A Study on Migration to Canada- India 1979 to Present

7/24/2019 A Study on Migration to Canada- India 1979 to Present

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A study on Migration to Canada-1970 to present

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Immigration is increasingly preoccupying politicians, policy-makers and citizens

around the world. For the most part, however, the focus has been on the economic impact

and social integration of new migrants Migration serves as the foundation for continued

economic growth, which brings people, customs and traditions, rituals and culture to the

forefront of current Government policy. anada is the second largest country in the

world! anada has a history of immigrants which makes its culture rich and vast.

Immigrants play a ma"or role in anada#s economy and so anada welcomes migrants

from all over the world.

$he study of migration to anada includes the causes for migration. It has

covered all the positive and negative aspects of migration to anada. $he anadian trend

is included to know the mindset of anadians.

$he history of immigration to anadae%tends back thousands of years.

Immigrants have contributed greatly to the development and cultural fabric of our

country. Immigration now accounts for more than &' percent of net growth in the

labour force and (tatistics anada pro"ects that by )'** it will account for *'' percent of

that growth. $he mi% of our nation#s skills, education and productivity is increasingly

determined by the attributes of foreign-born individuals.+ccording to the most recent

census, the number of immigrants in anada reached almost .) million. Immigrants look

to anada for opportunities to gainfully employ their skills and talents to achieve a better

future for themselves and their families.

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Introduction to Migration:

Migration is primarily a labour issue. It concerns the movement of workers who cross

borders to find employment, as well as the necessity of eual treatment, good working

conditions and rights for these workers. $he purpose of this manual is to guide the trade

union movements participation in shaping migration policies by promoting sound labour

migration practices and reaching out to migrant workers. It aims to ensure that migration

benefits the countries of origin as well as destination countries, and both migrant and

non-migrant workers.

+cross the world, millions of people are on the move - doing "obs ranging from menial

labour such as harvesting to computer programming. ombined, their numbers would

eual the fifth most populous country on the planet. $he number of migrants crossing

borders in search of employment and human security is e%pected to increase rapidly in

the coming decades due to the failure of globalization to provide "obs and economic

opportunities. $he I/0 sees today#s global challenge as forging the policies and the

resources to better manage labour migration so that it contributes positively to the growth

and development of both home and host societies, as well as to the well being of the

migrants themselves. In )''1, the International /abour onference of the I/0 adopted a

Multilateral Framework on /abour Migration which is part of a plan of action for migrant

workers agreed by I/0 constituents. $he Framework is part of an I/0 plan of action

which aims at better managing labour migration so that it contributes positively to the

growth and development of both home and host societies, as well as to the well being of

the migrants themselves.

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$he 2nited 3ations defines migrant as an individual who has resided in a foreign country

for more than one year irrespective of the causes, voluntary or involuntary, and the

means, regular or irregular, used to migrate. 2nder such a definition, those travelling for

shorter periods as touristsand businesspersons would not be considered migrants.

4owever, common usage includes certain kinds of shorter-term migrants, such

as seasonalfarm-workers who travel for short periods to work planting or harvesting

farm products.5 +lso, human migration happened when the 6aleo-Indians entered

+merica.

+ccording to International 0rganization for Migration, $he term migrant was usually

understood to cover all cases where the decision to migrate was taken freely by the

individual concerned for reasons of 5personal convenience5 and without intervention of

an e%ternal compelling factor! it therefore applied to persons, and family members,

moving to another country or region to better their material or social conditions and

improve the prospect for themselves or their family.

$here are almost )'' million migrants in the world today. $he ma"ority of people leaving

their home countries are migrating for work and almost of half of them are women. $he

contribution of these migrant workers to the world economy is undeniable, yet many

work in some of the worst conditions, with no access to social protection and denied their

labour rights.

$oday, labor migration often occurs due to the e%pansion of a business into a new

geographical area, or the relocation of e%isting facilities to a new area. In both situations,

it is not unusual for employers to offer certain employees the opportunity to migrate to

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these new locations, and become associated with the newly opened facilities. 0ften, a

portion of this type of labor migration will involve employees who have been with the

firm for some time, and have proven their competency within their respective positions.

