A Study on the Use of Rice Bran Oil and Vegetable Oils as Renewable Sources of Energy and...

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A STUDY ON THE USE OF RICE BRAN OIL AND VEGtrTABLE OILS ASRENEWABLE SOURCES OF f,NERGY AND ALTERNATIVf,

FUEL FOR LIGHTING PURPOSf,S.

Md Manrunur Rashid( Jamuna Ferti l izer Co. Ltd., Tarakandi, Jamalpur-2055.)

Md Humayun Kabir(Dept of Mech. Engg. BlT, Rajshahi-6204.)

Md NurulIslam(Dept of Mech Engg BIT, Rajshahi-6204..)

ABSTRACT

Bangladesh produces a huge amount of rice every year. From this, a significant amount of wastes aregenerated. Rice bran is one of them. On the other hand oil seeds such as coconut, soyabean, pulm andmustard are available in our country. The properties of rice bran oil and vegetable oils i.e., mustard oil.soyabean oil, coconut oil and pulm oil are found out experimentally and the result obtained are discussed.The feasibility of rice bran oil and vegetable oils as renewable sources of energy and alternative fuel forlighting purposes is discussed and are also compared with traditional fuels.

INTRODUCTION

In Bangladesh fuel is needed in plenty to sustain our industrial growth, agricultural productibn and fordomestic purposes. Existing sources of fuel such as coal, oil and water may not be sufficient to meet theincreasing energy demands. This requirement that engineer should under take research work, which wouldhelp in explaining the possibilities of energy from several renewable source of energy. Natural gas may bethe main source of energy for different purposes such as cooking, lighting and power generation etc fornext 40-50 years. So, Bangladesh depend on the crude mineral oils of Middle East countries. But theseliquid fuels are non-renewable sources of energy. Crude oil is costly, as a result the country have to face abig amount of import bill for crude oil. On the other side, a major portion of rice crop is rejected as wast€product. These wastes are one of world's largest sources of energy. Vegetable oils are extracted fromvarious seeds of energy.

Table l:The estimation of rice is based on the followi wastes co-efficient I

Co-efficient

In this case, rice bran oil and vegetable oils provide a new dimension in the alternative fuel technology asrenewable sources of energy. Using of rice bran oil and vegetable oils as fuel, lighting and cookingpurposes may be given a greater attention.

6% oftotal rice b

2?

able 2: l0 vear .s ot.rrce. rrce husk and r ;e bran in BaYear Rice in 000' tons Rice husk in 000' tons Rice bran in 000' tons9 8 1 3.622 2732 820982 3 . 4 1 5 2683 805983 3 . 9 1 6 2783 8 3 5984 4.276 2856 857985 4 391 2878 863986 4.802 2960 888987 4.966 2993 896988 5.06r 3 0 1 2 906989 5.298 3060 9 1 8990 17.857 3571 1.072

PRESENT USES OF RICE BRAN

Rice bran is primarily used as fodder and domestic fuel for cooking and parboiling paddy It is consideredas a very tasty and nutritious food for cattle, fishes and poultry.

Table 3: Use of Rice branr

It is also used for the production of rice bran oil. This rice bran oil is used for soap manufacturing inBangladesh. For this reason, we visited the Lever Brothers Bangladesh (LTD), Chittagong and thefollowing data are collected in September 1993.a) Demand of rice bran oiVyear ------ about 700 to 800 tons.b) Maximum demand of rice bran oil/year-------- I 000 tons.c) Price iton ------------Tk. 28,0004(Factory gate).d) It is used for only laundry soape) For manufacturing laundry soap, rice bran oil is used instead ofcostly coconut oil and saving a lot of

money i.e. production cost becomes low.

