STUDIA POHL: SERIES MAIOR DISSERTATIONES SCIENTIFICAE DE REBUS ORIENTIS ANTIQUI

18 KONRAD VOLK,, - -.

E PONTIFICIO INSTITUTO BIBLICO ROMAE

with the collaboration of

Silvano Votto and Annette Zgoll

Second, revised edition

EDITRICE PONTIFICIO ISTITUTO BIBLICO ROMA 1999

The Pontifical Biblical Institute dedicates this series to the memory of P. Alfred Pohl, founder of its Faculty of Ancient Near Eastern Studies. Studia Pohl reproduces in offset studies on Ancient Near Eastern history and philology, and is intended particularly to benefit younger scholars who wish to present the results of their doctoral studies to a wider pbblic.

ISBN 88-7653-610-8

@ 1999 EDITRICE PONTIFICIO ISTITUTO BIBLICO

Piazza della Pilotta 35 - 00187 Roma, Italia

To the memory of

Johannes Jacobus Adrianus van Dijk

(28.1.1915 - 14.5.1996)

and

Hermann Behrens SCJ

(15.7.1944 - 2.8.1996)

CONTENTS

............................................... Preface IX

............................. Bibliographic Abbreviations XI

.......................................... List of Texts XVI

............................................ Texts 1-44 1

SignList ............................................. 43

List of Phonetic Values ................................. 75

Glossary

.............................. General Vocabulary 78

................................... Divine Names 100

................................. Personal Names 104

.................................... Place Names 107

................................. Sacred Buildings 110

...................................... Year Dates 113

..................................... Year Names 113

........................................ Festivals 113

PREFACE

This SUMERIAN READER contains 44 texts of varying contents: royal I Neo-Assyrian so that the student can learn the Neo-Assyrian forms which are of basic importance for the use of the sign list in this book and, in general, for most assyriological sign lists.

Each inscription is to be studied with the help of the sign list, the list of phonetic values, and the glossaries. In this SUMERIAN READER I have intentionally not dealt with questions of grammar. Instead, the reader is referred to two rather recent publications on the subject: M.-L. Thornsen, The Sumerian Language. An Introduction to its History and Grammatical Structure. Mesopotamia 10. Copenhagen Studies in Assyriology (Copenhagen 1984), and P. Attinger, ~le'ments de linguistique sume'rienne. La construction de dull/e/di <<dire>> (Orbis Biblicus et Orientalis, Sonderband; Fribourg/Gottingen 1993). For a general introduction to Sumerology, W.H.Ph. Romer,

zusammengestellt, teilweise transkribiert, in neuassyrische Zeichen f ormen iibertragen und mit Glossar und Zeichenliste versehen" (Eschbach 1978) that I wrote when I was a young student of Assyriology at Freiburg i. Br. It soon proved to be a very useful and requested tool for many beginning students of Sumerian. Over the years a good number of both teachers and students who used my "Sumerische Chrestomathie" gave me their personal notes, corrections and improvements, for which I am very grateful. I want to thank the following persons for such help: J. Keetman, B. Kienast, G.J. Selz and H. Steible,

Lambert, Birmingham; W.R. Mayer, Rome. When I was already about to forget my first 'printed' effort in Assyriology that I

issued privately as the demand arose, Fr. W.R. Mayer SJ of the Pontifical Biblical Institute in Rome suggested that I produce an English version of this book and publish it as a volume in the Pontifical Biblical Institute's Series Studia Pohl. Then my friend and colleague from my Roman days, Fr. Silvano Votto SJ, not only translated the whole manuscript into English but also made a considerable number of improvements. To him I owe very special thanks for his invaluable contributions to this book, now called A SUMERIAN READER.' During the final stage of preparing this SUMERIAN READER, Annette Zgoll [Ganter] (Munich) was kind enough to type most of the glossaries on the computer and also to make a number of useful suggestions.

I St. Peter 1997 / Tiibingen 1999 Konrad Volk I

I BIBLIOGRAPHIC ABBREVIATIONS I With some exceptions and additions, bibliographic abbreviations follow the standard abbreviations in the Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago (Chicago/Gluckstadt, 1956ff.), W. von Soden, Akkadisches Handworterbuch (Wiesbaden 1958-81), and The Sumerian Dictionary of the University Museum of the University of Pennsylvania, edited by A.w. Sjoberg (Philadelphia 1984ff.).

ABZ

AcOr AEM I/ 1 AfO

AnOr AOAT

AoF AoN AS ASJ AulOr AWL BaF BaM BCSMS

BFE

BiOr BSA CAD

CIRPL

R. Borger, Assyrisch-babylonische Zeichenliste (KevelaerINeu- kirchen-Vluyn 1978 [AOAT 331; Ergi4nzungsband [AOAT 33Al; 1981) Acta Orientalia (Copenhagen 1922ff.) J.-M. Durand, Archives 6pistolaires de Mari 111 (Paris 1988) Archiv fur Orientforschung, vols. 3ff. [vols. 1-2 = AfK] (Berlin, Graz and Horn 1 926ff .) Analecta Orientalia (Rome 193 Iff.) Alter Orient und Altes Testament. Veroffentlichungen zur Kultur und Geschichte des Alten Orients und des Alten Testaments (Kevelaer/Neukirchen-Vluyn 1969ff .) Altorientalische Forschungen (Berlin 1974ff.) J. Bauer, Altorientalistische Notizen (Wurzburg 1976ff.) Assyriological Studies (Chicago 193 Iff.) Acta Sumerologica Japonica (Hiroshima 1979ff .) Aula Orientalis (Sabadell [Barcelona] 1983ff.) J. Bauer, Altsumerische Wirtschaftstexte aus LagaS (Rome 1972) Baghdader Forschungen (Mainz 1979ff.) Baghdader Mitteilungen (Berlin 1960ff .) Bulletin of the Canadian Society for Mesopotamian Studies (Toronto 1981ff.) M. Krebemik, Die Beschwomngen aus Fara und Ebla. Unter- suchungen zur altesten keilschriftlichen Beschwomngsliteratur (Hildesheim / Ziirich / New York 1984) Bibliotheca Orientalis (Leiden 1943ff.) Bulletin on Sumerian Agriculture (Cambridge [U.K.] 1984ff.) The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago (Chicago/Gliickstadt, 1956ff.) E. Sollberger, Corpus des inscriptions 'royales' prdsargoniques de LagaS (Genbve 1956)

Bibliographic Abbreviations Bibliographic Abbreviations XI11

clergt?

CM CRRA

CT

Cultic Calendars

DC

ELS

~ ~ i t h b t e s royales

Familiengriindung

FAOS FI

Fossey

FT Gazetteer

D. Charpin, Le clergt? d'Ur au sikle d'Hammurabi (XIXe-XVIIIe sibcles av. J.-C.) (Genbve I Paris 1986) Cuneiform Monographs (Groningen 1992ff .) Compte rendu de la ... Rencontre Assyriologique Internationale. 19: P. Garelli (ed.), Le palais et la royautb (ArchCologie et Civilisation; Paris 1974) Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum (London 1896ff.) M.E. Cohen, The Cultic Calendars of the Ancient Near East (Bethesda [MD] 1993) Dkouvertes en Chald6e par E. de Sarzec, ouvrage accompagne de planches, publid par les soins de L. Heuzey, avec le concours de A. Amiaud et F. Thureau-Dangin pour la partie Cpigraphique. Premier volume: texte (Paris 1884- 19 12): Second volume: Partie Bpigraphique et planches (Paris 1884- 19 12) M.V. Nikolskij, Dokumenty chozjajstvemoj otEetnosti drevnejSej epochi Chaldei iz sobranija N.P. LichaEeva. Drevnosti Vostoc'nyja Trudy VostoEnoj Komissii Imperatorskago Mos- kovskago ArcheologiEeskago ObSCestva 3/II (St. Petersburg 1908) P. Attinger, ~lkrnents de linguistique sumbrienne. La construction de dull/e/di <(dire* (Fribourg / Gottingen 1993) M.-J. Seux, Bpith&tes royales akkadiennes et sumCriemes (Paris 1967) C. Wilcke, Familiengriindung im Alten Babylonien. In: Geschlechtsreife und Legitimation zur Zeugung (= Kindheit Jugend Familie I, E.W. Muller, ed.). Veroffentlichungen des Instituts fiir Historische Anthropologie 3 (Freiburg 1 Miinchen 1985) 213-317 Freiburger altorientalische Studien (Wiesbaden, Stuttgart 1975ff.) M. Civil, The Farmer's Instructions. A Sumerian Agricultural Manual. Aula Orientalis - Supplementa 5 (Sabadell [Barcelona] 1994) W. Fortsch, Altbabylonische Wirtschaftstexte aus der Zeit Lugalanda's und Urukagina's (VS 1411, Leipzig 1916) Ch. Fossey, Manuel d'Assyriologie, Tome 11. ~volution des cun6iformes (Paris 1926) H. de Genouillac, Fouilles de Tello (Paris 1934-1936) A.R. George, House Most High. The Temples of Ancient Mesopotamia. Mesopotamian Civilizations 5 (Winona Lake 1993) 63- 161: 'Gazetteer of Ceremonial Names'.

HANEIS History of the Ancient Near East / Studies (Padova 1990ff.) HSAO Heidelberger Studien zum Alten Orient - A. Falkenstein zum 17.

September 1966 (Wiesbaden 1967) HUCA Hebrew Union College Annual (Cincinnati 1924ff .) Iraq Iraq. Published by the British School of Archaeology in Iraq

(London 1934ff .) 1st.Mitt. Istanbuler Mitteilungen. Herausgegeben vom Deutschen

Archaologischen Institut, Abteilung Istanbul (Istanbul and Tubingen 1933ff.)

ITT Inventaire des tablettes de Tello conservCes au MusCe ImpCrial Ottoman (Paris 1910-1921)

JAOS Journal of the American Oriental Society (New Haven 1893ff.) JCS Journal of Cuneifo Studies (New Haven, Cambridge [Mass.],

Philadelphia, Balti ore 1947ff.) JNES Journal of Near Eas em Studies (Chicago 1942ff.)

JQR (NS)

f Jewish Quarterly Review (Philadelphia 19 101 1 Iff .)

Kutscher Memorial Vol. kinattutu Sa ddrhti. Raphael Kutscher Memorial Volume. Edited by A.F. Rainey, A. Kempinski, M. Sigrist and D. Ussishkin (Tel Aviv 1993).

Labat R. Labat, Manuel d9Cpigraphie akkadienne (Paris 1976~) LAK A. Deimel, Liste der archaischen Keilschriftzeichen von Fara

(WVDOG 40, Leipzig 1922) LIH L.W. King, The Letters and Inscriptions of Hammurabi (London

1898- 1900) MC Mesopotamian Civilizations (Winona Lake 1989ff.) MEE Materiali epigrafici di Ebla (Napoli 1979ff.) Mesopotamia Mesopotamia. Rivista di Archeologia (Torino 1966f.) MSL Materialien zum sumerischen Lexikon (Rome 1937ff.) N.A.B.U. Nouvelles Assyriologiques Brhves et Utilitaires (RouenIParis

1987ff.) NG A. Falkenstein, Die neusumerischen Gerichtsurkunden (Miinchen

1956- 1957) OA Oriens Antiquus. Rivista del Centro per le Antichit& e la Storia

dell'Arte del Vicino Oriente (Rome 1962ff.) OIP Oriental Institute Publications (Chicago 1924ff.) OrNS Orientalia. Nova Series (Rome 1932ff.) PEa PROTO-Ea (Nippur Recension). In: MSL XIV (Rome 1979) 30-

63 PPAC 1 Z. Yang, Sargonic Inscriptions from Adab. The Institute for the

History of Ancient Civilisations, Periodic Publications on Ancient Civilisations 1 (Changchun 1989)

XIV Bibliographic Abbreviations Bibliographic Abbreviations XV

PSD The S~ITlerian Dictionary of the University Museum of fie Publications of the Samuel Noah Kramer Fund 11 (Philadelphia

of Pennsylvania, edited by A.w. Sjoberg (Philadelphia 1989) 1984ff.) Studies Tadmor ~ h , AsSyria ... Studies in Assyrian History and Ancient

REC F- Thureau-Dangin, Recherches sur l'origine de 19&riture Eastem Historiography, presented to Hayim Tadmor- M- Cogan cun6iforme (Paris 1898- 1899) and I. Eph'al, eds. (Jerusalem 1991)

RGTC geographique des textes cuneiformes. Beihefte zum Sumer Sumer. A Journal of Archaeology and History in Iraq- The T"binger Atlas des Vorderen Orients, Series B (Wiesbaden Republiq of Iraq. Directorate General of Antiquities (Baghdad 1974ff.) 1945ff.)

RIME The Inscriptions of Mesopotamia, Early Periods (Toronto TCS Texts from cuneiform sources (~0cust valley [New York] 1990ff.)

RIA 1966ff .)

Reallexikon der Assyriologie (BerlinLeipzig and Berlin/New T ~ S H J. Klein, Three Sulgi Hymns. Sumerian Royal Hymns Glorifying York 1932ff.) ~ i n g Sulgi of Ur (Ramat-Gan 198 1)

SANTAG SANTAG- Arkiten und Untersuchungen zur Keilschriftkunde. TMH(NF) ~~~t~ und Materialien der Frau Prof. Hilprecht Collection of Herausgegekn van K. Hecker ~d W, Sommerfeld miesbaden Babylonian Antiquities (Neue Folge: Leipzig, Berlin 1932ff-) 1990ff.) TUAT 0. Kaiser (ed.), Texte aus der Umwelt des Alten Testaments

SARI J-S. Cooper, Smerian and Akkadian Royal hscriptions 1: (Gutersloh 1982ff .) Presargonic Inscriptions (New Haven 1986) UET u r Excavations, Texts (London 1928ff.)

SAZ A- Cavigneaux, Die sumerisch-akkadischen Zeichenlisten: uber- UGASL G.J. Selz, Untersuchungen zur Gotterwelt des alts~merischen lieferungsprobleme (Diss. Miinchen 19-76) Stadtstaates van Lagag. Occasional Publications of fie Samuel

SEL Studi epigrafici e linguistici sul Vicino Oriente antico (Verona Kramer Fund 13 (Philadelphia 1995) 1984ff.)

