A STUDY OF THE MERITS AND EFFECTIVENESS OF ALTERNATE LINER SYSTEMS AT ILLINOIS LANDFILLS

A RESEARCH PAPER Submitted in Fulfillment of House Resolution 715

State of Illinois 92nd General Assembly January 2003

byJoyce Munie, P.E.

Manager, Permit Section, Bureau of Land Illinois Environmental Protection Agency

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i

AN ABSTRACT OF THE RESEARCH PAPER OF

THE ILLINOIS ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY, for House Resolution

715 of the State of Illinois 92nd General Assembly.

TITLE: A Study of the Merits and Effectiveness of Alternate Liner Systems at Illinois

Landfills

The 92nd General Assembly directed the Illinois Environmental Protection Agency to

study the merits and effectiveness of multiple liner systems at Illinois landfills and

provide a recommendation on the advisability of requiring multiple liner systems at all

future municipal solid waste landfills. This report analyzes current liner designs,

evaluates the design’s effectiveness and relative cost, and evaluates other alternate

multiple liner designs including their cost and effectiveness. This report evaluates the

current minimum liner design standard in Illinois for municipal solid waste landfills of a

single liner system. Analysis of the single liner system’s effectiveness for protection of

human health and the environment is presented with an evaluation of the double-

composite liner design for municipal solid waste landfills. This report includes a

summary of regulatory requirements from other states for comparison. Finally an

evaluation of the relative cost of liner designs is provided.

An evaluation of the effectiveness of the liner design standards of the existing Illinois

regulations is not as straightforward as it would appear. The liner design for municipal

solid waste landfills relies on the collection and removal of liquids from the landfill to

ii

effectively protect human health and the environment. The Illinois regulations specify

minimum design standards and also require an evaluation of the design in the specific

geologic and hydrogeologic setting. The evaluation of the specific design can result in

additional requirements beyond the minimum design standard including, but not limited

to, a double-composite liner system.

Modifying the Illinois regulations to change the minimum liner design requirement from

a single liner to a double-composite liner is not recommended at this time. Given the

compromises that arise due to the complicated construction of double-composite lined

municipal solid waste landfills, there is a much better chance of successfully completing

construction of the liner if the design is kept simple. Also the additional cost of a double-

composite liner is substantial without corresponding protection, except where shown to

be necessary for the specific geologic and hydrogeologic setting. The current minimum

technical requirements contained in the Illinois regulations are protective of human health

and the environment.

A draft copy of this report was forwarded to Dr. David E. Daniel, P.E., Dean, College of

Engineering at the University of Illinois for his review and comment. Dr. Daniel is a

published expert on landfill design, specifically liners. In his review Dr. Daniel stated

that “(t)o the best of my knowledge, there has been no documented instance of

groundwater contamination anywhere in the U.S. as a result of leakage through

single-composite liner systems, such as required in Illinois… In my view, the key issue

to protect groundwater from landfills is not how many liners are used, but assurance that

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the liners are properly constructed, and construction verified through a very thorough

construction quality assurance program… I agree with the report's conclusion that

modifying Illinois regulations to require double liners is not recommended at this time.”

iv

AKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I would like to thank Vasantha Gudiwada who spent her summer as a Governor’s

Environmental Corps intern researching this paper. Also, from within the Illinois

Environmental Protection Agency many people spent a great deal of time reviewing,

offering comments and assisting in the contract development for this paper. I would like

to express my sincere appreciation to those people, particularly, Chris Liebman, Gwenyth

Thompson, Vanessa Keehner, Neelu Reddy, John Sherrill, Richard Amoako, Michael

Nechvatal and William Child.

I wish to thank Earthtech for researching and completing the attached summary

and cost estimates within a short time frame. In particular, I would like to thank Andy

Querio, Shaoyan Gao, Ed Doyle and Terri Blackmar.

Finally I would like to thank Dr. David Daniel for taking time to review this paper

under such a limited time frame.

v

TABLE OF CONTENTS

ABSTRACT……………………………………………………………………………….i

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS………………………………………………………………iv

LIST OF FIGURES………………………………………………………………………vi

LIST OF ATTACHMENTS……………………………………………………………..vii

INTRODUCTION………………………………………………………………………...1

CURRENT REGULATIONS……………………………………………………………..3

GROUNDWATER IMPACT ASSESSMENT……...……………………………………4

COMPARISON OF STATE REGULATIONS………………………………………..…6

EVALUATION OF LINERS……………………………………………………………..7

COST CONSIDERATIONS……………………………………………………………..10

CONCLUSION…………………………………………………………………………..10

REFERENCES…………………………………………………………………………..13

vi

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1: Base Liner Systems……………………………………………………………..3

vii

LIST OF ATTACHMENTS

Attachment 1: Earthtech (2002). Report of Cost Estimates and Summary of State

Regulations in Support of HR715.

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1

Introduction

According to the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency Office of Solid Waste

(1989), the United States produces enough solid waste each year to fill ten 145,000-mile

long dumpsters. The question of how to best manage these wastes has been a problem for

decades. There are hundreds of different materials and products of varying weight and

material composition. Primary methods developed to manage waste include incinerators,

landfills and recycling facilities.

Landfills are sites that permanently store waste in a manner that minimizes the

release of contaminants into the environment. The environmental containment systems

for municipal solid waste landfills include a system beneath the waste and a cover system

constructed over the waste. The system beneath the waste generally consists of a

combination of a drainage layer overlaying low-permeability barriers or liners. The

functions of liners and the drainage layer are complementary and work together to

prevent the uncontrolled discharge of contaminants to the environment.

The drainage layer or leachate collection and removal system is an integral part of

the environmental protection system of any liner. Leachate is the contaminated liquid in

a landfill that passes through or has been in direct contact with solid waste. The leachate

collection system is placed directly below the waste for the purpose of collecting the

liquid above the liner. If this contaminated liquid is not removed from the landfill it

creates a hydraulic head or downward force on the liner that drives the liquid out of the

landfill. The leachate collection system collects and conveys leachate within the landfill

to controlled collection points or sumps to limit the buildup of leachate or hydraulic head

2

on the liner. The leachate collection system consists of a granular layer with perforated

pipes to convey the leachate to the leachate removal system. The leachate removal

system may contain networks of sumps, pumps, flow meters, and other flow conveyance

and monitoring components for the purpose of removing the leachate on top of the liner.

The purpose of the liner is to impede leachate and gas migration out of a

municipal solid waste landfill and improve the collection capability of the overlying

drainage layer. Liners installed beneath modern municipal solid waste landfills generally

consists of a recompacted earth liner, a single-composite liner or double-composite liner.

The recompacted earth liner, as shown on Figure 1 as base liner system #1, consists

exclusively of clay soil that is recompacted to a certain specification to limit movement

of leachate through the material. The single-composite liner system, as shown on Figure

1 as base liner system #2, consists of a layer of recompacted clay soil beneath a

geomembrane which is a man-made plastic material of a specified thickness. Both of

these types of liner systems are directly overlain with a leachate collection system. The

double-composite liner system, as shown on Figure 1 as base liner system #3, consists of

a primary liner overlaying a secondary liner with a leak detection layer between the two

liners. Both the primary and secondary liners have two low permeable components. The

leak detection layer is a layer between the two liners. The purpose of the leak detection

layer is monitor the performance of the upper liner and allow appropriate action to be

taken when leachate is found in this layer. This liner system has a leachate collection

system directly above the primary liner.

3

Figure 1: Base Liner Systems

Current Regulations

The current regulations in Illinois require that all municipal solid waste landfills be

equipped with leachate collection and liner designed as an integrated system. The

minimum design requirements for a liner in Illinois include two options. The first allows

a recompacted earth liner with a minimum thickness no less than 5 feet and a specified

compaction as shown on Figure 1 as base liner system #1. The second is a single-

composite liner consisting of a geomembrane immediately overlaying a recompacted

earth liner of a minimum of 3 feet in thickness as shown on Figure 1 as base liner system

#2. For the composite liner the minimum thickness of the geomembrane is no less than

60 mils. One mil is one-thousandth of an inch. The earthen component of both of these

liners must be recompacted to achieve a minimum hydraulic conductivity of 1x10-7

centimeters per second.

In addition to the minimum design requirements for the liner there are many other

regulations that are an integral part of the environmental containment system. The

4

construction of the liner must be carried out in accordance with the construction quality

assurance procedures so as to reduce void spaces and allow the liner to support the

loadings imposed by the waste disposal operation without settling that causes or

contributes to the failure of the leachate collection and liner system. The liner must

operate in conjunction with a leachate collection and removal system to achieve the

performance required to protect human health and the environment. The leachate

collection system must be designed to avoid loss of leachate through openings in the

liner. The regulations further require the removal of gas from the municipal solid waste

landfill when it is produced in sufficient quantity to produce an outward force.

Groundwater Impact Assessment

The regulations in Illinois further require that a groundwater impact assessment

(“GIA”) be performed for all municipal solid waste landfills. This assessment is used to

determine if the minimum technical design standards are sufficient to protect human

health and the environment under the exact geologic and hydrogeologic conditions of the

site. The minimum technical design is assessed for the impact on groundwater using a

contaminant transport model that requires the actual geologic and hydrogeologic

conditions be characterized. The contaminant transport model is a mathematical model

that must demonstrate that the minimum design can protect groundwater such that the

concentration of any chemical constituent will not exceed the natural background

concentration at the compliance point, which is located 100 feet from the waste boundary

within 100 years of closure of the facility. If this cannot be demonstrated, the design

must be increased to a level that will ensure that that the concentration of any chemical

constituent will not exceed the background value at the compliance point.

5

The demonstration by the GIA is a performance standard that must be met in addition

to the minimum design standard. The modeling results are used to show that the

minimum liner design standards will provide the necessary amount of protection at the

municipal solid waste landfill or additional protection must be added. Model results can

never be utilized to waive the minimum design standards. The modeling results are be

used to confirm, not derive, the acceptability of the design parameters.

(Scientific/Technical Section of the Illinois Pollution Control Board (“Board”), 1990)

This means that a municipal solid waste landfill liner must, at a minimum, meet one of

the two specified design standards and may need to be enhanced based on the results of

the GIA.

According to the background report in support of the current regulations by the

Scientific/Technical Section of the Board, 1987, if the GIA demonstrates that, under the

site-specific conditions, the minimum design standards are inadequate to prevent

contamination of the groundwater at the point of compliance then additional protection

must be provided. Additional protection specifically considered by the regulations

includes a double-composite liner. Also considered is the use of special construction

techniques to decrease the hydraulic conductivity, or admixtures to improve the

characteristics of the liner. This allows the designer the flexibility, in approaching the

prevention of groundwater contamination, to evaluate all alternatives. These alternatives

include evaluating another, more suitable site, changing the final configuration of the unit

to promote more runoff and less infiltration, prohibiting the disposal of certain wastes

containing the offensive contaminants, or any combination of these in addition to other

practices that ensure protection of human health and the environment.

6

Comparison of State Regulations

Earthtech (2002) presented, in the attached report, the liner requirements from

thirty-five states for comparison to the current minimum liner design requirements found

in Illinois regulations. The majority of the states presented require a single liner as the

minimum design requirement. All of the states in the U.S. Environmental Protection

Agency’s Midwest Region, known as Region V, are presented. These states are Illinois,

Indiana, Michigan, Minnesota, Ohio, and Wisconsin, which due to the similarities in

climate, geology and demographics are appropriate for regulatory comparison. Of these

states, only Michigan has the double-composite liner design for a minimum design

requirement. However, this is required only under certain specified conditions and a

single liner can be allowed. This is similar to Illinois’ requirement to increase the design

where necessary. The difference for Illinois regulations is use of the GIA to define the

specific conditions where this is necessary compared to Michigan where the specific

conditions are laid out in the regulation.

The other states bordering Illinois are also presented in the attached Earthtech

(2002) report. These states include Kentucky, Tennessee, Missouri, and Iowa. Of these

states, only Kentucky has the double-composite liner design for a minimum design

requirement. However, a less stringent design can be allowed under site-specific

conditions. In fact, only one double-composite liner has been required in Kentucky to

date.

Of the other states presented in the attached Earthtech (2002) report, Delaware,

Florida, Oregon, and New Jersey require a double-composite liner under certain specified

7

conditions. This is similar to Michigan’s standard as discussed above. Pennsylvania

requires a double liner system, however, only one of the liners is required to be a

composite liner.

Of the 35 states in the attached Earthtech (2002) report, only four states require a

double-composite liner as the minimum design requirement. The four states are

Kentucky, as discussed above, Connecticut, New York, and Massachusetts. Connecticut

requires a double-composite liner however a less stringent design can be allowed on a

case-by-case basis. New York requires a double-composite liner, without an allowance

for any less stringent design. Massachusetts requires a double-composite liner for

facilities built after December 20, 2000 until new regulations are adopted.

Evaluation of Liners

According to the Scientific/Technical Section of the Board (1987) in support of

the adoption of the current regulations for municipal solid waste landfills, additional

protection must be provided for municipal solid waste landfills if the minimum design

and performance standards are inadequate to prevent the contamination of the

groundwater outside the zone of attenuation. Double-composite liners are one design

option available when the minimum design standard is shown to be inadequate in

evaluating the GIA.

According to a study by the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources (1997),

where states have allowed or required double-composite liner designs, it is usually

because of a perceived or actual lack of native clay in large regions of the state and lack

of experience with the properties of clay as a barrier layer. In Illinois the use of the GIA

allows the flexibility to tailor the design to the specific geologic setting.

8

According to the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources in their 1997 study,

double-composite lined landfills are enormously difficult to successfully construct. The

design of double-composite lined landfills usually requires a reduced thickness of the soil

components of the liner, compared to single liner. Only a few double-composite lined

municipal solid waste landfills have been built in Wisconsin, and their construction has

been shown to be complex, difficult to coordinate, and easily subject to interruptions by

weather. It is common for construction of double-composite lined landfills to extend late

into cold weather or to extend over two construction seasons, resulting in several months

of exposure of the liner components to weather. All of these factors lead to doubt that

double-composite lined landfills can be built to the same standard and performance as

single lined landfills as reported by the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources in

the 1997 study for the proposed Crandon Mine.

Based on Wisconsin’s experience with clay liner design and evaluation of

performance monitoring data from numerous facilities, it was concluded that properly

designed and constructed clay liners along with an efficient leachate collection system

can provide a high level of groundwater protection at solid waste disposal facilities as

reported in the 1997 Wisconsin study. Lee and Jones-Lee (1994) found that the leachate

collection and removal system is the key component of the municipal solid waste landfill

containment system to prevent groundwater pollution. If properly constructed and

maintained, such a system can prevent leachate from entering the groundwater associated

with the municipal solid waste landfill. The performance of the municipal solid waste

landfill depends more on the functioning of the leachate collection and removal system

rather than on the number of liners used, according to Lee and Jones-Lee (1994).

9

The key protection of groundwater quality in a double-composite lined landfill,

where the lower composite liner's function is primarily that of a leak detection system for

the upper composite liner, is the ability to take appropriate action when leachate is found

in the leak detection layer between the two composite liners according to Lee and Jones-

Lee. According to Bonaparte and Gross (1990), the leakage detection layers in double-

composite liner systems frequently exhibit flows that may be due to leakage through the

top liner or due to other sources such as construction water, consolidation water, and

infiltration water. Thus, the double-composite liners provide ambiguous data, which

makes it difficult for monitoring the performance of the municipal solid waste landfills.

However, when leachate is found in the leak detection layer, it is assumed that the upper

composite liner has failed. If the upper liner does fail, then the efficiency of the double-

composite liner is reduced to that of the single-composite liner.

According to Daniel et al (1999), limiting the size of the active disposal area and

using effective measures to minimize rainfall infiltration into the waste and to divert

surface-water runoff away from the waste will significantly decrease leachate generation

rates compared to the rates observed under less controlled conditions. Well designed and

constructed cover systems can be very effective in minimizing infiltration of rainfall into

the waste, thus reducing leachate generation rates to near-zero values (Daniel et al, 1999).

Many waste containment system problems were evaluated, but increasing the number of

liners for the municipal solid waste landfills was not recommended. It was discovered

that most of the problems occurred due to construction and operation defects. A 1998

survey of 43 states has shown that for municipal solid waste landfills 72% require single

10

liner systems, and 14% have single-composite and double-composite liner system

options. (Daniel et al, 1999)

Cost Considerations

The attached Earthtech (2002) report included cost estimates for the different

types of liners evaluated in this report. The costs were based on an average cost for

construction and materials in Illinois. Also, numerous assumptions had to be made since

this was an average cost for the state. There will be areas of the state where certain

materials or labor costs will be higher or lower. The purpose of the costs presented is

strictly for comparison in this report and is not meant to be authoritative on this subject.

