =

&( ? & ' ( > = 9 6

&' > ? 6 ( & ' = 9

?) 9 6 &) ? & ( > =

?& ? 9 & > = &) 6 (

?? ? = ( ' &) > & 9

?> > ? & ( 9 = 6 &)

?= 9 & ( ' &) ? > = 6


39/46

?6 &) ( ' 9 6 = > &

? & > ' ( 9 &) ? 6 =

?9 6 &) ? = 9 & ( >

?( & = ? ' > 6 9 &)

?' &) 6 ' = ( > 9 ?

>) & ? 6 ( 9 = > '

>& & ? 6 ( 9 = > '

>? ? > 6 & = 9 ' (

>> & > 6 ? 9 = ' (

>= ? & ( 9 ' > &) =

>6 & 9 ( ? ' > = 6

> & ( ' ? 9 6 > =

>9 6 = > 9 &) & ? '

>( > & 9 6 &) ? = (

>' 9 & ( 6 = ? > &)

=) & > 9 ( ' &) = ?

=& ? ( = ' 6 9 > &

=? & ? > 9 ' = 6 (

=> &) 6 ' = ( > 9 ?

== & 6 ? > 9 = ' &)

=6 & ? > 9 ' = 6 (

= ? & = > 6 ( ' &) 9

=9 > ? & 6 9 = ' (

=( &) 9 ( ' ? & = >

=' ? & ( 9 &) ' > 6

6) & 6 = ( > ' ? &)

6& ? 6 ( 9 & &) ' =

6? & ? > = 6 9 ( '

6> ( 9 &) & ' ? = >

6= & > ' ( ? 6 = 9

66 > ? &) 6 ' & = 9


40/46

6 ? & > 9 6 = ( '

69 &) 6 = 9 > ' ( 9

6( & 6 ? 9 &) > ( =

6' ? 6 = 9 ( & &) 9 >

) ? > ' ( 9 = & 6 '

talequency" 00: 00 :1/ : ::0 : 1 > < = >


41/46

Appendi5 %6.

Tabulated Profile of the respondents? agreement on the means of

revolution

Respondents

-evel of AgreementB Means of revolution

+se offorce

Mass protest

Military 4ithdra4a

l

Changeindividua

l

Commitment of

leaders

Street protestsufficien

t

6igilance

-eadersh p

managemet

& > > > > > > >

? > ? > = = > >

> & > = = = > ?

= & = ? = ? > =

6 & > & = ? > ?

& > > = > > &

9 > ? = ? ? > >

( & = > > = = =

' ? = > = = = =

&) = > > > > > >

&& ? ? > = ? > >

&? = & > = & & >

&> > ? > = = > >

&= > > > = > = >

&6 ? & > = > ? &

& > ? ? = = & ?

&9 > > ? = ? > =

&( & ? ? > ? ? ?&' & > ? & & > &

?) & > > ? > > >

?& & & > = = > >

?? > ? ? = = ? >

?> > ? > = = = =

?= = > = = = = =

?6 = ? > = = ? =

? > > > = > ? ?

?9 ? ? = = = > >

?(> & ? = > = >

?' > > = = = > =

>) & & & = = = ?

>& & & ? = = = ?

>? > > > = > > >

>> > > > = > > >

>= ? > > > > > ?

>6 ? ? > = = ? >


42/46

> ? ? > > = > >

>9 & ? ? = = > >

>( > > > = > > >

>' ? & > = = > ?

=) ? ? > = > > ?

=& ? = > = > = >

=? > ? > = = = ?

=> = > > = = > =

== > > ? > > > ?

=6 > ? > = = = ?

= > ? > = > > ?

=9 ? ? > = > ? ?

=( > & ? = = = >

=' = ? > = = = =

6) ? ? > ? ? ? >

6& & > > = > > >

6? & = = = = = &

6> ? ? ? > > ? ?

6= = & = = = & =

66 ? > > = ? ? =

6 = & = = = ? =

69 > & = = = & ?

6( & > > > > = >

6' = = > = = > =

) & > ? = > = ?

Total3requency" /;: /;: /< / 0.= 0.=1111

$escriptive%ntrepretion

-east Agree

-east Agree Agree

Strongly Agree

Strongly Agree Agree Agree Agree

Arbitrary Range"

!trongly Agree $=* >.? 0 =.))Agree $>* ?.6& 0 >.?6Beast Agree $?* &.9 0 ?.6)

/o Got Agree $&* &.)) 0 &.96


43/46

Appendi5 6.

Tabulated Profile of the respondents? agreement on the ideals of the three Philippine revolutions

Agreement of Revolutionary Aims Suggestion regarding political leadership

Respondents

3ree

from foreig

n po4er

3reefrom

onemanrule

3ree from Corrupt and inefficient

regime

3ree

from corruptrule ofthe

oligarch

7overned by3ilipinos

and independent

dictatorialgovernment

humanrightsleast

important

corruption

tolerable

4ealthy

individuals are

qualified as leader

Members

of masses

have potenta

ial& = = = = > > > > >

? ? > = > & ? ? & =

> = = ? & & & & & &

= = = = = = = & & &

6 > > = = = ? & & &

> ? = = > = & = ?

9 > > & & ? ? > ? >

( > & > > > = = = =

' > & = = > ? = & &

&) > > > > > > > > >

&& ? > ? ? ? ? > > ?

&? = = = = > = = & =

&>= ? = = = = > ? ?

&= > > = > > > ? = >

&6 = > = = ? & & & >

& > = = = ? > = & >

&9 ? > = = ? ? > ? &

&( > ? > > = > > > >

&' ? ? > > > > ? ? >

?) > > > > > > > > >

?& > > = = = & & ? ?

?? > > = = = ? > & ?


44/46

?> > ? > > > = > ? >

?= > > = = > ? ? & &

?6 & & = = = ? > & &

? > > = > ? ? > & ?

?9 ? > ? ? > ? ? ? >

?( & ? & ? = > > & ?

?' > = & > = > = & =

>) = & = = & = > & &

>& = & = = = & > & ?

>? > > = > = > > = =

>> > = = = = > > = =

>= > ? > > > ? > ? >

>6 > > = = = > > > ?

> = = = = = > > > ?

>9 ? > > > > > > > &

>( ? > = = > > > & =

>' > = = > = ? ? & ?

=) > ? = = > & & ? &

=& = = = = = > > & >

=? > > = = = > = & ?

=> ? > = = > = = & >

== > > ? ? ? > ? > >

=6 > > = = = > = & ?

= > > > > ? > > ? >

=9 > > > > > > > > >

=( ? > = = > > > > &

=' = = = = & = = = =

6) > > = = = > ? & &

6& ? > > > > > > > >

6? = = = = = > = & >

6> > > > > = = > ? &


45/46

6= > = = = = ? & & &

66 = = = = = > = = =

6 = = = = = & = ? &

69 = = = = = > > & >

6( > > ? ? ? = > & &

6' = > = = = = = = =

) = > = = = & > & >

Total3requency" /=: / 0!1 />! /1; /1> /0! /; />

@eighted Mean :.!0.>1111

< :.;=:::: :.;::::: :./1111< 0.


46/46

A Survey Research Paper on the Perception of Revolution of College of Hotel and Tourism Management...

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Transcript of A Survey Research Paper on the Perception of Revolution of College of Hotel and Tourism Management...