CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.0 Background of the study

Absence nowadays cannot be separated from the individual who was called a student.

This absence of phenomena, it is easy to see even likened it has become a necessity in

the nature of students. So it is not surprising if this habit continues to fall proceeds

among school students as examples of primary, secondary and even at university

level, the problem still persists. Other than that, the sector is also facing the field of

employment in the same problems that their employer impasse in the absence of these

phenomena solution.

University Selangor (UNISEL) at Shah Alam, Faculty of Business also facing the

same thing, the absence of student in class getting worse. They are a few among of

student sometimes attend a class a few time in a week, other than that the attendances

of student in class based on the subject that they like. These scenarios actually should

not be happened, because as a student they already know and thinks to differentiate

between the good thing and the worse. Besides that, they also well know the impact

and affect while they absent from a class.

According to the (Marburger, 2001) states that the difficulty inferring the effect of

absenteeism on performance because, once a student is absent in a class, he or she

1

may miss the opportunity of learning other techniques. He found out that missing in

class progress the likelihood of missing examination material covered that day

compared to the student who were present in the class.

Therefore, we feel that this problem is very serious. As such we take responsibility to

investigate and find a solution to this problem from continuing to happen. At the

sometimes, we can know the accurate information about these problems and can be

able to cope with this problem from the root.

1.1 Problems statement

Do not came to class attitudes is synonymous with absenteeism, but it happens often

clearly visible in front of our eyes. It does not matter if the school environment, the

employment problem will occur. This is because a few individuals who are fond of

this kind of attitude lightly upon themselves. And at the same times some individual

take these attitudes simply on themselves, they feel it just the small thing but they

doesn’t realize that these kinds of attitudes were create a bad impact trough their

future.

Besides that, were as a researcher takes a move ahead in eradicating this problem. In

UNISEL, we can see clearly about absenteeism student from the class. Form the

information we get from the some lecturer, sometime the student attendance absent

from the class is half of the class. Here we know that how these problems seriously

2

happened in UNISEL. At the same times, we want to review what actually the factor

makes student not interested to attend the class. In other than that we want to, make

student realize the affect while they refuse or absent from the class.

As a student, they must to well know what exactly their responsibility, role like we

call student. In addition, it is important for student to know that with these bad

attitudes they will get the bad outcomes as usually when related on performances for

sure it about the (CGPA) of their academic.

According to (Schmidt,1983), absenteeism affects the students’ ability to get high

scores in examinations which can cause the decreasing of grades or the student may

fail and will cause him or her to repeat the same year level. Students who have spent

time attending lectures or classes have a significant, positive effect on students’

performance. Students that participated exhibits higher grades and scores in

examinations that the student.

1.2Objective of Study

Purpose this study is made to find out the factors that influence student absences to

class. As well, this study helps the management of the university, especially in

overcome problems absenteeism among students particularly in the Faculty of

Business.

3

In addition, we also take the responsibility of in given awareness to each student on

the future impact on the attitude of those who prefer not to attend the class and take

easily for this kind of attitude.From these of scenario we referring to aims and

objectives to make of this study and the main objectives can be summarizing as

follow:

i) To study the factor that effect of student absenteeism.

ii) To measures what kind of gender that is most critically in absenteeism

issues.

iii) To give suggestions and solutions for further improvement towards

absenteeism.

1.3 Significance of the study

The important of this study is, to get accurate information about the absenteeism

affect through the student performances. These reviews of research not only help

researcher and educators identify the contemporary research topics and research

methodology but also suggest directions for future research as well as some

guidelines for the nature of that research. In addition, to study and rises information

of factor and effect student absenteeism. From the information the university can used

and will take the positive reaction to further improving.

4

In the same in this study could be helpful to new researchers to make a guide for

study them. As well, it shows that we on our research its enable to be used as a

reference and source of information useful to all parties. Besides that, it was helping

to all parties, particularly the improvements to the management and administration of

the university.

1.4 Limitation of Study

There are the problems, obstacles and challenges faced by the researcher in

conducting and completing the research:

1.4.1 Time constrain

Time constrain is very important for researcher to complete this study in

the given period. This is because the researcher must to complete in a few

month period. The period has been given are insufficient because the

researcher must divide the times with other commitment such as a study

schedule and complete other assignments.

1.4.2 Cost constraint

The main problem for researcher in completing this research is financial

cost. The financial cost will be the major factors that will slow down to do

these studies because researcher needs to provide a lot of money in order

5

to get the information and materials such as from the internet, printing and

transportations.

1.4.3 Lack of information and resources

Lack of information and resources obtained by researcher will be problem

to accomplish this research. This is because researcher needs to find the

information through the internet as an alternative reference for the

research. Whereas, needs to find more journals, research articles and

books as additional information. Researcher also facing difficulties in

obtains reference materials from the library.

1.4.4 Lack of response from respondent

The information from respondent is very important to do the research.

Limitations occur when the response provides less commitment and

cooperation to give their feedback. Through questionnaires some of

respondent were not follow the guidelines when answering the questions.

Furthermore, most of them no honestly provide the right answers as a

feedback. It can lead researcher difficult to make a conclusion of their

research conducted.

6

1.5 Definition of terms

1.5.1 School

A school is an institution designed for the teaching of students (or

“pupils") under the direction of teachers. Most countries have systems of

formal education, which is commonly compulsory. In these systems,

students’ were progress through a series of schools. The names for these

schools vary by country but generally include primary school for young

children and secondary school for teenagers who have completed primary

education. An institution where higher education is taught is commonly

called a university college or university.

1.5.2 Absenteeism

Absenteeism is a habitual pattern of absence from a duty or obligation.

Traditionally, absenteeism has been viewed as an indicator of poor

individual performance. More recent scholarship seeks to understand

absenteeism as an indicator of psychological, medical, or social

adjustment to work.

7

1.6 Organizational of the Project Paper

The organizational of reports is especially designed and proposed to study on “A STUDY

ON THE FACTOR AND EFFECT OF STUDENT ABSENTEESIM AT FACULTY

OF BUSINESS IN UNISEL SHAH ALAM”. On these parts the reader will be clearly

describe summarize that contains to be presented on each chapters.