For an average 100 acre municipal solid waste landfill in Illinois a recompacted

earth liner will cost approximately $9,420,100 to build, including the associated cost of

the GIA. The single-composite liner will cost approximately $7,988,300 to build,

including the associated cost of the GIA. The average cost for a double-composite liner

is $14,342,400. For comparison purposes, it was assumed that a GIA would not need to

be performed if a double-composite liner is required. Under these assumptions, the

double-composite liner will cost approximated 34% more than the recompacted earth

liner. However the double-composite liner will cost approximated 44% more than the

single-composite liner.

Conclusion

The current design requirements for municipal solid waste landfills contained in

the Illinois regulations are protective of human health and the environment. The

minimum liner design standard currently in the Illinois regulations requires a single liner.

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However, the regulations in Illinois are unique in the requirement to evaluate the

minimum design standard for liners in the specific geologic setting under the exact

operating conditions using a mathematical model to determine if additional protection is

needed. Additional controls must be included in the design for protection of groundwater

when the model demonstrates that a groundwater standard will be violated without the

additional controls. These additional controls include a double-composite liner when

necessary to protect groundwater. Also unique to Illinois regulations is applying the

existing chemical concentrations in uncontaminated background groundwater as the

standard to confirm the acceptability of the liner design at municipal solid waste landfills.

States that require double-composite liners for the minimum design may not have

sufficient natural geologic material to protect groundwater without the additional liner

requirement. Also, most States that have a requirement for double-composite liners allow

a less stringent design when approved by the regulating agency. In Illinois, the liner and

additional design requirements are tailored to the site-specific geologic conditions

through the use of the GIA as a performance standard.

Controls, other than liners, are often a more effective method of minimizing

contamination. Research concludes that the leachate collection and removal system is an

integral part of the environmental protection system and may be more important than

additional liners in the protection of groundwater. The leachate collection and removal

system removes the liquid above the liner, which decreases the driving head or downward

force on the liner. Liquid cannot move without applying a force. The same is true of the

gas causing an outward pressure, which is the second force that can move contaminants

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out of the municipal solid waste landfill containment system. The current regulations

also require for gas to be removed before it can cause an outward force.

The current regulations in Illinois including the GIA with periodic reevaluation,

monitoring schedule, assessment, and corrective action requirements have proven

effective to protect groundwater. Double-composite liners are more costly without

corresponding protection. If the upper liner fails, the efficiency of the double-composite

liner is reduced to that of the single-composite liner. Given the compromises that arise

due to the complicated construction of double-composite lined municipal solid waste

landfills, there is a much better chance of successfully completing construction of the

liner and leachate collection system if the design is kept simple. There is no advantage to

the use of a double-composite lined municipal solid waste landfill design if it leads to

poorer liner construction.

Modifying the Illinois regulations to change the minimum liner design

requirement from a single liner to a double-composite liner is not recommended at this

time, given the compromises that arise due to the complicated construction of double-

composite lined municipal solid waste landfills and that the additional cost of a double-

composite liner is substantial without corresponding protection. The current minimum

technical requirements contained in the Illinois regulations allow the flexibility to require

a double-composite liner in an area where it is necessary for such a requirement to protect

human health and the environment.

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References

Bonaparte, R. and Gross, B. A. (1990). “Field Behavior of Double-Liner Systems,”

Proceedings of the Symposium on Waste Containment Systems, ASCE

Geotechnical Special Publication No. 26, 52-83.

Daniel, E., David, Bonaparte Rudolph, and Koerner, M., Robert (1999). “Assessment and

Recommendations for Optimal Performance of Waste Containment Systems.”.

Earthtech (2002). Report of Cost Estimates and Summary of State Regulations in

Support of HR715, attached.

Illinois Pollution Control Board, Science and Technical Staff (March 1, 1990). Response

To Comments On Proposed Parts 807 Through 815, Nonhazardous Solid Waste

Landfill Regulations, R88-7.

Illinois Pollution Control Board, Science and Technical Staff (JUNE 3, 1987).

Recommendations For A Nonhazardous Waste Disposal Program In Illinois And

A Background Report To Accompany Proposed Regulations For Solid Waste

Disposal Facilities, Docket D, R84-17.

Lee, G. F., and Jones-Lee, A. (1994). “A Groundwater Protection Strategy for Lined

Municipal solid waste landfills.” Environmental Science & Technology,

28:584-5.

Office of Solid Waste, U.S. EPA , (January 1989). “Recycling Works!” EPA/530-SW-

89-014, 3.

14

Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources (1997). “Public Concerns Regarding the

Proposed Crandon Mine and DNR Answers,’ The Tailings Management Area

(TMA)”.

http://www.dnr.state.wi.us/org/es/science/mining/crandon/eisschedule/greenbay/ta

ilings.htm,

ATTACHMENT 1

December 3, 2002

Ms. Joyce L. Munie, P.E. Manager, Permit SectionBureau of Land, IEPA PO Box 19276 Springfield, IL 62794-9276

RE: Cost Estimates for Various Base Liner Systems and GIA

Dear Ms. Munie:

In follow-up to the second task outlined in the Scope of Work concerning assisting IEPA with a study on landfill liner requirements, this letter presents cost estimates for various base liner systems and groundwater impact assessment.

Cost Estimate for Various Base Liner Systems

Approximate construction costs have been estimated for the following base liners:

• 5-ft recompacted soil liner (Fig #1 below) • Single composite liner system with 3-ft of recompacted clay and a geomembrane (#2) • Double composite liner system with two composite liners separated by a secondary leak

detection system (#3)

The approximate costs for the three options are:

Liner Cross Section Per Acre Cost Total Cost for 100-acreLandfill

5-foot Recompacted Soil Liner $89,701 $8,970,100

Single Composite Liner System $75,383 $7,538,300

Double Composite Liner System $143,424 $14,342,400

Assumptions used are summarized below:

• The various base liner system cross-sections evaluated are illustrated in the figures shown above. The soil liner and geomembrane materials meet 35 IAC 811 regulations.

• The geomembrane is HDPE. • The low permeability soil component of the double composite liner system’s

primary liner is anticipated to be a GCL; use of a GCL as opposed to a compacted clay layer in this position is recognized as state of the practice.

• Refer to the attached Table 1 for details and further assumptions used in developing the cost estimates.

• Data from the R.S. Means construction cost estimating books and typical construction costs for landfills in the Midwest based on recent project experience were reviewed and utilized to develop the cost estimates.

• The costs include only the material and installation costs related to the base liner materials themselves.

• Costs for items such as cell excavation, leachate collection systems, underdrain systems, surveying, and CQA are not included.

• Cost for clay is assumed at $6 per cubic yard for purchase and delivery to the site. This is based on recent project experience. This value will vary based on the specific situation.

• Prices may vary based on the actual size of the landfill area and the quantity of materials purchased.

• Regional differences that may affect pricing have not been factored in, such as labor and soil purchase costs.

• Although a 100-acre landfill is assumed as the basis for the cost estimates, the geosynthetics quantity has been increased by 10% to account for perimeter run-out areas, anchor trenches, overlap, waste, etc.

• Installation of the liner system components (i.e., soil and geosynthetics) will take place during the typical construction season.

Cost Estimate for Groundwater Impact Assessment

An approximate cost estimate for preparation of a Groundwater Impact Assessment for a new (greenfield) landfill proposed in Illinois is summarized below. The costs are presented on a per acre basis for work related to field investigation and data evaluation, while the costs for GIA landfill modeling are presented as an approximate total cost for a landfill development project of approximately 100 acres.

Item Per Acre Cost Total Cost for 100-

acre Landfill

Field Investigation $2,000-$3,000 $200,000 -

$300,000

Data Evaluation/Hydrogeo Report $1,000-$3,000 $100,000 -

$300,000

GIA Modeling N/A $20,000 - $30,000

Total GIA Cost: N/A $400,000 -

$500,000

So for a 100-acre landfill, the total cost for the GIA would be approximately $400,000 to

$500,000.

The cost estimates are based on recent project experience with landfill developments and

associated permit applications. Refer to the attached Table 2 for details and further

assumptions used in developing the cost estimates.

Summary

Assuming an average cost for the GIA of $450,000, the per-acre and total cost for the development of a 100-acre landfill with the three liner systems under consideration are approximately:

Liner Cross Section Per Acre Cost Total Cost for 100-acreLandfill

5-foot Recompacted Soil Liner $94,201 $9,420,100Single Composite Liner System $79,883 $7,988,300Double Composite Liner System $147,924 $14,792,400

We hope that this information meets your needs. If you have any questions or comments, please contact us at the phone numbers or email addresses below.

Thank you,

Earth Tech, Inc.

Ed Doyle, P.E. Terri Blackmar, P.E., R.P.G. Department Manager Vice President phone: 630-574-5178 phone: 630-574-2188 email: ed.doyle@earthtech.com email: terri.blackmar@earthtech.com

attachment

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Map

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tates

Sele

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nam

es sh

own a

re th

ose s

electe

d.Pa

ttern

ed st

ates a

re th

ose n

ot se

lected

.Co

lors

repr

esen

t diff

eren

t USE

PA re

gion

s.Ea

rth T

ech.

Revis

ion 0

Dece

mbe

r 200

2

No

.

Stat

e M

inim

um T

echn

ical

Req

uire

men

t (M

TR

) fo

r L

iner

D

esig

nE

xcep

tion

to

MT

R.

Req

uire

men

t to

In

crea

se D

esig

n or

A

llow

Les

s St

ring

ent

Des

ign

Exp

lana

tion

of

Exc

epti

ons

1.

Ala

bam

a A

com

posi

te li

ner c

onsi

sts o

f a m

inim

um o

f 2-f

oot c

ompa

cted

cl

ay h

avin

g a

max

imum

hyd

raul

ic c

ondu

ctiv

ity o

f 1x1

0-7

cm/s

ec a

nd a

40-

mil

FML

unle

ss F

ML

cons

ists

of H

DPE

ge

omem

bran

e w

hich

requ

ires 6

0-m

il.

Allo

w le

ss st

ringe

nt

desi

gn.

The

alte

rnat

e de

sign

shal

l ens

ure

that

cer

tain

co

ncen

tratio

n va

lues

in g

roun

dwat

er w

ill n

ot b

e ex

ceed

ed in

the

first

satu

rate

d zo

ne a

t the

rele

vant

poi

nt

of c

ompl

ianc

e. T

he re

leva

nt p

oint

of c

ompl

ianc

e sh

all

be n

o m

ore

than

150

met

ers f

rom

the

was

te

man

agem

ent u

nit b

ound

ary

and

shal

l be

loca

ted

on

land

ow

ned

by th

e ow

ner o

f the

land

fill u

nit.

Acc

ordi

ng to

AD

EM, a

ltern

ativ

e ha

s bee

n ap

prov

ed fo

r su

bstit

utin

g on

e fo

ot o

f cla

y fo

r GC

L. T

he h

ydra

ulic

co

nduc

tivity

of t

he re

mai

ning

one

foot

com

pact

ed c

lay

can

be 1

x10-5

cm/s

ec, i

nste

ad o

f 1x1

0-7cm

/sec

. 2.

C

alifo

rnia

A

com

posi

te li

ner c

onsi

sts o

f a m

inim

um o

f 2-f

oot c

ompa

cted

cl

ay h

avin

g a

max

imum

hyd

raul

ic c

ondu

ctiv

ity o

f 1x1

0-7

cm/s

ec a

nd a

40-

mil

FML

or a

t lea

st 6

0-m

il th

ick

for H

DPE

.

A 5

-foo

t sep

arat

ion

abov

e th

e hi

ghes

t ant

icip

ated

ele

vatio

n of

und

erly

ing

grou

nd w

ater

. W

hen

natu

ral g

eolo

gic

mat

eria

ls d

o no

t sat

isfy

this

requ

irem

ent,

a lin

er w

ith a

hy

drau

lic c

ondu

ctiv

ity o

f not

mor

e th

an 1

x10-6

cm/s

ec sh

ould

be

use

d.

Allo

w le

ss st

ringe

nt

desi

gn.

MTR

is fo

r Cla

ss II

land

fills

def

ined

as w

aste

m

anag

emen

t uni

ts fo

r des

igna

ted

was

te.

For a

Cla

ss II

I lan

dfill

, def

ined

as l

andf

ills f

or

nonh

azar

dous

solid

was

te, t

he m

inim

um th

ickn

ess o

f th

e cl

ay li

ner i

s 1 fo

ot.

3.

Col

orad

o Th

e lin

er sy

stem

shal

l be

one

of th

e fo

llow

ing:

a.

N

atur

al li

thol

ogy

with

reco

mpa

ctio

n - a

min

imum

20

feet

in th

ickn

ess w

ith a

max

imum

in-s

itu h

ydra

ulic

co

nduc

tivity

of 1

x10-6

cm/s

ec. T

he u

pper

12-

in is

re

com

pact

ed to

ach

ieve

a m

axim

um h

ydra

ulic

co

nduc

tivity

of 1

x10-7

cm/s

ec.

b.

Soil

liner

–at

leas

t 3-f

oot c

ompa

cted

with

a

Allo

w le

ss st

ringe

nt

desi

gn.

Bas

ed o

n w

aste

type

and

site

spec

ific

tech

nica

l in

form

atio

n, a

ltern

ativ

e de

sign

s inc

lude

, but

are

not

lim

ited

to th

e fo

llow

ing:

1.

G

CL

2.

Nat

ural

lith

olog

y w

ithou

t rec

ompa

ctio

n 3.

So

il ad

mix

ture

s 4.

G

eom

embr

anes

5.

Po

lym

ers

No

.

Stat

e M

inim

um T

echn

ical

Req

uire

men

t (M

TR

) fo

r L

iner

D

esig

nE

xcep

tion

to

MT

R.

Req

uire

men

t to

In

crea

se D

esig

n or

A

llow

Les

s St

ring

ent

Des

ign

Exp

lana

tion

of

Exc

epti

ons

max

imum

hyd

raul

ic c

ondu

ctiv

ity o

f 1x1

0-7cm

/sec

.

c.

Com

posi

te li

ner -

a m

inim

um o

f 2-f

oot c

ompa

cted

cl

ay h

avin

g a

max

imum

hyd

raul

ic c

ondu

ctiv

ity o

f 1x1

0-7

cm/s

ec a

nd a

30-

mil

FML

or a

t lea

st 6

0-m

il th

ick

for

HD

PE.

6.

Var

iatio

ns o

f des

ign

com

pone

nts

4.

Con

nect

icut

Th

e lin

er sy

stem

shal

l con

sist

of a

pro

tect

ive

cove

r, a

leac

hate

co

llect

ion

syst

em, a

prim

ary

liner

, a le

acha

te le

ak d

etec

tion

zone

, a se

cond

ary

liner

and

a su

bbas

e.

a.

The

subb

ase

of th

e lin

er sy

stem

shal

l be

at le

ast f

ive

feet

ab

ove

the

max

imum

hig

h w

ater

tabl

e an

d fiv

e fe

et a

bove

th

e su

rfac

e of

bed

rock

.

b.

The

prot

ectiv

e co

ver o

f the

line

r sys

tem

shal

l hav

e re

com

pact

ed p

erm

eabi

lity

grea

ter t

han

1x10

-4 cm

/sec

and

at

leas

t 12

inch

es th

ick.

c.

The

liner

syst

em sh

all b

e a

dual

synt

hetic

line

r sys

tem

co

nsis

ting

of 1

2 in

ches

of g

ranu

lar e

arth

en fi

lter m

ater

ial,

unde

rlain

by

geot

extil

e, u

nder

lain

by

12 in

ches

of

gran

ular

free

-dra

inin

g m

ater

ial o

r equ

ival

ent s

ynth

etic

dr

aina

ge st

ruct

ures

con

tain

ing

a le

acha

te c

olle

ctio

n sy

stem

, und

erla

in b

y a

FML,

und

erla

in b

y 12

inch

es o

f gr

anul

ar e

arth

en m

ater

ial,

unde

rlain

by

12 in

ches

of

gran

ular

free

-dra

inin

g m

ater

ial o

r equ

ival

ent s

ynth

etic

dr

aina

ge st

ruct

ures

con

tain

ing

a le

acha

te d

etec

tion

syst

em, u

nder

lain

by

a FM

L, u

nder

lain

by

com

pact

ed

nativ

e so

il.