UVB uruk, Vorlhfiger Bericht iiber die vOn dem Deutschen SKLy J. Krecher, Sumerische Kultlynk (Wiesbaden 1966) ~ ~ ~ h f i ~ l ~ ~ i ~ c h e n Institut und der Deutschen Orient-Gesellschaft SRU D.O. Edzard, Sumerische Rechtsurkunden des 111. Jahrtausends aus Mitt& der Deutschen ~orschungsgemeinschaft Uternom-

aus der Zeit vor der 111. Dynastie von Ur (Munchen 1968) menen Ausgrabungen in Umk-Warka (Berlin 1930ff.) St.Poh1 Studia Pohl (Rome 1967ff.) siglum of h e vorderasiatische Abteilung of the Vorderasiatisches St.Poh1 SM Studia Pohl: Series Maior (Rome 196gff.) Museum, Berlin Studies Birot Miscellanea Babylonica. Mtlanges offerts Maurice ~ i ~ ~ t . vorderasiatische sch*ftdenkrnaler der KoniglichenIStaatlichen

Munis Par J.-M. Durand et J.-R. Kupper (Paris 1985) Museen zu Berlin (Leipzig, Berlin 1907ff-) Studies Borger Tikip santakki ma& bagmu ... Festschrift fGr Rykle Borger Die Welt des Orients (Wuppertal, Stuttgart and Gottingen

seinem 65. Gebufistag am 24. Mai 1994. Herausgegeben van 1947ff.) Stefan M- Maul. Cuneiform Monographs 10 (Groningen 1998) wissenschaftliche Veroffentlichungen der Deutschen Orient-Ge-

DiakOnoff Societies alld Limguages of the Ancient Near East. studies in sellschaft (Leipzig, Berlin 1901ff.1 Honour of 1.M. Diakonoff (Warminster 1982) Xenia. Konstanzer Althistorische Vortrage und Forschmgen (W-

Studies Hal10 The Tablet and the Scroll. Near Eastern Studies in honour of Schuller ed., Konstanz 198 Iff.) William W. Hallo. M.E. Cohen, D.C. Snell, D.B. Weisberg, eds. yale oriental Series, Babylonian Texts (New Haven 1915ff-) (Bethesda [MD] 1993) Zeitschrift fiir Assyriologie (Leipzig, Berlin, Strafiburg 1886ff.;

Studies Matous Festschrift Lubor MatouS. Herausgegehn van B. H ~ s ~ ~ und G. Neue Folge: Berlin/Leipzig, Berlin, BerlinINew York 1924ff.) Komor6czy (Budapest 1978)

SrudiesSJoberg DUMU-E2-DUB-B~-~. Studies in Honor of Ake W. sj6krg. Edited by He Behrens, D. Loding and M.T. Roth. Occasional

WVDOG

Xenia

YOS ZA(NF)

LIST OF TEXTS 20. CIRPL 36, Ent. 26 (door socket); H. Steible, FAOS 511, 226f. ('Entemena

The number of each text is accompanied by the original publication of the copy 21. CIRPL 32, Ent. 1 (diorite statue); H. Steible, FAOS 511, 21 Iff. ('Entemena

reproduced in this book and by its most recent edition. 22. DC I, pl. VI-VII (diorite statue, "petite statue debout"); D.O. Edzard, RIME

I. Royal Inscriptions 3/1,29f. ('Gudea E311.1.7.StA') 23. DC I, pl. XVI-XVII (diorite statue, "statue dite aux Bpaules Btroites"); D.O.

1. CT XXI, pl. 3, No. 90015 (brick); D.R. Frayne, RIME 312'69ff. ('Ur-Nammu Edzard, RIME 3/1,38ff. ('Gudea E311.1.7.StC')

E312.1.1.33') 24. DC I, pl. XVII-XIX (diorite statue, "statue colossale"); D.O. Edzard, RIME

2. YOS IX 14 (clay nail); D.O. Edzard, RIME 311, 113 ('Gudea E311.1.7.8') 3/1,40ff. ('Gudea E311.1.7.StD')

3. CT XXI, pl. 2, No. 90009 (brick); D.R. Frayne, RIME 3/2,25f. ('Ur-Nammu 25. DC I, pl. XXIII-XXV (diorite statue, "l'architecte B la rhgle"); D.O. Edzard,

E312.1.1.4') RIME 3/1,46ff. ('Gudea E311.1.7.StF')

4. VS I 22, VA 57 (brick); D.O. Edzard, RIME 311, 156 ('Gudea E311.1.7.64') 26. DC I, pl. XVIII (diorite statue, "petite statue assise, acBphale"); D.O. Edzard,

5. CT XXI, pl. 36, No. 90289 (brick); D.O. Edzard, RIME 311, 154f. ('Gudea RIME 3/1,50f. ('Gudea E311.1.7.StH')

E311.1.7.62') 27. UVB 10, pl. 28 (door socket); D.R. Frayne, RIME 312,262ff. ('Amar-Suena

6. CT XXI, pl. 37, No. 90288 (brick); D.O. Edzard, RIME 311, 120f. ('Gudea E312.1.3.16')

E311.1.7.18') 28. LIH 58 (shaft); D.R. Frayne, RIME 4,347ff. ('uammu-rapi E4.3.6.12')

7. OIP 14 33 (brick); D.O. Edzard, RIME 311, 135f. ('Gudea E311.1.7.37') 29. UET 8 84 (cone head); D.R. Frayne, RIME 4,278f. ('Rim-Sin I E4.2.14.6')

8. VS 1 23, VA 3129 (brick); D.O. Edzard, RIME 311, 141f. ('Gudea E311.1. 7.44') 9. VS 1 21, VA 55 (brick); D.O. Edzard, RIME 311, 130f. ('Gudea E311.1.7.3 1 ') 11. Legal Documents 10. FT 11, pl. XXXIX, TG 2429 (stone tablet); D.O. Edzard, RIME 311, 109f. ('Gudea E311.1.7.4') 30. OIP 14 192 (clay tablet); Z. Yang, PPAC 1, 1 19-120; 346-347 (loan of sil-

11. CIRPL 34, Ent. 18 (door socket); H. Steible, FAOS 511, 221f. ('Entemena 18') 31. TMHNF 112 24 (clay tablet); N. Schneider, OrNS 8 (1939) 62 (loan of silver)

12. CIRPL 1, Urn. 3 (copper nail); H. Steible, FAOS 5/1,79f. ('UmanSe 2') 32. JCS 8 (1954) 46 (clay tablet); A. Falkenstein, NG 2, If. (marriage decree)

13. CIRPL 35, Ent. 22 (door socket); H. Steible, FAOS 511, 222f. ('Entemena 33. DV 3/11 293 (clay tablet); G.J. Selz, FAOS 1511, 521f. (purchase of slaves

22') and workers) 14. CIRPL 36, Ent. 27 (door socket); H. Steible, FAOS 511, 227f. ('Entemena 34. DV 3/11 17 (clay tablet); D.O. Edzard, SRU, 93f. (purchase of a cult singer)

27 ') 35. TMH 5 216 (clay tablet); D.O. Edzard, SRU, 127 (guarantee)

15. DC I, pl. XLVI; photo: DC 11, pl. 31bis, 3 (brick); H. Steible, FAOS 511, 36. TMHNF 112 259 (clay tablet); A. Falkenstein, NG 2, 212f. (record of an

182ff. ('Enannatum I. 2') 16. DC I, pl. XLV (brick); H. Steible, FAOS 511, 165ff. ('E'annatum 22') 37. NG 111, pl. 2 (clay tablet); A. Falkenstein, NG 2, 27f. (suit for breach of be-

17. CIRPL 59, Ukg. 17 (clay olive); H. Steible, FAOS 511,338f. ('Uru'inimgina trothal promise)

17') 38. ITT 312, pl. 21, 5279 (clay tablet); A. Falkenstein, NG 2, 159ff. (claim of

18. CIRPL 56, Ukg. 10 (stone tablet); H. Steible, FAOS 511, 326ff. ('Urn'- property and a slave; liberation of the daughters of this slave)

inimgina 10') 39. ZA 55 (1962) 71 (clay tablet); for this controversial document see S. Green-

19. CIRPL 45, En.11 1 (door socket); H. Steible, FAOS 511,273f. gus, HUCA 40-41 (1969-1970) 33-44; J. van Dijk, OrNS 39 (1970) 99-102; A. Sjoberg, ibid. 92; M. Roth, JAOS 103 (1983) 278 ad 24; H. Lutzmann, TUAT 1

I

1 XVIII List of Texts

(1982) 198; J.-M. Durand, AEM 111, 525 b); C. Wilcke, Xenia 32 (1992) 7oZ5 (decree of divorce)

111. Economic Documents

40. VS 1411 44 (clay tablet); J. Bauer, AWL, 281f. (delivery of fodder) 41. VS 1411 128 (clay tablet); J. Bauer, AWL, 324 (delivery of animal products for a festival) 42. VS 1411 35 (clay tablet); J. Bauer, AWL, 289f. (account of sheep and goats) 43. VS 1411 145 (clay tablet); J. Bauer, AWL, 296f. (purchase and branding of a steer) 44. VS 1411 157 (clay tablet); J. Bauer, AWL 452ff. (offerin$ of beer to the gods)

Texts

dinanna / nin-a-ni / ur-%ammu / nita-kala-ga / lugal-uri5 ( s E s . A B ) ~ ~ - ~ ~ / lugal-ki-en-gi-ki-uri-ke4 / &a-ni I mu-na-dii

Texts Texts

d d u m u - z i - a b z u ( ~ ~ . ~ ~ ) I nin-a-ni / gh-di-a / insi(PA.TE.SI)- / 1 a g a S ( ~ 1 R . B ~ R . ~ ~ ) - k e 4 I 6-gir-suki-ka-ni / mu-na-dh

d n a n n a ( ~ ~ ~ . ~ ~ ) / lugal-a-ni / ur-%ammu / l ~ ~ a l - u r i ~ ( ~ E & A B ) ~ ~ - ki ma-ke4 1 6a-ni / mu-na-dh / ~ M - U ~ ~ ~ ( S E S . A B ) -ma / mu-na-dh

'nin-gig-zi-da / digir-ra-ni I gh-d6-a 1 ensi(PA.TE.SI)- / l a g a ~ ( S ~ ~ . ~ ~ ~ . ~ ~ ) k i - k e / bgfr-suki-ka-ni / mu-na-dh

Texts Texts

dinanna 1 nin-kur-kur-ra 1 nin-a-ni 1 gb-d6-a I Insi(PA.TE.SI)-1 rdl-, l a g a ~ ( ~ ~ ~ . ~ ~ ~ . ~ ~ ) k i / ur- ga-tiim-dulO-ke4 1 I-gir-suki-ka-ni I

mu-na-db

Texts Texts

d %in-gir-su I ur-sag-kala-ga- 1 en-lil-16-ra 1 gb-d6-a 1 6nsi(PA.TE.SI)-/ l a g a S ( ~ 1 R . ~ ~ R . ~ ~ ) - k e 4 I nig-ul-e pa mu-na-&(UD.DU) I 6ninnu- danzu(~~.~~)muSen-b6bbar-ra-ni / mu-na-db / ki-bi mu-na-gi4

Tats Texts

11

d b a - ~ Z / munus-sag-ga / dumu-an-na / nin-iri-kti-ga / nin-a-ni I gii-dba / dn$i(PA.TE.SI)- / l a g a ~ ( ~ ~ ~ . ~ ~ ~ . ~ ~ ) f i / 16 6-ninnu- / %in-gir-su-ka / 6-gidru 6ub-riminl-a-ni / mu-dii-a / biri-kti-ga- ka<-ni> / mu-na-dii

1 REC 2301

en-te:me-na / knsi(PA.TE.SI)- 1 l a g a ~ ( ~ ~ ~ . ~ ~ ~ . ~ ~ ) k i / 16 d BB-gi-gi-gii-na- / %in-gir-s6-ka dii-a / digir-ra-nI / Sul-utul12

Texts

13

lo-6- glSgigir-ra dc-a

digir-ra-ni

Texts

15

Texts Texts

iii * #

l R

Texts

19

Texts

20

d l u g a l - u r u x ( L J ~ ~ x ~ ~ ~ 2 > k i / dama-uSumgal-an-na-ra / en-te:me-na / knsi(PA.TE.SI)- 1 (5) l a g a ~ ( S 1 ~ . ~ ~ ~ . ~ ~ ) k i I Sh-pa-da- / dnan~e / ensi(PA.TE.SI)-gal- I dnin-glr-sG-ka 1 (1 0) dumu-en-an-na-llm / knsi

(PA.TE.SI)- 1 l a g a ~ ( S ~ ~ . ~ ~ ~ . ~ ~ ) k i - k a - r a / u4 dnanSe I nam-lugal- / (15)

l a g a ~ ( S ~ ~ . ~ ~ ~ . ~ ~ ) k i - s a 1 mu-na-SGm-ma-a / dnin-gir-sG-ke4 / mu e-ni-pi- dnin-gir-s6 / ur-sag-den-lil-ra / en-an-na-tiim / tnsi(PA.TE.SI)- / (5) da-a I u4-ba 1 (20) en-te:me-na-ke4 I d l u g a l - u ~ ( ~ ~ ~ x ~ ~ ~ z ) L i - r a I 6- l a g a ~ ( S 1 ~ . ~ u ~ . L A ) ' " / Sh-pi-da- / dnanSe I 6nsi-gal- 1 dnin-gir-sG-ka 1 g a l - u r ~ ~ ( ~ ~ ~ x K ~ ~ ~ ) ~ - k a - n i 1 mu-na-dii / M-sipl7 rkiil-babbar-ra / ( 1 0 ) dumu-en-te:me-na- / &nsi(PA.TE.SI)- I l a g a S ( S 1 R . ~ u ~ . ~ ~ ) ~ - k a - (25) Su mu-na-ni-tag I kii-za-gh I gu4-20 I udu-20 / kisal-dlugal-urux ke4 / dnin-gir-s6-ra / 6-bhppir-ka-ni / (1 5) ki-bi mu-na-gi4 / en-an- ( u R u x K A R ~ ) ~ - ~ ~ - ~ ~ ~ / (30) sA i-mi-dul l-dul I en-te:me-na / [l]d

. . . . . . . . . a . . . - . - . - . gi4-a 1 (20) digir-ra-ni I b d l u g a l - u r u x ( ~ ~ ~ x ~ ~ ~ 2 > E - k a dG-a / digir-ra-ni I d~ul-utul12-am6

Texts

21

Texts

r u

dc!

(1) This line is to be read [E2]-ad-[dal-'kal-ra, cf. vi 6.

Texts

22 ctd.