Chapter One

Chapter one describe an introduction of a project purposed that include the background of

the study, objective of the study, the significant of the studies, followed by limitation of

studies. A definition of terms and organization of project paper are also included into the

chapter one. Basically chapter one discuss the overview about the research overall to

bring a basic and clear knowledge of our study.

Chapter Two

Literature review is the second chapter focus all about. Literature define is the

documentation of a comprehensive review of the published work from secondary sources

of data in the areas of specific interest to the researcher. A literature been reviewed to

consider in order to decide whether there are any change of necessary. Literature review

helps to support our study of research process and used to guide for researcher where an

information been gather by analyzing all resources from previous author and media.

8

Chapter Three

Chapter three is about research design and methodology. It help researcher on how to

conduct the study and determine what methods should be used to meet the purpose of the

study. A researcher design is a master plan specifying the methods and procedures for

collecting and analyzing the need information. Methodology helps to bring out on doing

in study with a particular method and principles. There are two type of methods could be

used in the study those are Primary Data and Secondary Data. This chapter helps our

study to build with strong information.

Chapter Four

Chapters four were focus on data analysis and finding. Data analysis is the application of

logic to the understanding of data that has been gathered, it varies from the simple

determination of pattern to complex statistical analysis. Researcher will come out with

the different parts or details of samples study been conducted before.

The sample demography could be presented in written task or tabular format. Findings

are information that is discovered as a result of research in a form of survey and report.

Overall conclusion can only be made after data gathering and analysis.

9

Chapter five

Chapter five is explain about conclusions and recommendations. This chapter will

summarize all the four chapters above. There are also a briefly explanation in final

chapter. Conclusion could be explain as an opinion as the result of the overall study.

While recommendation determine how a person should act in particular situation. Finally

this chapter would bring a proper recommend for the suggestion to end of further

researchers.

10

CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Introduction

The purpose of this study is tomake to find out the factors that influence student

absences to class. As well, this study helps the management of the university,

especially in overcome problems absenteeism among students particularly in the

Faculty of Business. According to (Schmidt,1983), absenteeism affects the students’

ability to get high scores in examinations which can cause the decreasing of grades or

the student may fail and will cause him or her to repeat the same year level. Students

who have spent time attending lectures or classes have a significant, positive effect on

students’ performance. Students that participated exhibits higher grades and scores in

examinations that the student.

2.2 Absenteeism

According to (Teasley,2004) absenteeism is a period of time when a student does not

attend school students who do not attend school will generally fall behind their

classmates in their academic success (Ford & Sutphen,1996) they have fewer

opportunity to learn the materials that will help them to succeed (Epstein & Sheldon ,

11

2002) the focus of student absenteeism ranges from early schooling until adolescent

years (Ford &Sutphen , 1996).

Absenteeism in students affects their school performances especially when they are in

a group or teamwork for their assignments and projects. Since grouping will help

develops the students cooperatives and ability to share and gain knowledge from their

group mates, likewise, the group mates will also miss the opportunity of gaining

knowledge from the absent student (Koppenhaver, 2003)

Based on research of (Marburger,2001) states that the absences create a dead,

tiresome, unpleasant classroom, environment that makes students who come to class

uncomfortable and the lecturer irritable. Absenteeism disturbs the dynamic teaching-

learning environment and adversely affects the overall well-being of classes

(Segal ,2008). In quality terms, absenteeism is a waste of educational resources, time

and human potential. Student absenteeism also causes rework and wasted time for

lecturers (Lalek , 1995 &Rumburger 1997).

According to (Park and Kerr 1990, Romer 1993, and Foltz 1996, Marburger 2001) it

is widely recognized that absenteeism can negatively impact grades in economics

courses and that high attendance rates can improve student performance in variety of

classroom settings (Sheets et al. 1995, Johnston and James, 2000)

12

According of study by (Brooks, 1997, as cited in Bond, 2004) absenteeism can be

defined as persistent, habitual, and unexplained absence from school. Bond noted that

chronic absenteeism occurs when a student is absent without reason 20% or more of

school time: - this nominal figure is consistently identified regardless of the specific

circumstances of the absenteeism.

According to (Schmidt in 1983) absenteeism affects the students’ ability to get high

scores in examinations which can cause the decreasing of grades or the student may

fail and will cause him or her repeat the same year level. Students who have spent

time attending lectures or classes have a significant, positive effect on students’

performance. Students that participated exhibits higher grades and scores in

examinations that the student

To prevent and correct serious attendance problems, school need to change the way

they structured improves the quality of the courses and intensity interpersonal

relationship between teachers and students (Epstein and Sheldon, 2002)

Daniel RMarburger indicates that student performance is inversely correlated with

absenteeism. The author investigates the impact of enforcing an attendance policy on

absenteeism and student performance. The evidence suggests that an enforced

mandatory attendance policy significantly reduces absenteeism and improves exam

performance.

13

Newman Wadesango and SeverinoMachingambi (2011) study was to investigate the

extent of student absenteeism in selected areas. Explore the reasons why student

absent themselves from classes and examine the implications of student absenteeism.

The study adopted the mixed methodology and used a survey research design as the

operational framework for data gathering. Data were collected by self-administered

questionnaires and interviews with the chosen students. The study revealed that

student absenteeism is rampant in the schools under study due to reasons such as: lack

of subject interest, poor teaching strategies by teachers, unfavorable learning

environment, too much socialization, and poor relations with the teachers. The study

also found an inverse relationship between student absenteeism and course

performance.

According (DonkaMirthecva, 2009) some studies show that student’s attendance or

absenteeism is closely linked with good students health thus resulting to higher

academic achievements.

According (Chang and Romero, 2008, Moonie, Sterling, Figgs and Castro, 2008) have

identified chronic absenteeism as a persistent problem related to poor academic

performances and potential behavioral and development issues. There is general

agreement among researchers that being chronically absent places student at risk of

negative academic consequences.

14

Absenteeism can have pronounced negative impacts on students of poverty

(Ready,2010) and according (Balfane And Byrnes,2012) absenteeism can reduce the

like hood of post-secondary enrolment.