7ith labor migration involving the opening of a new location, it is not unusual for a

business to offer ualified managers, I$ specialists, and other employees with a firm

grounding in company policies and procedures the option of relocating to the new area.

$his is beneficial for the company, as it places a core group of fully trained individuals in

a position to successfully train new employees and thus increase the chances of a

successful launch.

7hen the labor migration involves the closing of a facility and the opening of a new

facility in another location, there is a good chance that the ma"ority of the employees will

be offered the chance to move and fill open positions at the new facility. 8epending on

the nature of the position and the standing of the individual employee, the company may

offer incentives to make the migration, such as paying moving e%penses or offering an

increase in salaryor wages to make the move. +ssuming that most of the employees

respond positively, the company benefits from not having to train new personnel to take

over the open positions at the new location, thus saving a great deal of money and time.

+ labor migration may involve the massive migration of large numbers of individuals to a

new location over a period of time, or involve the movement of a selected few in

a migrationthat is intentionally planned and e%ecuted with precision and in a very small

window of time. In both situations, there is a good chance that the movement will have

some degree of impact on the economic conditions of both the locations that are left

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behind and the areas where the migrants finally settle. 7hile there is speculation that the

establishment of the 7orld 7ide 7eb and the increased opportunities for telecommuting

will inhibit future mass migrations to some degree, not many e%perts believe that modern

communications will prevent migration from happening from time to time, even if

that migration is no more than a move from one side of town to the other.

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What causes Migration?

Migration is the result of the availability of land on planet 9arth, the people who inhabit

the planet now and in the future, and the movement of persons from one part of the planet

to another.

$here are many causes behind migration. 0ne of the commonest cited is skill shortages.

:ut as liberal economists argue, that#s often a misnomer. +ll that is in fact happening is a

wage shortage; raise the wages and sufficient skilled workers will appear.

3ever before have there been so many people living far away from their native countries.

6oor living conditions, violence and armed conflicts, environmental problems, a lack of

economic perspectives and the growing gap between rich and poor countries; all these

factors play their part. Global mobility and the new media likewise have a great influence

on current migration trends.

Empo!ment "pportunities:

In the last few centuries, mainly I the *< thand )'th, large scale migration taken place from

7estern 9urope to 3orth +merica- 2(+ and anada, +ustralia and within 9urope from

less well to do countries to better off countries. $he main reason was the availability of

employment opportunities in more developed economies.

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The rich industriai#ed states are $ecoming more accessi$e

$ourism, television and the Internet all enhance the attractiveness of migration. $hey

make the poorest aware of the wealth of the rich. $he growth of air travel facilitates

"ourneys to far-away industrialized countries. (o far only a fraction of those willing to

consider migration have actually been able to travel to their preferred destination on other

continents. :ut this could soon change since successful emigrants transfer a considerable

share of their income to their relatives at home. +s a result, more and more people can

afford to travel to distant countries.

+sylum seekers prefer countries where many of their fellow-countrymen already live. In

simple terms this means; Migration begets further migration.

%etter &i'ing Standard:

Migration to advanced countries provided employment hence more income. 7ith higher

income the living standard of not only migrant labourers, even of their family members

left behind in their native countries has improved with the help of remittance.

Education:

In the new countries, those who migrated with their family could provide ualitative

education to their children. $his could be possible due to higher income and better

education facilities in the host countries.

(emand )or a$our:

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=apidly developing countries during the *


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+ good number of labour class migrated from the colonies to countries of their colonial

masters. 4ence we find Indians in 2A, +lgerian in France and people from different

colonial countries in the 7estern olonial power nations.

Ear! Industriai#ation:

7estern ountries which have undergine early industrialization have attracted labour

from the periphery. Industrialization has led to prosperity which in turn provided

opportunities for employment. 6rosperity in Gulf countries due to petroleum products

provided employment. 6rosperity in Gulf-coutries due to petroleum products provided

employment to a good number of workers from+sian coutries. Miitar! In'o'ement:

Aorean and Bietnamese people are found in 2.(.+, primarily due to the involvement of

2(+ in the war in these coutries.