Texts

23

iii 1

right shoulder gh-d6-a / tnsi-lagaiki / lli 6-ninnu- / (5) dnin-gir-su-ka in-dh-a 1 ( i ) dnin-hur-sag / nin iri-da mli-a / ama-dumu-dumu-ne / nin-a-ni / (5) gh-d6-a tnsi- I lagaski-ke4 / 6-iri-gir-suki-ka-ni / mu- na-db / ( i i) DUB.SEN(= REC 429)-E-ga-ni / mu-na-dim / gisd6r-gar- m&-nam-nin-ka-ni / mu-na-dim / (5) 6-ma-ni-a mu-na-ni-ku4 / kur- mbganE-ta 1 (iii) na4esi im-ta-el alan-na-ni-ib / mu-tu I nin an-ki-

a nam-tar-re-db 1 (5) dnin-tu / ama-digir-re-ne-ke4 I gb-d6-a I ( iv)

Id-bdb-a-ka 1 nam-ti-la-ni mu-sh I mu-Sb mu-na-sa4 1 6-a mu-na-ni-ku4

iii 1

Texts

23 ctd.

Texts 2 1

Texts

24 ctd.

Texts

25

Texts

25 ctd.

iii 1

5

1) Collation shows a clear B

Texts

26

Texts

26 ctd.

Texts

27

iii 1

(i) d b a - ~ 2 / munus-sasga / dumu-an-na / nin-iri-kh-ga 1 (5) nin-

b6-gAl dumu-an-kh-ga / nin-a-ni / gh-dd-a / dnsi- / lagaSfi-ke4 / (ii) u4 6-TAR-sir-sir / 6-ki-Ag-ni / 6 h6-du7-iri-kii-ga / mu-na-dh-a / (5) kur-mA-ganb-ta / na4esi! (=PA) im-tael / alan-na-ni-Sb / mu-tu (iii) nin dumu-ki-6g-an-kh-ga-ke4 / ama d b a - ~ 2 / 6-TAR-sir-sir-ta 1 gh-dC-a 1 (5) nam-ti mu-na-lhm I mu-Sb mu-na-sa4 / biri-kh-ga-ka / mu-na-ni! (=GAG)-ku4

Texts

28

Texts

29

This is the Sumerian part of a bilingual text, and should be read in the light of the Akkadian original. See the List of Texts, p. XVII, 28.

Texts

30

obv. rev.

obv. 1 5 gig4 k6-babbar ~ r - ~ e S ~ - ~ e S Su ba-ti

5 an-da-tuku 1 gig4 ur-kkSG Su ba-ti

rev. an-da-tuku Su-ri-kam Se-bi 0.2-ta

10 si-dam lugal-DUR2

Texts

32

Texts

33

obv.

1

rev.

obv. 1 di-til-la ISi-Su-ni@n dumu-6-Sb-hC-DU utul ~ r - ~ n a n S e dumu-ba-Si-58-ra-gi-ke4 ba-an-tuku

5 igi-di-ku5-ne-Sb mu-lugal-bi in-pi-eS ur-digdim dumu-16-gulo maSkim ~ d - ~ ~ s i r a ur-digtaran

10 16-digir-ra rev. di-ku5-bi-me

(space)

mu ds'u-dsin lugal- ~ r i ~ ~ ~ - m a - k e , na-ni-a-ma

15 den-lil dnin-lil-ra mu-ne-dii

Texts Texts

obv.

obv. /- -6 rev. f tCj - 6 D

obv. 1 lugal-nig-zu

dam-gir nin-him-zi-da dam-ur-su nagar-ke,

5 Su-dug-a-an-ni I-'DUl rev. 6 Iur-su! Sitim

Iur-dinanna dumu-ama-iri lnig-gurl

(space)

10 lii-ki-him-ma-bi-me

rev.

rev.

f#

45 T %Pfl

Texts

38

Texts

40

Texts

obv.

1

reverse blank

obv. i 1 1800 lA 15 sa <6->durun,-na

SeS-16-duIo

ugula

mu-ku5

5 mA-2 e-me-gar

obv. ii 1 en-ig-gal

nu-bhnda

ganun-gig-kig-ti

'1-DU 2

. . i 11

obv.

rev.

(i 1) 1 udu-nita / ezem-amar-a-a-rsil-ge4-da-ka / Bnsi-ke4 / 'abzul EiS bi-tag / (5) 10 18 1 kuS-us / ( i i 1) 8 kuS-udu-nita / ~r-~nin-ma@ / sipa-pa5-sir-raE-ke4 / Su-a bi-gi4 1 (5j kuS-ud[u] r61-rum- I (iii 1) den-ki-pa5-sir-ka-kam 2

Texts

obv. 1 111

1 1

rev.

(i 1) 6 udu-'nital 1 30 19 1 ma8 I mag-aSa5-ga-kam 150 maS / (5 ) 15 udu / (ii 1) ur-du6 / kuS7-kam / Su-nfgin 21 udu-nita / 80 18 1 mag / (5 ) mag-aSa5-ga- / (iii 1) dba-~,-kam / en-ig-gal / nu-bhda / e-ta-b / (5 ) ezem-

dba-~2-ka (iv 1 ) iri-KA-gi-na I lugal- I lagaSrm-ke4 / 6-dba-~2-ka / (5 ) i-lah, / zA bi-SuS 2

T a t s

obv.

rev. 1

obv.

Texts

44

rev. vii

SIGN LIST

This list is limited to the signs that occur in the texts in this book and arranges

them, in the column on the right, according to their Neo-Assyrian order. It is to these

numbers that the numbers in the alphabetically arranged List of Phonetic Values refer.

The second column to the right lists the values that the signs have in the texts in

this book. The central column presents the signs in chronological order. It does not

include every variant, since the same sign can be written somewhat differently within

the same text. The forms are typical and are intended to help the reader in identifying the

signs.

The column to the left, column L, refers to R. Labat, Manuel d'dpigraphie

akkadieme, Paris 1976~. Since the sign numbers in R. Labat, with minor exceptions, are

the same as those in R. Borger, Assyrisch-babylonische Zeichenliste (ABZ),

KevelaerfNeukirchen-Vluyn 1978 (AOAT 33; Erghzungsband AOAT 33A; 1981), the

reader may use the L(abat) numbers to find the same signs in R. Borger, ABZ.

Furthermore these numbers refer, again with minor exceptions, to A. Deimel's mostly

outdated, but sometimes still useful book, Sumerisches Lexikon, 11. Vollstindige

Ideogramm-Sammlung. 4 Vols. (Roma 1928-1933; reeditio photomechanica 1961).

In addition, chapter V "Zeichennamen" in R. Borger's Assyrisch-babylonische

Zeichenliste (ABZ), 376-413 is highly recommended to the reader of this book as a

reference list.

Sign List

rum e 1

bsl +' bala

6

s i l a tar 9

46 Sign List

L Grdu

50/51 18

0 a & iti 52

3 19

53 $m 6ubur

20

55 " O w l a H 21

%m engar

56 22

57 d 6=3 w m.2

23

~~)M $$$sq t u

5 . l ))a k"4

58 wr8 24

1 e

59 >m li

dn m

2 5

% kiir 60 & 26

L

pa5 60

k 4 . l 26a

mu P-V

w w a1 0

61 27

A % s l l a 62 28

sagi

62 28a

4 taka4

6 3

P4fff 29 ---

gi16 4!f44

67 30

> ru &ub

a 68 31

+ A ti1 e

69 32

- 4 4 4 4 4 70 33

g i r 4 71 34

laga;/s d q q @ 71 34a

Sign List Sign List

L e numun 4 72 35

* . 6 - < ti AK 73 36

I- L E L bar

+ + a- a

74 37

Pg. + + + nu + 75 38

W me& +4 76 39

w fl Bu mugen

47 7 8 40

,+&f b+q *E .- q 4 T i c

79 w

41 - i €5 ghl 4 4 k 4

80 42

Sign List Sign List

99 s i n

53a

d i r a 100

4H 54

* sur T )5ur 101 55

$i Puih m325

703 +7r

56

inanna

103

+T ghba qr fa

103c 56b

Am- Etj= AF- 57

aggab & 104 57a

A BZ duran 108 60a-

122b 66

diri 123 67

Sign List Sign List 5 3

Sign List Sign List

_L/1L

m * z@!=#% d"8 167 89

eden

168 M

90

I 70 m

9 1

The position of this sign according to Neo-Assyrian order follows R. Labat, Manuel d'kpigraphie akkadienne, Paris 1976~, 104-105, although this sign should be placed among the signs that begin with three horizontals. This inconsistency is due to the ancient scribes outside of Niniveh, who sometimes wrote this sign with only two horizontals, as if SAR and K E S ~ were the same sign in Neo-Assyrian script. See R. Borger, ABZ, 138, sign 331e ("Auch wie n 152").

5 6 Sign List

L dW=f du

L3 r h 2~ 206 101

ABZ 206

la% b 3 3

101a

w ib f l ~ 207 102

?EF=- ange

208 P

103

ddr =a 208 103a

gegtin :$X 21 0 104

m-mbpq fis @ uls

21 1 n i t a 105

gala +q H 21 1 105a

wm is,

21 2 ;;ar LT 106

m*pmlsJ@+ bi b6 i3 21 4 107

n&

231 n i 112

231 112a

PPp ir 2F 232 11 3

W a G 6 ge26

233

bFd 114

ABZ 233,22 PJ g i t a 233 I I4a

237 dagal a l l 5

24ic aI6

Sign List Sign List

L k i s a l

par4 249 117

sila, 252 118

rn cr urul 2

255

a 11 9

m gal ga

278 3 120

dag 280 bWFt 121

* * * * gidru

295

pa % ugula 122

r i g 7 4 4 3 2 9 5 ~ 122a

maigim

295d 122b

295k *fl

122c

Qnsi & H f l 295 122d

s i p a

295m &H 122e

2 96 -0 a $$ gig 3 1 2 3 k i r i 5 j$m

752 ABZ 331e 123a

296 ~ 6 . t ~ dg$3b gigtu @&pq

296 123c

Sign List Sign List

&ru4 kala

gig1

esi

L nir

325 139

g i4

ge4 m

326 140

d l @ @ ra

328 Kcg 141

16

J s P * 330

* J?P 142

u r i n

331

> FA% gel %iZ 143

G r i ~~~ W3a

331 i 5 g#@R*

nanna

331

+dl& 143c

zh rn 322 144

Sign List

64 Sign List

373 166

mug

374 167

tir FHR 375 168

Q % @ * t e temen 376

Yr 169

unu6 fld 376 169a

376*

oVV m kar ~ r n 169b

babbar " 4 Q 9 3 ? s q bar6

u4

381 ud 170

utu + 8 381 b e b b a ~ a$17oa

dadag

I 7ob l a m a $-@

381 170c d

381 4'w

170a zimbir 8k$m@

381 buranun r E m 170e

381 170f

% q* 383 171

@ +* ra f l 384 172

392 qw 69 Qvr

173

'% &in

393 B

174

Q nmue 394

<?A 175

0 O Q 8hr 0

396 176

66 Sign List

" P W @ im

399 4G

P 177 i'kur +&R

399 7 77a +NC+T

399 177b

401

64 ++qb bur 46 178

P * bug &<E 402 179

4? @ @ kam 4- 406 180

Q < < b6ru

u

8 ~ 4 &u&

Q

0 10 41 1 181

w u@;u 41 2

++v 182

yw ugun 41 8

4%V 183

&;tar +<g&y 41 8 183a

Bb <E- 420 184

utul 4: Jjg 420 184a

68 Sign List

nigin ~~~H'IT "8

"+ igi

449 8 i 196

457 1 silim 202 I

Sign List Sign List

diir dab5 t u s

umu8 t fig

fib R B E 221 5 36 durunx

The readings of the signs DUR2 1 TUG2 1 SE] given here are those that occur in the texts in this book. For further information about how to distinguish these signs in third millennium sources see R. Biggs, JCS 20 (1966) 77, fig. 1; 77f., note 37; 87, note 101; J. Krechcr, WO 18 (1987) 18f.

U ~ U

l u 537 222

6 W l 0 ki$

538 223

bEEr siki 539

HE 224

I l l I eren

541 225

&fi

545 1

226

+*f+ k&& i*w

546 227

w gudul != 546 228

p 8 D @ - mi

gal4

554 munus

c* 229

#@=w nin cd 556 2 30

557 * 1 P t e

231

geme c d d 558 232

Sign List Sign List

L

gu 559 233

W na, ~4 560 234

N hbhu cer 562 235

ulnma H*rqH 562 235a

a s i k i l cw 564 2 36

@ 4 % ~ num ~ y m fct: 565 murgu 237

w w l$H4 567 238

IT min 2

570 239 " 'I

Qu susana

571 1/3 E 240

573 &f kingusili $Ep 5/6

241

574 k t - k 242

u r

575 w 243

L a

579 244 &Dl

579 ri -F

244a

579 i7 RE

244b

buranun Tf Bmfl 381 244c

I I I I lf za

586

1% 245

7$; 4 $4 rk 4 9a %%< 246

m e95 3

m 593 247

5 IliFP gi iz4 iga W

248

P P E K Ear $4. n ig 597 249

i a

5 598a

W 250

imin

598c 7 251

LIST OF PHONETIC VALUES APPENDIX 1 REC SIGNS This List contains the honet tic values in alphabetical order. The number I

I

accompanying each phonetic value refers to the number of its sign in our sign list.

2 30 w @* utul12 a 244 bal 6 dil 11 1 esag, 138a 252 A 146 bala 6 d"6 203a esi 137a

ab 70 bhda 7 8 d"7 193 eS 207 Ab 184 bhppir 107a dug 89 CS 22 1

CAPACITY MEASURES abzu 3a bar 37 176 bS 70 I REC 0 2 498 ( bariga) ?