Allo

w le

ss st

ringe

nt

desi

gn.

The

stat

e ha

s bee

n pr

omot

ing

Res

ourc

e R

ecov

ery

Faci

litie

s (R

RF)

rath

er th

an la

ndfil

ls.

Cur

rent

ly, t

here

ar

e 35

act

ive

land

fills

in th

e st

ate.

Mos

t of t

hem

are

sm

all (

6 –

7 ac

res)

. O

nly

2 –

3 la

rge

land

fills

(60±

ac

res)

. La

st la

ndfil

l abo

ve 6

0 ac

res w

as p

erm

itted

in

1998

for R

RF

ash.

The

line

r req

uire

men

ts w

ere

writ

ten

prim

arily

for a

sh la

ndfil

ls a

nd a

lso

appl

ied

to M

SW

land

fills

.

RR

F an

d M

SW n

eed

to g

o th

roug

h a

dual

app

rova

l pr

oces

s (w

ater

and

was

te).

Whe

n se

ekin

g ap

prov

al

from

the

wat

er d

epar

tmen

t for

gro

undw

ater

dis

char

ge,

the

site

is a

ssum

ed w

ithou

t a li

ner s

yste

m.

Ther

efor

e,

the

alte

rnat

ive

liner

des

igns

allo

w m

ore

flexi

bilit

y. T

he

follo

win

gs a

re so

me

of a

ppro

ved

alte

rnat

ive

liner

de

sign

s:If

the

5 fo

ot su

bbas

e m

eets

the

perm

eabi

lity

requ

irem

ent o

f 1x1

0-7cm

/sec

, it c

an b

e co

nsid

ered

as

the

seco

ndar

y co

mpa

cted

soil.

Geo

net c

an b

e us

ed to

repl

ace

the

leac

hate

co

llect

ion

pipi

ng a

nd g

ranu

lar d

rain

age

blan

ket.

5.

Del

awar

e Th

e lin

er sy

stem

shal

l be

one

of th

e fo

llow

ing:

a.

A

com

posi

te li

ner a

t lea

st 5

feet

abo

ve th

e se

ason

al

high

wat

er ta

ble

in th

e up

per m

ost a

quife

r and

con

sist

ing

Req

uire

men

t to

incr

ease

des

ign.

M

ore

strin

gent

des

igns

will

be

requ

ired

whe

re d

eem

ed

nece

ssar

y by

the

Dep

artm

ent f

or th

e pr

otec

tion

of

grou

nd w

ater

reso

urce

s.

No

.

Stat

e M

inim

um T

echn

ical

Req

uire

men

t (M

TR

) fo

r L

iner

D

esig

nE

xcep

tion

to

MT

R.

Req

uire

men

t to

In

crea

se D

esig

n or

A

llow

Les

s St

ring

ent

Des

ign

Exp

lana

tion

of

Exc

epti

ons

of a

min

imum

of 2

feet

com

pact

ed c

lay

havi

ng a

m

axim

um h

ydra

ulic

con

duct

ivity

of 1

x10-7

cm/s

ec a

nd a

45

-mil

FML.

b.

A n

atur

al li

ner a

t lea

st 5

feet

thic

k re

com

pact

ed

havi

ng a

max

imum

hyd

raul

ic c

ondu

ctiv

ity o

f 1x1

0-7

cm/s

ec.

c.

A d

oubl

e lin

er sy

stem

sepa

rate

d by

a d

rain

age

laye

r: th

e pr

imar

y lin

er sh

all b

e a

synt

hetic

line

r at l

east

30

mils

thic

k an

d a

seco

ndar

y lin

er m

ay b

e ei

ther

synt

hetic

(3

0-m

il FM

L) o

r nat

ural

(5-f

oot n

atur

al li

ner)

. The

dr

aina

ge la

yer c

onsi

sts o

f at l

east

12

inch

es o

f soi

l ha

ving

a h

ydra

ulic

con

duct

ivity

gre

ater

than

1 x

10-2

cm/s

ec.

6.

Flor

ida

The

liner

syst

em sh

all b

e on

e of

the

follo

win

g:

a. A

com

posi

te li

ner c

onsi

sts o

f a 6

0-m

il H

DPE

ge

omem

bran

e lin

er a

nd a

low

er c

ompo

nent

, the

thic

knes

s of

whi

ch v

arie

s in

rela

tion

to th

e hy

drau

lic c

ondu

ctiv

ity (k

)an

d m

axim

um d

esig

n hy

drau

lic h

ead

(MD

HH

):

1 in

ch M

DH

H:

k1x

10-7

cm/s

ec,

24-in

min

. k

5x10

-8cm

/sec

, 12

-in m

in.

k1x

10-8

cm/s

ec,

12-in

min

.

6 in

ches

MD

HH

: k

1x10

-7cm

/sec

, 30

-in m

in.

k5x

10-8

cm/s

ec,

18-in

min

. k

1x10

-8cm

/sec

, 12

-in m

in.

12 in

ches

MD

HH

:

Req

uire

men

t to

incr

ease

des

ign.

Mor

e st

ringe

nt st

anda

rds m

ay b

e ne

cess

ary

due

to si

te-

spec

ific

cond

ition

s and

type

s of w

aste

s to

be d

ispo

sed.

No

.

Stat

e M

inim

um T

echn

ical

Req

uire

men

t (M

TR

) fo

r L

iner

D

esig

nE

xcep

tion

to

MT

R.

Req

uire

men

t to

In

crea

se D

esig

n or

A

llow

Les

s St

ring

ent

Des

ign

Exp

lana

tion

of

Exc

epti

ons

k1x

10-7

cm/s

ec,

36-in

min

. k

5x10

-8cm

/sec

, 24

-in m

in.

k1x

10-8

cm/s

ec,

12-in

min

.

b. A

dou

ble

liner

syst

em c

onsi

sts o

f upp

er a

nd lo

wer

60-

mil

HD

PE g

eom

embr

anes

. Th

e lo

wer

geo

mem

bran

e sh

all b

e pl

aced

dire

ctly

on

a su

b-ba

se a

t lea

st 6

inch

es th

ick

with

a

max

imum

hyd

raul

ic c

ondu

ctiv

ity o

f 1x1

0-5cm

/sec

. G

CL

with

a m

axim

um h

ydra

ulic

con

duct

ivity

of 1

x10-7

cm/s

ec

can

be u

sed

to su

bstit

ute

for t

he 6

-in su

b-ba

se so

il. T

he

leak

det

ectio

n sy

stem

has

a m

inim

um h

ydra

ulic

co

nduc

tivity

of 1

0cm

/sec

. 7.

G

eorg

ia

A c

ompo

site

line

r con

sist

ing

of a

30-

mil

FML

and

a m

inim

um o

f 2-f

oot c

ompa

cted

cla

y ha

ving

a m

axim

um

hydr

aulic

con

duct

ivity

of 1

x10-7

cm/s

ec.

If F

ML

is H

DPE

, it

shal

l be

at le

ast 6

0 m

ils th

ick.

At l

east

5 fe

et se

para

tion

betw

een

the

synt

hetic

line

r and

the

seas

onal

hig

h w

ater

tabl

e in

the

uppe

r mos

t aqu

ifer i

s req

uire

d.

Allo

w le

ss st

ringe

nt

desi

gn.

Dep

ende

nt o

n th

at w

heth

er th

e la

ndfil

l is l

ocat

ed in

an

area

of h

ighe

r pol

lutio

n su

scep

tibili

ty a

s def

ined

by

Hyd

rolo

gic

Atla

s #20

(a P

ollu

tion

Susc

eptib

ility

Map

of

Geo

rgia

), or

in a

sign

ifica

nt g

roun

d w

ater

rech

arge

ar

ea a

s des

igna

ted

by A

tlas #

18.

If n

ot, t

he li

ner

syst

em m

ay b

e de

sign

ed a

s lon

g as

such

des

ign

ensu

res

that

the

conc

entra

tion

valu

es li

sted

in T

able

1 o

f 391

-3-

3-.0

7(1)

(d) w

ill n

ot b

e ex

ceed

ed in

the

uppe

r aqu

ifer a

t th

e re

leva

nt p

oint

of c

ompl

ianc

e. T

he re

leva

nt p

oint

of

com

plia

nce

is d

efin

ed a

s no

mor

e th

an 1

50 m

eter

s fro

m

the

was

te m

anag

emen

t uni

t bou

ndar

y an

d lo

cate

d on

la

nd o

wne

d by

the

owne

r of t

he M

SWLF

uni

t. 8.

Ill

inoi

s Th

e lin

er sy

stem

shal

l be

one

of th

e fo

llow

ing:

a.

A m

inim

um 5

-foo

t com

pact

ed c

lay

with

a m

axim

um

hydr

aulic

con

duct

ivity

of 1

x10-7

cm/s

ec.

b. A

com

posi

te li

ner c

onsi

sts o

f 3-f

oot c

ompa

cted

cla

y ha

ving

a m

axim

um h

ydra

ulic

con

duct

ivity

of 1

x10-7

cm/s

ec a

nd a

geo

mem

bran

e no

less

than

60

mils

in

thic

knes

s.

Req

uire

men

t to

incr

ease

des

ign.

Th

e m

inim

um te

chni

cal d

esig

n is

ass

esse

d fo

r gr

ound

wat

er im

pact

usi

ng a

con

tam

inan

t tra

nspo

rt m

odel

that

requ

ires t

he a

ctua

l geo

logi

c an

d hy

drog

eolo

gic

cond

ition

s be

char

acte

rized

. Th

e m

athe

mat

ical

mod

el m

ust d

emon

stra

te th

at th

e m

inim

um d

esig

n ca

n pr

otec

t gro

undw

ater

such

that

the

conc

entra

tion

of a

ny c

hem

ical

con

stitu

ent w

ill n

ot

exce

ed th

e ba

ckgr

ound

val

ue a

t a p

oint

loca

ted

100

feet

No

.

Stat

e M

inim

um T

echn

ical

Req

uire

men

t (M

TR

) fo

r L

iner

D

esig

nE

xcep

tion

to

MT

R.

Req

uire

men

t to

In

crea

se D

esig

n or

A

llow

Les

s St

ring

ent

Des

ign

Exp

lana

tion

of

Exc

epti

ons

from

the

was

te b

ound

ary

with

in 1

00 y

ears

of c

losu

re o

f th

e fa

cilit

y. I

f thi

s can

not b

e de

mon

stra

ted,

the

desi

gn

mus

t be

incr

ease

d to

a le

vel t

hat w

ill e

nsur

e th

at th

e co

ncen

tratio

n of

any

che

mic

al c

onst

ituen

t will

not

ex

ceed

the

back

grou

nd v

alue

at a

poi

nt lo

cate

d 10

0 fe

et

from

the

was

te b

ound

ary

with

in 1

00 y

ears

of c

losu

re o

f th

e fa

cilit

y.

9.

Indi

ana

A c

ompo

site

line

r con

sist

s of a

min

imum

of 3

-foo

t co

mpa

cted

soil

with

a m

axim

um h

ydra

ulic

con

duct

ivity

of

1x10

-7cm

/sec

, and

a g

eom

embr

ane,

Geo

mem

bran

e m

ay b

e 30

mils

unl

ess w

hen

HD

PE is

use

d, g

eom

embr

ane

mus

t be

60 m

ils.

This

com

posi

te li

ner s

yste

m re

quire

s a se

para

tion

of

10 fe

et o

f non

aqui

fer m

ater

ial b

etw

een

the

liner

and

the

uppe

rmos

t aqu

ifer.

At a

ll su

mp

area

s, at

a m

inim

um, a

t lin

er a

reas

with

in 2

5 fe

et

late

ral t

o th

e ce

nter

of e

ach

sum

p, st

artin

g fr

om th

e su

bgra

de

and

exte

ndin

g up

war

d, th

e lin

er m

ust i

nclu

de th

e fo

llow

ing

com

pone

nts:

a.

A m

inim

um o

f 2 fe

et o

f com

pact

ed so

il ha

ving

a

hydr

aulic

con

duct

ivity

of 1

x10-6

cm/s

ec o

r les

s;

b. A

leak

det

ectio

n zo

ne;

c.

A m

inim

um o

f 3 fe

et o

f com

pact

ed so

il ha

ving

a

hydr

aulic

con

duct

ivity

of 1

x10-7

cm/s

ec o

r les

s;

d. A

geo

mem

bran

e;

e. A

GC

L;

f. A

geo

mem

bran

e;

g. A

dra

inag

e la

yer;

and

h. A

pro

tect

ive

cove

r.

Req

uire

men

t to

incr

ease

des

ign.

In

the

porti

ons o

f the

land

fill u

nit w

ith le

ss th

an 1

0 fe

et

of v

ertic

al fr

om th

e aq

uife

r of s

igni

fican

ce, t

hen

the

sum

p ar

ea li

ner c

ross

sect

ion

(des

crib

ed a

t lef

t) m

ust b

e us

ed.

Alte

rnat

ivel

y, th

e 10

-foo

t sep

arat

ion

can

be

cons

truct

ed.

10.

Iow

a A

com

posi

te li

ner c

onsi

sts o

f a m

inim

um o

f 2-f

oot c

ompa

cted

Allo

w le

ss st

ringe

nt

Alte

rnat

ives

are

bas

ed o

n th

at th

e de

sign

of t

he li

ner

No

.

Stat

e M

inim

um T

echn

ical

Req

uire

men

t (M

TR

) fo

r L

iner

D

esig

nE

xcep

tion

to

MT

R.

Req

uire

men

t to

In

crea

se D

esig

n or

A

llow

Les

s St

ring

ent

Des

ign

Exp

lana

tion

of

Exc

epti

ons

clay

hav

ing

a m

axim

um h

ydra

ulic

con

duct

ivity

of 1

x10-7

cm/s

ec a

nd a

30-

mil

FML

or a

t lea

st 6

0-m

il th

ick

for H

DPE

. de

sign

. sy

stem

is e

quiv

alen

t to

the

soil

liner

requ

irem

ents

, lo

ngev

ity a

nd p

rote

ctio

n of

the

grou

ndw

ater

, or t

he

spec

ific

type

of w

aste

to b

e di

spos

ed.

A li

ner s

yste

m h

as so

il lin

er o

nly

has b

een

appr

oved

. Th

e so

il lin

er c

an b

e 4

feet

of r

ecom

pact

ed c

lay

or in

-si

tu m

ater

ial m

eetin

g th

e al

tern

ativ

e de

sign

re

quire

men

ts.

11.

Kan

sas

Gen

eral

MSW

land

fills

: A c

ompo

site

line

r con

sist

s of a

m

inim

um 3

0-m

il ge

omem

bran

e an

d at

leas

t a 2

-foo

t lay

er o

f co

mpa

cted

soil

with

a h

ydra

ulic

con

duct

ivity

of n

o m

ore

than

1

x 10

-7cm

/sec

. Geo

mem

bran

e co

mpo

nent

s con

sist

ing

of

HD

PE sh

all b

e at

leas

t 60-

mil

thic

k.

Smal

l lan

dfill

s: A

min

imum

of 2

-foo

t com

pact

ed c

lay

with

a

max

imum

hyd

raul

ic c

ondu

ctiv

ity o

f 1x1

0-6cm

/sec

, or i

n-si

tu

mat

eria

l or a

n al

tern

ativ

e, a

ppro

ved

cons

truct

ed li

ner m

eetin

g th

e de

mon

stra

tion

stan

dard

for g

roun

dwat

er m

odel

ing

or th

e lin

er p

erfo

rman

ce st

anda

rd.

The

in-s

itu m

ater

ial l

iner

bel

ow

the

botto

m o

f the

land

fill p

rior t

o en

coun

terin

g gr

ound

wat

er

shal

l mee

t: (i)

H

as a

per

mea

bilit

y eq

uiva

lent

to 2

feet

of 1

x10-6

cm/s

ec m

ater

ial;

(ii)

With

in th

e eq

uiva

lent

ly p

erm

eabl

e la

yer,

has n

o so

il la

yer o

r stra

tum

with

a p

erm

eabi

lity

grea

ter t

han

1x10

-4

cm/s

ec a

nd w

ith g

roun

dwat

er to

flow

late

rally

off

the

owne

r’s p

rope

rty; a

nd

(iii)

Show

s con

sist

ency

in a

ll bo

ring

data

.