Table 4:From the chemical analvsis of rice bran it is observed that bran consists of the constituents as

For the study, some locally available rice bran oil and vegetable oils are being used specially for lightingpurpose, The following oils are being specially for lighting purpose are taken in to consideration rice bran

Containingcapacity ofrice bran

Rice branproduced

For cattlefeed

Used assolid fuel

Usedproducerice branoil

Would beused toproduceoil

Oil can beproducefrom ricebran

Moistureas solidfuel

10 Yo tot 5 %

25 lakhton

7 lakh ton 1 3 l a k hton

5 lakh ton l3 lakhton

1 lakh 25thousandton

52%

Constituents Ranee 7oMoisture 8 t o 1 2

oil 8 to l 8Ash 14 to 24

Crude oil 14 to 28Protein t2 to l 6

Sand/Silica 0.5 to 6

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oil, coconut oil, mustard oil, pulm oil and soyabean oil The research work consists of the followingaspects. a) Technological aspect; b) Economic aspect. At the very beginning of the study, someexperiments may be carried out using vegetable oils and rice bran oil for lighting in a lantern individually.From this experimental results attempt may be taken to find out the reasons of experimental findings,especially the fuel properties of the oils may be analyzed such as smoke point, pour point, cloud point, flashpoint and fire point etc. Attempts may be taken to mix the oils those don't give light satisfactorily In theeconomic side, attempts may be taken to use vegetable oils and rice bran oil, as alternatives of kerosene oilare they economical? If they are not, attempts may be also taken to find out the reasons. The costs of theoils may be compared with the kerosene oil or traditional fuels.fuce bran is generally collected from automatic rice mills and general husking mills. The quantity of brancollected from the automatic rice mills is better and free from rice husk. There are three classes of rice brancollected.

'Iable 5 Three classes of the Rice Bran

At Pulhat, Dinajpur, Rupon oil and Feeds Linrited is producing rice bran oil The following flow chart ofRice bran oil (manufacturing) is collected by personal communication.

Flow chart l:Rice bran oil extraction f'low chart

EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE

The fbllowing experimental analysis have been performed to determine fuel properties:Cloud and Pour point determination: The cloud point of an oil temperature at which a hage or cloudfirst appears in the oil when it is cooled. The temperature below at whic,h an oil will not flow or solidifiedor ceases to flow in pour point. It indicates the temperature below which the oil losses its fluidity and willout flow or circulate in a fuel system. The temperature, expressed as a multiple of 2T ( l'C), at which acloud or hage or wax crystal appears at the bottom of the test jar when the oil is cooled under prescribedconditions When such inspection is hold, in the first cereal, a distinct cloudiness or hage in the oil at thebottom of the test jar is observed. At that time the record of the reading of the test thermometer as the cloudpoint. The lowest temperature, expressed as a multiple of 5'F (3'C), at which the oil is observed to flow

Class A Bran Collected from the automatic rice mills.Class C Bran Collected from the seneral huskine rice mills containins rice husk with branClass B Bran Collected from the class C bran where the rice husk is removed from the bran

CFIEMICAL(F{E)GNE) +TABLETSRICE BRAN STEAM + RICE BRAN

CHEMICALS (HEXENE)

OILLESS BRAN RICE BRAN OIL & F{E)(EN

RICE BRAN OiLDE.OIL CAKE

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when cooled and examined under prescribed conditions for pour point. The cloud point and pour point ofRice bran oil and Vegetable oils, as obtained from the experiment are presented and compared withtraditional fuel in table 8.Flash and Fire Point determination: The temperature to which an oil must be heated, in order to give ofsufficient vapors to form combustible mixture with air is termed the flash point The fire point is defined asthe minimum temperature at which an oil to continue burn after inflammable vapors with air mixture isignited. This method of test covers the determination of the flash point of all mobile liquids flashingbelow175'F (79'C), except products classified as grade No.4 or heavier fuel oil. The sample is placed in thecup of the tag closed tester and, with the lid closed, be heated at a slow constant rate. A small flame ofspecified size is directed into the cup at regular intervals. The flash point is taken as the lowest temperatureat which application of the test flame came the vapor above the sample to ignite. The next stage of flashpoint is fire point. The flash and fire point of vegetable oils and Rice bran oil as obtained from theexperiment are presented and compared with traditional fuel in table 8.Smoke point Determination: Smoke point is the maximum flame height that can be achieved withoutsmoking The sample of Vegetable oils & fuce bran oil is burned in an enclosed smoke lamp with scale.The maximum flame height that can achieved without smoking is estimated. The Smoke point of vegetableoils and Rice bran oil as obtained from the experiment are presented and compared with traditional fuel intable 8.