There is also evidence of a particular pattern of non-attendance amongst university

students, with most absenteeism accusing on Mondays-and Fridays being of one day

in duration (Timmins, 2002, Rodgers, 2002)

According (Gatherer and Manning, 1998) suggest that there are may actually be

psychological benefits to occasional absences. Yet, if one were to try to dress this in

timetabling and in so doing, scheduled classes only on Tuesdays, Wednesdays and

Thursdays.

Student’s perceptions of the classroom or teachers as chaotic, uncaring or boring were

associated with student absenteeism and truancy (Duckworth and Dejong, 1989,

Redericket al, 1997)

Research found that several family and community enrolment practices were

associated with student attendance including rewarding. Students for good attendance

communicating with families about student attendance, providing families with

information about people to contact at school or intuitions, conducting worships on

attendance, and providing after-school programs for students (Epstein and Sheldon,

2002)

15

According to (Henry, 2007) social learning theory may also be applied to the way

parents pass on their values and expectations relatives to schooling and education.

The attitude a student’s parents have toward truancy plays an important role in the

extent to which truant behavior persists.

High rates of unexcused absences have been linked to “ school disengagement “ and

lower academic achievement.(Gotttried,2009)students with high number of unexcused

absences might be less motivated and supported at home then a students with an equal

number of exceed ones :Therefore the reasons for school institutions absences are

related to the extent to which students learn.

Recent studies show students who are chronically absent are involved with the

following disruptive classroom behavior in the current percentiles;29% are bullies,

bullied 19%.Have disrespect for teachers,19% are afflicted with gangs, and 13% are

verbally abuse teachers (Reimer& Sminh,2005) see school absenteeism as a cause of

low scholastics an more students are referred to for disciplinary action (Sommer and

Najd 1991)

Class attendance is likely to be substantially influenced by contextual factors (Crede,

Roch&Kiesecuyuks 2010) such as attendance norms of university perceived difficulty

of the class, characteristic of the instructors and whether students can obtain lecture

material online. It is also true that individual differences factors such as motivation,

consciencetiousness and intelligence increase the likelihood of a student attending

class ( Decades and Fortz 1996, Arulampalam, Naylor, and Smith 2012).

16

2.3 Summary

As a summarize of the literature review, we can conclude that rate of absenteeism

among students is currently in high percentages. Based on previous research

conducted by researchers there are many factors contributing to the major problems of

the absenteeism such as parental responsibility, incondusive studying environment,

administration role, and lectures role and so on.

17

CHAPTER THREE

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY

3.1 Introduction

This chapter describes the methodology used to collect data, which will be used to

answer the hypothesis. Research design and methodology is important, because it

provides more prospective on the problem being studies. This research is based on study

carried out at Faculty of Business in UNISEL (Shah Alam) to study on their factor once

absenteeism. Exploratory research provides qualitative the concept or defines the

problems.

The purpose of quantitative research is to determine the phenomena in the form of

number. The methods used in this research are definition, research design, respondent,

data collection, sampling method, targeted population, and data analysis.

3.2 Business Research Defined

Business research a task to generate accurate information to be used in decision-making.

The task is defined as the systematic and objectives process for gathering, recording, and

analyzing data as aid in business decision makings. Literally, research means to “search

again”. It involve patient study and scientific investigation wherein the research takes

another more careful look on data to discover all that can be as the subject of study.

18

The gathered information or data that been collected were analyzed to be accurate, where

the business research must be objective. The importance of objectivity, research is

valueless.

3.2.1 Categories of business research

There are three categories of business research which is:

i) Basic (pure) research

Research that intended to expand the boundaries of knowledge or verify the

acceptability of a given theory.

ii) Applied research

A research those was undertaken of answer a question of specific problem or

to make decision towards a particular course of decision or action.

iii) Evaluation

A formal objective measurement, which apprise the extent to a given activity,

project or program achieved its objective.

3.3.2 Type of business research

There are several types of research methods that used to conduct business research, which

i) Exploratory Research

19

Research is conducted to clarify and define the nature of the research

problems. It helps to identify information for future researcher to conduct

a research.

ii) Descriptive Research

Specifically conduct to describe the characteristics of population of

population.

iii) Causal Research

A research those were narrow down the cause and effect relationship among variables

specifically. This research applies exploratory research to bring the problem into more

understanding of the field of study. By the analyzing of the existing studies of subject, by

doing some research and informally investigating of the situation, this study can help to

build a strong conclusion of the concept. They are several techniques for obtained a clear

idea. The research applies explanatory.

3.3 Research Design

After a research problem has been formulated, the nest process is followed by research

design. Research design is as a master plan in specifying information needed. The

objective of this study is to determine during the starting of the research to ensure

whether appropriate information was collected in solving the problem.

20

3.4 DataCollection

3.4.1 Primary Data

Primary data is a data that were gathering and assemble specifically for the

research project. The data are collected through observation, interview and also

questionnaires. This type of data is used in collecting information for our studies.

3.4.2 Questionnaires

A list of questionnaires were prepared by observation and investigating based on

field of study been research and the respondent were requires to filled u the

questionnaires. The respondent should have to read and answering the questions.

This survey involved of the student Faculty of Business in (UNISEL) Shah Alam.

It consist of the four parts which are (Part A), demography, (Part B) about

absenteeism and to identify the possible causes of absenteeism, (Parts C) to

identify the possible effect of absenteeism and the last parts is (Part D) ways to

overcome absenteeism. Relevance and accurate are two basic criteria a

questionnaires must be meet in term to achieve the researcher’s purpose. To bring

the research successfully, a systematically questionnaires should build up.

3.5 Secondary Data

Secondary data is a data that have been previously collected and assemble for some

project research done by other hand. Such data are cheaper and more quickly to be

accessed than primary data and also may be available when primary data cannot be

21

accessed at all. To carry outdated is collect all information from article, journal, and

internet where then will be analyzed. With the secondary data helps to make primary data

collection more specific whereas we can able to identify the gaps and deficiencies and

what additional information needs to be collected and helps to improve the understanding

of the problem. Secondary data also provides a basis for comparison for the data that

were collected by the researcher.

3.5.1 Internal Data

A data that is gathered from the internal source the administration management

which is the statistics report. Throughout the report the information such as a

statistics of absenteeism, which course and the information related to our studies.