253

SURFACE MEASURES

REC 0 0 509

I (biir)

254

REC 4 \ 10 " 51 0 (=bur 'u)

255

REC 0 51 1 60 I'

256

I 248 b6 107 dug 129 ezem/n 82 agrig 199 bi 107 dugud 194

52 bi 92 dul 203 akkil 49 bu 165 dul, 22 1 g a 134

125 bur 155 dumu 7 8 ga 114

I alam/n 161 bilru 181 dur 60 gada 48 dim 185 buranun 170f dCr 22 1 gag 11 1 am 9 1 244c dGr 103a gal 151 im 244a duran 60a gal 42

am6 10 durun, 221a gal4 229 ama 115 da 147 gala 105a amar 191 dab, 22 1 galga 120 ambar 216 dadag 167b e 128 gan 77 an 10 dag 121 C 138 g h a 58 anSe 103 daial 115 b 170d Eanun 116 anzu 177b dam 23 1 el 1 203 b gar 249 ar 198 dar 63 eden 90 ga'ra 134a asila, 83 dira 54 elam 189a g L 145 PRE-SARGONIC YEAR DATES (texts 33-34 and 40-44) dS 149 dC 148 en 53 g e 45

I aHa, 58 db 92 bn 25 ge4 140 aSgab 57a de6 101 22 ge26 114 engar I . (year)* 2. (year) e tc .

di 202 212 gCme 23 2 engur 257 dilmun 112a Cnsi 122d gen 101

ba 2 dim 192 br 17 g CS 209 I

babbar 170 digir 10 eren 225 gC&u 219 bhbbar 170b diri 67 eridu 47a geStin 104 bhd 84 dig 209 6rim 92a gCStu 123b b a a r 129a du 101 Crin 174 gbltu 123c

76 List of Phonetic Values

g i 45 i 76 kingusili 241 mi 229 gi4 140 i 112 kiri, 123a min 239 gi6 186 l7 2441, kisal 117 mu 27 gi6 186 ia 250 kii 206 mii 86 gig 196 ib 220 ku4 24 mu1 7 1 gi16 30 ib 102 k"5 9 mun 5 1 gibil 93 ibila 78a kur 163 munus 229 gid 165 ig 42 ldr 26 murgu 237 gidru 122 igi 196 kuS 4 mu8 167 gig4 248 fl 135 kuS7 106 miiS 56 gfgir 215 im 177 fiSu 235 muSen 40 gim 192 imin 25 1 g h 163 in 80 gir 7 inanna 56a la 2 1 na 33 gin17 11 inim 11 19 210 "a4 110 giS 123 ir 113 lagaS/s 34a nagar 234 giggal 16b iri 13 lab5 lOla nam 41 gu 233 iS 106 larsa 170c nammu 212 86 59 ilkur 177a le 25 nanna 143c gh 11 iStaran 1 l a li 25 nanSe 98 g"4 1 24 iti 19 li 112 nar 159 g"7 12 izi 92 li, 92 ne 92 g"lo 27 lik 243 nC 112 gub 101 1 fl 131 ni 112 gum 96 ka 11 limmu 68 ni 177 @'nu4 97 kd 7 2 lu 222 40 21 1 gur 61 ka5 159 1 ii 142 nig 249 giir 135 kad4 158 l"5 159 nigh 21 1 gUr4 21 1 kala 137 lugal 8 1 nigh 195 @'.a 24 kalam 130 lub 136 nigir 154 gurlo 223 kam 180 lum 237 nim 189 gurll 134 klm 158 nin 230 gurus 137 kar 169b nina 98a

k L 58 ma 150 nimu 208 kas 88 md 65 nir 139

ha 246 kas4 100 mab 23 nita 105 hb 77 ke4 131 mar 127 nu 38 hu 40 kCH 85 marduk 191a nii 188 hul 201 kbS 227 maS 37 niim 237 bur 178 ki 204 m AS 39 numun 35 huS 179 kib 109 maSkim 122b nun 47

kig 223 me 218 nunuz 175 kilib 217 mi 186

A

m I

List of Phonetic Values 77

Pa 122 silim 202 ta 75 mug 97a PB 197 s h 53a tag 69 ur 243

Pa5 26a sipa 122e taka4 29 iir 119 117 sir 165 tar 9 iirdu 18

I Par4 I peg 153 su 4 te 169 uri 162 pi 17 1 sd 3 temen 169 iiri 143a PU 165 sii 166 ti 36 uri5 143b

PG 215 S"13 165 ti1 32 urin 143 su'en 53a tir 168 uru 13 suhuS 99 tu 24 Urn12 119

ra 141 sukkal 136 t& 22 1 uru16 53 ri4 101 sur 55 tuku 242 URUxA 16a re 46 tukumbi 157a Urn, 15

101 t6m 101 iis 105 ri 46 Ha 156 thm 190 US 105 n' 13 SB 172 tuS 22 1 uSum 8

rig7 122a Sab 122c uSumgal 151a ru 3 1 Sakan 187 utu 170a ni 11 1 S Ar 176 u 181 utul 184a rum 1 Ska 214 ii 133 utu112 252

Se 164 ii 200 Sb 221 U4 170

sa 57 Sen 5 213 za 245 si4 202 SeS 143 u18 16b z l 144 sa4 43 Si 196 ub 126 zal 112

160 Sim 108 Gb 22 1 zi 44 Sale 95 Sir 34 ud 170 zimbir 170e sag 64 Sita 114a ~ “ 5 66 zu 3 sagi 28a Sitim 192 udu 222 zG 11 s&ar 106 Su 157 as 130 sagga 132 56 226 ug5 84 s h 95 gu4 181 UgU 182 sar 86 Sub 3 1 ugula 122 sb 87 Sub, 44a Ugun 183 si 62 Siiba 56b lib 173 sig4 238 Subur 20 ul 193 sigls 137 Sudul 228 um 73 I

45 Sul 205 umbin 50 siki 224 S6m 87 umma 235a sikil 236 Sur 55 umuS 22 1 sila 9 SuS 181 un 130 sila 28 SuSana 240 unken 14 sila4 118 unu6 169a

a (mii) (amar-)a-a-si-ge4-da

a-ga (cf. warkatum) a-ra-zu (teshtum) a-rA (adi / -i-5u) a--ru (Sardkum) A (idum) A--Ag (wcirum D)

7

GLOSSARY

This glossary is divided into the following parts:

General Vocabulary Divine Names Personal Names Place Names Sacred Buildings Year Dates Year Names Festivals

The General Vocabulary contains the words that appear in the texts contained in this book. It does not claim to.give a detailed definition of each word, but rather the general sense. Particular meanings are given only when they are necessary to understand a particular passage; in such a case the passage in question is indicated. Grammatical elements are not included among the words that are defined.

The Akkadian equivalents, when known, are placed next to each Sumerian word: naturally, the Akkadian words themselves do not appear in the Sumerian texts. On the other hand, Sumerian equivalents are placed next to each Akkadian word in the Akkadian glossary.

Within the General Vocabulary the following grammatical terms and abbreviations are used:

bamtu / mare: for a discussion of these Akkadian grammatical terms that are used to describe aspects of the Sumerian verb, see P. Attinger, Elements de linguistique sum6rienne. La construction de dul /e/di adire>> (Orbis Biblicus et Orientalis, Sonderband; FribourgIGtittingen 1993), 4 1 19 and 4 120.

R = word root cf. (confer) is a way of indicating that the Akkadian represents an equivalent,

although such an equation does not explicitly appear in the ancient texts. It also indicates a semantic relationship rather than a translation.

GENERALVOCABULARY

SUMERIAN

water see amar-R-R-si-ge4-da

back room prayer x times to dedicate arm; strength; power; rent (3 1 :2) to give a command or an instruction

General Vocabulary 79

A- ...- ta at the prompting of; by means of the strength of Ab (litturn) COW

abzu (apsiim) see Sacred Buildings ad-da (abum) father Ag (madcidum) to measure (by means of a measure of capacity)

(A--)@ see A--R W(-g>-->Ag see ki--R

hga-kh--&(-g) to strike with a weapon; to conquer (see J. Klein, Studies Tadrnor, 3 10f.)

hga-6s (redem) policeman agrig (abarakkum) steward; an important temple administrator AK (epZum) to do; for the different readings of AK see A.

Cavigneaux, SAZ, 45-47; M. Powell, Studies Diakonoff, 3 14-3 19

(nig--)ak-(ak) see nig--R-(R) (Su-gibil--)ak see Su-gibil--R

akkil (ikkillum) lamentation a1 (allum) hoe; see note to z6 alam/n (salmum) statue dim (ditanum, kusarikkum) bison ama (ummum) mother ama-ar-gig (andurdrum) freedom? (gig is a graphic variant of gi4); lit.: to

return to mother, cf. G. Farber, AulOr 9 (1991) 87 amar (bnrum) calf; a young animal amar-a-a-si-ge4-da see Festivals ambar (apparum) swamp; canebrake. The reading /ambar/ is

conventional; according to PEa 42 (and other sources) it should rather be labbar/; see J. Krecher, AOAT 1 (1969) 171, note 20

an (Samii) heaven; sky an-ub-da (kibrdtum) regions; "quarter" anSe (imerum) donkey asila, [EZENxSILA* (rigtum) joy aSa5(-g> (eqlum) a plot of land; see GANA, aSgab (uikapum) leatherworker

ba (qiciSum) to donate (Su--)ba see SU--R

ba-al (beriim) to dig a canal; to channel babbar / b4bbar (namrum; pesiim) shining; white

(kii-)bAbbar see kii-R bad (darum) wall

A

(sig4-)b&ar bala (pahim)

(nu-)blinds (6-)bAppir (lii-)bAppir

bar (igi-gd-ni) (igi--)bar (igi-zi--)bar

bariga ('UL'; pars/s'iktum)

-bi-da(-ke4) (u) bhr (biirum)

dab5 (~abatum) (di--)dab5

dadag (namrum) (gCla--)&g

dagal 1. (rapcum) 2. (rapaSum D)

(Su-)dagal--(dul l) dam (&Saturn)

(kii-)dam-(takd dam-gAr (tamkarum)

(md-)dka-(abzu) (gii--)d6

de6 di (qabiim) [marc participle

of dul 1(-g)l di--dab5 (dinam SGuzum)

General Vocabulary

see sig4-R term of office; reign; dynasty see nu-R see Sacred Buildings see lii-R see note to igi-gd see igi--R see igi-zi--R

a measure of capacity (ca. 60 1.; cf. R1A 7,492ff.; 497 6 N.5) and a surface measure (loan from the Akkadian): 1 biir = 3 eSe = 18 iku = 1800 s/Sar (see RIA 7,480f. 8 n.11) to pierce

nearness (to someone; see J. Krecher, ASJ 9 [I9871 88, note 39) to seize; to take; to take away see di--R

pure; shining; bright see gA-la--R

wide to broaden see SU-R--dul 1

wife see kii-R-tak4

merchant (loan from the Akkadian); for the reading dam-gba instead of dam-gAr, see J. Bauer, ZA 61 (1971) 317ff. see Divine Names

mountain goat; the reading dba is conventional, see P. Steinkeller, SEL 6 (1989) 3-7 see mCR-abzu see gb-R see DU

to say; to speak

to take up a lawsuit; for a discussion of this term see E. Dombradi, FAOS 20/1,§ 224 and 5 421- 423 judge

General Vocabulary

2. (dinum) judgment

I dim (epeeurn)

@-)dim diri-...- 88 diS (istiin) du (alcikum [marii])

to build; to make see kii-R

beyond one to go

(mun-)du see mun-R dii [*dru] (baniim; epgcum) to build; to construct; to erect (for dh/h = dru see

P. Steinkeller, JCS 35 [I9831 249f.) (gfr--)dii see gir--R (giS--)dii see gig--R

du7 (wasmum) fitting; suitable; necessary @6-)du7 see b6-R (SU--)du7 see Su--du7

du8 1. (labanum) to spread; to mould bricks 2. (pehiim) to coat with pitch; to caulk

(Su-)dug-(a--DU) see Su-R-a--DU (igi-nu-)dug see igi-nu-R

dulo(-g) @bum) good; favorable; pleasing duli(-g) (qabiim; dababum [hamfu]) to say; to declare

(sA--)dul l-dul I see sd--R-R (Su-dagal--)dul see SU-&gal--R (Su-tag--)dul see Su-tag--R

I (sag-)dub see note to sag-R I

dugud (kabtum) dul (katamum)

heavy; important to cover

82 General Vocabulary General Vocabulary

du15 (katamum)

dumu 1. (mrum) 2. (martum)

dumu-KA dumu-mi (martum) dumu-tu-da gisddr-gar (kussiim; durga(r)rii)

dar (miirum) dim-KAS4 (Saniim)

to cover (du15 is the graph used in Pre-Sargonic texts such as in 18 ii 4. It is later replaced by dul) child; son daughter grandson (see A. Sjoberg, HSAO, 209f.) daughter son of (lit.: son born (of)); see note to tu(-d) chair; throne (see H. Waetzoldt, R1A 8,327f., § 5.2) foal donkey foal (the reading of KAS4 is uncertain, cf. MSL VIII/l, 52: 380-38 1) to place (objects [15 iii 31); for DUR2DUR2 = durun, (plural form of the verb tug) see P. Steinkeller, OrNS 48 (1979) 55f., note 6 see d-R

e (qabiim [marc]) to say; see dul l(-g) 6 (bitum) house; temple (see the names in Sacred Buildings);

plot of land 6-gal (ekallum) palace 6-mi women's residence (see K. Maekawa,

Mesopotamia 819 [1973-1974177ff.) b [hamtu; marc: b(-d)] (wqiim G, 5) to (let) go out; to come out; to lead out; to bring

out; to appear (as a witness) (pa--)b see pa--R

el l(-d) (waradum 5) to bring down; to fetch d e n (edinu; $drum) steppe; plain

(gd-)den-(na) see gd-R-na en 1. (enum) a kind of priest; a partner in the sacred marriage

2. (belum) lord (ki-)en-(gi(-r)) see ki-R-gi(-r)

en-nu-ug5 (massarturn) guard; watchpost (the reading en-nu-ug5 (not 1-ug& is confirmed by MSL XII, 101: 167; 116: 14 contrary to J. Krecher, Studies MatouH II,37)

(sag-)bn-(tar) see sag-R-tar engar (ikkarum) farmer engar-gu4-ra farmer (and) oxherd (see H. Steible, FAOS 912,

54f .) 6nsi (SSiakkum) city ruler Bnsi-gal a kind of priest(?) gis)eren (erenum) cedar(wood)

(nam-)6rim (nam-)brim--(ku5(-d?> (nam-)6rin

esag, ( ~ 2 5 ~ ) (qaritum)

eS (= eS5; SalaS) bS (bitum) el5 (SalaS) ezem/n (isinnum)

ga (Sizbum) gd-la--dag (naparkiim) *@-~m-dulo(-g) gd-gl%-Sub-ba (nalbanum)

(na-)gada gisgag-si-sd (Siltahurn) gal 1. (rabiim)

gal-zu (miidiim) (6-)gal (6nsi-)gal

gdl--taka4 (petcm) (igi-(x-))Ed1 (nir-)gd (zi-)gd-(la)

white cedar(wood) see nam-R see nam-R--la5(-d? see nam-R storeroom; for E ~ S E = alesag, see J. Krecher, Studies MatouS II,36; A. Sjoberg, ZA 83 (1993) 15f. diorite (as in (all?) of Gudea's statues); olivine- gabbro (see W. Heimpel, RA 76 [I9821 65ff; ZA 77 [I9871 48f.) three (36:4) sanctuary (see CAD B, 282, lexical section) three festival; feast. The reading ezemln is conventional; for /izim/ or Iizinl in OB and pre- OB sources, see A. Sjiiberg, ZA 83 (1993) 15; P. Steinkeller, Studies Hallo, 245. For particulars about the festivals that appear in texts 41-44, see the information in Festivals

milk (see M. Stol, R1A 8, 189ff.) to stop working see Divine Names

brick making shed (see D.A. Foxvog, N.A.B.U. 199817) see na-R

arrow big; mighty; great chief (34 vi 4) wise; intelligent see 6-R see 6nsi-R

to open see igi-(x-)R see nir-R see zi-R-la see giri17-Su--R see gd-gig--R see zi-SB-R

female sexual organs; vulva (/-la/ in gal4-la /*galla/ is a phonetic complement)