Allo

w le

ss st

ringe

nt

desi

gn.

Alte

rnat

ive

desi

gns s

hall

dem

onst

rate

that

cer

tain

co

ncen

tratio

n va

lues

will

not

be

exce

eded

in th

e up

perm

ost a

quife

r at t

he p

oint

of c

ompl

ianc

e w

hich

sh

all b

e w

ithin

150

met

ers o

f the

edg

e of

the

plan

ned

unit

boun

dary

and

on

the

owne

r's o

r ope

rato

r's p

rope

rty

and

shal

l be

at le

ast 1

5.24

met

ers f

rom

the

prop

erty

bo

unda

ry.

GC

L to

subs

titut

e fo

r one

foot

of c

ompa

cted

cla

y ha

s be

en a

ppro

ved.

Smal

l lan

dfill

s are

exe

mpt

ed fr

om th

e co

mpo

site

line

r re

quire

men

ts.

Smal

l lan

dfill

crit

eria

are

: (1

) R

ecei

ves a

nd d

ispo

ses o

f les

s tha

n 20

tons

per

da

y ba

sed

on a

n an

nual

ave

rage

; (2

) Th

ere

is n

o ev

iden

ce o

f gro

undw

ater

co

ntam

inat

ion;

(3

) In

an

area

with

less

than

or e

qual

to 2

5 in

ches

of

ann

ual p

reci

pita

tion

(ave

rage

d ov

er a

min

imum

30

-yea

r per

iod)

; and

(4

) Th

e co

mm

unity

util

izin

g th

e la

ndfil

l has

no

prac

ticab

le w

aste

man

agem

ent a

ltern

ativ

e. T

he

No

.

Stat

e M

inim

um T

echn

ical

Req

uire

men

t (M

TR

) fo

r L

iner

D

esig

nE

xcep

tion

to

MT

R.

Req

uire

men

t to

In

crea

se D

esig

n or

A

llow

Les

s St

ring

ent

Des

ign

Exp

lana

tion

of

Exc

epti

ons

clos

est M

SWLF

is m

ore

than

75

mile

s aw

ay.

12.

Ken

tuck

y A

dou

ble

com

posi

te li

ner s

yste

m in

clud

es:

1.

Prim

ary

Line

r Sys

tem

: A c

ompo

site

line

r co

nsis

ting

of 3

-foo

t com

pact

ed c

lay

havi

ng a

max

imum

hy

drau

lic c

ondu

ctiv

ity o

f 1x1

0-7cm

/sec

and

60-

mil

geom

embr

ane

havi

ng a

hyd

raul

ic c

ondu

ctiv

ity le

ss th

an

1x10

-12cm

/sec

.

2.

Seco

ndar

y Li

ner s

yste

m:

a)

A c

ompo

site

line

r con

sist

ing

of 1

fo

ot c

ompa

cted

cla

y ha

ving

hyd

raul

ic c

ondu

ctiv

ity o

f 1x

10-7

cm/s

ec, 6

0-m

il ge

omem

bran

e ha

ving

a h

ydra

ulic

co

nduc

tivity

less

than

1x1

0-12cm

/sec

, 1 fo

ot d

rain

age

laye

r hav

ing

a hy

drau

lic c

ondu

ctiv

ity o

f 1x1

0-3cm

/sec

,an

d a

filte

r fab

ric; o

r b)

A

nat

ural

ly o

ccur

ring

mat

eria

l ab

ove

the

uppe

rmos

t aqu

ifer w

ith a

min

imum

thic

knes

s of

20

feet

with

a m

axim

um h

ydra

ulic

con

duct

ivity

of

1x10

-7cm

/sec

.

Allo

w le

ss st

ringe

nt

desi

gn.

Less

strin

gent

des

ign

for t

he b

otto

m sl

ope

in th

e ra

nge

of 1

0 - 2

5%, a

sing

le c

ompo

site

line

r sys

tem

is

allo

wed

. A

ccor

ding

to th

e K

entu

cky

DEP

, exc

ept f

ir on

e la

ndfil

l tha

t was

bui

lt w

ith a

dou

ble

com

posi

te

liner

syst

em, a

ll M

SW la

ndfil

ls in

Ken

tuck

y ha

ve b

een

built

usi

ng th

is o

ptio

n.

Alte

rnat

ives

als

o al

low

usi

ng G

CL.

Whe

n G

CL

is u

sed

in a

dditi

on to

the

com

posi

te li

ner s

yste

m, t

he

com

pact

ed c

lay

is n

ot re

quire

d to

mee

t the

per

mea

bilit

y re

quire

men

t in

the

field

and

nee

ds to

dem

onst

rate

that

it

is c

apab

le o

f mee

ting

hydr

aulic

con

duct

ivity

of

1x10

-7cm

/sec

in la

bora

tory

test

ing.

A 4

-foo

t sep

arat

ion

betw

een

the

liner

syst

em a

nd th

e up

perm

ost a

quife

r is r

equi

red.

If t

his c

ondi

tion

is n

ot

met

, an

unde

rdra

in sy

stem

is re

quire

d.

13.

Loui

sian

a A

com

posi

te li

ner c

onsi

sts o

f 3-f

oot -

havi

ng a

max

imum

hy

drau

lic c

ondu

ctiv

ity o

f 1x1

0-7cm

/sec

and

a FM

L at

leas

t 30

mils

thic

k or

a H

DPE

geo

mem

bran

e no

less

than

60

mils

.

Req

uire

men

t to

incr

ease

des

ign.

B

ased

on

the

site

geo

logi

c co

nditi

ons,

addi

tiona

l pr

otec

tion

laye

r may

be

requ

ired

to p

rote

ct

grou

ndw

ater

whi

ch is

a m

ajor

sour

ce o

f drin

king

wat

er

(fou

nd o

nly

in ra

re c

ases

).

App

roxi

mat

ely

60%

of t

he M

SW la

ndfil

ls p

erm

itted

un

der t

hese

regs

hav

e us

ed a

ltern

ativ

e de

sign

s: u

sing

G

CL

to su

bstit

ute

for 1

foot

or 2

feet

(if t

he G

CL

has a

ge

omem

bran

e bo

nded

to it

) of c

ompa

cted

cla

y.

14.

Mai

ne

A c

ompo

site

line

r con

sist

s of a

60-

mil

HD

PE g

eom

embr

ane

liner

and

a m

inim

um o

f 2-f

oot c

ompa

cted

cla

y la

yer (

CC

L)

havi

ng a

max

imum

hyd

raul

ic c

ondu

ctiv

ity o

f 1x1

0-7cm

/sec

Req

uire

men

t to

incr

ease

des

ign.

Im

prov

emen

t allo

wan

ces a

re re

quire

d w

hen

time

of

trave

l to

sens

itive

rece

ptor

s fro

m th

e bo

ttom

of t

he

land

fill a

nd le

acha

te p

ond

liner

syst

ems i

s les

s tha

n 6

No

.

Stat

e M

inim

um T

echn

ical

Req

uire

men

t (M

TR

) fo

r L

iner

D

esig

nE

xcep

tion

to

MT

R.

Req

uire

men

t to

In

crea

se D

esig

n or

A

llow

Les

s St

ring

ent

Des

ign

Exp

lana

tion

of

Exc

epti

ons

and

cont

aini

ng a

min

imum

of 3

5% fi

nes.

ye

ars.

A G

CL

may

subs

titut

e fo

r up

to 1

2” o

f CC

L.

15.

Mar

ylan

d A

com

posi

te li

ner c

onsi

sts o

f a sy

nthe

tic m

embr

ane

liner

and

a

min

imum

of 1

foot

com

pact

ed c

lay

or o

ther

nat

ural

m

ater

ial h

avin

g a

max

imum

hyd

raul

ic c

ondu

ctiv

ity o

f 1x1

0-7

cm/s

ec.

The

synt

hetic

mem

bran

e ha

s a c

ombi

ned

min

imum

th

ickn

ess o

f 50

mils

for u

nrei

nfor

ced,

or h

as a

sing

le

rein

forc

ed m

embr

ane

with

a m

inim

um th

ickn

ess o

f 30

mils

an

d a

max

imum

hyd

raul

ic c

ondu

ctiv

ity o

f 1x1

0-10cm

/sec

. Pl

aced

ove

r a p

repa

red

subb

ase

with

a m

inim

um th

ickn

ess o

f 2

feet

and

a m

axim

um h

ydra

ulic

con

duct

ivity

of 1

x10-5

cm/s

ec.

Req

uire

men

t to

incr

ease

des

ign.

Th

e M

TR li

sted

on

the

web

site

has

not

bee

n up

date

d si

nce

the

stat

e pr

ogra

m w

as a

ppro

ved.

The

line

r des

ign

requ

ires t

o co

mpl

ianc

e w

ith th

e Su

btitl

e D

re

quire

men

ts a

nd a

n al

tern

ativ

e lin

er d

esig

n ca

n be

ap

prov

ed if

it m

eets

the

perf

orm

ance

stan

dard

s usi

ng

the

Subt

itle

D m

etho

ds (H

ELP

and

Mul

ti-M

edia

).

Abo

ut 2

0 M

SW la

ndfil

ls a

re c

urre

ntly

act

ive.

Sin

ce

the

geol

ogic

and

hyd

roge

olog

ic c

ondi

tions

var

y in

the

stat

e, th

e lin

er sy

stem

at e

ach

land

fill w

as a

ppro

ved

base

d on

the

site

-spe

cific

con

ditio

ns.

16.

Mas

sach

uset

ts

A c

ompo

site

line

r con

sist

s of t

wo

com

pone

nts:

the

upp

er

com

pone

nt m

ust b

e a

min

imum

30-

mil

FML

and

the

low

er

com

pone

nt m

ust b

e at

leas

t a 2

-foo

t lay

er o

f com

pact

ed lo

w

perm

eabi

lity

soil/

adm

ixtu

re w

ith a

hyd

raul

ic c

ondu

ctiv

ity o

f no

mor

e th

an 1

x 1

0-7cm

/sec

. FM

L co

mpo

nent

s con

sist

ing

of H

DPE

shal

l be

at le

ast 6

0-m

il th

ick.

The

subg

rade

shal

l be

suff

icie

nt th

ickn

ess t

o en

sure

a m

inim

um o

f 4 fe

et

sepa

ratio

n be

twee

n th

e to

p of

bed

rock

or t

he m

axim

um h

igh

grou

nd w

ater

tabl

e an

d th

e bo

ttom

of t

he lo

wes

t low

pe

rmea

bilit

y la

yer.

Req

uire

men

t to

incr

ease

des

ign.

A

dou

ble

com

posi

te li

ner s

yste

m is

requ

ired

unde

r Fi

nal I

nter

im G

uida

nce

on D

oubl

e Li

ner R

equi

rem

ents

fo

r all

Land

fill A

utho

rizat

ions

to C

onst

ruct

(ATC

) Is

sued

Afte

r Dec

embe

r 20,

200

0. T

his i

nter

im

guid

ance

is to

be

used

for d

eter

min

ing

doub

le li

ner

requ

irem

ents

unt

il th

e so

lid w

aste

regu

latio

ns (3

10

CM

R 1

9) a

re re

vise

d to

inco

rpor

ate

the

follo

win

g ne

w

requ

irem

ents

: Fo

r any

are

a w

here

the

slop

e of

the

liner

will

be

less

stee

p th

an 4

H:1

V, a

dou

ble

com

posi

te li

ner

is re

quire

d.

O

ptio

n 1

– D

oubl

e co

mpo

site

line

r:

P

rimar

y lin

er: F

ML/

GC

L

L

eak

dete

ctio

n: g

eone

t or 1

2” 1

0-2cm

/sec

mat

eria

l

S

econ

dary

line

r: FM

L/2

feet

CC

L

No

.

Stat

e M

inim

um T

echn

ical

Req

uire

men

t (M

TR

) fo

r L

iner

D

esig

nE

xcep

tion

to

MT

R.

Req

uire

men

t to

In

crea

se D

esig

n or

A

llow

Les

s St

ring

ent

Des

ign

Exp

lana

tion

of

Exc

epti

ons

Opt

ion

2 –

Alte

rnat

ive

doub

le c

ompo

site

line

r:

P

rimar

y lin

er: F

ML/

GC

L

L

eak

dete

ctio

n: g

eone

t or 1

2” 1

0-2cm

/sec

mat

eria

l

S

econ

dary

line

r: FM

L/G

CL/

1 fo

ot C

CL

For a

ny a

rea

whe

re th

e sl

ope

will

be

stee

per

than

or e

qual

to 4

H:1

V:

Pref

erre

d O

ptio

n –

Mod

ified

dou

ble

com

posi

te:

Prim

ary

liner

: FM

L/G

CL

Lea

k de

tect

ion:

geo

net o

r 12”

10-2

cm/s

ec m

ater

ial

Sec

onda

ry li

ner:

FML/

1 fo

ot C

CL

Acc

epta

ble

Opt

ions

: Th

e fo

llow

ing

doub

le li

ner

desi

gn o

ptio

ns a

re a

lso

acce

ptab

le:

- Pr

imar

y lin

er is

a si

ngle

ele

men

t, se

cond

ary

liner

is

com

posi

te:

Prim

ary

liner

: FM

L

L

eak

dete

ctio

n: g

eone

t or 1

2” 1

0-2cm

/sec

mat

eria

l

S

econ

dary

line

r: FM

L/2

feet

CC

L

- Pr

imar

y lin

er is

a si

ngle

ele

men

t, se

cond

ary

liner

is

com

posi

te:

Prim

ary

liner

: FM

L

L

eak

dete

ctio

n: g

eone

t or 1

2” 1

0-2cm

/sec

mat

eria

l

S

econ

dary

line

r: FM

L/G

CL/

1 fo

ot C

CL

17.

Mic

higa

n A

ll M

SW la

ndfil

ls sh

all b

e co

nstru

cted

with

a c

ompo

site

lin

er.

A c

ompo

site

line

r con

sist

s of t

wo

com

pone

nts:

1)

Th

e up

per c

ompo

nent

mus

t be

a m

inim

um 3

0-m

il FM

L. F

ML

com

pone

nts c

onsi

stin

g of

HD

PE sh

all b

e at

No

exce

ptio

n Th

e de

faul

t thi

ckne

ss is

10

feet

for t

he n

atur

al so

il ba

rrie

r hav

ing

a m

axim

um p

erm

eabi

lity

of 1

x 1

0-7

cm/s

ec.

If th

e na

tura

l soi

l bar

rier h

as a

max

imum

pe

rmea

bilit

yof

1x

10-6

cm/s

ec,t

here

quire

dth

ickn

ess

No

.

Stat

e M

inim

um T

echn

ical

Req

uire

men

t (M

TR

) fo

r L

iner

D

esig

nE

xcep

tion

to

MT

R.

Req

uire

men

t to

In

crea

se D

esig

n or

A

llow

Les

s St

ring

ent

Des

ign

Exp

lana

tion

of

Exc

epti

ons

leas

t 60-

mil

thic

k.

2)

The

low

er c

ompo

nent

may

con

sist

of a

ny o

f the

fo

llow

ing

soil

laye

rs:

i) C

ompa

cted

soil

at le

ast 2

feet

thic

k w

ith a

hyd

raul

ic c

ondu

ctiv

ity o

f no

mor

e th

an 1

x 1

0-

7cm

/sec

. ii)

A

ben

toni

te g

eoco

mpo

site

line

r. iii

) A

n al

tern

ativ

e so

il la

yer t

hat i

s ap

prov

ed u

nder

the

rule

s.