3.5.2 External Data

Reference books

A main resource of books about absenteeism were used in collecting

information and referred as guideline to conduct the study.

Articles and journals

The articles and journals give extra information about the study to analysis

with information available.

Internet

Internet provides easy and quick references from websites related to the study.

22

3.6Population and Sample Size

Population refers to an entire group of people, events, or things of interest that the

researchers wish to investigate (Gay and Diehl, 1992). The process of research sampling

involves any procedure using a small number of items or parts of the whole population to

make conclusions regarding the whole population. A sample is subset, or some part of

larger population. The purpose of sampling is to enable the researchers to estimate

unknown characteristics of the population.

The population for this study consists of three major programs of Faculty of Business in

UNISEL. There are BHRM, BIM, and BOA students. The research was conducted

through the questionnaire. The sample target required is 50 respondents from each

program, which randomly selected to answer the questionnaires. Therefore, this research

is to ensure that ensure that the objective of the research able to achieved without any

mistakes or errors.

3.6.1 Respondent

A respondent is a person who wills answer the questionnaires, all of the respondent are

under the Faculty of Business. Despite the questionnaires are used to collect data and

information accurately from the survey. The sample is from the BHRM, BIM and BOA

student.

23

3.7 Data Analysis and Procedure

Data analysis in survey research is characteristics by a wide spectrum of statistics

analysis used to collect the data and then analyzed to be converted into a format that will

answer the researcher’s questions. The analysis involves determining consistent patterns

and summarizing the appropriate details that relived in the investigation. In this study,

researcher will used Statistical Package for the Social Science (SPSS) version 16.0 to key

in all the data which collected from respondent and cross tabulation.

3.7.1 Statistical Package for the Social Science (SPSS)

SPSS is very user friendly and best learned by hands-on utilization. SPSS is a

comprehensive statistical software package for helping in analyze the study ta and an

import the dissertation data from almost any kind of the file for analysis. In analyze,

SPSS used to generate tabulated dissertation reports, charts, and plots of distribution and

trends, as well as descriptive statistics, and complex statistical analysis using the

collected data.

3.7.2 Tabulation

Researcher will use tabulation in this study. Tabulation refers to the in orderly

arrangement of data in a table or other summary format of information gathered.

Counting the number of response through a question and separate them into a frequency

distribution is a simple tabulation or marginal tabulation, which help the researcher to

keep the most basic from of a information. During the data tabulated, a meaningful

24

categories and character symbols will used to represent for group or responses. The rules

used to interpret; categories and recording the data are called codes. This coding process

can be used a fully facilities by a computer or a manual work as hand tabulation.

Other than that, researcher can also use cross tabulation. Where, researcher question

involving relationship among multiple less than internal variable. The results were

combined of frequency table displaying one variable in rows and another variable in

columns. The purpose of categorization and cross tabulation is to allow the inspection

and comparison of differences among group.

25

CHAPTER FOUR

DATA ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS

4.1 Introduction

This chapter shows the results of data analysis that has been undertaken and has been

achieved from the studies. Data were collected through a questionnaire distributed by one

of the researchers. The questionnaire comprises two major parts A deals with

demographic question and Part B contains 27 questions related to causes, effects and

ways to overcomes absenteeism problems. A five point Likert Scale is used to identify

student respondent’s level of agreement on a statement given. The scale is follows: 5

Strongly Disagree, 4: Disagree, 3: Neutral, 2: Agree, 1: Strongly Agree. Statistical

Package for Social Sciences Version 16.0 to get reliability, percentage, frequency, mean,

standard deviation, ANOVA, and independent samples test.

26

4.2 Part A: DEMOGRAPHIC (RESPONDENT’S BACKGROUND)

4.2.1 Programs

Table 4.2.1 : programs

Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent

Valid BHRM 50 33.3 33.3 33.3

BOF 50 33.3 33.3 66.7

BBM 50 33.3 33.3 100.0

Total 150 100.0 100.0

27

33%

33%

33%

Programs

bhrmbofbbm

Figure 4.2.1: programs

Figure 4.2.1 above shows the programs of the respondents. The total respondent is 150.

So, we had divided for three major programs such as BHRM, BOF, and BBM. For each

programs there are 50 respondents or 33.3%.

28

4.2.2: Gender

Table 4.2.2 : Gender

Frequency Percent Valid Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid male 33 22.0 22.0 22.0

female 117 78.0 78.0 100.0

Total 150 100.0 100.0

22%

78%

Gender

malefemale

Figure 4.2.2: gender

29

Figure 4.2.2 above shows the gender of the respondents. The total respondent is 150 and they

are 78% or 117 respondents are females while 22% or 33 respondents are male. It means that,

female have a highest percentage than male.

4.2.3: Year of Study

Table 4.2.3 : year of study

Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent

Valid 1 30 20.0 20.0 20.0

2 48 32.0 32.0 52.0

3 72 48.0 48.0 100.0

Total 150 100.0 100.0

30

20%

32%

48%

Year Of Study

123

Figure 4.2.3: Year of Study

Figure 4.2.3 above shows the year of study of respondents. There are 30 respondent or

20% from year 1 followed by 48 respondent or 32% from year 2 and 72 respondents or

48% from year 3.

31

4.2.4: Age

Table 4.2.4 : Age

Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent

Valid 18-20 11 7.3 7.3 7.3

21-23 102 68.0 68.0 75.3

24-26 37 24.7 24.7 100.0

Total 150 100.0 100.0

7%

68%

25%

Age

18-2021-2324-26

Figure 4.2.4: Age

Figure and table 4.2.4 shows age of the respondents. There are 11 respondents or 7.3%

comes from age group 18-20, followed by 102 respondents or 68% from 21-23 age group

and end with 37 respondents or 24.7% from 24-26 age groups.