84 General Vocabulary

gala (kaMm)

galga (milkum) gan (wdlittum) (mA->gan

GANA2 (eqlum)

ganun (gan~num) gar (Sakanum)

(giSdcr-)gar (igi--)gar (NE.NE-)gar (s8-)gar (dam-)ghr

gen (aldkum [bmtu, singular]) g6S (S=i) g6S-u (neru) geStin (karanum) g6Stu(-g) / g&Stu(-g) 1. (uznum)

2. (basisurn) gi (apum; qaniim) gi-gii-na (giguniim)

gi-gunu4 gi (-n N gi-in) (ktinum G, D)

(ki-en-)gi(-r) gi4 (ttirum G, D)

(ki-bi--)gi4-(gi4) (Su--)gi4

gi6(-g) (?almum) (kas-)gi6

gi6-par4 (gipa(r)ru) (ama-ar-)gi8

gi16-sa (ddriim, ddritum) (SU-)gibil--(AK)

gid (Sadadurn) (m8-)gfd

gidru (baflum)

liturgical singer (see J. Krecher, SKLy, 27f., 35f.); the archaic spelling of gala was GIS~.DUR~ 'penis + anus' (see P. Steinkeller / J.N. Postgate, MC 4, 37) advice said about females: "which bore or can bear" see ~ B - R ~ ~

a plot of land; for GANA2(-g) = aHa5(-g) see M. Civil, JCS 25 (1973) 171ff. and M. Powell, ibid., 178ff. storehouse; granary to set; to put see giSd6r-R see igi--R see NE.NE-R see s8-R see dam-R

to go sixty six hundred grape juice; bunch of grapes ear understanding; wisdom reed a sacred building ('reed chamber'; see Sacred Buildings) a sacred building ('reed chamber'), see gi-gii-na to be firm; to make firm; to be steadfast; to be stable; to fix; to award; with ka-g.a: to agree with a statement see ki-en-R

to return; to bring back; to take a case up again see ki-bi--R-R see Su--R

dark see kas-R

dwelling of the en-priest or en-priestess see ama-ar-R

lasting; of lasting value see Su-R--AK

to drag; to tow; to measure; to manage (38:7) see mCR

scepter

I General Vocabulary 85 I

giSgigir (narkabtum) -gim (kima) gir--DU3

(dnin-)gir-(su 1/2)

wagon; chariot like to cut off(?) see Divine Names

nose; the conventional reading Nril is most likely

101 rev. I), whereas PEa Nippur indicates a reading /giri/ (= giri17), cf. PEa 305; 41 8

giri17-Su--gil (appam labdnum) to greet and entreat (lit.: to let the hand be at the nose; see U. Magen, BaF 9 (1986) 60-61; 104- 108)

giS 1. (&urn) tree; wood 2. determinative for wooden objects; the reading giS

is conventional; lexical (PEa 641) and other sources indicate a reading geS

gii-dii-a timber (see H. Steible, FAOS 9/2,43f.) gig--bur (eperum) to make a drawing; to design

cultic rule or ordinance (cf. G. Farber-Fliigge, St. Pohl 10, 181f.; AulOr 9 [I9911 85f.)

gig-@-ti (kiSlea/ittii) craftsman bed; see H. Waetzoldt, R1A 8,326f.; for GIS.NU?

see gG-R--g81 0-)giS see 1-R

giSgu-za (kussiim) throne; chair (see H. Waetzoldt, RIA 8,327f.) gu-za-18 (guzaliim) chair-bearer; throne-bearer gG-giS--gAl to provide a delivery of wood gh--d6 (nabiim) to call; to name gu4 (-d3 (alpurn)

(engar)-gu4-(ra) gu7 (akdlum)

(nig-)gu7-(a) -gulo (-i/- ja) gub (izuzzum G, S)

(gi-)gh-n(a) (gi-)gunu4

gur (thrum G, D) (m6-)gurg

steer; ox see engar-R-ra

to eat; to suck (milk); to enjoy the usufruct of something see nig-R-a

my to stand; to set up see gi-R see gi-R

to return; to give back see md-R

General Vocabulary

(ne-lba ba-la (zittum) ha-lu-db (bahluppum) be-du, (wusmum) bd-&il (&(n)gallum; tubdum) bul (Sulputum)

(CiS-)hur (@$--)bur

bur-sag (hrkinum) hug (buSSlim; ruSSlim)

i (Samnum) 1-bi-la (aplum) )-dug (atlim) 1-giS (ellum; Sarnnum) i7(-d) 1. (ndrum)

2. ia (hamis> hila (aplum) ig (daltum) igi (inum) igi- ...- S& (mabar) igi--bar (amarum; napbum)

see Se-R--ku5 see nig-R

an adult; young man; recruit; worker

see ne-R lot; assigned portion oak(?) (see BSA 3, 135; 146; BSA 6, 159; 182) decoration overflow; abundance to destroy; to ruin; for a discussion of the verb l?pl/<->/?julu/ see J. Krecher, AOAT 240, 192f., with note 103 see gig-R see gig--R

hill country; mountainous region red; terrifying

to come out; to appear (in the phrase u4-ul-li-a-ta); there seems to be a semantic relation between /i/ and /&I, but it is uncertain whether /i/ and /&I can be considered as identical verbs vegetable oil; animal fat heir (syllabic writing of ibila) porter; door keeper sesame oil river; canal determinative for rivers and canals five heir (loan from the Akkadian?) (panel of a) door eye; glance in the presence of (said about witnesses at a trial) to look at (see J. Krecher, Kutscher Memorial Vol., 108ff.) a phrase used to express fractions (see J. Friberg, RIA 7,535f. § 3.1); the phrase bar igi-g81-ni (38:5) is difficult to define to appear before someone (37:3); for this use of igi--gar, corresponding to the Akkadian pani Sakanum, see E. Dombradi, FAOS 20/1,§ 402

igi-zi--bar (kiniS naplusum) fl (-am)

(sag--)a im Ctidum) imin (sebe)

I I him (awatum) I

him-ma--s&(-g)

I (Id-)him-(ma) (Id-ki-)him-(ma)

ir (eri/~Sum) iri 1. (alum)

2. iti (warbum)

izi (Saturn) izi--18

ka-al(-ak) (cf. kalakkurn)

ka(-g) (plim)

ka-Sakan

1 (dumu-)KA kd (babum) kala(-g) (dannum) kalam (matum) Yam (nakarum D) kar (karum)

(Bga-)kQ--(s&(-g)) kas (Sika/arum)

kas-gi6(-g) kas-sig15

(dbr-)KAS4 kt%(-d? (*keS(e)dr/*kSed?

(rakasum)

General Vocabulary 87

helper; unskilled worker (see G.J. Selz, FAOS I 1 to choose; to legitimate (lit.: to look on favorably) to lift; to bring, to convey; to endure see sag--R

clay; loam seven (<*fa-min, 5+2) word; statement; decree to imagine (lit.: to place in a word; see M. Civil, Studies Birot, 75) see 16-R-ma see lil-ki-R-ma

fragrance; perfume; fragrant city; district determinative for cities month (for the individual month names see the index in M.E. Cohen, Cultic Calendars, 483ff.) fire to purify with fire (see J. Bauer, AfO 4014 1 [I9931 941 95; for a reading bi--18, to spread smoke, see J. Krecher, OrNS 54 [I9851 147, note 31)

loam pit (23 ii 22; 25 ii 14; see D.A. Foxvog, N.A.B.U. 199817) statement (in the expression ka.g- ... -a--gi(-n) [37:11; 38:29]; see J. Krecher, ZA 69 [I9791 1-3) chief oil-maker (see P. Steinkeller, FAOS 17,200, and (ka-)Sakan below) see dumu-R

gate strong; mighty land (specifically, Sumer) to overturn; to change (29:7) quay see hga-R--s&(-g)

beer (fermented barley); alcoholic beverage (see CAD 3111,428, discussion section) dark beer light beer (see M. Powell, HANEIS 6, 104ff.) see dbr-R

to bind (see A. CavigneauxIF. Al-Rawi, ZA 85 [I9951 36, note 8)

88 General Vocabulary

(~6--)k6l(-d? ki 1. (drum)

2. ki- ...- ta ki-bi--gi4-(giq) (ana airis'u turrum) ki-en-gi(-r; *kengir)

(16-)ki-(him-ma) ki-tul (Subtum) ki-uri

ki(-g)--4g 1. (rbmum) 2. (nardmum)

(gig-)HE-(ti) kilib (napharum) kingusili (parasrab)

(nu-)kiri6(-k) kisal (kisallum) Eli4 (muttatum) M(-g) 1. (elelum D)

2. (ellum) 3. (kaspum)

M-b4bbar (kaspum) M-dam-taka4 (uzubbiim) M-dim (kuttimmum) M-luh (kaspum mesiim) M-sig l7 (hurasum)

(h--)ku4

ku5(-d? (nakasum) (di-)ku5(-d? (nam--)ku5(-d? (nam-brim--)ku5(-d? (le-gurlo--)ku5(-d? (umbin--)ku5(-dr)

kur 1. (Sadiim) 2. (matum)

Mr (nakdrum) kul (mdkum) kuS7 (kiziim)

see z6--R place; location; area; world determinative for place names disbursed by (lit.: from the place of) to restore (lit.: to return to its place) the land of Sumer (what the Sumerians called their land); see Place Names see 16-R-him-ma

dwelling the land of Akkade (uri <*war(i); what the Sumerians called Akkade); see Place Names to love; to show affection beloved see gil-R-ti

totality five-sixths see nu-R

courtyard half (in 39:21 it refers to the hair of the head) to purify; to make culticly pure pure; holy silver silver divorce-settlement silversmith refined silver gold (see A. Sjoberg, JCS 40 [I9881 174) see h--R (this verbal root must be distinguished from ku4(-r) because it can appear as h--ku)

to (let) enter; to bring in (see J. Krecher, ZA 77 [I9871 7ff.) to cut see di-R see nam-R see nam-6rim--R see Se-gurlO--R see umbin--R

mountain; mountain range land to change skin (41 i 5) groom (see A. Cavigneaux, N.A.B.U. 19921103)

14 1. (Sagalum) 2. (mati) (izi--)I8

l a 5 (DU.DU; see DU) (mC)lah5

limmu (erbe) lu (balalum) 16 (awtlum) 16-bhppir (sirasiim)

I M-him-ma (Stbum)

16-ki-him-ma (Sibum)

16-m4-gur8 16-nig-tuku (cf. raSiim)

(nam-116-(him-ma) lugal 1. (Sarrum)

2. (belum) (mu-)lugal (mu-)lugal--(PA(-d)) (nam-)lugal (M-)lub (Su-)luh

ma-na (maniim)

m8 (eleppum) m4-gid

m4-gur8 (makurrum) (16-)m4-(gur8)

m4-la5 (malahum) m a (strum)

(sukkal-)m& ma's 1. (laWm; urgum)

2. (sibturn) malkim (ra bkum)

General Vocabulary

to weigh; to pay; to bear (in gu-za-18) minus see izi--18

to bring (used for a plural object) see m4-R

four to mix person; man brewer (for a possible reading of the variant LU~.$IM I LU~.SIMXGAR as l%unga see P. Steinkeller, FAOS 17,291) witness (see S. Oh'e, ASJ 1 [I9791 69-84; I.J. Gelb et alii, OIP 104,234) witness (see S. Oh'e, ASJ 1 [I9791 69-84; I.J. Gelb et alii, OIP 104,233f.) boat captain debtor (lit.: a person who has something) see nam-R-him-ma

king master; owner see mu-R see mu-R--pa(-d) see nam-R see M-R see lu-R

mina (a unit of weight, ca. 500 gr.; see M. Powell, RIA 7,510 5 V.5) ship (the one) who tows the barge (full of first fruits to Enlil at Nippur; epithet of Gudea in 24 i 9) cargo boat see 16-R-gur8

sailor exalted; high see sukkal-R kid; he-goat produce; interest commissioner (see D.O. Edzard1F.A.M. Wiggermann, R1A 7,449ff.)

90 General Vocabulary

me 1. (baStim) 2. (mti; parsum)

me-lig(-m) (melemmum) mi (sinniitum)

(dumu-)mi (&)mi (nig-)mi-(6s-sQ

min (Sina) mu 1. (Sumum)

2. (Sattum) mu- ...- a(k)-l&

mu-lugal mu-lugal--ph(-d)

mu--PA(-d) ((Sumam) zakarum)

mu-sar-ra (mrcs/Sarti) mu-l&--,a4 mu-6s-sa (Sanitum Sattum) mu-x

m6 (wqtim 3) mu1 (nabatum G, 3) mun-du

munus (sinniitum) murgu- ...- ta

mulen 1. (&arum) 2.

to be divine power that makes the institutions of heaven and earth function (see G. Farber-Fliigge, RIA 7, 610ff.) terrifying glance (literally: shining divine power) woman see dumu-R see 6-R see nig-R-6s-si4

two name Year because (in a nominalized sentence) see mu-lugal--ph(d)

to swear by the king, lit.: "to call the king's name", corresponding to the Akkadian niS Sarrim zakdrum "to pronounce the king's life"; mu-lugal in 37:4 is an abbreviation for mu-lugal--ph to choose (lit.: to name (someone); said about the ruler chosen by the divinity) (royal) inscription to name; to give as name the following year year-x (indicates a date according to a notable event that took place during the year) to make grow to (let) shine morning offering (see J. Bauer AWL, 41 1 ad I 1; CAD MIII, 202 f, disc. section; L. Milano, RIA 8, 25 sub 3) woman after; for the reading murgu (= LUM) see E. Sollberger, AOAT 25,440, note 15 bird determinative for birds

na ([in alamln-na(-ni-lh)] abnum) stone (22 iii 2; 23 iii 16, iv 17; 26 ii 7); na is the original graph for the word 'stone' (usually written naq), see P. Steinkeller, BiOr 52 (1995) 707

na-gada (naqidum) herdsman (loan from the Akkadian) na-n5-a (nartim) stele (lit.: 'set up, erected stone')

(ma-)na see ma-R

na4 1. (abnum) 2.