Illumination of light intensity Determination: Illumination of light intensity of lantern, which is used indifferent composition of rice bran oil and vegetable oils by determination of Luxmeter. The Luxmeter is aportable electronic photometer for the measurement of a wide range of illumination levels, which ispresented and compared various types of renewable oils with the mixture of kerosene and differentproportion of those oils in table 9.

Three diflerent size lanterns are used for experiment to determine the illumination of light intensity i.e. ofdifferent fuel capacity, length and section any enclosure as usually used in the rural areas of Bangladesh.The fuel capacity, length and section area ( cross-sectional) presented in table 6.

RESULT AND DISCUSSION

All properties of the rice bran and vegetable oils have been found out in this study. Higher calorific value,density, specific gravity and viscosity have been found out in the laboratory of Mechanical EngineeringDepartment, BIT, Rajshahi'.

able 6. The fue and sectron area ( cross-sectronal) ot' drllerent lanterType oflantern(Depend onheieht)

Size of lantern Fuel capacity in ml Tanklength(height) incm

Cross sectionPeriphery (2IIR) incm

Large Top to Bottomleneth 31 cm

J J I 6 3 8

Medium Top to Bottomlensth 29 cm

450 8 39

Small Top to Bottomlensth 26 cm

325 '7 3 5

< ?

.Fuel Higher calorificValue ( CaVem)

Densitysn/cm3

Specific gravity Kinematics Viscositymm'/sce

Temp in 'C

Rice bran oil 8929.3 0.924 0.953 40.88Mustard oil 9419 11 0.905 0.9095 55 t n

Coconut oil 9307.45 0.909 0.9 r 36 32Soyabean oil 9092.32 0.926 0.930 45 20Fulm oil 9038.00 0 9051 0.9097 43 20Kerosene 10804.75 0 755 o 728 2 . 5 5 20Petrol 9683.44 0.664 0.684 0.6 20Diesel 1 0 3 1 8 . 0 0 0 803 0.828 4.30 20

Table 7.Fuel properties are obtained from experiment and comparisons with traditional fuels are givenbelow in table'

The other properties such as pour point, cloud point, flash point, fire point, smoke point and burning rate ofrice bran oil and vegetable oils have been determined the laboratory of Chemical Engineering Departmentof BUET, Dhaka. Apart from viscosity all other properties have been found to be within the comparablerange with those of the traditional fuels. Afterwards the oil is tried for lighting purposes to see if it can beused as fuel for these purposes as an alternative option?

Table 8: The Flash point, Fire point, Cloud point, Pour point and Smoke point of Rice bran oil and

Bangladesh generates about 25 million tons of rice bran every year of which 5,00,000 tons can be used toproduce 50,000 tons rice bran oil. On the other hand vegetable oil seeds such as coconut, soyabean, pulmand mustard are available in our country. If we are able to collect the rice bran completely, we shall bebenefited, We have seen that the rice bran oil and vegetable oils have closed calorific value in comparedwith traditional fuel. We see that, density and specific gravity of rice bran oil and vegetable oils are foundto be slightly greater than those petrol, diesel and kerosene. The viscosity ofrice bran oil and vegetable oilsare found to be very much higher than that of the conventional fuel, rendering more resistance to fuel flow.This may some sort of problem when used in lantern and again an attempt may be taken to decrease thisviscosity by blending conventional fuel kerosene and same time decrease the density. When we blend 80%kerosene with rice bran and vegetable oils to get satisfactory illumination time, burning rate continuous. Sowe can save2QYo kerosene of rural lighting purpose. The cost ratio of rice bran oil and vegetable oils withtraditional fuel is 1.7 to 6 as in local market of Rajshahi in 1993; it is costly because of its higher sellingprice. The selling price has to be reduced to some extent.