New

uni

ts a

nd la

tera

l ext

ensi

ons a

t exi

stin

g di

spos

al a

reas

th

at h

ave

not r

ecei

ved

was

te b

efor

e O

ct. 9

, 199

5 sh

all b

e de

sign

ed in

acc

orda

nce

with

the

leak

age

cont

rol c

riter

ia:

1)

A m

onito

rabl

e un

it w

hich

is lo

cate

d ov

er a

nat

ural

so

il ba

rrie

r and

is in

com

plia

nce

with

R 2

99.4

422(

2). A

na

tura

l soi

l bar

rier m

ay m

eet a

ny o

f the

follo

win

g ge

olog

ic c

ondi

tions

: i)

Has

a m

axim

um d

emon

stra

ted

perm

eabi

lity

of 1

x 1

0-7cm

/sec

.ii)

H

as a

thic

knes

s and

per

mea

bilit

y su

ffic

ient

to p

reve

nt th

e m

igra

tion

of le

akag

e fr

om

the

unit

to th

e up

perm

ost a

quife

r for

a ti

me

perio

d as

de

fined

in R

299

.442

2(2)

(b).

iii)

Und

erla

in b

y an

upp

erm

ost a

quife

r th

at is

suff

icie

ntly

arte

sian

to p

reve

nt th

e ve

rtica

l m

igra

tion

of c

onta

min

ants

from

the

site

to th

e up

perm

ost a

quife

r by

adve

ctio

n or

dis

pers

ion.

iv

) A

ny c

ombi

natio

n of

hyd

roge

olog

y an

d in

nova

tive

desi

gn.

2 )

Des

igne

d w

ith a

dou

ble

liner

syst

em in

com

plia

nce

perm

eabi

lity

of 1

x 1

0-6cm

/sec

, the

requ

ired

thic

knes

s is

100

feet

. In

mos

t nor

th a

nd w

est a

reas

of t

he st

ate

whe

re b

edro

ck su

rfac

e is

rela

tivel

y hi

gh, a

dou

ble

com

posi

te li

ner s

yste

m is

gen

eral

ly u

sed.

No

alte

rnat

ive

liner

has

bee

n ap

prov

ed.

The

alte

rnat

ive

laye

r as s

tate

d in

the

regu

latio

n w

as in

tend

ed fo

r fut

ure

new

geo

synt

hetic

mat

eria

ls.

No

.

Stat

e M

inim

um T

echn

ical

Req

uire

men

t (M

TR

) fo

r L

iner

D

esig

nE

xcep

tion

to

MT

R.

Req

uire

men

t to

In

crea

se D

esig

n or

A

llow

Les

s St

ring

ent

Des

ign

Exp

lana

tion

of

Exc

epti

ons

with

R 2

99.4

422(

3):

i) A

prim

ary

com

posi

te li

ner.

On

the

side

lope

gre

ater

than

or e

qual

to 2

0% a

nd 5

feet

ve

rtica

lly a

bout

the

toe,

the

soil

com

pone

nt is

op

tiona

l. ii)

A

seco

ndar

y co

llect

ion

syst

em o

r lea

k de

tect

ion

syst

em.

iii)

A se

cond

ary

com

posi

te li

ner o

r any

of

the

follo

win

g al

tern

ativ

e sy

stem

s:

a.

The

soil

com

pone

nts c

an b

e a

natu

ral s

oil b

arrie

r has

an

equi

vale

nt c

ombi

natio

n of

per

mea

bilit

y an

d th

ickn

ess a

s 2 fe

et o

f 1x1

0-7

cm/s

ec c

ompa

cted

soil.

b.

A

nat

ural

soil

barr

ier u

nder

lain

by

an

uppe

rmos

t aqu

ifer t

hat i

s suf

ficie

ntly

arte

sian

to

pre

vent

the

verti

cal m

igra

tion

of c

onta

min

atio

ns

from

the

site

to th

e up

perm

ost a

quife

r by

adve

ctio

n or

dis

pers

ion.

c.

A

n al

tern

ativ

e sy

stem

app

rove

d by

the

Dire

ctor

. 18

. M

inne

sota

Th

e lin

er sy

stem

shal

l be

one

of th

e fo

llow

ing:

a.

A

com

posi

te li

ner c

onsi

sts o

f a sy

nthe

tic m

embr

ane

liner

and

a m

inim

um o

f 2-f

oot c

ompa

cted

cla

y ha

ving

a

max

imum

hyd

raul

ic c

ondu

ctiv

ity o

f 1x1

0-7cm

/sec

. Th

e sy

nthe

tic m

embr

ane

mus

t be

at le

ast 6

0 m

ils fo

r un

rein

forc

ed o

r 30

mils

for r

einf

orce

d.

b.

A n

atur

al so

il ba

rrie

r mus

t be

at le

ast 4

feet

thic

k an

d re

com

pact

ed.

Allo

w le

ss st

ringe

nt

desi

gn

An

alte

rnat

ive

liner

syst

em m

ay b

e ap

prov

ed b

ased

on

its a

bilit

y to

con

trol l

each

ate

mig

ratio

n, m

eet

perf

orm

ance

stan

dard

s, an

d pr

otec

t hum

an h

ealth

and

th

e en

viro

nmen

t.

Line

r sys

tem

Opt

ion

b ca

n be

app

rove

d ba

sed

on

grou

ndw

ater

mod

elin

g re

sults

.

Alte

rnat

ive

liner

des

ign

has b

een

appr

oved

for o

nly

side

slop

es u

sing

GC

L to

subs

titut

e fo

r 1 fo

ot o

f co

mpa

cted

cla

y.

No

.

Stat

e M

inim

um T

echn

ical

Req

uire

men

t (M

TR

) fo

r L

iner

D

esig

nE

xcep

tion

to

MT

R.

Req

uire

men

t to

In

crea

se D

esig

n or

A

llow

Les

s St

ring

ent

Des

ign

Exp

lana

tion

of

Exc

epti

ons

19.

Mis

sour

i A

com

posi

te li

ner c

onsi

sts o

f 2-f

oot c

ompa

cted

cla

y ha

ving

a

max

imum

hyd

raul

ic c

ondu

ctiv

ity o

f 1x1

0-7cm

/sec

and

a

min

imum

30-

mil

thic

k ge

omem

bran

e. G

eom

embr

ane

com

pone

nts c

onsi

stin

g of

HD

PE sh

all b

e at

leas

t 60-

mil.

Min

imal

Exc

eptio

ns

One

land

fill w

as a

ppro

ved

to u

se b

ento

nite

mix

ing

with

cl

ay in

ord

er to

ach

ieve

hyd

raul

ic c

ondu

ctiv

ity o

f 1x1

0-

7cm

/sec

.

20.

Mon

tana

A

com

posi

te li

ner c

onsi

sts o

f 2-f

oot c

ompa

cted

cla

y ha

ving

a

max

imum

hyd

raul

ic c

ondu

ctiv

ity o

f 1x1

0-7cm

/sec

and

a FM

L at

leas

t 30

mils

thic

k or

a H

DPE

geo

mem

bran

e at

leas

t 60

mils

.

Allo

w le

ss st

ringe

nt

desi

gn.

The

barr

ier l

ayer

may

incl

ude,

but

is n

ot li

mite

d to

the

follo

win

g al

tern

ativ

es b

ased

on

the

hydr

ogeo

logi

c ch

arac

teris

tics,

the

clim

atic

fact

ors o

f the

are

a, a

nd th

e ba

rrie

r lay

er d

esig

n fa

ctor

s:

(a)

Com

pact

ed so

il lin

er

(b)

GC

L (c

) So

il ad

mix

ture

s (d

) G

eom

embr

ane

(e)

Poly

mer

s (f

) N

atur

al li

thol

ogy

whe

n th

e up

perm

ost s

oil

laye

r of t

he la

ndfil

l bas

e is

reco

mpa

cted

to

achi

eve

a m

inim

um fi

nal t

hick

ness

of 1

2 in

ches

with

a m

axim

um h

ydra

ulic

co

nduc

tivity

of 1

x10-7

cm/s

ec

(g)

Var

iatio

ns o

r com

bina

tions

of t

he a

bove

de

sign

com

pone

nts

A b

arrie

r lay

er is

not

requ

ired

that

has

a d

epar

tmen

t-ap

prov

ed n

o m

igra

tion

petit

ion

(six

land

fills

hav

e be

en

appr

oved

).

If th

e la

ndfil

l bas

e lin

er sy

stem

is n

ot c

over

ed w

ithin

on

e w

inte

r sea

son,

a c

ompa

cted

cla

y la

yer i

s not

al

low

ed d

ue to

free

and

thaw

s eff

ect.

21.

New

Jers

ey

A c

ompo

site

line

r con

sist

s of t

wo

com

pone

nts:

the

upp

er

com

pone

nt m

ust b

e a

min

imum

30-

mil

FM) a

nd th

e lo

wer

R

equi

rem

ent t

o In

crea

se D

esig

n O

nly

one

of th

e 12

MSW

land

fills

was

bui

lt w

ith a

si

ngle

com

posi

te li

ner s

yste

m.

Oth

er la

ndfil

ls w

ere

No

.

Stat

e M

inim

um T

echn

ical

Req

uire

men

t (M

TR

) fo

r L

iner

D

esig

nE

xcep

tion

to

MT

R.

Req

uire

men

t to

In

crea

se D

esig

n or

A

llow

Les

s St

ring

ent

Des

ign

Exp

lana

tion

of

Exc

epti

ons

com

pone

nt m

ust b

e at

leas

t a tw

o-fo

ot la

yer o

f com

pact

ed

soil

with

a h

ydra

ulic

con

duct

ivity

of n

o m

ore

than

1 x

10-7

cm/s

ec.

FML

com

pone

nts c

onsi

stin

g of

HD

PE sh

all b

e at

le

ast 6

0-m

il th

ick.

cons

truct

ed w

ith a

dou

ble

com

posi

te li

ner s

yste

m:

Prim

ary

60-m

il H

DPE

geo

mem

bran

e lin

er

Prim

ary

GC

L Le

ak d

etec

tion

laye

r Se

cond

ary

60-m

il H

DPE

geo

mem

bran

e lin

er

Seco

ndar

y G

CL

A d

oubl

e co

mpo

site

line

r sys

tem

was

use

d in

thes

e la

ndfil

ls b

ecau

se o

f site

-spe

cific

hyd

roge

olog

y (w

ere

built

with

in a

drin

king

wat

er a

quife

r).

22.

Neb

rask

a A

com

posi

te li

ner c

onsi

sts o

f tw

o co

mpo

nent

s: t

he u

pper

co

mpo

nent

mus

t be

a m

inim

um 3

0-m

il FM

L an

d th

e lo

wer

co

mpo

nent

mus

t be

at le

ast a

2-f

oot l

ayer

of c

ompa

cted

soil

with

a h

ydra

ulic

con

duct

ivity

of n

o m

ore

than

1 x

10-7

cm/s

ec.

FML

com

pone

nts c

onsi

stin

g of

HD

PE sh

all b

e at

le

ast 6

0-m

il th

ick.

Whe

n ap

prov

ing

the

desi

gn, t

he D

epar

tmen

t will

con

side

r the

hy

drog

eolo

gic

char

acte

ristic

s of t

he fa

cilit

y an

d th

e su

rrou

ndin

g la

nd, t

he c

limat

ic c

hara

cter

istic

s of t

he a

rea,

the

volu

me

and

type

of w

aste

to b

e de

posi

ted,

and

the

volu

me

and

phys

ical

and

che

mic

al c

hara

cter

istic

s of t

he le

acha

te.

Allo

w le

ss st

ringe

nt

desi

gn.

In a

ccor

danc

e w

ith a

des

ign

appr

oved

by

the

Dep

artm

ent,

alte

rnat

e de

sign

s sha

ll en

sure

that

the

conc

entra

tion

valu

es li

sted

in th

e R

ule

will

not

be

exce

eded

in th

e up

perm

ost a

quife

r at t

he re

leva

nt p

oint

of

com

plia

nce.

The

rele

vant

poi

nt o

f com

plia

nce

shal

l be

loca

ted

at th

e w

aste

man

agem

ent u

nit b

ound

ary.

A

requ

est m

ay b

e m

ade

for t

he e

stab

lishm

ent o

f an

alte

rnat

e re

leva

nt p

oint

of c

ompl

ianc

e. T

he a

ltern

ate

rele

vant

poi

nt o

f com

plia

nce

shal

l be

no m

ore

than

150

m

eter

s fro

m th

e w

aste

man

agem

ent u

nit b

ound

ary

and

shal

l be

loca

ted

on la

nd o

wne

d by

the

owne

r of t

he

solid

was

te d

ispo

sal a

rea.

An

alte

rnat

ive

desi

gn w

hich

is c

omm

only

use

d co

nsis

ts

of th

e fo

llow

ing

com

pone

nts:

60

-mil

HD

PE g

eom

embr

ane

liner

GC

L24

-inch

com

pact

ed so

il to

ach

ieve

a m

inim

um

95%

stan

dard

Pro

ctor

(AST

M D

698)

max

imum

dr

y de

nsity

.

No

.

Stat

e M

inim

um T

echn

ical

Req

uire

men

t (M

TR

) fo

r L

iner

D

esig

nE

xcep

tion

to

MT

R.

Req

uire

men

t to

In

crea

se D

esig

n or

A

llow

Les

s St

ring

ent

Des

ign

Exp

lana

tion

of

Exc

epti

ons

23.

New

Yor

k O

n al

l bot

tom

are

as w

here

the

land

fill s

lope

is le

ss th

an o

r eq

ual t

o 25

per

cent

, the

line

r sys

tem

mus

t con

sist

of a

dou

ble

com

posi

te li

ner s

epar

ated

by

a se

cond

ary

leac

hate

col

lect

ion

and

rem

oval

syst

em.

On

all s

ide

slop

e ar

eas w

here

the

land

fill s

lope

is g

reat

er th

an

25 p

erce

nt th

e lin

er sy

stem

nee

d on

ly c

onsi

st o

f a p

rimar

y le

acha

te c

olle

ctio

n an

d re

mov

al sy

stem

abo

ve th

e up

perm

ost

geom

embr

ane

liner

and

a lo

wer

com

posi

te li

ner s

epar

ated

by

a se

cond

ary

leac

hate

col

lect

ion

and

rem

oval

syst

em.

(1)

A c

ompo

site

line

r mus

t con

sist

of t

wo

com

pone

nts,

an u

pper

geo

mem

bran

e lin

er p

lace

d di

rect

ly a

bove

a lo

w

perm

eabi

lity

soil

laye

r. Ea

ch c

ompo

site

line

r is

cons

ider

ed a

sing

le li

ner.

(2

) Th

e do

uble

com

posi

te li

ner s

yste

m m

ust i

nclu

de a

pr

imar

y le

acha

te c

olle

ctio

n an

d re

mov

al sy

stem

co

nsis

ting

of a

24-

inch

gra

nula

r soi

l lay

er w

ith a

leac

hate

co

llect

ion

pipe

net

wor

k. T

he p

rimar

y le

acha

te c

olle

ctio

n an

d re

mov

al sy

stem

lies

abo

ve th

e pr

imar

y (u

pper

) co

mpo

site

line

r. Th

e pr

imar

y co

mpo

site

line

r con

sist

s of a

60

-mil

geom

embr

ane

that

dire

ctly

ove

rlays

an

18-in

ch

thic

k lo

w p

erm

eabi

lity

soil

laye

r. Th

e pr

imar

y co

mpo

site

lin

er li

es a

bove

the

seco

ndar

y le

acha

te c

olle

ctio

n an

d re

mov

al sy

stem

. The

seco

ndar

y le

acha

te c

olle

ctio

n an

d re

mov

al sy

stem

lies

abo

ve th

e se

cond

ary

(low

er)

com

posi

te li

ner w

hich

con

sist

s of a

60-

mil

geom

embr

ane

that

dire

ctly

ove

rlays

a 2

4-in

ch th

ick

low

per

mea

bilit

y so

il la

yer.

A

. Pr

imar

y co

mpo

site

line

r: Th

e so

il co

mpo

nent

of t

he p

rimar

y co

mpo

site

line

r mus

t be

a m

inim

um c

ompa

cted

thic

knes

s of 1

8 in

ches

. The

top

6-in

ches

(min

imum

com

pact

ed th

ickn

ess)

dire

ctly

be

low

and

in c

onta

ct w

ith th

e up

per g

eom

embr

ane

Req

uire

men

t to

Incr

ease

Des

ign

No

alte

rnat

ive

desi

gns.

GC

L m

ay b

e us

ed a

s ext

ra

laye

r. S

ingl

e co

mpo

site

line

rs a

re a

llow

ed fo

r C &

D

and

ash

mon

ofill

land

fills

.

No

.

Stat

e M

inim

um T

echn

ical

Req

uire

men

t (M

TR

) fo

r L

iner

D

esig

nE

xcep

tion

to

MT

R.