nagar (nagarum) nam-

nam-brim (mamiturn) nam-brim--ku5(-d? nam-6rin

nam--ku5(-d") (nazarum) nam-16-inim-ma (Sibatum) nam-lugal (Sarratum) nam-nin (belatum) nam-nir-g61 (muttallntu) nam-lita

nam-tar (Simtum) nam--tar (Siamum) nam-ti(-1) (balatum) nar (ndrum) ne-ha (nehtum) NE.NE-gar

ni (pulu&um) ni--tuku 1. (palahum)

2. (na'dum) ni--te(-g) (palahum) nig (Sa) nig-ak-ak (epstum) nig-gu7-a (ukultum) nig-gurl (makkarum)

I nig-mi-6s-sa (te/irhatum) i

~ nig-si4m (Simum) (16-)nig-(tuku)

nig-6-rum (makkarum) nig-ul (Sa siatim)

General Vocabulary

stone determinative for minerals and stones carpenter element used to form abstractions, such as in English -hood, -ship, and -scape

I

assertory oath to take the assertory oath assertory oath (variant writing of nam-6rim; see A. Falkenstein, NG 1,64, note 2) to curse the act of witnessing

distinction; superiority prayer (29:24; see H. BehrensIH. Steible, FAOS 6, 250f .) destiny to decree a destiny life musician rest (loan from the Akkadian) the fifth month in the Ur I11 calendar. Its

Cultic Calendars, 100- 104) awe to experience awe or fear awesome (cf. M.-J. Seux, Bpith&tes royales, 430f.) to fear; to respect a thing; something; a matter deed; activity consumption; food consumed possession; property

price (see P. Steinkeller, FAOS 17, 153ff.) see 16-R-tuku I

possession; acquisition what is fit for the cult (literally: what is primordial; for the reading ul rather than du7 see Ur-Nammu 26 ii 1 in H. Steible, FAOS 912, 124f.)

nigh 1. (lawiim) 2. (sa!zarum)

(Su-)nigh nigir (nagirum) nin (belturn)

(nam-)nin ninnu (harn/ns'cz)

(nam-)nir-g Al nita (zikarum)

(sag-)nita (udu-)nita

nu-bhda (laputtiim)

nu-kin6(-k) (nukarippum)

(en-)nu-(ug5) (igi-)nu-(du8)

numun (zerum) nun 1. (rubiim)

2. (rabiim)

pa--& (wapiim $) ph(-d) (nabiim)

(mu-lugal--)pii(-d) (mu--)PA(-d) (HA(-ge)--)PA(-d)

Pa5 (palgum) (gi6-)par4

p6 (bartum)

ni [*dru, see dii)] (baniim) (na-)ni-(a)

General Vocabulary

to surround to turn around; to go around; the marc-form N I B I N ~ N I ~ I N ~ (39:24) is most likely to be read nilo-nilo (*ne/inni, see J. Krecher, Studies MatouS II,53; 71, note 80; AOAT 240, 162) see Hu-R

herald lady see nam-R

fifty see nam-R

male; manly see sag-R see udu-R

inspector; overseer; captain (see D.O. Edzard, ZANF 21 (1963) 91ff.; P. Attinger, ELS, 156f.) gardener (for the etymology of the Akkadian nukaribb/ppum see M. Krebemik, BFE, 330) see en-R-ug5 see igi-R-dug

seed prince great; princely

to let shine to call; to name see mu-lugal--R see mu--R see SB(-ge)--R

ditch; canal see gi6-R

fountain

see du-R see SU-R see sag--R see a--R

to receive; to bring back (see G.J. Selz, ASJ 17 [I9951 274, note 103) to raise up; to set up see na-R-a

sa (riksum) s8-dul 1 (Sattukkum) s8--dul i-dul 1

s8-gar (malikum) (giSgag-si-)s8

sa6(-g) 1. (damqum) 2. (tabum)

salO(-salO) (Stimum) sag 1. (resum)

2. (reStum) 3. (rLiStiim)

sag-dub

sag-&n-tar (paqidum) sag--0 (regam ulliim)

sag-nita (regum) sag--rig7 (Sarakum)

sag-Su4 (kubSum) sag-6s (reSam kullum)

I

(bur-)sag (ur-)sag

sagga (Sangiim) I sagi (gctqiim)

s&ar (eperum) sar 1. (Satarum)

2. (mus/Sarum)

General Vocabulary

see 6-R

bundle regular offering to provide regular offerings adviser; counsellor see giSgag-si-R see si--R-R see mu-SB--R (sa4 is a conventional reading; in OB texts it should be read Se21)

good beautiful; fruitful to buy head; an architectural feature first-class first; first-class regular worker (see G.J. Selz, FAOS 1512,230f.); the meaning of sag-dub in 36:3 remains doubtful, see A. Falkenstein, NG 2,213, note to 3 overseer; guardian to raise up; lit.: to lift the 'head' (of a wall or temple); 28: 13-14; 29:30 (grown) man (see P. Steinkeller, FAOS 17, 130ff.) to donate (sag/salT-rig7 may be a loan from the Akkadian Sarakum) cap (see H. Waetzoldt, R1A 6,200f.) to be available; to care for something's maintenance (cf. M.-J. Seux, ~ ~ i t h & t e s royales, 440) see bur-R see ur-R

temple-administrator cup-bearer (loan from the Akkadian; see J.-J. Glassner, R1A 8,420-422) dust; earth to write a surface measure: 1 s/Sar = 60 gig4 = 1/100 ikiim (see R1A 7,479 $11.5) see mu-R-ra

to set (according to J. Krecher, AOAT 240, 195 the verbal roots s&(-g) and sb(-k) must be distinguished)

General Vocabulary

(Bga-kh--)s&(-g) si-(si(-g)) (maliim D)

(asil+--)si-si si-SA (is'arum) si--sd-sA (eierum 3; St)

(giggag-)si-(s A) sig4 (libittum) sig4-b&ar(-ra) (cf. agurrum)

siki (Sipatum) (udu-)siki

sikil (ellum) sila (qiim)

sila4 (puhadum) sipa(-d) (re'iim)

(6-TAR-)sir-(sir) (pa5-)sir-(ra)

su (zumrum; Sirum [text 281)

su13(-d? (arakum G, D) suhui (is'dum) sukkal (Sukkallum)

sukkal-m& (sukkalma&u) sur

Ha SB(-g) (libbum) SB(-ge--)pa(-d) HA-bi-ta

see Bga-kh--R to fill in see ad+--R-R

right; legal to get ready (24 iii 2); to yoke (25 iii 12-13) see giggag-R-sl

unbaked brick baked(?)lpotter's(?) brick; possibly to be read sig4(/Seg12)-slur,-ra, see P. Steinkeller, JNES 46 (1987) 59; JNES 52 (1993) 145 see kas-R (is sig15 a syllabic writing of sig17 (GI) "light colored"?)

wool see udu-R

pure; virginal a measure of capacity; liter-vessel; in Pre-Sargonic Lagag as well as in the standard Akkad-Old Babylonian system 1 sila equals approximately 1 liter (see M. Powell, RIA 7,497 5 IV.4-5) lamb shepherd see Sacred Buildings see Place Names

body; flesh (28:7,24); as for 39: 13 su/kuS= zumrumlmdkum must be taken into consideration, cf. A. CavigneauxIF. Al-Rawi, ZA 83 [I9931 202- 205 to satisfy? (34 v 1; this translation is based on the context; sh-sii(-g), literally "to make empty" remains difficult) to be long; to lenghten; to last foundation courier; a high-ranking official (the reading sukkal is conventional; in OB and Pre-OB sources suga17 is preferable) prime-minister the meaning of sur in 39:21 remains uncertain

element used in fractions content; interior to choose (lit.: to call in the heart) from it (lit.: from its inside)

(zi-)$a-(gal) duggab (Sappum) (ka-)Hakan

$fir(-SAr) (deSiim D) Se (Se'um) Se-ga (migrum) Se-gurlO-h5(-d") (esedum)

Him 1. (riqum) 2. 3.

(nam-)Sita Sitim (itinnum) Su (qatum) Su--ba(-dr/r) (wuSSurum)

Su--du7-du7 (Suklulum) (giri17-)Su--(gzil)

Su--gi4 Su--tag (za'anum D) Su--ti (leqiim) Su--iir (pddtum)

Su-nigh (napharum) Su-ri (miSlanu)

Su-tag--dul (za'anum D)

General Vocabulary

see zi-R-gzil pot; vessel see ka-R (the reading HakanJSagan for SU,.GAN, is conventional)

to make abundant grain; barley favorite (cf. M.-J. Seux, ~ ~ i t h & t e s royales, 448ff.) The twelfth month in the Ur I11 calendar. Its Babylonian equivalent was the month of a(d)daru. The Sumerian means escdum "to harvest" (see M. Cohen, Cultic Calendars, 119-124). The reading gurlo is not certain, see M. Civil, FI, 170f.; J. Bauer, JAOS 115 [I9951 294 see DUB.R

brother (for a reading ses instead of SeS see J. Bauer, AoN 1985,2, n. 21) scent; fragrance fragrant determinative for perfumes see nam-R

house builder hand; control to release (see J. Krecher, Kutscher Memorial Vol., 11 lff.) to complete; to finish see ginl7-R--g81

to lead back; to bring back; to give back to decorate; to adorn to receive to erase (an inscription; lit.: to flatten the hand [on something]) to supply with abundantly to act as guarantor for (see J. MarzahnIH. Neumann, AoF 22 [I9951 115, ad I1 1') to renew purification ritual (cf. G. Farber-Fliigge, St.Poh1 10, 191ff.) total half (see J. Friberg, RIA 7,536 5 3.1; G.J. Selz, ASJ 17 [I9951 274) to sprinkle (in 23 iii 8-10 and 25 iii 3-5 it is said about oil (I) and fine scent (ir-nun)) see sag-R

General Vocabulary

(g4-gi%-)Sub-(ba) Siiba (cf. namrum)

Sudul (nirum)

(ki- ...-) ta (murgu- ...-) ta (gig--)tag &--)tag (Su-)tag--(dul l) (&%-)taka4 (E-dam-)taka4

(nam--)tar (sag-8n-)tar (C-)TAR-(sir-sir)

(ni--)te(-g) temen (temmenum)

(gig-kig-)ti (nam-)ti &-)ti

ti1 (gamcirum) (di-)til-(la)

tir (qiitum) tu(-d) (wal6dum)

tiig (subaturn) tuku 1. (Slim)

see g4-sib-R-ba shining (like the colour of the Siiba-stone [agate?]; for the variant readings /S/suba/, /subi/ see A. Sjoberg, JCS 40 [I9881 172f., note 6) yoke (the reading Sudul for S U ~ . D U L ~ is conventional) to give; to hand over; to lend see zB-R

one third

see ki- ...- R see murgu- ...- R see gig--R see Hu--R see Su-R--du see gd1--R see M-darn-R see nam--R see sag-8n-R see Sacred Buildings see ni--R

foundation peg (see S. Dunham, RA 80 [I9861 31- 64) life (the form a-ba-ti-la-da "so long as he lives" is difficult to explain. According to PSD A/I, 47,5. S.V. a-ba, it is sandhi writing. A. Falkenstein, NG 3, 166 S.V. ti(1) suggests that it means u4 ba-ti-la- da) see giS-kig-R see nam-R see Su--R

to destroy; to exterminate see di-R-la

forest; grove (PEa 457: te-er) to give birth; to make (a statue 21 iii 9-10; 22 iii 2- 3); the traditional reading tu(-d) is retained here since PEa 684-685 notes tu-6 [= marti?] as well as du-6 [= bamtu?]; see J. Krecher, AOAT 240, 160f. garment; clothing to have; with the infix I-da-/: to have a claim against somebody (30:5,8) to marry

(lii-nig-)tuku (ni-)tuku

tukumbi (Summa) tiim

(dg~-)&m-(dulo(-g>> tuS (wdcibum G, 3)

u (Sammum) ii-a (zaninum)

ii-rum 6-durunx(DUR2.DUR2)-na

(dba-)~2 ii--ku4 (salcilum)

(gd-)gl%-Sub-ba u4 (~mum) u4- ...(- a) (inu) u4-ba (ina amiSu) u4-bi-ta u4-Sb-US-e (iimiSam) u4-ul-li-a-ta (iStu iim sidtim)

ug (labrum) u1 8-ru (sirum; ellim)

ub (tubqum) (an-)ub-(da)

ud5 [*uzd] (enzum)

udu (immerum) udu-nita (immerum) udu-siki iig (niSa)

(en-nu-)ug5 ugu (eli)

ugula (waklum) ul (cf. ulllim)

General Vocabulary 97

see lii-nig-R see ni-R

if; in case see DU see Divine Names

to cause to dwell; to settle (for the plural form of this verb see durun,) see ki-R

grass; a plant

possession (see G.J. Selz, FAOS 1512, 110f.) brushwood(?); hay(?); for a discussion of this term (oven-grass?) see G.J. Selz, FAOS 1512,320f. see Divine Names

to sleep; to rest (see (ii--)kuq) see g4-R

day when at that time; then

from long ago (for the meaning of ul and /i/ in this expression see J. van Dijk, AcOr 28 [I9641 33) ewe exalted; high (see M.-C. Ludwig, SANTAG 2, 107ff.) comer; a small room see an-R-da

/uzud/ see G. Selz, WO 26 [I9951 196) sheep ram wool-bearing sheep people; population see en-nu-R

on; over (the reading ugu for U.GU3 is conventional) chief; overseer (loan from the Akkadian) distant (in time, either past or future)

98 General Vocabulary

(nig-)ul (u4-)ul-(li-a-ta)

umbin--la5(-d? (gullubum)

umuS (pmum) unken (pubrum)

unu6 (mmVabum; Subtum; makalum)

ur (kalbum)

ur-sag (qarradum) (Su--)hr

drdu(-d) (wardum) uri (akkadiim)

(ki-)uri urin (urinnum)

urn12

urnl6(-n) (dannum; naklum) ds 1. (rediim)

2. (em~dum) (sag-)ds (mu-)ds-(sa) (nig-mi-)ds-(sa)

US (uSSum) (&a-)ds

uSumgal (uSumgallum) utul (utullum) (d~ul-)utul~,

za-gin (uqniim) (Sisgu-)za

zh(-g)--SuS (cf. Simtum)

see nig-R see u4-R-li-a-ta

to shave; to shear (literally: to pluck with the fingernail) decision; understanding (29 i 6) assembly (i*hg-kig, lit.: seeking (= consulting) the people) living room; dining room? (where the gods received their food offerings); sanctuary (cf. A. Falkenstein, OrNS 35 [I9661 239ff.; D. Charpin, clerg6,337ff.) dog; for the meaning of ur in Personal Names like U~-*DN see R. Di Vito, StPohl SM 16, 116ff.; for Akkadian PN's containing the element kalbum see CAD K, 72 i) hero see SU--R

slave; servant; subordinate Akkadian see ki-R

standard the reading urnl2 expresses the verbal root iir (see Su--hr) plus the verbal ending -e strong; clever (see M. Civil, Studies Sjoberg, 55) to (make) follow to border; when said about ships, to dock see sag-R see mu-R-sa see nig-mi-R-sa

foundation; pit(?) see hga-R

dragon (lit.: big snake) herdsman (<*udu+lu, pasturing sheep) see Divine Names

lapis-lazuli see B S g u - ~

to brand; to mark (see D. Foxvog, ZA 85 [I9951 Iff.)