Veeetable orlsas obtarned liom ex ment and ison with traditional fuels.Name of thefuel

Roomtemp in 'C

Smoke point in mm( Max-. flame

height )

Flashpoint.C

l n

Fire point in'c Cloud pointi n ' C

Pour point in.C

Rice bran oil 27 14.4 52.5 I 1 0 . 5 0Mastared oil 27 1 9 . 5 7 8 5 1 6 5 . 5 0 1

Pulm oil 27 l 3 . s l l 0 140 2 - 1 0Sovabean oil 27 21.5 225 239.5 6 - l ICoconut oil 27 1 8 . 5 120 140 9 t 1

Petrol z7 21.5 5 l 5 a

Kerosene 27 2 0 5 l 0 20 -25 I t )Diesel 27 a 1 50 l 60. I t 13

2L

l I l nce bran oll ancl able orls bv cletermlnatlon ot LuxmeterName of the oil Temp. in 'C ntensrty

n Luxlm/m2)

Factor IntensityinLumen/ft2

Rice bran oil l00olo Room temD 80 0 0s1 6 7 455'C to 40'C 90 0.093 t . o I

Sovabean oil 100% Room temp I J 0.093 6 2 7Pulm oil 100% Room temD 75 0.093 6.27Coconut oil 100% Room temo 80 0.093 6.27Mustard oil 100% Room temD 50 0 093 3 9 5Kerosene : Rice bran oil ( 1:l Room temp 200 0.093 8 . 6Kerosene : Mustard oil ( 9:l Room temp 205 0 093 9.06

Kerosene . Rice bran oil ( 9:1 Room temo L t v 0.093 9.53Kerosene : Pulm oil { 9.1 Room temD 205 0.093 9.06Kerosene : Soyabean oil ( 9.1 Room temo 200 0.093 8.6Soyabean oil : Rice bran oil ( l: l) Room temp

95 to 40170175

0.0930.093

5 . 8 16.27

Kerosene : Rice bran oil ( l:5.67) Room temp 2 t 2 0 093 9 .7 |Kerosene: Mustard oil ( 1:5.67) Room temp 2M 0.093 9 . 1 5Kerosene: Coconut oil ( l:5.67) Room temp 2t l 0.093 9.62Kerosene : Sovabean oil ( l:5.67) Room temo )o) 0.093 8 .78Kerosene : Pulm oil ( l:5.67) Room temo 206 0.093 9 . l 5Rice bran oil : Soyabean oil( l : 5 .67 )

Room temp t70 0.093 5 . 8 1

100 to 40 175 0 093 t6.27Rice bran : Coconut oil( 1 : )

Room temp 168 0.093 15.62

82 to 40 t70 0.093 1 5 . 8 1Kerosene :Coconut oil ( 9:l Room temp 210 0.093 r9 .53

Table 9:Experimental data of illumination of light intensity of lantern, which is used in differentof

This cost reduction of rice bran oil and vegetable oils can be accomplished by reducing or withdrawinggovernmental taxes. And the government should motivate the use of those oils as locally available newrenewable sources as energy. At the same time more automatic rice mills should be setup in the country andmore vegetable oil seeds are cultivated and produced by our farmers to introduce incentive plan. It is verymuch important to consider the aspect of social acceptance of rice bran oil and vegetable oils as analternative fuel for lighting purpose; necessary motivation strategies have to be taken. The kinematicsviscosity of rice bran oil, mustard oil, soyabean oil. coconut oil and pulm oil are found to be 40.88mm'/sec, 55 mm2lsec, 45 mm2/sec, 32 mm2/sec and 43 mm'/sec at20'C which is 16 to 68 times greaterthan petrol, diesel and kerosene respectively. Rice bran oil, Soyabean oil, Pulm oil, Coconut oil andMustard oil are found intensity of light 180 lux, 175 lux, 175 lux. 180 lux and 150 lux, respectively for1007o of above oil comparison with kerosene oil 100% i.e 170 lux. But 100% Rice bran oil and Vegetableoils are found illumination time is very short. When we are blended kerosene with Rice bran or vegetableoils as a l:5 Proportion, then we get satisfactory result. So we can say 20%o kerosene can be saved easily.Thus rice bran oil and vegetable oils are considered as an effective alternative fuel for lighting purposes.