+oor i'ing conditions generate the urge to migrate:

$he term >migrant# denotes a person living outside his or her native country. Many leave

their homes because there are not enough fertile pastures and arable land, food, water,

work or other fundamental reuirements. $he conseuences of environmental

catastrophes, such as drought or floods, can also force thousands to leave their native

countries. $oday roughly two thirds of the world#s population live in economically poor

countries.

$he growing gap between rich and poor is the most significant driving force for global

migration. In *


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,istor! o) Migration to Canada:

$he history of immigration to anadae%tends back thousands of years. +nthropologists

continue to argue over various possible models of migrationto modern-day anada, as

well as their pre-contact populations. $he Inuitare believed to have arrived entirely

separately from other indigenous peoples around *)'' 9. Indigenous peoples

contributed significantly to the culture and economy of the early 9uropean colonies and

as such have played an important role in fostering a uniue anadian cultural identity.

(tatistics anadahas tabulated the effect of immigration on population growth in anada

from *DE* to )''*. 0n average, censuses are taken every *' years, which is how

anadian censuses were first incremented between *D&* and *


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?&,*


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passengers consisted of C1' (ikhs, )1Muslims, and *) 4indus, all:ritish sub"ects. $his

was one of several incidents in the early )'th century involving e%clusion laws in anada

and the 2nited (tatesdesigned to keep out immigrants of +sianorigin.

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The 2reat migration o) Canada:

In the late *


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gold rush. hinesecame too for the same reason, and to escape war and famine in their

own country. $he Irishcame to escape the Great 6otato Famine.

$he Great Migration had profound impact on anadian culture. +t the beginning of the

Great Migration, the anadians, anadians of French descent, outnumbered those of

:ritish descent. :y the end of the Great Migration, and even partway through it, the

:ritish population was more than double that of the French. +s these new emigrants were

coming, they e%panded into French land, which caused many disputes.

Top Reasons *h! Canada is a popuar Migration (estination?

anada can be considered as a heaven, especially for the people from the developing

countries. 7ith better opportunities for employment as well as personal growth, it is a

place for those in search of a better uality of life and money. Following are some of the

reasons that make anada among the most popular Immigration destination.

*. Firstly, anada was among the very first countries to have introduced immigration

programs against a 6oint :ased (ystem. $he programs have attracted hundreds and

thousands of immigrants over the last few decades. $his has led to the follow-up

immigration of their relatives, friends and acuaintances. $he huge number of newly

landing immigrants also encouraged the Government to create back-up and support

infrastructure and agencies for them. $hese agencies help the immigrants in ad"usting

to the social and cultural shock and also guide them into ways and means of

successful 9conomic settlement in anada.

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). (econdly, the immigration rules are not as stringent when compared to other countries

such as +ustralia and hence, are easier to ualify. In addition, despite the prevalence

of recession, anada has not cut down on its Immigration uota. In comparison,

+ustralia has recently cut down on its immigrant uota by *1K. Many other countries

too have been using direct and indirect means to control Immigration numbers.

C. $hirdly, anada offers a great choice of immigration and visa programs for the

employed, self-employed and businessmen categories. $his includes federal and

provincial nominee programs as well. For those not ualifying under the Immigration

programs, anada offers non-immigrant options such as work permit and student

programs. Ma"ority of these programs offer permanent resident visa and Immigration.

1. Fourthly, anada offers the most supporting social security benefits program for

immigrants and their families first on landing and in normal process. $he country#s

educational and health facilities are among the best in the world and highly

subsidized. 6ost retirement and old age benefits ensure that one looks forward to

growing old and is not dependent on their children. 8uring the economy downturn,

the country#s unemployment allowance policies help its residents to feel and live

better.

E. Fifthly, anada offers a citizenship resulting in the claimant of its national passport. +

anadian passport holder en"oys a visa free travel for almost all ma"or countries

across the world. $his in fact is one of the main reasons why businessmen, high net

worth individuals and investors apply for anadian Immigration. 7ith their current

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status in the ?developing@ country of origin, they are sub"ected to e%tensive visa

restrictions.

. (i%thly, anada harter of =ights and Freedom permit the residents to live and work

anywhere in anada. anada offers right to religion, culture, language choice and the

freedom of e%pression.