32

4.3 RELIABILITY

Reliability Statistics

Cronbach's Alpha N of Items

.918 27

Table: 4.3.1

Item-Total Statistics

Scale Mean if

Item Deleted

Scale Variance if

Item Deleted

Corrected Item-

Total Correlation

Cronbach's

Alpha if Item

Deleted

absenteeism is voluntary non-

attendance without valid

reasons

95.90 184.923 .542 .915

Family ,friends, lectures and

ourselves has ultimate

responsibility for managing

absenteeism

95.57 189.387 .489 .916

quality/clarity of lectures 95.67 186.613 .580 .914

teaching skill of the lecturer 95.64 185.910 .578 .914

lack of sleep 95.65 191.611 .345 .918

lecturer timetable scheduled

not the right hour

95.75 188.160 .518 .915

need to attend to

extracurricular/personal

activities

95.91 189.207 .483 .916

number of student in class 95.91 190.998 .353 .918

students did not finished the 95.81 190.761 .425 .917

33

homework before the class

start

always students felt sick and

unhealthy life

95.87 190.089 .472 .916

students are not interested in

a particular subject

95.63 187.240 .604 .914

students have behavioral/or

emotional problems that

interfere the learning process

95.77 186.932 .589 .914

academic performances low 95.71 187.631 .575 .914

student knowledge is

outdated compared to other

students in class

95.63 188.021 .602 .914

lectures perception on your

ability is low

95.80 185.638 .585 .914

fail to score well in quizzes,

tests and final exams

95.74 188.905 .557 .915

absenteeism will affect your

carry marks

95.45 185.632 .585 .914

your name will be bar from

final exam

95.51 187.164 .513 .915

effect your CGPA/GPA 95.45 186.719 .588 .914

fail to get loan for next

semesters

95.69 184.550 .520 .915

trying to copy answer from

other student in exam

95.87 184.031 .562 .914

fail to graduate in academy to

schedule

95.80 180.859 .643 .913

make sure the classes size

smaller (max 30 students)

95.61 189.688 .436 .917

establishing a program of

constantly emphasizing the

benefits of attending the class

to students

95.65 189.532 .511 .915

build a friendly and mutually 95.41 192.593 .422 .917

34

respectful lectures/ students

relationships

prioritize the ability of lectures

to engage / entertain the class

95.30 193.178 .395 .917

adjustment on class timing

should be done

95.14 186.712 .589 .914

4.4 PART B

Table 4.4.1: Distribution of mean and standard deviation for causes of an

absenteeism.

Descriptive Statistics

N Minimum Maximum Mean Std. Deviation

absenteeism is voluntary non-

attendance without valid

reasons

150 1 5 3.44 1.077

family, friends ,lectures and

ourselves has ultimate

responsibility for managing

absenteeism

150 1 5 3.77 .878

quality/clarity of lectures 150 1 5 3.67 .916

35

teaching skill of the lecturer 150 1 5 3.70 .961

lack of sleep 150 1 5 3.69 .984

lecturer timetable scheduled

not the right hour

150 1 5 3.59 .914

need to attend to

extracurricular/personal

activities

150 1 5 3.43 .900

number of student in class 150 1 5 3.43 1.006

students did not finished the

homework before the class

start

150 1 5 3.53 .887

always students felt sick and

unhealthy life

150 1 5 3.47 .857

students are not interested in

a particular subject

150 1 5 3.71 .848

students have behavioral/or

emotional problems that

interfere the learning process

150 1 5 3.57 .885

Valid N (listwise) 150

Family, friends ,lectures and ourselves has ultimate responsibility for managing

absenteeism is the most influencing factors of absenteeism with average(mean 3.77)(SD

= 0.878) followed by students are not interested in a particular subject(mean=3.71)

(SD=0.848)and teaching skill of the lecturer (mean=3.70)(SD=0.96). Lack of the sleep is

the fourth influencing factor of absenteeism (mean =3.69)(SD=0.984) followed by

quality/clarity of lecturer with (mean 3.67) (SD=0.916). (Mean 3.59) and (SD=0.914) is

36

lecturer timetable scheduled not the right hour and (mean 3.57) (SD=0.885) is the

students have behavioral/or emotional problems that interfere the learning process. Then

followed by (mean 3.53) (SD=0.0887) students did not finished the homework before the

class start followed by always students felt sick and unhealthy life with (mean3.47)

(SD=1.006),(mean 3.44) (SD=1.077) with absenteeism is voluntary non-attendance

without valid reasons. Second last followed by need to attend to extracurricular/personal

activities with average (mean 3.43) (SD=0.900) and lastly number of student in class

(mean=3.43) (SD=1.006).

Table 4.4.2: Distribution of mean and standard deviation for effects of absenteeism.

Descriptive Statistics

N Minimum Maximum Mean Std. Deviation

academic performances low 150 1 5 3.63 .862

student knowledge is

outdated compared to other

students in class

150 1 5 3.71 .805

lectures perception on your

ability is low

150 1 5 3.54 .967

fail to score well in

quizzes ,tests and final exams

150 1 5 3.60 .811

absenteeism will affect your

carry marks

150 1 5 3.89 .966

your name will be bar from

final exam

150 1 5 3.83 .986

effect your CGPA/GPA 150 1 5 3.89 .899

fail to get loan for next

semesters

150 1 5 3.65 1.142

trying to copy answer from

other student in exam

150 1 5 3.47 1.097

fail to graduate in academy to 150 1 5 3.54 1.145

37

schedule

Valid N (listwise) 150

Absenteeism will affect your carry marks is the most major effect of absenteeism with

average (mean3.89) (SD=0.966) followed by effect your CGPA/GPA with same valued

of (mean 3.89)(SD=0.899) thirdly followed by your name will be bar from final exam

(mean=3.83) (SD=0.986). Then continue with student knowledge is outdated compared

to other students in class(mean=3.71) (SD=0.805) fail to get loan for next semesters

(mean= 3.65) (SD=1.192).next is academic performances low (mean=3.63) (SD=0.862),

fail to score well in quizzes, tests and final exams(mean=3.60) (SD=0.811) and lectures

perception on your ability is low (mean=3.54)(SD=0.967). Second last is fail to graduate

in academy to schedule (mean 3.54) (SD=1.145) and end with trying to copy answer

from other student in exam (mean=3.47) (SD=1.097).

Table 4.4.3: Distribution of mean and standard deviation for ways to overcomes

absenteeism.