Req

uire

men

t to

In

crea

se D

esig

n or

A

llow

Les

s St

ring

ent

Des

ign

Exp

lana

tion

of

Exc

epti

ons

liner

mus

t hav

e a

max

imum

rem

olde

d co

effic

ient

of

perm

eabi

lity

of 1

x 1

0-7cm

/sec

. A G

CL

may

be

subs

titut

ed fo

r the

top

six-

inch

por

tion

of th

e lo

w

perm

eabi

lity

soil

laye

r in

the

prim

ary

com

posi

te li

ner.

The

low

er 1

2 in

ch so

il la

yer (

min

imum

com

pact

ed

thic

knes

s), s

hall

be sp

ecifi

ed a

s a st

ruct

ural

fill

laye

r to

ass

ure

adeq

uate

sepa

ratio

n of

the

prim

ary

com

posi

te li

ner f

rom

the

seco

ndar

y le

acha

te c

olle

ctio

n an

d re

mov

al sy

stem

and

mus

t be

plac

ed w

ithou

t da

mag

ing

any

geos

ynth

etic

or s

econ

dary

leac

hate

co

llect

ion

and

rem

oval

syst

em c

ompo

nent

s bel

ow th

e pr

imar

y co

mpo

site

line

r. Th

e so

il m

ater

ial p

artic

les

mus

t be

able

to p

ass a

one

-inch

scre

en.

B.

Seco

ndar

y co

mpo

site

line

r: Th

e so

il co

mpo

nent

of t

he se

cond

ary

com

posi

te li

ner m

ust

be a

t lea

st 2

4 in

ches

in c

ompa

cted

thic

knes

s and

mus

t ha

ve a

max

imum

rem

olde

d co

effic

ient

of p

erm

eabi

lity

of 1

x 1

0-7cm

/sec

thro

ugho

ut it

s thi

ckne

ss a

nd m

ust b

e di

rect

ly o

verla

in b

y an

d in

con

tact

with

a

geom

embr

ane.

The

soil

mat

eria

l par

ticle

s mus

t be

able

to

pas

s a o

ne-in

ch sc

reen

. 24

. N

orth

Car

olin

a Th

e st

anda

rd c

ompo

site

line

r util

izes

a C

CL.

The

com

posi

te

liner

con

sist

s of a

geo

mem

bran

e lin

er in

stal

led

abov

e an

d in

di

rect

and

uni

form

con

tact

with

a C

CL

with

a m

inim

um

thic

knes

s of 2

4 in

ches

and

a p

erm

eabi

lity

of n

o m

ore

than

1 x

10

-7cm

/sec

. H

DPE

geo

mem

bran

e lin

ers s

hall

have

a

min

imum

thic

knes

s of 6

0 m

ils.

The

min

imum

thic

knes

s of

any

geom

embr

ane

appr

oved

by

the

Div

isio

n sh

all b

e gr

eate

r th

an 3

0 m

ils.

Allo

w L

ess

Strin

gent

Des

ign

An

alte

rnat

ive

base

line

r sys

tem

oth

er th

an th

ose

outli

ned

in th

e R

ule

may

be

appr

oved

by

the

Div

isio

n if

it is

dem

onst

rate

d th

roug

h a

site

-spe

cific

, tw

o-ph

ase

mod

elin

g ap

proa

ch th

at th

e al

tern

ativ

e lin

er d

esig

n m

eets

the

follo

win

g cr

iteria

: th

e ra

te o

f lea

kage

th

roug

h th

e al

tern

ativ

e lin

er sy

stem

will

be

less

than

or

equa

l to

the

stan

dard

com

posi

te li

ner s

yste

m, a

nd th

e de

sign

will

ens

ure

that

the

conc

entra

tion

valu

es li

sted

in

the

Rul

e w

ill n

ot b

e ex

ceed

ed in

the

uppe

rmos

t aq

uife

ratt

here

leva

ntpo

into

fcom

plia

nce

The

No

.

Stat

e M

inim

um T

echn

ical

Req

uire

men

t (M

TR

) fo

r L

iner

D

esig

nE

xcep

tion

to

MT

R.

Req

uire

men

t to

In

crea

se D

esig

n or

A

llow

Les

s St

ring

ent

Des

ign

Exp

lana

tion

of

Exc

epti

ons

aqui

fer a

t the

rele

vant

poi

nt o

f com

plia

nce.

The

re

leva

nt p

oint

of c

ompl

ianc

e sh

all b

e es

tabl

ishe

d no

m

ore

than

250

feet

from

a w

aste

bou

ndar

y, a

nd sh

all b

e at

leas

t 50

feet

with

in th

e fa

cilit

y pr

oper

ty b

ound

ary.

How

ever

, bas

ed o

n ex

perie

nce

and

know

ledg

e of

the

stat

e ge

olog

y, th

e fo

llow

ing

two

alte

rnat

ive

liner

de

sign

s can

gen

eral

ly b

e ap

prov

ed w

ithou

t per

form

ing

mod

elin

g:

1.

A G

CL

alte

rnat

ive

com

posi

te li

ner i

s one

line

r th

at c

onsi

sts o

f thr

ee c

ompo

nent

s: a

geo

mem

bran

e lin

er in

stal

led

abov

e an

d in

uni

form

con

tact

with

a

GC

L ov

erly

ing

a C

CL

with

a m

inim

um th

ickn

ess o

f 18

-inch

es a

nd a

per

mea

bilit

y of

no

mor

e th

an 1

x

10-5

cm/s

ec.

2.

A tw

o-ge

omem

bran

e al

tern

ativ

e co

mpo

site

lin

er c

onsi

sts o

f thr

ee c

ompo

nent

s: t

wo

geom

embr

ane

liner

s eac

h w

ith a

n ov

erly

ing

leac

hate

dr

aina

ge sy

stem

, and

a C

CL

with

a m

inim

um

thic

knes

s of 1

2-in

ches

and

a p

erm

eabi

lity

of n

o m

ore

than

1 x

10-5

cm/s

ec o

verla

in b

y th

e lo

wer

m

embr

ane

liner

. 25

. O

hio

A c

ompo

site

line

r con

sist

s of a

reco

mpa

cted

soil

liner

(RSL

) ha

ving

a m

axim

um p

erm

eabi

lity

of 1

x 1

0-7cm

/sec

and

a

FML.

The

RSL

shal

l be

at le

ast:

5 fe

et th

ick,

unl

ess t

he

dire

ctor

app

rove

s an

alte

rnat

e th

ickn

ess t

o be

no

less

than

3

feet

bas

ed o

n th

e re

sult

of c

alcu

latio

ns o

utlin

ed in

the

Rul

e; o

r 3

feet

thic

k w

ith a

GC

L, u

nles

s the

dire

ctor

app

rove

s an

alte

rnat

e th

ickn

ess f

or th

e R

SL b

ased

on

the

resu

lts o

f ca

lcul

atio

ns o

utlin

ed in

the

Rul

e. F

ML

shal

l be

60-m

il H

DPE

Allo

w le

ss st

ringe

nt

desi

gn.

Var

ianc

e re

ques

ts m

ust d

emon

stra

te to

the

Dire

ctor

that

th

e de

sign

is n

o le

ss p

rote

ctiv

e of

hum

an h

ealth

and

the

envi

ronm

ent t

han

the

desi

gns s

peci

fied

in th

e R

ule.

V

aria

nces

are

not

com

mon

ly re

ques

ted.

No

.

Stat

e M

inim

um T

echn

ical

Req

uire

men

t (M

TR

) fo

r L

iner

D

esig

nE

xcep

tion

to

MT

R.

Req

uire

men

t to

In

crea

se D

esig

n or

A

llow

Les

s St

ring

ent

Des

ign

Exp

lana

tion

of

Exc

epti

ons

or o

ther

mat

eria

ls h

avin

g a

min

imum

thic

knes

s of 4

0-m

il.

26.

Okl

ahom

a A

com

posi

te li

ner w

here

the

uppe

r com

pone

nt is

a

geom

embr

ane

liner

and

the

low

er c

ompo

nent

is a

re

cons

truct

ed c

lay

liner

at l

east

2 fe

et th

ick

and

shal

l hav

e a

hydr

aulic

con

duct

ivity

that

is n

o gr

eate

r tha

n 1

x 10

-7cm

/sec

.If

the

geom

embr

ane

is n

ot to

be

expo

sed

to w

eath

er o

r su

nlig

ht fo

r lon

ger t

han

3 m

onth

s, th

e no

min

al th

ickn

ess o

f th

e ge

omem

bran

e sh

all b

e 60

mils

for H

DPE

and

30

mils

for

all o

ther

type

s of g

eom

embr

anes

, but

if th

e ge

omem

bran

e is

to

be

expo

sed

to w

eath

er o

r sun

light

for l

onge

r tha

n 3

mon

ths,

the

nom

inal

thic

knes

s of t

he g

eom

embr

ane

shal

l be

60 m

ils fo

r HD

PE a

nd 4

5 m

ils fo

r all

othe

r typ

es o

f ge

omem

bran

es.

A th

icke

r geo

mem

bran

e (6

0 to

100

mils

) m

ay b

e re

quire

d to

resi

st v

ario

us st

ress

es.

Min

imal

exc

eptio

ns.

An

alte

rnat

ive

desi

gn m

ay b

e pr

opos

ed th

at e

nsur

es th

e co

ncen

tratio

n va

lues

list

ed in

the

Rul

e w

ill n

ot b

e ex

ceed

ed in

the

uppe

rmos

t aqu

ifer a

t the

rele

vant

poi

nt

of c

ompl

ianc

e.

Alth

ough

an

alte

rnat

ive

liner

des

ign

can

be p

ropo

sed,

ab

out 4

0 la

ndfil

ls in

the

stat

e ha

ve a

ll be

en c

onst

ruct

ed

with

the

MTR

.

27.

Ore

gon

Com

ply

with

land

fill d

esig

n cr

iteria

in 4

0 C

FR, P

art 2

58,

Subp

art D

(i.e

., Su

btitl

e D

). E

xcep

t as o

ther

wis

e pr

ovid

ed in

th

e R

ule,

MSW

land

fill d

esig

n m

ust b

e in

con

form

ance

with

th

e de

sign

requ

irem

ents

of t

his r

ule.

The

Subt

itle

D st

anda

rd d

esig

n fo

r a c

ompo

site

line

r con

sist

s of

an

uppe

r geo

mem

bran

e lin

er a

nd a

low

er C

CL.

(H

ydra

ulic

con

duct

ivity

of C

CL

to b

e a

max

imum

of 1

x 1

0-7

cm/s

ec, a

nd th

e a

min

imum

2-f

eet t

hick

.)

The

perm

ittee

has

the

optio

n of

con

stru

ctin

g a

land

fill

cont

ainm

ent s

yste

m w

hich

eith

er c

onfo

rms t

o th

e st

anda

rd

desi

gn d

efin

ed in

40

CFR

258

.40(

a)(2

), or

a p

erfo

rman

ce

base

d al

tern

ativ

e lin

er d

esig

n (A

LD) a

ppro

ved

by th

e D

epar

tmen

t.

Req

uire

men

t to

incr

ease

des

ign

Whe

n an

app

licat

ion

is su

bmitt

ed, t

he D

epar

tmen

t sha

ll ev

alua

te th

e ne

ed to

pro

vide

pro

tect

ion

to g

roun

dwat

er

in a

dditi

on to

the

requ

irem

ents

of 4

0 C

FR, P

art 2

58,

Subp

art D

. Th

e D

epar

tmen

t sha

ll al

so e

valu

ate

whe

ther

the

spec

ific

cond

ition

s at t

he si

te re

quire

an

enha

nced

abi

lity

to m

onito

r pot

entia

l thr

eats

to

grou

ndw

ater

in a

dditi

on to

the

requ

irem

ents

of 4

0 C

FR,

Part

258,

Sub

part

E. T

he D

epar

tmen

t may

requ

ire a

se

cond

ary

leac

hate

col

lect

ion

syst

em, a

nd/o

r lea

k de

tect

ion

syst

em, o

r oth

er d

esig

n pr

ovid

ing

equi

vale

nt

prot

ectio

n to

the

envi

ronm

ent.

The

stat

e ha

s a w

et p

art (

wes

t sid

e of

stat

e) a

nd a

n ar

id

part

(eas

t sid

e of

stat

e) d

ue to

rain

shad

ow o

f Cas

cade

M

ount

ains

. Th

e la

r ger

regi

onal

land

fills

hav

e ch

osen

No

.

Stat

e M

inim

um T

echn

ical

Req

uire

men

t (M

TR

) fo

r L

iner

D

esig

nE

xcep

tion

to

MT

R.

Req

uire

men

t to

In

crea

se D

esig

n or

A

llow

Les

s St

ring

ent

Des

ign

Exp

lana

tion

of

Exc

epti

ons

To o

btai

n an

ALD

app

rova

l, th

e pe

rmitt

ee m

ust d

emon

stra

te

that

the

ALD

will

satis

fy th

e pe

rfor

man

ce st

anda

rd in

40

CFR

258

.40(

a)(1

) whi

ch re

quire

s the

des

ign

to “

…en

sure

th

at th

e co

ncen

tratio

n va

lues

list

ed in

the

Rul

e….w

ill n

ot b

e ex

ceed

ed in

the

uppe

rmos

t aqu

ifer a

t the

rele

vant

poi

nt o

f co

mpl

ianc

e….”

, and

the

polic

ies a

nd sp

ecifi

c re

quire

men

ts

of O

rego

n’s G

roun

dwat

er Q

ualit

y Pr

otec

tion

Rul

es (i

.e.,

prev

ent a

leac

hate

rele

ase

exce

edin

g th

e st

atis

tical

ba

ckgr

ound

con

cent

ratio

ns a

t the

rele

vant

poi

nt o

f co

mpl

ianc

e).

To fa

cilit

ate

Dep

artm

ent r

evie

w a

nd a

ppro

val

of a

n A

LD d

emon

stra

tion,

the

perm

ittee

mus

t sub

mit

a w

ork

plan

.

An

ALD

dem

onst

ratio

n ge

ts a

ppro

ved

by th

e D

epar

tmen

t w

hen

the

resu

lts fr

om im

plem

entin

g th

e ap

prov

ed w

orkp

lan

dem

onst

rate

that

an

ALD

ade

quat

ely

prot

ects

gro

undw

ater

qu

ality

thro

ugho

ut th

e op

erat

ing

and

post

-clo

sure

per

iod.

Bas

ed o

n ex

perie

nces

with

pas

t ALD

dem

onst

ratio

ns, t

he

Dep

artm

ent h

as is

sued

a p

olic

y to

stre

amlin

e th

e re

view

pr

oces

s for

ALD

and

sitin

g co

mbi

natio

ns th

at a

re in

here

ntly

pr

otec

tive

of th

e en

viro

nmen

t. P

ast A

LD d

emon

stra

tions

sh

ow th

at lo

wer

leak

age

rate

s occ

ur if

a G

CL

is su

bstit

uted

fo

r the

CC

L co

mpo

nent

of t

he st

anda

rd c

ompo

site

line

r. T

he

Dep

artm

ent b

elie

ves t

hat t

he A

LD d

emon

stra

tion

proc

ess

shou

ld b

e si

mpl

ified

for s

uch

ALD

’s w

hen

prop

osed

in

com

bina

tion

with

a fa

vora

ble

site

loca

tion

and

seco

ndar

y le

ak d

etec

tion/

leac

hate

col

lect

ion

syst

em.

The

polic

y st

atem

ent i

s as f

ollo

ws:

The

Dep

artm

ent e

xem

pts t

he

follo

win

g lin

er d

esig

n fr

om th

e co

nven

tiona

l ALD

to lo

cate

on

the

arid

side

of t

he st

ate

due

to th

e fa

ct th

at

OD

EQ fr

eque

ntly

impl

emen

ts a

gen

eral

exc

eptio

n re

quiri

ng a

dditi

onal

gro

undw

ater

pro

tect

ion

base

d on

en

viro

nmen

tal f

acto

rs.

This

exc

eptio

n is

mor

e co

mm

only

app

lied

to th

e w

et si

de o

f the

stat

e.

The

gene

ral p

ract

ice

has b

een

for t

he si

gnifi

cant

MSW

la

ndfil

ls to

impl

emen

t a th

ird li

ner l

ayer

(i.e

., ge

omem

bran

e) a

nd le

ak d

etec

tion

syst

em b

enea

th th

e Su

btitl

e D

line

r sys

tem

. Th

is h

as re

sulte

d be

caus

e ow

ners

: kn

ow O

DEQ

may

not

app

rove

less

er

requ

irem

ents

on

the

wes

t sid

e of

the

stat

e; a

nd k

now

O

DEQ

may

requ

ire a

dditi

onal

pro

tect

ion

on th

e w

et

side

of t

he st

ate.