&. anada is the ne%t door to the 2(+ and the 3+F$+ treat between anada, 2(+ and

Me%ico. It provides e%cellent trade and personal growth opportunities. $he physical

movement across borders is easier and hassle free. +s a matter of fact, the treaty and

visa regulations offer anadian citizens more than one ways to make 2(+, legally,

their permanent home.

D. anada is also a member of the Group-D countries which ensures a certain status in

the developed world.


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More Indians immigrating to Canada as s3ied *or3ers and students:

anada is a very popular destination for Indian immigrants. +n increasing number of

Indians are immigrating to anada to attend university and work inskilled professions.

Many emigrate to anada under permanent immigration programs. 0thers who do not

ualify for skilled immigration right away may ualify for a permanent visa at a later

date.

5In )'*), anada admitted between )1',''' and )E,''' new permanent residents. $hey

maintained the immigration levels despite the recession because of economic growth

reuired a steady stream of new immigrants to meet labour market demands. In )'*'

Indians were among the highest numbers of immigrants who moved to anada under the

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following categories; skilled workers, anadian e%perience class, entrepreneurs, self-

employed, investors andprovincial nominees.In total, C',)E) Indians gained permanent

resident status in anada in )'*', an increase of more than 1,''' compared to )''


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Economic Impact o) Migration to Canada:

$he economic impact o) immigrationis an important topic in anada.7hile the

immigration rate has declined sharply from its peak early in the )'th century, anada still

holds the title of accepting more immigrants per capita than any other country.

$he per capita immigration rate to anada has been relatively constant since the *


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are far more likely than native born anadians to initially have low incomes, with income

and employment rates increasing towards the national average with more time spent in

anada.

+ccording to Canada's Immigration Program?0ctober )''1@, anada has the highest per

capita immigration rate in the world, although statistics in the I+ 7orld Factbook shows

that a number of city states and small island nations, as well as some larger countries in

regions with refugee movements, have higher per capita rates. In )''1, anada received

)CE,D)1 immigrants. anada is also unusual among western nations in the widespread

popular support for high rates of immigration, and in recent years support for

immigration has increased in anada. +ll of anadas ma"or political parties support

either sustaining or increasing the current level of immigration. 7hile its predecessor

the =eform 6artye%pressed concern about immigration the current onservative

government has no plans to reduce immigrations levels. 6rime Minister(tephen 4arper,

on announcing changes to the immigration act assured anadians that 5on immigration

generally I want to be clear that this government favours an aggressive immigration

policy. 7e are bringing in more immigrants than any previous government.5$he previous

/iberal government was even more strongly in favour of a high immigration rate,

proposing increasing immigration by some )',''' people per year. $he high immigration

policy is most often "ustified through economic arguments. Former 6rime Minister 6aul

Martin, for instance, argued that immigration rates should be increased to make up for the

shortage of skilled workers and to compensate for an aging population.

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Economic Rationae )or Migration:

$here is no agreed view on the net impact of immigration in current times. 4istorically,

anadas unusually high immigration rates can be traced to the nations uniue economy.

0ne factor is that anada has one of the worlds largest supplies of natural resources such

as oil, metals, and lumber. It also has a sparse population spread over a vast landscape.

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anada has thus faced acute labour shortages and has responded by actively searching for

immigrants. In the late *


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+ wide array of scholars and organizations have supported anadas immigration policy.

In *


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$he anadian system puts great emphasis on finding skilled immigrants, however this

system does not always work. Immigrants to anada are more skilled than immigrants to

the 2nited (tates.

7ithin the anadian economy, immigrants are most found at the highest education levels.

In anada, CDK of male workers with a post-graduate degree are immigrants to the

country. )CK of anadians are foreign born, but 1


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federal laws or itizenship and Immigration anadapolicies, but itizenship and

Immigration anada established the Foreign redentials =eferral 0fficeto provide

something like a directory assistance service for immigrants. $he Government

of 0ntarioenacted theFair Access to Regulated Professions Act, 2!to help immigrants

ualify for C1 provincially regulated professions.