Descriptive Statistics

N Minimum Maximum Mean Std. Deviation

make sure the classes size

smaller (max 30 students)

150 1 5 3.73 .948

38

establishing a program of

constantly emphasizing the

benefits of attending the class

to students

150 1 5 3.69 .835

build a friendly and mutually

respectful lectures/ students

relationships

150 1 5 3.93 .752

prioritize the ability of lectures

to engage / entertain the class

150 1 5 4.04 .750

adjustment on class timing

should be done

150 1 5 4.20 .897

Valid N (listwise) 150

Adjustment on class timing should be done is the most popular ways to overcome

absenteeism with average (mean= 4.20) (SD=0.897) followed by prioritize the ability of

lectures to engage / entertain the class(mean=4.04) (SD=0.750) third popular ways is

build a friendly and mutually respectful lectures/ students relationships(mean=3.93)

(SD=0.752)continue by make sure the classes size smaller (max 30 students)(mean=3.73)

(SD=0.948) and lastly establishing a program of constantly emphasizing the benefits of

attending the class to students with average (mean3.69) (SD=0.835).

Table 4.4.4

39

No Statements AnswerSD D N A SA

F % F % F % F % F %1 absenteeism is voluntary

non-attendance without valid reasons

15 10.0 8 5.3 38 25.3 74 49.3 15 10.0

2 Family,friends,lectures and ourselves has ultimate

responsibility for managing absenteeism

5 3.3 7 4.7 28 18.7 88 58.7 22 14.7

3 quality/clarity of lectures 5 3.3 10 6.7 35 23.3 79 52.7 21 14.04 teaching skill of the lecturer 7 4.7 9 6.0 29 19.3 82 54.7 23 15.35 lack of sleep 5 3.3 14 9.3 31 20.7 73 48.7 27 18.06 lecturer timetable scheduled

not the right hour3 2.0 17 11.3 37 24.7 75 50.0 18 12.0

7 need to attend to extracurricular/personal

activities

7 4.7 12 8.0 50 33.3 72 48.0 9 6.0

8 number of student in class 7 4.7 23 15.3 32 21.3 75 50.0 12 8.09 students did not finished the

homework before the class start

5 3.3 13 8.7 41 27.3 79 52.3 12 8.0

10 always students felt sick and unhealthy life

2 1.3 21 14.0 40 26.7 78 52.0 9 6.0

11 students are not interested in a particular subject

3 2.0 10 6.7 34 22.7 84 56.0 19 12.7

12 students have behavioral/or emotional problems that

interfere the learning process

5 3.3 12 8.0 38 25.3 82 54.7 13 8.7

13 academic performances low 5 3.3 9 6.0 36 24.0 86 57.8 14 9.314 student knowledge is

outdated compared to other students in class

4 2.7 5 3.3 37 24.7 84 58.7 16 10.7

15 lectures perception on your ability is low

4 2.7 22 14.7 30 20.0 77 51.3 17 11.3

16 fail to score well in quizzes ,tests and final

exams

3 2.0 10 6.7 43 28.7 82 54.7 12 8.0

17 absenteeism will affect your carry marks

5 3.3 8 5.3 25 16.7 73 48.7 39 26.0

18 your name will be bar from final exam

6 4.0 9 6.0 24 16.0 76 50.7 35 23.3

19 effect your CGPA/GPA 1 0.7 13 18.7 24 16.0 75 50.0 37 24.7

40

20 fail to get loan for next semesters

13 8.7 11 7.3 22 14.7 74 49.3 30 20.0

21 trying to copy answer from other student in exam

10 6.7 19 12.7 34 22.7 65 43.3 22 14.7

22 fail to graduate in academy to schedule

14 9.3 12 8.0 28 18.7 71 47.3 25 17.3

23 make sure the classes sized smaller (max 30 students)

7 4.7 5 3.3 36 24.0 76 50.7 26 17.3

24 establishing a program of constantly empathizing the

benefits of attending the class to students

4 2.7 7 4.7 37 24.7 85 56.7 17 11.3

25 build a friendly and mutually respectful lectures/ students

relationships

2 1.3 4 2.7 24 16.0 93 62.0 27 18.0

26 prioritize the ability of lectures to engage / entertain the class

1 0.7 2 1.3 27 18.0 80 53.3 40 26.7

27 adjustment on class timing should be done

3 2.0 1 0.7 27 18.0 51 34.0 68 45.3

T-TEST

Table 4.4.5: Programs

ANOVA

programs

Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig.

Between Groups 26.735 49 .546 .745 .873

Within Groups 73.265 100 .733

Total 100.000 149

41

ANOVA test are used to analysis weather there are any changes according programs

towards absenteeism. But here had been proven that there are no changes between

BHRM, BOF, and BBM towards absenteeism. All programs equally absent to classes.

This is because the sig (0.873) which is more than p value (0.05).

Table 4.4.6: Gender

Group Statistics

gender N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean

Absenteeism male 33 97.1212 17.72843 3.08612

female 117 99.9658 13.07401 1.20869

Table above shows group statistics of the absenteeism. According to the table there are

no differences between male and female to the absenteeism. Gender are not brings any

changes to the absenteeism. This is because the P value is more than (>0.05). Mean of

the male is 97.12 while female is 99.97 and standard deviation for male is (17.73) while

female 13.08.

Table 4.4.7: Year of Study

ANOVA

year of study

Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig.

42

Between Groups 28.404 49 .580 .937 .592

Within Groups 61.836 100 .618

Total 90.240 149

Table shows there are no differences between year of study and absenteeism. Student’s

keep absent to class even they are first year student or final year students. This is because

the p value is more than (0.05) sig (0.592).

Table 4.4.8: Age

ANOVA

age

Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig.

Between Groups 16.778 49 .342 1.282 .148

Within Groups 26.715 100 .267

Total 43.493 149

Table shows that there are no differences between age and absenteeism. This is because p

value is more than (0.05) and sig. value is (0.148).

43

CHAPTER FIVE

RECOMMENDATION AND CONCLUSION

5.1 Introduction

Chapter 5 provides an overview of the research study, summarize the research findings

through the discussion of a study on factor of student absenteeism at Faculty Of Business,

UNISEL Shah Alam. The function on this chapter is to summarize the findings of the

study in form of conclusion, to recommend or apply, to interpret the question, to suggest

extension and integrate. The points raised in the introduction chapter must be responded

to in the conclusion chapter. The researcher should provide the conclusion of the analysis

and suggestions will be discussed details in this chapter.