For l

andf

ills o

n th

e ar

id si

de o

f the

stat

e, a

hyb

rid o

f the

th

ird li

ner c

once

pt h

as b

een

impl

emen

ted

whe

re a

third

lin

er la

yer (

i.e.,

geom

embr

ane)

and

leak

det

ectio

n sy

stem

is p

lace

d in

por

tions

of t

he si

te b

enea

th th

e Su

btitl

e D

line

r sys

tem

(i.e

., un

der l

each

ate

colle

ctio

n ar

eas)

.

For l

andf

ills o

n bo

th th

e ea

st a

nd w

est s

ides

of t

he

stat

e, a

ltern

ativ

es u

sing

a G

CL

in li

eu o

f the

CC

L ha

ve

been

dem

onst

rate

d an

d us

ed.

The

ALD

dem

onst

ratio

n m

ay b

e om

itted

for G

CL

use

base

d on

adh

eren

ce to

Po

licy

Rul

es (a

s des

crib

ed u

nder

the

MTR

col

umn)

.

Oth

er a

ltern

ativ

es m

ay a

lso

be p

ropo

sed

for a

ppro

val

cons

ider

atio

n.

No

.

Stat

e M

inim

um T

echn

ical

Req

uire

men

t (M

TR

) fo

r L

iner

D

esig

nE

xcep

tion

to

MT

R.

Req

uire

men

t to

In

crea

se D

esig

n or

A

llow

Les

s St

ring

ent

Des

ign

Exp

lana

tion

of

Exc

epti

ons

dem

onst

ratio

n: a

n al

tern

ativ

e co

mpo

site

line

r des

ign

com

pris

ed o

f a m

inim

um 6

0-m

il th

ick

HD

PE g

eom

embr

ane,

un

derla

in b

y a

min

imum

0.6

-cm

thic

k G

CL

with

a h

ydra

ulic

co

nduc

tivity

of n

o m

ore

than

3 x

10-9

cm/s

ec.

This

ex

empt

ion

appl

ies o

nly

at fa

cilit

ies w

here

it is

tech

nica

lly

feas

ible

to m

ake

this

line

r sub

stitu

tion,

and

whe

re si

te

char

acte

ristic

s and

faci

lity

desi

gn m

eet o

ne o

f the

follo

win

g co

nditi

ons:

site

pre

cipi

tatio

n is

less

than

or e

qual

to 1

5-in

pe

r yea

r, de

pth

to g

roun

dwat

er is

100

-ft o

r mor

e, a

nd th

e A

LD is

und

erla

in b

y at

leas

t a p

artia

l sec

onda

ry le

ak

dete

ctio

n/le

acha

te c

olle

ctio

n sy

stem

; or t

he A

LD is

und

erla

in

by a

con

tinuo

us se

cond

ary

leak

det

ectio

n/le

acha

te c

olle

ctio

n sy

stem

. Th

e cu

rren

t ALD

dem

onst

ratio

n pr

oces

s is H

ELP

or

MU

LTIM

ED-m

odel

bas

ed.

The

Dep

artm

ent i

s con

side

ring

whe

ther

to a

ccep

t oth

er a

ppro

ache

s. A

ccor

ding

ly, t

his p

olic

y m

ay b

e m

odifi

ed in

the

futu

re to

acc

omm

odat

e ot

her A

LD

dem

onst

ratio

n m

etho

ds.

Alth

ough

not

spec

ifica

lly d

iscu

ssed

with

an

OD

EQ

repr

esen

tativ

e at

this

tim

e, p

ast f

irst-h

and

proj

ect

expe

rienc

e in

the

Stat

e of

Ore

gon

has r

esul

ted

in

succ

essf

ul d

emon

stra

tion

and

appr

oval

of a

n al

tern

ativ

e to

the

CC

L hy

drau

lic c

ondu

ctiv

ity sp

ecifi

catio

n of

the

com

posi

te li

ner r

equi

rem

ent (

i.e.,

1 x

10-6

cm/s

ec in

lie

u of

1 x

10-7

cm/s

ec).

28.

Penn

sylv

ania

A

line

r sys

tem

shal

l con

sist

of t

he fo

llow

ing

elem

ents

: (1

) Su

bbas

e, w

hich

is th

e pr

epar

ed la

yer o

f soi

l or

earth

en m

ater

ials

upo

n w

hich

the

rem

aind

er o

f the

lin

er sy

stem

is c

onst

ruct

ed.

(2)

Seco

ndar

y lin

er, w

hich

is a

con

tinuo

us la

yer o

f sy

nthe

tic m

ater

ials

or r

emol

ded

clay

pla

ced

on th

e su

bbas

e.

(3)

Leac

hate

det

ectio

n zo

ne, w

hich

is th

e pr

epar

ed

laye

r pla

ced

on to

p of

the

seco

ndar

y lin

er a

nd u

pon

whi

ch th

e pr

imar

y lin

er is

pla

ced,

and

in w

hich

a

leac

hate

det

ectio

n sy

stem

is lo

cate

d.

(4)

Prim

ary

liner

, whi

ch is

a c

ontin

uous

laye

r of

s ynt

hetic

mat

eria

ls p

lace

d on

the

leac

hate

det

ectio

n

Allo

w le

ss st

ringe

nt

desi

gn.

Unl

ess a

ltern

ativ

e de

sign

requ

irem

ents

to m

eet t

he

perf

orm

ance

stan

dard

s (M

TR) a

s par

t of t

he p

erm

it un

der §

271

.231

(rel

atin

g to

equ

ival

ency

revi

ew

proc

edur

e), t

he li

ner s

hall

mee

t: a.

G

eosy

nthe

tic (p

rimar

y or

seco

ndar

y lin

er):

30-m

il FM

L, H

DPE

shal

l be

at le

ast 6

0-m

il.

b.

Nat

ural

& R

emol

ded

Cla

y (s

econ

dary

line

r, co

mpo

site

com

pone

nt):

2 fe

et,

>=90

% m

axim

um d

ry d

ensi

ty w

hen

usin

g St

anda

rd

Proc

tor m

etho

d, 3

0% m

in. f

ines

by

wei

ght p

ass

#200

siev

e, a

nd n

o co

arse

frag

men

ts g

reat

er th

an ¾

in

ch.

No

.

Stat

e M

inim

um T

echn

ical

Req

uire

men

t (M

TR

) fo

r L

iner

D

esig

nE

xcep

tion

to

MT

R.

Req

uire

men

t to

In

crea

se D

esig

n or

A

llow

Les

s St

ring

ent

Des

ign

Exp

lana

tion

of

Exc

epti

ons

zone

. (5

) Pr

otec

tive

cove

r and

leac

hate

col

lect

ion

zone

, w

hich

is a

pre

pare

d la

yer p

lace

d ov

er th

e pr

imar

y lin

er in

whi

ch a

leac

hate

col

lect

ion

syst

em is

lo

cate

d.Ei

ther

the

prim

ary

or th

e se

cond

ary

liner

shal

l be

cons

truct

ed

as a

com

posi

te li

ner.

Gen

eral

Lim

itatio

ns:

(a)

The

botto

m o

f the

subb

ase

of th

e lin

er sy

stem

ca

nnot

be

in c

onta

ct w

ith th

e se

ason

al h

igh

wat

er

tabl

e or

per

ched

wat

er ta

ble

with

out t

he u

se o

f gr

ound

wat

er p

umpi

ng sy

stem

s. D

rain

age

syst

ems

may

be

utili

zed

to p

reve

nt c

onta

ct.

(b)

At l

east

8-f

eet s

hall

be m

aint

aine

d be

twee

n th

e bo

ttom

of t

he su

bbas

e of

the

liner

syst

em a

nd th

e re

gion

al g

roun

dwat

er ta

ble

in a

n un

conf

ined

aq

uife

r. T

he re

gion

al g

roun

dwat

er ta

ble

may

not

be

artif

icia

lly lo

wer

ed.

(c)

In a

con

fined

aqu

ifer,

at le

ast 8

-fee

t sha

ll be

m

aint

aine

d be

twee

n th

e bo

ttom

of t

he su

bbas

e of

th

e lin

er sy

stem

and

the

top

of th

e co

nfin

ing

laye

r or

the

shal

low

est l

evel

bel

ow th

e bo

ttom

of t

he

subb

ase

whe

re g

roun

dwat

er o

ccur

s as a

resu

lt of

up

war

d le

akag

e fr

om n

atur

al o

r pre

exis

ting

caus

es.

Subb

ase:

(1

) B

e at

leas

t 6-in

ches

thic

k an

d co

mpa

cted

. (2

) B

e no

mor

e pe

rmea

ble

than

1 x

10-5

cm/s

ec, b

ased

on

test

ing

unle

ss th

e cl

ay c

ompo

nent

of a

com

posi

te

liner

is d

esi g

ned

and

cons

truct

ed d

irect

ly a

bove

the

c.

Sodi

um b

ento

nite

& b

ento

nite

like

m

ater

ials

(sec

onda

ry li

ner,

com

posi

te c

ompo

nent

): 1

foot

, >=9

0% m

axim

um d

ry d

ensi

ty w

hen

usin

g St

anda

rd P

roct

or m

etho

d, 8

% m

in. p

owde

red

sodi

um b

ento

nite

or m

anuf

actu

rer’

s re

com

men

datio

ns w

hich

ever

is g

reat

er, n

o co

arse

fr

agm

ents

gre

ater

than

¾ in

ch.,

and

no o

rgan

ic

mat

ter.

d.

GC

L (c

ompo

site

com

pone

nt):

min

imum

of ¾

pou

nd o

f pow

ered

or g

ranu

lar

sodi

um b

ento

nite

per

squa

re fo

ot.

No

.

Stat

e M

inim

um T

echn

ical

Req

uire

men

t (M

TR

) fo

r L

iner

D

esig

nE

xcep

tion

to

MT

R.

Req

uire

men

t to

In

crea

se D

esig

n or

A

llow

Les

s St

ring

ent

Des

ign

Exp

lana

tion

of

Exc

epti

ons

subb

ase.

Seco

ndar

y Li

ner:

(1)

Be

no m

ore

perm

eabl

e th

an 1

x 1

0-7cm

/sec

bas

ed

on te

stin

g.

(2)

If th

e op

erat

or d

oes n

ot d

esig

n a

com

posi

te p

rimar

y lin

er, t

he o

pera

tor s

hall

desi

gn a

com

posi

te

seco

ndar

y lin

er w

hich

has

an

uppe

r com

pone

nt

mad

e of

man

ufac

ture

d ge

osyn

thet

ic li

ner t

hat m

eets

th

e re

quire

men

ts in

depe

nden

tly o

f the

com

posi

te

com

pone

nt a

nd a

com

posi

te c

ompo

nent

mad

e of

ea

rthen

mat

eria

l tha

t mee

ts th

e re

quire

men

ts

inde

pend

ently

of t

he u

pper

com

pone

nt, e

xcep

t tha

t th

e co

mpo

site

com

pone

nt m

ay b

e no

mor

e pe

rmea

ble

than

1 x

10-7

cm/s

ec b

ased

on

test

ing.

(3

) U

se o

f a c

ompo

site

seco

ndar

y lin

er d

oes n

ot re

lieve

th

e op

erat

or o

f res

pons

ibili

ty fo

r a se

para

te p

rimar

y lin

er.

(4)

2-fe

et th

ick

natu

ral a

nd re

mol

ded

clay

may

func

tion

as th

e se

cond

ary

liner

or c

ompo

site

com

pone

nt.

(5)

1-fo

ot th

ick

sodi

um b

ento

nite

and

ben

toni

te-li

ke

mat

eria

ls m

ay fu

nctio

n as

the

seco

ndar

y lin

er o

r co

mpo

site

com

pone

nt.

(6)

GC

L m

ay fu

nctio

n as

the

com

posi

te c

ompo

nent

. (7

) G

eosy

nthe

tic fu

nctio

ning

as t

he se

cond

ary

liner

sh

all b

e at

leas

t 30-

mil

min

imum

or 6

0-m

il if

HD

PE.

Leac

hate

Det

ectio

n Zo

ne:

(1)

Be

at le

ast 1

2-in

ches

thic

k.

(2)

Cre

ate

a flo

w z

one

betw

een

the

seco

ndar

y lin

er a

nd

No

.

Stat

e M

inim

um T

echn

ical

Req

uire

men

t (M

TR

) fo

r L

iner

D

esig

nE

xcep

tion

to

MT

R.

Req

uire

men

t to

In

crea

se D

esig

n or

A

llow

Les

s St

ring

ent

Des

ign

Exp

lana

tion

of

Exc

epti

ons

the

prim

ary

liner

equ

al to

or m

ore

perm

eabl

e th

an 1

x

10-2

cm/s

ec b

ased

on

test

ing.

(3

) C

onta

in a

per

fora

ted

pipi

ng sy

stem

cap

able

of

dete

ctin

g an

d in

terc

eptin

g liq

uid

with

in th

e le

acha

te

dete

ctio

n zo

ne a

nd c

onve

ying

the

liqui

d to

a

colle

ctio

n su

mp.

The

min

imum

dia

met

er o

f the

pe

rfor

ated

pip

e sh

all b

e 4-

inch

es w

ith a

wal

l th

ickn

ess o

f Sch

edul

e 80

or g

reat

er.

Prim

ary

Line

r: (1

) B

e no

mor

e pe

rmea

ble

than

1 x

10-7

cm/s

ec b

ased

on

test

ing.

(2

) If

the

oper

ator

doe

s not

des

ign

a co

mpo

site

se

cond

ary

liner

, the

ope

rato

r sha

ll de

sign

a

com

posi

te p

rimar

y lin

er w

hich

has

an

uppe

r co

mpo

nent

mad

e of

man

ufac

ture

d ge

osyn

thet

ic

liner

that

mee

ts th

e re

quire

men

ts in

depe

nden

tly o

f th

e co

mpo

site

com

pone

nt a

nd a

com

posi

te

com

pone

nt m

ade

of e

arth

en m

ater

ial t

hat m

eets

the

requ

irem

ents

inde

pend

ently

of t

he u

pper

co

mpo

nent

, exc

ept t

hat t

he c

ompo

site

com

pone

nt

may

be

no m

ore

perm

eabl

e th

an 1

x 1

0-7cm

/sec

ba

sed

on te

stin

g.

(3)

Use

of a

com

posi

te p

rimar

y lin

er d

oes n

ot re

lieve

th

e op

erat

or o

f res

pons

ibili

ty fo

r a se

para

te

seco

ndar

y lin

er.

(4)

2-fe

et th

ick

natu

ral a

nd re

mol

ded

clay

may

func

tion

as th

e co

mpo

site

com

pone

nt.

(5)

1-fo

ot th

ick

sodi

um b

ento

nite

and

ben

toni

te-li

ke

mat

eria

ls m

ay fu

nctio

n as

the

com

posi

te

com

pone

nt.

No

.

Stat

e M

inim

um T

echn

ical

Req

uire

men

t (M

TR

) fo

r L

iner

D

esig

nE

xcep

tion

to

MT

R.

Req

uire

men

t to

In

crea

se D

esig

n or

A

llow

Les

s St

ring

ent

Des

ign

Exp

lana

tion

of

Exc

epti

ons

(6)

GC

L m

ay fu

nctio

n as

the

com

posi

te c

ompo

nent

.

Geo

synt

hetic

func

tioni

ng a

s the

prim

ary

liner

shal

l be

at

leas

t 30

mil

min

imum

or 6

0 m

il if

HD

PE.

29.

Sout

h C

arol

ina

Com

ply

with

land

fill d

esig

n cr

iteria

in 4

0 C

FR, P

art 2

58,

Subp

art D

(i.e

., Su

btitl

e D

). E

xcep

t as o

ther

wis

e pr

ovid

ed in

th

e R

ule,

MSW

land

fill d

esig

n m

ust b

e in

con

form

ance

with

th

e de

sign

requ

irem

ents

of t

his r

ule.

The

Subt

itle

D st

anda

rd d

esig

n fo

r a c

ompo

site

line

r con

sist

s of

an

uppe

r geo

mem

bran

e lin

er a

nd a

low

er C

CL.

(H

ydra

ulic

con

duct

ivity

of C

CL

to b

e a

max

imum

of 1

x 1

0-7

cm/s

ec, a

nd th

e C

CL

to b

e m

inim

um 2

-ft t

hick

.)