Wages:

0ne important effect of this steady influ% of highly skilled immigrants is the reduction

of income ineualityin anada. + steady stream of doctors and engineers into the

economy reduces wages for these professions. In the 2nited (tates immigration patterns

are reversed, and income ineuality is much higher as a partial result. In terms of the

impact of immigration to economy-wide wage levels, (tatistics anada estimates that for

every *'K increase in the population from immigration, wages in anada are now

reduced by 1K on average ?with the greatest impact to more skilled workers, such as

workers with post-graduate degrees whose wages are reduced by &K@.

In part because of the credential issue, many immigrants are forced to find work below

their education level and at lower wages. 4owever, even for doing work of the same skill

level, immigrants are much less well compensating than their native born counterparts.

Immigration scholar Heffrey =eitz calculated that in )''* native anadians were

benefiting from, and immigrants were losing out on, between L) and C billion per year

due to this imbalance.

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$here are a number of possible e%planations for why newcomers earn less than native

anadians in the same "obs with the same skills. /ower hourly wages might be an

indication that the labour productivityof immigrants is lower, and employers thus have

reason to pay them less. 3ew workers are also less familiar with the anadian labour

market and will thus not be able to ma%imize their salaries. 9mployers will also be less

familiar with an immigrants background and thus less willing to offer the same salary as

to a native.Immigrants, especially visible minorities have different values than native-

born anadians as they tend to favour living in $oronto, Montreal and Bancouver as

opposed to other places much more than native-born anadians. 8ue to lower mobility,

they do not access better paying "obs, such as in +lberta and (askatchewan. $his has been

changing with algary already surpassing Montreal in terms of percentage of visible

minorities. Bisible minorities in (askatchewan earn higher wages than native-born

anadians.

Empo!ment:

In recent years the unemployment rate for newcomers has also increased. In *


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0ne of the most important studies of the economic impact of immigration to anada

is Morton :eisers Strangers at te #ate$$his study looked at the arrival of

the Bietnameseboat peoplewho began to arrive in anada in *


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was more than offset by the income profile of new immigrants, resulting in a net rise in

anadas total low-income rate. +n updated Hanuary )''& study by (tatistics anada,

e%plains that the deterioration continued into the ne%t decade, with the low-income rate of

recent immigrants reaching rates of C.E times that of anadian born in )'') and )''C,

before edging back to C.) times in )''1.*$he )''& study e%plains that this deterioration

has occurred even though anada implemented changes in *


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0ver the last )E years the economic position of newcomers to anada relative to the

native population has steadily declined. + number of hypotheses have been advanced to

e%plain these issues.

*. $he selection process is flawed!

). Government and corporate policies deliberately shift immigrants to secondary

sector occupations. $hese are "obs characterized by high instability, hazardous

work environments, and low pay. Inherently those involved in these sectors will

have lower wages and more periods of unemployment. In several 9uropean

countries the immigration system is almost fully designed to try to fill these

positions. $his is less the case in anada, but significant recruitment programs

for sectors such as agriculture and oil and gas recruit many workers to perilous

"obs.

C. 3ewer immigrants from outside of 9urope are victims of racial discrimination.

1. anadas social programscreate incentives that conflict with the employment

ob"ective!andor

E. Increased "ob competition among even native-born anadians has increased the

importance of relying on networking to access the 5hidden market,5 putting

immigrants at a disadvantage given their lack of deep and broad networks.

+ Hanuary )''& study by (tatistics anada analyzed the drop in income of economic

immigrants from several perspectives.9conomic immigrants are now more likely to begin

their stay in anada with a 5low-income5 ?less than E'K of the median income@ than an

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immigrant in any of the other immigration classes. $his drop occurred during the *


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Trends in Canadian attitude to*ards migration:

+ review of public opinion polls conducted in anada over recent decades clearly shows

strong support for high immigration levels. Most respondents said they would support

either keeping the number of immigrants at the current level or increasing it. In fact, the

highest level of support was in the most recent year in the series; )''E. $he positive trend

continued to )'*', according to poll results obtained between )''1 and )'*' by 9A0(

=esearch +ssociates using a similar uestion. In Huly )''1, the proportion who supported

current levels or higher was C percent, compared to C* percent who thought there were

too many immigrants. In +pril )'*', following a short but sharp recession, the proportion

supporting current levels or higher was & percent, compared to )C percent who thought

there were too many immigrants. $he most recent poll , showed a slight upward trend in

agreement that there is too much immigration, but still a clear ma"ority ?ED percent@

disagreed with the statement.