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Table 10: Data on the study and comparison among Rice Bran oil, Vegetable oils and Kerosene for lighting

Name & Qty of oil inml

Il luminationtimeinMin

Temp.i n ' C

Colour Soot Flamesize incm

FuelConsumtion inml/min

Bum-ingqual-itv

Smoke Inten-sityofl ight

Rice bran oil 100o/o,200 ml

-) 95 to 40vellow

Small 2.45 X1 . 5

0.43 Bad Less Good

Rice bran oil 100%,200 ml

20 Normal Brightvellow

Nil 2.5 X1 5

0 5 Fair Small Medium

Kerosene : Rice bran(1 : 1 ) 200 m l

l0s Normal yellow Small 3 X 1 . 5 0 0 95

Medium

small Improved

Kerosene 180 ml +Mustard oil20 ml


Small 2 X t 5 0 . 1 I Good Less Best

Kerosene 180 ml+Rice bran oil20 ml

/ ) u Normal Brightvellow

Nil 2 5 X 2 0.266

Excellent

Less Good

Kerosene 180 ml+Pulm oi l20 ml


Small 3 X 2 0 8 Good Less Best

Kerosene 180 ml +Sovabean oil 20 ml


Small 2 . 5 X 2 0 . 1 8 very Less Fair

Kerosene 180 ml+Coconut oil 20 ml


Small 2 X 3 0 8 3 Best Less Best

Rice bran oil 75 mSovabean oil 75 m

+ 6 95 to 45vellow

Small 2 Xt . 2 s

0 8 1 Poor Less Good

Rice bran oil 20 ml +Soyabean oil 100 ml

6 Normalvellow

Small 2.5X1 . 2 5

0.83 Bad Less Good

Rice bran oil 20 ml +Sovabean oil 100 ml

t n 100 to40 vellow

Small 2.75 Xt a rt - L I

l . ) Fair Less Good

Rice bran oil 25 mCoconut oil 100 m

+ l 0 Normal Brightyellow

Small 3 X l 5 U J Medium

Less Good

Rice bran oil 20 mCoconut oil 100 m

+ l 5 82to 40 Brightvellow

Small 3.25 Xl . )

0 6 6 Medium

Less Good

Kerosene 170 ml +Rice bran 30 ml

t260 Roomtem.

Brightyellow

Small 2 . 5 X 2 0 . l 35

Excellent

Less Good

Kerosene 170 ml +Mustard oil30 ml

725 Roomtem.

Brightyellow

Small 3 X 2 0 . 1 38

Good Less Good

Kerosene 170 ml +Coconut oil 30 ml

9 1 5 Normal Brightvellow

Small 3 x 2 0 2 8I

Excellent

Less Good

Kerosene 170 ml +Soyabean oil 30 ml


Small 2 5 X 2 0 . 1 22

Good Less Good

Kerosene 170 ml +Pulm oi l30 ml


Small 3 X 2 0. l4J

Excellent

Less Good

z8

IiI

CONCLUSION

Rice bran oil and vegetable oils are a renewable source of energy. So the study of rice bran oil andvegetable oils may be given higher priority as an alternative fuel for lighting purposes . For this reason thefollowing points should be remarkable.-i)lmportance should be given in the production cost and its sales price, so that production cost will beminimum. For the production of rice bran oil and vegetable oil seeds, government incentives shall beneeded.ii) Attention should be given to collect the availability of Vegetable oil seeds in Bangladesh by producingvegetable oil necessary for lighting purpose.iii) fuce bran oil and vegetable oils should be given importance to use as an alternative engine fuel.

REFERENCES

I.TFIESIS BOOK: "A PROJECT REPORT ON THE LIILIZATION AND PROSPECT OF RICEBRAN OIL" IN 1992 M.N. tSLANt M.M. RAHMAN, AND M.M. KAMAL AT BIT, RAJSHAHL

2. LE\'ER BROTHERS BANGLADESH(LTD.),CHITTAGONG,PERSONAL COMMUNICATION, 1 993.

3. SCIENCE LABORATORY OF B C.S.I.& R{SHAHI, PERSONAL COMMLINICATION, 1993.4. RUPON OIL AND FEEDS LIMITED, PULIIAT, DTNAJPUR"

PERSONAL COMMI'NICATION, 1993.5. ASTM DESIGNATION:D2500-66,IP DESIGNATION: 219167, PART 7.6. DEPARTMENT OF CFIEMICAL ENGINEERING.BUET. DHAKA

PERSONALCOMMLNICATION. I 993.

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A Study on the Use of Rice Bran Oil and Vegetable Oils as Renewable Sources of Energy and...

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