Allo

w le

ss st

ringe

nt

desi

gn.

An

alte

rnat

ive

liner

syst

em m

ay b

e ap

prov

ed b

y th

e D

epar

tmen

t if t

he a

pplic

ant c

an d

emon

stra

te

com

plia

nce

with

the

desi

gn c

riter

ia in

the

Rul

e.

App

rova

l of a

n al

tern

ativ

e lin

er d

esig

n is

revi

ewed

on

a ca

se-b

y-ca

se b

asis

.

30.

Sout

h D

akot

a A

com

posi

te li

ner s

yste

m w

here

the

uppe

r com

pone

nt is

a

FML

and

the

low

er c

ompo

nent

is a

soil

liner

hav

ing

a 2-

foot

co

mpa

cted

thic

knes

s and

hav

ing

a re

com

pact

ed m

axim

um

coef

ficie

nt o

f per

mea

bilit

y of

1 x

10-7

cm/s

ec.

The

FML

mus

t, at

a m

inim

um, b

e co

mpa

tible

with

leac

hate

, hav

e a

60-

mil

thic

knes

s, an

d ha

ve a

life

exp

ecta

ncy

long

er th

an th

e lif

e of

the

faci

lity.

Allo

w le

ss st

ringe

nt

desi

gn.

An

alte

rnat

ive

liner

syst

em m

ay b

e ap

prov

ed b

y th

e Se

cret

ary

if th

e ap

plic

ant c

an d

emon

stra

te c

ompl

ianc

e w

ith th

e de

sign

crit

eria

in th

e R

ule

and

the

desi

gn

ensu

res t

hat t

he c

once

ntra

tion

valu

es o

f the

Rul

e ar

e no

t exc

eede

d at

the

rele

vant

poi

nt o

f com

plia

nce

Bec

ause

of t

he g

eolo

gic

and

hydr

ogeo

logi

c co

nditi

ons

(Aqu

ifer i

s gen

eral

ly m

ore

than

100

feet

bel

ow a

nd in

-si

tu so

il is

hig

hly

impe

rmea

ble)

in th

e m

ajor

ity o

f the

St

ate,

mos

t lan

dfill

s wer

e co

nstru

cted

with

onl

y a

2-fo

ot C

CL.

A si

te w

as a

ppro

ved

with

no

liner

sinc

e th

e aq

uife

r is m

ore

than

150

feet

bel

ow th

e la

ndfil

l bot

tom

an

d in

-situ

uno

xidi

zed

soil

has h

ydra

ulic

con

duct

ivity

of

10-9

cm/s

ec.

31.

Tenn

esse

e Li

ner m

ust b

e a

com

posi

te li

ner c

onsi

stin

g of

two

com

pone

nts.

The

upp

er c

ompo

nent

mus

t con

sist

of a

m

inim

um 3

0-m

il FM

L an

d th

e lo

wer

com

pone

nt m

ust

Allo

w le

ss st

ringe

nt

desi

gn.

Alte

rnat

e lin

er d

esig

ns m

ay b

e us

ed p

rovi

ded

that

it is

de

mon

stra

ted

to th

e sa

tisfa

ctio

n of

the

Com

mis

sion

er

that

the

liner

des

i gn

prov

ides

equ

ival

ent o

r sup

erio

r

No

.

Stat

e M

inim

um T

echn

ical

Req

uire

men

t (M

TR

) fo

r L

iner

D

esig

nE

xcep

tion

to

MT

R.

Req

uire

men

t to

In

crea

se D

esig

n or

A

llow

Les

s St

ring

ent

Des

ign

Exp

lana

tion

of

Exc

epti

ons

cons

ist o

f at l

east

a 2

-foo

t lay

er o

f com

pact

ed so

il w

ith a

hy

drau

lic c

ondu

ctiv

ity o

f no

mor

e th

an 1

x 1

0-7cm

/sec

. FM

L co

mpo

nent

s con

sist

ing

of H

DPE

shal

l be

at le

ast 6

0-m

il th

ick.

Und

erly

ing

the

liner

s sha

ll be

a g

eolo

gic

buff

er w

hich

shal

l ha

ve: (1

) a

max

imum

hyd

raul

ic c

ondu

ctiv

ity o

f 1 x

10-5

cm/s

ec a

nd m

easu

res a

t lea

st 1

0-fe

et fr

om th

e bo

ttom

of t

he li

ner t

o th

e se

ason

al h

igh

wat

er ta

ble

of th

e up

perm

ost u

ncon

fined

aqu

ifer o

r the

top

of

the

form

atio

n of

a c

onfin

ed a

quife

r, or

(2

) ha

ve a

max

imum

hyd

raul

ic c

ondu

ctiv

ity o

f 1 x

10-6

cm/s

ec a

nd m

easu

res n

ot le

ss th

an 5

-fee

t fro

m th

e bo

ttom

of t

he li

ner t

o th

e se

ason

al h

igh

wat

er ta

ble

of th

e up

perm

ost u

ncon

fined

aqu

ifer o

r the

top

of

the

form

atio

n of

a c

onfin

ed a

quife

r, or

(3

) ot

her e

quiv

alen

t or s

uper

ior p

rote

ctio

n as

def

ined

in

the

Rul

e

Adm

ixtu

res a

nd sp

ecia

l con

stru

ctio

n te

chni

ques

may

be

used

to

impr

ove

the

prop

ertie

s of t

he c

ompa

cted

soil

com

pone

nt

of th

e co

mpo

site

line

r pro

vide

d th

at:

(1)

In n

o ca

se sh

all t

he li

ner t

hick

ness

be

less

than

2-

feet

(2)

The

mod

ified

line

r sha

ll ac

hiev

e eq

uiva

lent

or

supe

rior p

erfo

rman

ce to

requ

irem

ents

of t

he

min

imum

per

form

ance

stan

dard

in th

e R

ule

perf

orm

ance

to th

e m

inim

um p

erfo

rman

ce st

anda

rd in

th

e R

ule.

The

Com

mis

sion

er sh

all c

onsi

der f

acto

rs

whe

n ap

prov

ing

a de

sign

.

GC

L ca

n us

ed to

subs

titut

e fo

r the

CC

L. T

he th

ickn

ess

of th

e C

CL

whi

ch c

an b

e re

plac

ed b

y G

CL

is b

ased

on

the

HEL

P m

odel

resu

lts a

nd th

e si

te sp

ecifi

c ge

olog

ic

and

hydr

o-ge

olog

ic c

ondi

tions

.

32.

Texa

s C

onst

ruct

ed w

ith o

ne o

f the

two

follo

win

g pr

ovis

ions

ap

prov

ed b

y th

e ex

ecut

ive

dire

ctor

: A

llow

less

strin

gent

de

sign

. A

ltern

ate

desi

gns m

ay b

e au

thor

ized

by

the

exec

utiv

e di

rect

or if

a d

emon

stra

tion

is p

rovi

ded

by c

ompu

teriz

ed

No

.

Stat

e M

inim

um T

echn

ical

Req

uire

men

t (M

TR

) fo

r L

iner

D

esig

nE

xcep

tion

to

MT

R.

Req

uire

men

t to

In

crea

se D

esig

n or

A

llow

Les

s St

ring

ent

Des

ign

Exp

lana

tion

of

Exc

epti

ons

(1)

A d

esig

n th

at e

nsur

es th

at th

e co

ncen

tratio

n va

lues

lis

ted

in th

e R

ule

will

not

be

exce

eded

in th

e up

perm

ost a

quife

r at t

he re

leva

nt p

oint

of

com

plia

nce

as sp

ecifi

ed in

the

Rul

e; o

r (2

) A

com

posi

te li

ner c

onsi

stin

g of

two

com

pone

nts:

th

e up

per c

ompo

nent

mus

t be

a m

inim

um 3

0-m

il FM

L an

d th

e lo

wer

com

pone

nt m

ust b

e at

leas

t a 2

-fo

ot la

yer o

f com

pact

ed so

il w

ith a

hyd

raul

ic

cond

uctiv

ity o

f no

mor

e th

an 1

x 1

0-7cm

/sec

. FM

L co

mpo

nent

s con

sist

ing

of H

DPE

shal

l be

at le

ast

60-m

il th

ick.

desi

gn m

odel

ing

(HEL

P an

d M

ulti-

Med

ia m

odel

s) th

at

show

s tha

t the

max

imum

con

tam

inan

t lev

els d

etai

led

in

the

Rul

e w

ill n

ot b

e ex

ceed

ed a

t the

poi

nt o

f co

mpl

ianc

e.

Alte

rnat

ive

liner

des

igns

hav

e be

en a

ppro

ved

incl

ude:

G

CL

to su

bstit

ute

for 2

feet

CC

L 60

-mil

HD

PE g

eom

embr

ane

liner

onl

y (M

odel

ing

was

per

form

ed)

Nat

ural

soil

liner

(4’ m

in. o

r 3”

+ 1”

pr

otec

tive

soil.

Soi

l to

mee

t: m

axim

um

perm

eabi

lity

of 1

x 1

0-7cm

/sec

, LL

30,

PI

15,

pe

rcen

t pas

sing

#20

0 si

eve

30%

, and

100

%

pass

ing

1-in

ch).

33.

Virg

inia

A

com

posi

te li

ner s

yste

m h

avin

g a

low

er li

ner c

onsi

stin

g of

at

leas

t a 2

-foo

t lay

er o

f com

pact

ed so

il w

ith a

hyd

raul

ic

cond

uctiv

ity o

f no

mor

e th

an 1

x 1

0-7cm

/sec

and

an

uppe

r co

mpo

nent

con

sist

ing

of a

min

imum

30-

mil

FML.

If H

DPE

is

use

d as

the

uppe

r com

pone

nt F

ML,

it sh

all b

e at

leas

t 60-

mil

thic

k.

Allo

w le

ss st

ringe

nt

desi

gn.

May

subm

it a

petit

ion

to a

llow

for a

n al

tern

ate

desi

gn.

The

dire

ctor

may

gra

nt a

var

ianc

e to

the

com

posi

te

liner

syst

em d

esig

n if

it is

dem

onst

rate

d to

the

satis

fact

ion

of th

e di

rect

or th

at th

e pr

opos

ed a

ltern

ate

liner

syst

em d

esig

n w

ill e

nsur

e th

at th

e co

ncen

tratio

n va

lues

list

ed in

the

Rul

e w

ill n

ot b

e ex

ceed

ed in

the

uppe

rmos

t aqu

ifer a

t the

was

te m

anag

emen

t uni

t bo

unda

ry.

Mos

t com

mon

ly a

ppro

ved

alte

rnat

ive

liner

des

ign

is to

us

e G

CL

repl

acin

g 2-

foot

com

pact

ed so

il.

34.

Was

hing

ton

For n

onar

id la

ndfil

ls, a

com

posi

te li

ner c

onsi

stin

g of

two

parts

: th

e up

per c

ompo

nent

mus

t be

a m

inim

um o

f 60-

mil

thic

knes

s HD

PE g

eom

embr

ane.

The

low

er c

ompo

nent

mus

t be

at l

east

a 2

-foo

t thi

ck la

yer o

f com

pact

ed so

il w

ith a

h y

drau

lic c

ondu

ctiv

ity o

f no

mor

e th

an 1

x 1

0-7cm

/sec

.

Eq

uiva

lent

line

r des

igns

and

line

r mat

eria

ls m

ay b

e us

ed fo

r non

arid

land

fills

pro

vide

d a

dem

onst

ratio

n du

ring

the

perm

ittin

g pr

oces

s can

be

mad

e th

at th

e lin

er

is e

quiv

alen

t to

the

com

posi

te li

ner d

esig

n.

No

.

Stat

e M

inim

um T

echn

ical

Req

uire

men

t (M

TR

) fo

r L

iner

D

esig

nE

xcep

tion

to

MT

R.

Req

uire

men

t to

In

crea

se D

esig

n or

A

llow

Les

s St

ring

ent

Des

ign

Exp

lana

tion

of

Exc

epti

ons

Thin

ner g

eom

embr

anes

of o

ther

than

HD

PE m

ay b

e us

ed

prov

ided

that

a d

emon

stra

tion

can

be m

ade

that

the

alte

rnat

ive

has e

quiv

alen

t fac

tors

und

er c

ondi

tions

of

cons

truct

ion

and

use.

Min

imum

thic

knes

s of g

eom

embr

anes

ot

her t

han

HD

PE sh

all b

e 30

-mils

.

For a

rid la

ndfil

ls (p

reci

pita

tion

less

than

12

inch

es),

a de

sign

th

at e

nsur

es th

at th

e m

axim

um c

onta

min

ant l

evel

s lis

ted

in

the

Rul

e w

ill n

ot b

e ex

ceed

ed in

the

hydr

ostra

tigra

phic

un

it(s)

iden

tifie

d in

the

hydr

ogeo

logi

c ch

arac

teriz

atio

n/

repo

rt at

the

rele

vant

poi

nt o

f com

plia

nce

as sp

ecifi

ed d

urin

g th

e pe

rmitt

ing

proc

ess i

n th

e R

ule.

The

juris

dict

iona

l hea

lth

depa

rtmen

t sha

ll co

nsid

er fa

ctor

s whe

n ap

prov

ing

a de

sign

th

at c

ompl

ies w

ith th

e ar

id la

ndfil

l des

ign

of th

e R

ule.

An

alte

rnat

ive

liner

des

ign

of u

sing

GC

L to

subs

titut

e fo

r the

2-f

oot C

CL

was

app

rove

d fo

r non

arid

land

fills

in

the

past

. H

owev

er, t

he D

epar

tmen

t is i

n th

e pr

oces

s of

cha

ngin

g th

is a

ltern

ativ

e by

requ

iring

an

equi

vale

ncy

dem

onst

ratio

n ba

sed

on d

iffus

ion

rath

er

than

requ

iring

a p

erfo

rman

ce b

ased

mod

elin

g (R

efer

to

Dr.

Gar

y Fo

sse

and

Dr.

Shac

klef

ord

rece

nt p

ublic

atio

ns

rega

rdin

g “T

rans

it Ti

me

Des

ign

for D

iffus

ion

Thro

ugh

Com

posi

te L

iner

” an

d “P

redi

ctin

g Le

akag

e Th

roug

h C

ompo

site

Lin

er”)

. In

this

cas

e, th

e al

tern

ativ

e lin

er

desi

gn m

ay re

quire

s FM

L +

GC

L +

2’ c

ompa

cted

soil

with

a m

axim

um h

ydra

ulic

con

duct

ivity

of 1

x 1

0-5

cm/s

ec o

r 1 x

10-6

cm/s

ec.

For a

rid la

ndfil

ls, t

he D

epar

tmen

t allo

ws u

sing

GC

L to

su

bstit

ute

for t

he 2

-foo

t CC

L.

35.

Wis

cons

in

A c

ompo

site

line

r con

sist

ing

of tw

o co

mpo

nent

s; th

e up

per

com

pone

nt sh

all c

onsi

st o

f a n

omin

al 6

0-m

il or

thic

ker

geom

embr

ane

liner

with

no

thic

knes

s mea

sure

men

ts fa

lling

be

low

the

min

imum

indu

stry

acc

epte

d m

anuf

actu

ring

tole

ranc

es, a

nd th

e lo

wer

com

pone

nt sh

all c

onsi

st o

f a

min

imum

4-f

oot t

hick

laye

r of c

ompa

cted

cla

y ha

ving

a

satu

rate

d hy

drau

lic c

ondu

ctiv

ity o

f 1 x

10-7

cm/s

ec o

r les

s.

No

exce

ptio

ns.

The

Dep

artm

ent h

as n

ot a

llow

ed a

ny su

bsta

ntia

l va

riatio

ns fr

om th

e M

SW la

ndfil

l lin

er re

quire

men

ts.

A fe

w o

lder

land

fills

still

hav

e ac

tive

cells

whi

ch m

eet

the

requ

irem

ent o

f 5 fe

et o

f com

pact

ed c

lay

in th

e pr

evio

us c

ode

sinc

e 19

70s.

Alte

rnat

ive

liner

des

igns

wer

e ap

prov

ed fo

r som

e in

dust

rial w

aste

and

util

ity a

sh la

ndfil

ls a

nd c

onsi

sted

of

a c

ompa

cted

cla

y lin

er o

nly

or G

CL

to su

bstit

ute

for

the

com

pact

ed c

lay

com

pone

nt.