General Vocabulary 99 '1 I zal 1. (Sutebriim) to pass

2. (nasahum) when said about dating, u4-x zal-la means "on the x~ day"

zi(-d) (kinum) true; lawful, right; legitimate; legitimating zi-Ed-la (Siknat napis'tim) living being

zi(-r) (pasasum D) to destroy; to annihilate I I your see gal-R see a-ra-R

kagirum; rakasum) to oblige; for zd--keg(-dr [*keSedr 1 kSedr]) see A. 1 CavigneauxIF. Al-Rawi, ZA 85 (1995) 36ff.

ilum (digir) -ma malikum (ad-gi4-giq) pubrum (unken) rimum iemiim (giS--tuku) Su (cf. Id)

u (-bi-da) ummum (ama)

AKKADIAN

(the) god and counselor; adviser assembly; council gift to hear the one who belongs to (in proper names of the Su- DN type) and mother

AMORITE

paternal uncle ("grandfather" according to J.M. Durand, CRRA 38 [I9921 120, note 174) healer

DIVINE NAMES

Each name is accompanied by:

1) Its etymology; 2) The chief cult place; 3) The god's chief features.

dama-u~umgal-an-na: 1) "'Lord-dragon' of Heaven" (see G.J. Selz, UGASL, 21f.); 3) Associated with Lugaluru(b) in Pre-Sargonic Lagag; eventually assimilated to Dumu- zi.

an: 1) "Heaven"; 2) Uruk; 3) Personification of heaven; nominal head of the Sumerian pantheon.

danzu(-d)musen (for the latest study of this name see B. Alster, RA 85 [I9911 Iff.); 3) Personification of the storm-cloud, represented as a white eagle. Anzu stole the tablet of destiny from Enlil, but Ningirsu conquered him, returned the tablet to Enlil, and thus became his ur-sag-kala-ga.

d b a - ~ 2 : 2) Goddess of Iriku(-g) in LagaS (see G.J. Selz, UGASL, 26ff.); 3) Vegetation goddess; Ningirsu's wife.

dda-gan: 2) The region of Mari; 3) The West-Semitic storm-god, originally a chtonic god (cf. D.R. Frayne, BCSMS 25 [I9931 40 with note 31-41).

dda-mu: 3) A god of healing; one of the disappearing and dying gods whose sister goes to search for him.

ddumu-zi(-d): 1) "'True Child"' (cf. Th. Jacobsen, JQR 76 [I9851 41-45); 2) God of Badtibira; 3) There are two traditions: one about Dumuzi the fisherman and one about Dumuzi the sheperd. The fisherman is from Ku'ara, the shepherd is from Badtibira. The shepherd is Inanna's "husband" whom she sends to the underworld to substitute her. He is the archetypal disappearing and dying god.

ddumu-zi-abzu: 1) "'True Child' of the Abyss"; 2) KinunirSa; 3) This divinity was generally regarded as female. At Eridu, however, it was considered male and formed part of Enki's entourage.

den-ki(-g/-k): 1) "Lord of the Earth"; 2) Eridu; 3) The crafty god of magic and wisdom; the helper of mankind. This divinity is to be distinguished from en-ki "Lord Earth", one of the gods who existed before the separation of heaven and earth.

Divine Names 101

den-lil: 1) "Lord Breeze" is a popular etymology. What *e/illil really means is unknown. 2) Nippur; 3) The de f act0 head of the Sumerian pantheon.

d&r-ra: 3) A Semitic wanior and plague god who is identified with underworld deities.

d e ~ 5 - p e ~ : 2) Adab; 3) A divinity found in third-millenium god-lists from Fara and Abii- Salabikh, as well as Early-Dynastic and Early Sargonic mythological texts (see B. AlsterIA. Westenholz, ASJ 16 [I9941 37).

d6gtar: 3) Save for the absence of the sacred marriage, she was the Semitic eqivalent of Inanna, with whom she was syncretized.

d g h - t u m - d ~ ~ ~ ( - ~ ) : 2) LagaS (see G.J. Selz, UGASL, 134ff.); 3) The mother-goddess at LagaS; special protectress of Gudea.

dig-alim: 1) "Door of the ~isoI;" (see G.J. Selz, UGASL, 144ff.); 2) LagaS; 3) Sul- Sagana's twin brother; the son of Ba'U and Ningirsu.

dinanna: 1) "Lady of Heaven" is a popular etymology; 2) Uruk; 3) The planet Venus; the heavenly courtesan; a warrior goddess; a Vegetation goddess whose sacred marriage to Dumuzi, repeated every new-year's day, guaranteed Sumer's fertility. She was syncretized with the Semitic EIIStar and was most commonly thought to be the daughter of Nanna-Su'en. As for her relationship to An, the god of the sky, see J. van Dijk, Studies Borger, 9- 1 1; 30.

d i~kur : 2) Karkara; 3) The storm god.

digtaran: 2) Der; 3) A god connected with judgement.

d l u g a l - u r u , ( ~ ~ ~ x ~ ~ ~ 2 ) ~ ( - b ) : 1) "King of Uru(b)" (see G.J. Selz, UGASL, 163ff.); 2) Uru(b); 3) Syncretism identified him with Inanna's husband Dumuzi.

dmarduk: 1) The interpretation and milieu of the name *Marud/tuk (cf. the biblical Merod&) remain unclear. Certainly it is not, as popular etymology would have it, "calf of the sun god"; 2) Babylon; 3) Chief god of Babylon and, in the first millenium, head of the whole pantheon because of his victory over Tiamat.

dnammu/a: 3) In the cosmogony of Eridu, the goddess who personified the primordial waters. For a reading namma rather than nammu see M. Civil, OrNS 54 (1985) 27, note 1.

102 Divine Names Divine Names

dnanna: 2) Ur; 3) The Sumerian moon-god. His en-priestess lived in the Gipar at the Karzida in Ur and was one of the major personages in Sumerian religion. The god was h ' e n > dsin: 1) The original meaning of this name is uncertain (see M. Krebemik, R1A identified with SuYen/Sin, the Semitic moon-god. 8,362f.). According to D.R. Frayne, BCSMS 25 (1993) 40, it might go back to a Proto-

Indo-European root; 2) Ur; 3) The Semitic moon-god identified with Nanna, the dnan~e: 2) Sirara I Nina (see G.J. Selz, UGASL, 181ff.); 3) Ningirsu's sister; interpreter Sumerian moon-god. of dreams; protectress of birds and fish; goddess of "social justice".

d~hra : 2) Umma; 3) Inanna's son; her manicurist and hair-dresser. dnin-a-zu: 1) "Lord Physician"; 2) Enegi; 3) An underworld healing-god; NingiSzida's father. d~ul-Ha-ga-na 1) "The Lad of his (Ningirsu's) Heart" (see G.J. Selz, UGASL, 277ff.);

2) LagaS; 3) Igalim's twin brother; the son of Ba'U and Ningirsu. dnin-dar: 2) Ki'eH; 3) NanHe's husband. The reading dar (not g h ) in the second part of the name is discussed by M. Civil, Studies Sjoberg, 50. d~ul-utul12 1) "The Lad who Pastures Sheep" (see G.J. Selz, UGASL, 279ff.); 2) LagaS;

3) Dynastic god of the rulers of LagaS from UmanSe to Enmetena. dnin-gir-su: 1) "Lord of Girsu" (see G.J. Selz, UGASL, 218ff.); 2) Girsu; 3) Ba'U's husband; he became Enlil's hero when he recovered ihe tablet of destiny that Anzu had dutu: 1) "Sun"; 2) Sippar; 3) The sun god. stolen.

dnin-gi~-zi-da: 1) "Lord of the True Tree"; 2) GiSbanda; 3) Ninazu's son; an underworld snake-god; Gudea's patron god. The latter seemingly introduced him into the LagaS pantheon to justify his own assumption of power. For further reading see:

dnin-hur-sag: 1) "Lady of the Mountain-Range"; 2) KeSi; 3) The mother-goddess. Her Black, J. - Green, A., Gods, Demons and Symbols of Ancient Mesopotamia. An Illustra- name indicates where she appears. She is the creator of gods and men. ted Dictionary (London 1992).

Edzard, D.O., in H.W. Haussig, Worterbuch der Mythologie, Band I (Stuttgart 1965) 19- dnin-lil: 1) "Lady Breeze" (popular etymology analogous to den-lil 'lord breeze"); 139. 2) Nippur; 3) Enlil's wife. Leick, G., A Dictionary of Ancient Near Eastern Mythology (LondonINew York 1991).

Selz, G.J., Untersuchungen zur Gotterwelt des altsumerischen Stadtstaates von LagaS d n i n - ~ ~ ~ . ~ ~ : 1) "Lady of Marg/ki"(?; see P. Attinger, N.A.B.U. 1995133); 2) Guabba; (Occasional Publications of the Samuel Noah Kramer Fund 13, Philadelphia 3) NanSe's daughter. 1995).

The relevant articles in the Reallexikon der Assyriologie (RIA). dnin-~ubur: 1) "Lord I Lady of (the land of) Subur/~ubar(?)"; 2) Akkil; 3) When male, For the LagaS pantheon of the Gudea period: the relevant articles in A. Falkenstein, Die An's sukkal; when female, Inanna's sukkal. Inschriften Gudeas von LagaS. I. Einleitung (AnOr 30, Rome 1966).

dnin-te-ug5-ga: 1) By popular etymology "Lady who Keeps the Dying Alive"; cf. Marduk's epithet muballit miti; 3) A goddess of healing.

dnu-mu~-da: 2) Kazallu.

dnun-gal: 1) "Great Nobility"; 2) Nippur; 3) A goddess connected with justice and judgement, especially the judicial ordeal.

d ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ . ~ ~ ~ 4 m u S e n : 3) The determinative muSen shows that the divinity is a bird (see G. Pettinato, MEE 3, 112:79; 117,l. 79).

PERSONAL NAMES (Parentheses indicate the text in which the name appears)

a-ba-dutu-gim (30:4) a-kur-gal(15 i 4; 16 ii 1). A ruler of Pre-Sargonic LagaS. d-lu5-lu5 (38~26) ad-da-Su-sikil(34 vi 1) ama-iri (35:8) damar-dsu'en (27:4, 19,25). A ruler of Ur in the Ur I11 period. ba-Si-SB-ra-gi (32:3) bha-nam-tar-ra (34 iv 1). The wife of Lugalanda, a Pre-Sargonic ruler of LagaS. BU-KA (36:9) digir-a-gu10 (33 iv 2) du-du (38:4,6,7, 12, 16, 18,20,22,28,34,40,43) du-du-d (36: 12) 6-an-na-tum (16 i 1; iii 9). A ruler of Pre-sargonic LagaS. 6-me-li9-sh (34 iii 3) en-an-na-~m (I) (14:13; 15 i 1; 20:lO; 21 i 10) en-an-na-tdm (11) (19:3, 16) en-ig-gal(34 v 4; 40 ii 1; 42 iii 2; 44 ii 4) den-lfl-ld-an-zu (36: 10) en-ld (34 vi 6) en-Su (34 v 6) en-te:me-na [= en-me-te-na] (1 1: 1; 13:3; 8; 14:3; 19: 10; 20:3; 20; 3 1; 21 i 3; iii 8: 11; iv

2,7; vi 2). For the reading of this name see H. Steible, FAOS 512, 106 (1). ddr-ra,ma,lik (39:3) d~tar-um-mi (39: 1) gan-ki (34 ii 5) g6me-dig-alim (37: 15) g6me-dnun-gal (3 1 :4) g6me-ti-ra-dS (38:36) gi-zi (38 ii 13) giggal-si (34 ii 6) gu-NI-DU (12 i 4). The father(?) of ur-dnanSe, a ruler of Pre-Sargonic LagaS. gii-d6-a (2:3; 4:3; 5:3; 6:4; 7:4; 8:4; 9:4; 10:6; 22 r. sh. 1; i 5; iii 7; 23 i 2; ii 4, 14; iii 18;

24 r. sh. 1; i 5; iv 4; v 5; 25 r. sh. 1; i 3; ii 6; 26 i 7; iii 4). A ruler of Lagal whose dating is uncertain. Perhaps he should be placed in the period that goes from the Guteans to the beginning of Ur 111.

ha-am-mwra-pc' (28:1,21,33). A ruler of Babylon in the Old-Babylonian period. tli-A.ZU (39:2) L L ~ ' - D I G I R ~ ~ ~ (36:7)

Personal Names

S8-Su-nigin (32:2) SeS-16-du10 (40 i 2) HeS-sa6-ga (44 vi 5) Su-duran ([DUR!.KIB] 3 1 :5) dsu,dsfn (32: 12) ti-ti (38:4) d-S&-h6-DU (32~2) ur-ba-g6ra (38:47) ~ r - ~ b a - u ~ (37:8) ur-du, (42 ii 1) ur-ddumu-zi (43 iii 3) ur-6-mCl(33 i 3; 34 vi 3) ur-6-ninnu (38:7) ~ r - ~ e S ~ - p e l (30:2) ur-gu-la (38:24) ~ r - ~ i ~ - a l i m (32:7; 37:6) ur-dinarma (35:7) ~ r - ~ i ~ k u r (3 1 :2,7) ur-digtaran (32:9; 37: 18,22; 3850) ur-k&Ski (30:6) ur-ki (33 ii 4) ur-dnammu (1:3; 3:3) ~ r - ~ n a n ~ e 1) A ruler of Pre-Sargonic LagaS (12 i 1 [written: dnan~e:ur]; 21 i 14).

2) A party in a wedding contract (32:3). ur-nigin-gar (36: 1 1) u ~ - ~ ~ ~ ~ - M A R . K I (41 ii 2) ~r-~<nu->mul-da (37:2) U ~ - ~ N U N U Z . K A D ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ " (38:47) ~ r - ~ s i n (3 1 :8) ur-zu(!) (35:4; 6) drd~-~nanna (38: 1 9) utu-16-gu lo (34 iii 2)

For further information about these names see R.A. Di Vito, Studies in Third Millennium Sumerian and Akkadian Personal Names. The Designation and Conception of the Personal God. Studia Pohl: Series Maior 16 (Rome 1993).