The researchers were prepared the questionnaire by using the secondary data and it based

on research objective. The research was conducted at University Selangor (UNISEL).

The total population involve in this research is 150 students. Simple random sampling

method has been chosen in the distribution of the questionnaires. As many as 150

questionnaires have been distributed and researchers collected it successfully. There are

many 150 of the respondents are successfully involved in this study.

44

5.2 Recommendation

5.2.1 Adjustment on class timing

Adjustment on class timing is most vital ways to overcome absenteeism among students.

Class timing playing an important role to the students. Too much early and late class

timing will make students to not attend the class. Faculty or upper management in

UNISEL should adjust the class timing scheduled so that students will attend the class

more regularly. Management in UNISEL should analyze the most correctable/ flexible

class timing to the students before finalized the class timing. Here we suggested not

starting class too early such as at 8 am and end up late at 7 pm will make students feel

lazy and frustrated. The best class timing is around 9 am to 6 pm in other words follow

up office hours is better.

5.2.2 Prioritize the ability of lectures to engage/entertain the class

Lectures play more vital role in education systems. How far a lecture able to engage

/entertain the class is a non-answer question to everyone. Lectures should know how to

conduct their class well so that student will not absent from attend the classes.

Management/ faculty should make sure that all lectures in UNISEL are able to conduct

their classes in proper way as well as entertain their students. We recommend to the

management to send lectures especially who are new in field of teaching, less experience,

and having low performances to the training so that they can able to deliver their best to

the students.

45

5.2.3 Build a friendly and mutually respectful lectures / students relationships.

Bonding between student and lectures are important factors to reduce absenteeism.

Lectures and students themselves should build a strong relationship between them to

create a good and health environment. Communications play an important role towards

build a friendly relationship among both parties. Both parties should give respect each

other to avoid disputes among them. We suggested to management/faculty often

organized educational trip/or vacation trip for students/lectures in order to them build

strong friendly and mutually respectful relationships.

5.2.4 Make sure the classes size smaller

We had observed that in FOB there are a lot of students (especially for BHRM) there are

more than 60 students in a class for one subject. This make student’s feel uncomfortable

to attend a class. Some of the reasons they did not like to attend a class especially classes

which placed more than 60 students are class are noise, cannot interact with lectures,

limited chair provided, students sits at back unable to pay attentions and so on. One of the

way to overcome this problems, faculty/management should make the class size smaller

(max 30 students). A lot of students agree with this suggestions because they feel more

comfortable to attend the class- don’t need to worry about sitting place even they come

late to classes

46

5.2.5 Establishing the programs of constantly emphasizingthe benefits of attending

the class to students

Management / faculty should establish the programs of constantly emphasizingthe

benefits of attending the class to students so that they will conscious about the

consequences of skipping class. This is because a lot of students out there are still having

zero knowledge about the importance of attending a class. They also still blind about the

effect of absenteeism to their future careers. We suggested to faculty that often

establishing a awareness programs to the students about the benefits of attending the

classes so that they will be able to take a good decision as well think twice before

skipping class.

5.3 Conclusions

47

Based on research we had conducted, finally we had find out answer/result for our

objectives. The main factors of absenteeism is family, friends, lectures and ourselves has

ultimate responsibility for managing absenteeism with average (mean 3.77) (SD = 0.878)

followed by students are not interested in a particular subject (mean=3.71) (SD=0.848)

and teaching skill of the lecturer (mean=3.70) (SD=0.96) and so on.

Based on our second objectives we had concluded that both female and male are equally

contribute to the absenteeism issues. In order to achieve our third objectives we suggested

to the faculty/management in UNISEL to adjust the class timing as way for reduce and

overcome absenteeism.

As a whole it can be concluded that absenteeism is a problem or issues that can be solved

easily if all parties (students, lectures, UNISEL management) work together to overcome

absenteeism issues in future.

Discussion

The purpose of our study was to find out the factors that influence student absences to

class. As well, this study helps the management of the university, especially in overcome

problems absenteeism among students particularly in the Faculty of Business.

In addition, we also take the responsibility of in given awareness to each student on the

future impact on the attitude of those who prefer not to attend the class and take easil

48

this kind of attitude. From these of scenario we referring to aims and objectives to make

of this study and the main objectives can be summarizing as follow:

i) To study the factor that effect of student absenteeism.

ii) To measures what kind of gender that is most critically in absenteeism

issues.

iii) To give suggestions and solutions for further improvement towards

absenteeism.

Our results provided some support for the questionnaire that we had arise during

conducting the research. Firstly, the factor that effect of student absenteeism is

family, friends, lectures and ourselves has ultimate responsibility for managing

absenteeism with average( mean 3.77 )interested in a particular subject (mean=3.71)

(SD=0.848) and teaching skill of the lecturer (mean=3.70) (SD=0.96) and so on.

Based on our second objectives we had concluded that both female and male are

equally contribute to the absenteeism issues. This is because our results shows that

gender are not brings any changes to the absenteeism. This is because the P value is

more than (>0.05). Mean of the male is (97.12) while female is (99.97) and( standard

deviation for male is 17.73) while female (13.08).

49

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Babbie G, Mouton G. (2001). The Practical of Social Research.

Jamaica. Task Force on Educational Reform. (2004). A transformed education system:

Report. Kingston, Jamaica: Author

Chang, H. N., & Romero, M. (2008.) Present, Engaged, and Accounted For: The Critical

Importance of Addressing Chronic Absence in the Early Grades. Report. New York,

N.Y.: National Center for Children in Poverty.

Rothman, S. (2001) School absence and student background factors: A multilevel

analysis. International Education Journal 2(1): 59–68.

Sheldon, S. B., & Epstein, J. L. (2004).Getting Students to School: Using Family and

Community Involvement to Reduce Chronic Absenteeism. School and Community

Journal 4(2): 39-56.