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Wider E))ects:

2o'ernment assistance:

$he government has a large department and a number of programs to try to ensure the

well being of immigrants to anada, and ameliorate their economic condition.

$he itizenship and Immigration anadadepartment employs E,''' staff, which on a per

capita basis is C times more than the *E,'''2.(. itizenship and Immigration

(ervicesemployees. itizenship and Immigration anada recoups some of its department

costs through landing fees. In )'', the anadian government reduced the landing fee per

immigrant by E'K.

3ew immigrants are also entitled to settlement assistance such as free language training

under provincial government administered programs usually called /anguage Instruction

for 3ewcomers to anada?/I3@, for which the federal government budgeted about

LCE' million to give to the provinces for the fiscal year )''-)''&. $he ma"ority of the

LCE' million was allocated to Nuebec under theanada-Nuebec +ccord, at L*


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by )''


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$here is no consensus on the net impact of immigration to government finances. + *


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$he presence within anada of people representative of many different cultures and

nations has also been an important boost to anadas international trade. Immigrants will

often have e%pertise, linguistic skills, personal connections with their country of origin

that can help forge international trade ties. (tudies have found that anada does have

greater trade relations with those nations that have provided large numbers of

immigrants. anadas economy is heavily centered on international trade, which

accounted for CK of G86 in )''. D.


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host countries; rich opportunities, political stability and freedom, developed

economy, better living conditions, etc.@. In terms of individual reasons, there

are family influence ?overseas relatives@, and personal preference; preference

for e%ploring, ambition for an improved career, etc. Immigration can also attract criminal elements, from trafficking in drugs and

people to other forms of crime and corruption! Immigration can become a socialpolitical issue, where racism can be used to

e%ploit feelings or as an e%cuse for current woes of local population! 7here there is a perception that immigrants and refugees appear to get more

benefits than local poor people, tensions and hostilities can also rise!

oncerns about illegal immigration can spill over to ill-feelings towards the

ma"ority of immigrants who are law-abiding and contributing to the economy!

Illegal immigration raises many political, economic and social issues and has

become a source of ma"or controversy in developed countries and the more

successful developing countries.

Many die trying to flee their predicament, and this can often make sensational

headlines giving the appearance that immigration is largely illegal and Oout of

control.P

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Concusion:

$he analysis in this study points some main conclusions. $here are certain positive

effects of migration to anada, as we have seen above. (ome of them are wages, welfare

effects, supply of labour, employment, migrant students, remittance...etc.

:ut there are also numerous drawbacks like brain drain, problem of social integration,

illegal immigrants, cheap labour, fiscal imbalanceQetc.

anadian public opinion continues to support immigration uite strongly. +cross the

country, there is broad support in the conte%ts of region, urban and rural communities.

$his support has been particularly strong in the past *E to )' years, when immigration

levels have been relatively high. (econd, there are both economic and cultural

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motivations for this support. + large proportion of anadians seems convinced of the

economic benefits of immigration! they also accept multiculturalism as part of the

national identity and accordingly support the continuance of relatively high levels of

immigration. both social and economic views of immigration are rooted in some of the

more basic outlooks that prevail in anada. 0n the economic side, anadians tend to take

an optimistic and e%pansionist view of their economic future as citizens of anada and as

private individuals. $his optimism is a basic feature of their support for immigration. 0n

the social and cultural side, anadian multiculturalism is related to other socially

progressive views that prevail in the country.

%i$iograph!:

Immigration; Its 9vils and onseuences :y (amuel lagett :usey

We$sites:

www.globalissues.org

www.bfm.admin.ch

www.bbb.co.uk

www.worldsavvy.org

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http://www.globalissues.org/http://www.bfm.admin.ch/http://www.bbb.co.uk/http://www.globalissues.org/http://www.bfm.admin.ch/http://www.bbb.co.uk/


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A Study on Migration to Canada- India 1979 to Present

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Transcript of A Study on Migration to Canada- India 1979 to Present