PLACE NAMES

i7buranun (purattu) [28: 161: The Euphrates (UD.KIB.NUN read as bar6-91-nun seems to be syllabic writing).

dilmunk: The region between what today is Falaika and Barain.

C7)duran [31:5]: The river Diyiila. See D.O. Edzard, RGTC 1, 210. For the reading of d/tur(r)an (DUR.KIB) see MSL X, 26-27; K. Nashef, BaM 13 (1982) 120, note 15; 133f., note 72.

6-GUM.DUR2(-ra) [38:2,35]: Meaning and reading unknown.

elam&: The region in south-west Iran with Susa as its center. It and Lagal were hereditary enemies.

e r i d ~ ~ ( - ~ ) : A city in Sumer and the center of Enki's cult. The name seems to mean "Good City".

gir-suki: An important settlement that was part of the city-state of LagaS. Its god was Ningirsu.

gu-bik(-n): The location of this land, mentioned in 25 iv 9 in the sequence Magan, Meluma, Gubi, and Dilmun, is uncertain. See D.T. Potts, N.A.B.U. 1996165.

gu-eden-na: ''The Border of the Steppe"; the boundary between LagaS and Umma, object of constant war between the two states. See H.J. Nissen, AS 20,34f.

IM.KA.SU~~(ZI.ZI.SE~): A place mentioned in 21 v 2 whose reading is uncertain. See H. Steible / H. Behrens, FAOS 512, 109-110, note 15; J. Bauer, AoN 1987,6, n. 39.

im-sag (18 iii 9): While this may be the name of a place, the location of Enlil's temple 6-ad-da, it could just as likely be the temple's epithet. It is discussed in H. Steible I H. Behrens, FAOS 5/2, 109f., note 15.

iri-ku(-g): "Holy City". A section of ~ i r s u where the temple of Ba'U was located (see AnOr 30, 121; 141: for other early evidence about this toponym see V. Crawford, Iraq 36 [I9741 29ff.).

K A ~ . D I ~ I R . R A ~ ~ : "Gate of God". This sumerogram for the name of Babylon is a popular etymology based on the semitic bab ili. For the likely genuine place-name *babilla see B. Kienast, Sumer 35 (1979) 246-248.

108 Place Names

kl-sur-ra (24 iii 6): "Boundary Gate" where kar-za-gin, ''The Lapis-lazuli Quay" was located. But it is not clear exactly where kA-sur-ra was.

kar-nun (24 iii 4): "Princely Quay". Ba'U's magur-boat is connected with this place (24 iii 3).

kar-silim-ma (28: 19): "Quay of Well-being"; located at Zimbir.

kar-za-gin (24 iii 6): "Lapis-lazuli Quay" or "Pure Quay"; located at kA-sur-ra.

kar-zi-da (27: 15): 'The True Quay". At Ur, the location of the dip= where Nanna's en- priestess lived.

ki-en-gi(-r) ("kegir): "Native Land". The Sumerian name for their land (see C. Wilcke, CRRA 19 [I9741 202ff.; P. Steinkeller, HANEIS 5, 112, note 9; H. Steible, 1st.Mitt. 43 [I9931 25f .).

ki-lagabki (29: 17): The city-state of LagaS, whose chief settlements where LagaS, dirsu and Nina(-Sirara); see M. Yoshikawa, ASJ 7 [I9851 157ff.).

ki-uri: The Sumerian name for the land of Akkade. uri is the Sumerian rendering of the Semitic wadi) (see P. Steinkeller, HANEIS 5, 115f., note 18).

lagaIfi: The settlement LagaS in the state of the same name (see M. Yoshikawa, ASJ 7 [I9851 157ff.).

larsak"(-m): The Sumerian city of the sun-god. It ruled Sumer in Old-Babylonian times between the fall of Isin and the rise of Babylon.

m6-ganki: A district corresponding to modem Oman; the source of precious metals, stone, and wood.

me-lubbak": In the third and early second millennium this was probably the area of the Mohenjo-Daro civilization.

nibruki (nippuru): Enlil's city, the religious center of Sumer.

ninaki: A settlement in the state of LagaS whose goddess was NanSe.

pa5-ku(-g) 121 v 41: "Pire canal"; located near Nina .

si-ma-numfi (38:51): A city locted near modem Mardin in south-eastem Turkey; it was destroyed during ~ u ~ i n ' s third year. I I

~ u r - ~ n a n I e (21 v 1): "Border of Nanle". Its location is unknown; see FAOS 5, 108, n.12. According to J. Cooper, SARI I, 64 n. 5 (ad La 5.17) "it is unclear if this is a personal or a geographical name".

name of the temple 6-SeS-gar-ra or just NanSe's epithet.

Iubur: Subartu, the land to the north of Mesopotamia; it seems to appear in the name of the divinity dnin-Subur (see Divine Names).

tir-ku(-g) (21 ii 15): "Pure 'Forest"'. The location of Nifiursag's gi-ga-na that Enmetena built.

ummaki: A Sumerian city, the hereditary enemy of Lagal.

unugk" (uruk): The city of An and Inanna.

U~U,(URUXKAR~)~( -~) : A settlement in the state of LagaS. In text 20 it is mentioned in connection with offerings to its god Lugaluru(b). For the reading of this place-name see D.O. Edzard, RGTC 1,183; K. Volk, N.A.B.U. 1997160.

uRuxAki (= uru'a?): A city conquered by Eannatum (16 ii 6). For a possible reading *urua see RGTC 1, 181; but also note MSL 14,432, C 6'-7'.

zimbirki (sippalir) [(28:17]: The city of the sun-god where Hammurapi built a canal.

For particulars about each place see the appropriate entry in RGTC 1 and 2.

SACRED BUILDINGS

a-hug (21 i 20): Syllabic writing of 6-huS, "Fearsome House". Ningirsu's sanctuary built by Enmetena (Gazetteer, n. 491).

abzu: It is normally written ZU.AB, as in 37:24; but in 36:20 it is written ab-zu. It is Enki's underwater dwelling. The word refers to a cultic structure. In 41 i 4 it means Enki's sanctuary at Pasirra (Gazetteer, n. 31).

an-ta-sur-ra (18 ii 1; 21 ii 18): "(House) which Twinkles from Heaven". Ningirsu's sanctuary, dating to at least the time of Umanle (Gazetteer, n. 83).

ba-ghra (in our texts it appears only in the personal name ur-ba-gAra [38 iv 471): Ningirsu's sanctuary in Lagag (Gazetteer, n. 96).

bur-sag (18 iv 2): "Foremost Jar". A kind of building (part of a temple(?), cf. PSD B 187 2.1). There was more than one bur-sag since various gods had one (FAOS 512 124f. ad 'Entemena' 33, note 3). Its epithet is ~-sA-du~~-an-na(-ta!)-~~~-a-ni "His House from which Regular Offerings are delivered to him (Ningirsu)" (Gazetteer, n. 129).

6-ad-da (18 iii 8; 21 i 2, iv 3, vi 6): "House of the Father". The sanctuary of Enlil, Ningirsu's father. Its exact location is unknown (Gazetteer, n. 40).

6-an-na (23 i 5, iv 3): "House of Heaven", Inanna's temple in Girsu. It probably owed its name to the 6-an-na in Uruk, Inanna's most important cult center (Gazetter n. 77).

~ - ~ a n z u ~ ~ ~ ~ " - b h b b a r (8:8): "House, White Anzu". The name of this temple is attested only on brick inscriptions found at Girsu, Tell I (see AnOr 30, 121; 123, a-ga-erena).

~ - ~ b a - ~ ~ (18 iii 5): "Temple of Ba'U", built by IriKAgina (see AWL, 198f. ad 46 I11 2).

6-bBbbar (17:2): "White House". This is not Utu's famous temple in ZimbirlSippar, but a temple in the state of LagaS. According to G.J. Selz, FAOS 1511, 194, it was dedicated to Ningirsu (Gazetteer, n. 99).

6-bappir (18 ii 6; 19:14): "House of Beer-Bread"; the brewery, part of the 6-ninnu where beer seems to have been brewed. Its epithet was geltin! sila-gal-[gal] kur-ta de6-a "(to which) Grape Juice Has Been Brought in 'Big' Liter-Vessels from the Mountain Regions".

I 4-engur-ra (21 ii 7): "House of the Abyss". NanSe's temple located at Sulum near Lagag, built by Enmetena (Gazetteer, n. 250).

6-dgh-tum-dulo(-g) [21 ii 223: "~atumdu's temple", located in Iriku in Girsu (Gazetteer, n. 1314).

6-gal-ti-ra-hH (18 i 8): "Palace of TiraS". Ningirsu's sanctuary dating to at least the time of UmanSe (Gazetteer, n. 1097). 1

6-g6Htu-Hu-du7 (29:25): "House that Perfects Understanding". Enki's temple in Ur (Gazetteer, n. 364). ,

6-gidru (10 rev. 3; 24 ii 11): "House of the Sceptre", a seven-comered house (6-ub- S imin). Part of the 6-ninnu (Gazetteer, n. 393). 1

6-gisgigir (l3:6; 18 ii 3): "Chariot House". Part of the 6-ninnu where Ningirsu's chariot was kept (see AnOr 30 126, 15). Its epithet was 6 me-li9-bi kur-kur-ra du15 (18 ii 4)

I "House whose Splendor Covers the Mountains" (Gazetteer, n. 766).

6-iri-ku-ga (10 rev. 5; 26 iii 7): "House of the Pure City". Temple of Ba'U in the sacred quarter of Girsu (Gazetteer, n. 11 98).

I 6-ma!! (22 ii 5): "Sublime House". While this is the name of Nir&ursag's temple in

! Girsu, it is uncertain whether our passage refers to the temple by name, or whether the phrase simply means "sublime house" (Gazetteer, n. 71 6).

I

6-me-bug-gal-an-ki (18 iii 3) "House of the Great Furious Me's of Heaven and

I Earth/Underworld". Igalim's temple in ~ i r s u (Gazetteer, n. 755).

6-mug (in the PN ur-6-m%, 33 i 3; 34 vi 3): "House, Foundation (of the Land)". Dumuzi's temple in Badtibira (Gazetteer, n. 829).

I Anzu". The most important sacred building in the state of LagaH, it was Ningirsu's temple-complex in Girsu (cf. AnOr 30, 116-143). Its name shows that it incarnated the

I

112 Sacred Buildings

fifty me. This is clear from Gudea, cylinder A x 6. It dated to the time of UmanSe (12 ii 1: BS-gir-s6) but was substantially rebuilt by Gudea (Gazetteer, n. 897). YEAR DATES

6-sbdul l-an-na-ta!-~~2-a-ni (18 iv 3): "His House from which Regular Offerings are YEAR-DATES OF PRE-SARGONIC ADMINISTRATIVE TEXTS Delivered to him (Ningirsu)". Epithet of the bur-sag.

Text 33 = (Lugalanda) 6 6-lu-sBga (29:29): "Cella", "Temple Chamber"; Part of Enki's temple 6-g6Htu-Su-du7 in Ur. Text 34 = (Lugalanda) 3

Text 40 = (IriKAgina) 2 C-TAR-sir-sir (26 ii 1; iii 3): Temple of Ba'U. Originally it was at LagaS but was Text 41 = (Lugalanda) 2

I transferred by Gudea to Girsu (Gazetteer, n. 1086). Text 42 = (IriKAgina) 2

&H-DUG.RU (21 i 18): "Sanctuary (in?) DUG.RU" that belonged to Ningirsu (Gazetteer, n. 1375).

Text 43 = (Lugalanda) 6 I

Text 44 = (IriKAgina) undated

gi-gh-na (gigunzi): A building ('reed chamber') constructed on a terrace for Ningirsu For the dating system in these texts see no. 257 in the Sign List. I

[11:4 (bS-gi gi-ga-na)] (Gazetteer, n. 1376); for Ninhursag in Tirku(-g) [21 ii 141; for NanSe [21 iii 21 (Gazetteer, n. 1362).

gi-gunu4 (24 ii 9): An alternate spelling of gi-ga-na. Here it designates the edifice

I t

I

YEAR NAMES r

located in the 6-ninnu. 1 For the year names in the Ur I11 administrative texts, see the references in M. I I

ib (tubuqtu; 44 i 7): 'Temple Niche(?)", see FAOS 6, 167 S.V.

ib-gal (37:20, in PN 16-ib-gal): "Big Niche(?)". Inanna's temple complex in the city of LagaS (Gazetteer, n. 505).

ki-tug-akkil-16 (18 ii 9): "Abode of Lamentation". $ulSagana's shrine at ~ i r s u (in the C- ninnu? - Gazetteer, n. 618).

I$-pa-da (21 ii 20): "(House) Called in the Heart", i.e. "Chosen House" NanSe's temple in the city of LagaS (Gazetteer, n. 1022).

For further information about the buildings mentioned above see A.R. George, House Most High. The Temples of Ancient Mesopotamia. Mesopotamian Civilizations 5 (Winona Lake 1993). 'Gazetteer' in the Glossary refers to p. 63-161 of this book.

Sigrist and T. Gomi, The Comprehensive Catalogue of Published Ur I11 Tablets (Bethesda [MD] 1991). The variant writings of the individual year names are listed in N. Schneider, Die Zeitbestimmungen der Wirtschaftsurkunden von Ur 111 (Rome 1936), 30ff. ('4. Gimilsin' [= Susin]).

Text 3 1 = &sin 8 (see M. SigristIT. Gomi, Catalogue, 327)

Text 32 = &sin 6 (see M. SigristIT. Gomi, Catalogue, 327) Text 36 = &sin 3a (see M. SigristIT. Gomi, Catalogue, 327)

Text 37 = usi in 2 (see M. SigristIT. Gomi, Catalogue, 326)

Text 38 = &sin 4a (M. SigristIT. Gomi, Catalogue, 327)

FESTIVALS

Text 41: ezem-amar-a-a-si-ge4-da (see M.E. Cohen, Cultic Calendars, 58-60; G.J.

Selz, UGASL, 258f. sub 8; J. Bauer, AfO 36/37 [1989/90] 88f.)

Text 42: e ~ e m - ~ b a - u ~ (see M.E. Cohen, Cultic Calendars, 53-54; G.J. Selz,

UGASL, 70 sub 149,72 sub 152) I

Text 43: ezern-~e-gu~-~nanSe (see M.E. Cohen, Cultic Calendars, 44-46) 1 Text 44: ezem-an-ta-sur-ra (see M.E. Cohen, Cultic Calendars, 57; G.J. Selz,

UGASL, 240 sub 100; 242f. sub 110)

I I I