Arcia, E. (2006). Achievement and enrollment status of suspended students: Outcomes in

a large, multicultural school district. Education & Urban Society, 38(3), 359-

369.doi:10.1177/0013124506286947

50

Rothman, S. (1999) Non-attendance and student background factors. Paper presented at

the joint annual conference of the Australian Association for Research in Education and

the New Zealand Association for Research in Education, Melbourne, November

December.

Balfanz, R. & Byrnes, V. (2012). Chronic Absenteeism: Summarizing What We Know

From Nationally Available Data. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Center for Social

Organization of Schools.

Attwood, G. &Croll, P. (2006). Truancy in secondary school pupils: Prevalence,

trajectories and pupil perspectives. Research Papers in Education, 21 (2006): 467–484

51

APPENDIXES

52

APPENDIX

Appendix 1: Pai chart of gender

53

Appendix 2: SPSS data

54

Appendix 3: Frequency Table in SPSS

55

Appendix 4:Oneway

56

Appendix 5: Frequency Data in SPSS Format

57

Appendix 6: Cronbach’s Alpha in SPSS

58

This survey is conducted to investigate the factor that effect student absenteeism.

(Kajianinidijalankanuntukmengkajifaktor yang terhadapkesanketidakhadiranpelajar.)

SECTION A: DEMOGRAPHIC

Please mark (√ ) your answer in the box provided.

(Silatandakan (√) jawapanandadalamkotak yang disediakan)

PROGRAMMES:

BHRM BOF BBM

GENDER:

MALE FEMALE

YEAR OF STUDY:

1 2 3 3

AGE:

18-20 21-23 24-26 27 ABOV

59

SECTION B : PART A (ABOUT ABSENTEEISM)

Please tick ( √ ) on each answer you choose. You may only choose (1) answer. For these following questions, please rate according to the following.

(Silatandakan (√) padasetiapjawapan yang andapilih.Andahanyabolehmemilih (1) jawapan.Untuksoalan-soalanberikut.

1. Strongly Disagree(sangattidakbersetuju)

2. Disagree(tidaksetuju)

3. Neutral(neutral)

4. Agree(setuju)

5. Strongly Agree(sangatbersetuju)

NO STATEMENT 1 2 3 4 5

1Absenteeism is voluntary nonattendance without valid reasons.

(Ketidakhadiranadalahkehadiransukarelabukantanpasebab yang sah)

2

Wehave ultimate responsibility for managing absenteeism.

(Kita

mempunyaitanggungjawabutamauntukmenguruskanketidakhadiran.)

SECTION B :PART B TO IDENTIFY THE POSSIBLE CAUSES OF ABSEENTEEISM

NO STATEMENT 1 2 3 4 5

1Quality/ clarity of lectures

(Kualiti / kejelasanpensyarahjejaskankuliah)

2Teaching skill of the lecturer

(Kemahiranpensyarahmengajar)

3Lack of sleep

(kurangtidur)

4 Lecturer timetable scheduled not the right hour

(jadualwaktupensyarahtidakpadamasadan jam yang

60

tepat/betul)

5Need to attend to extracurricular/ personal activities

(Perlu dating keaktivitikurikulum / peribadi)

6Number of student in class

(bilanganpelajar di dalamkelas yang padat)

7

Students did not finished the homework before the

class start (eg : tutorial, assignment)

(pelajartidakmenyiapkantugasansebelumkelasbermula)

8Always student felt sick and unhealthy life

(pelajarkerapsakitdanmenjalanigayahidupkurangsihat)

9Students are not interested in particular subject

(pelajartidakberminatdalamsesetengahsubjek)

10

Students have behavioral / or emotional problems

that interfere the learning process

(Pelajarmempunyaimasalahtingkahlaku / atauemosi

yang mengganggu prosespembelajaran)

SECTION C : TO IDENTIFY THE POSSIBLE EFFECTS OF ABSEENTEEISM

NO STATEMENT 1 2 3 4 5

1Academic performance low

(pencapaianakademikmenurun)

2

Subject knowledge is outdated compared to other

students in the class

(Rasa ketinggalanberbandingdenganpelajar lain di

dalamkelas)

3Lectures perception on your ability is low

(Pensyarahmelihatkeupayaan/kemampuanandarendah)

4 Fail to score well in quizzes, tests, and final exam

61

(gagalmenjawabdenganbaikdalamujian,

kuizdalampeperiksaanakhir)

5Absenteesim will affect your carrymarks

(ketidakhadiranakanmenjejaskanmarkahanda)

6Your name will be bar from final exam

(namaandaakandibekukandarimendudukipeperiksaanakhir)

7

Effect your CGPA and GPA

State your CGPA: ……………

(menjejaskan pointer)

8Fail to get loan for next semester

(gagalmemperolehipembiayaan/pinjaman)

9Trying to copy answer from other student in exam

(cubauntukmenirujawapanketikapeperiksaan)

10Fail to graduate in academy to schedule

(gagalmenamatkanpengajianmengikutjadualtelahditetapkan)

SECTION D : WAYS TO OVERCOME ABSEENTEEISM

N

OSTATEMENTS 1 2 3 4 5

1

Make sure the classes sizes smaller (max 30 students)

(memastikandisetiapkelasbilanganpelajarmaksimumhanya 30 orang

pelajarsahaja)

2

Establishing a program of constantly emphasing the benefits of

attending the class to students

(Mewujudkan program

secaraberterusanmemberitumpuankhususkepadafaedahmenghadirikelasu

ntukpelajar)

3 Build a friendly and mutually respectful lecturer/ students

62

relationships

(Membinahubunganmesradansalingmenghormatiantarapensyarah /

pelajar)

4Prioritize the ability of lectures to engage /entertain the class

(Mengutamakankebolehanpensyarahuntukmengendalikankelas)

5Adjustment on class timing should be done.

(Penyesuaiankepadapenetapanmasakelasperludilakukan)

REFERENCES

Website

http://www.jamaicaobserver.com/news/132643_Student-absenteeism-high

Definition on Research Design (on-line) Available

(http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/research-design.html)

Definition on Data Analysis (on-line) Available

(http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/data-analysis.html)

http://www.google.com(search)

Definition on Research Method (On-line) Available

(http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/research-method.html)

63

64