A standard for geospatial observations and measurements

A standard for geospatial observations and measurements

Simon Cox | Research Scientist | Environmental Information Infrastructures28 August 2015

LAND AND WATER

Simon Cox - RMIT 2015-08-28

Standards for observation data

• Motivation and development

• Earth-science and environmental applications

• Semantics


Origins


A bit of history

• 1993-2000 AGCRC• Web-mapping• Reporting research online

• 1995


A bit of history


• 1999-2004 XMML, ADX• Exploration data standards


A bit of history


• 1999-2004 XMML, ADX -2010 AuScope• Exploration data standards


A bit of history



• 2002-2005 OGC SWE• Sensors anywhere


A bit of history




• 2005-2013 Fluid Earth• Water informatics


A bit of history




• 2005-2013 WIRADA• Water informatics


Motivation for a standard

All of society’s grand challenges require data to be shared and integrated across cultures, scales and technologies


Motivation for a standard

• Integrated analysis and modelling

• Discovery & data integration a significant challenge

• Standard vocabularyMany private contracts

one public agreement!

Remote sensing

Sensor

Value

Parameter

Scene

Earth science

Algorithm, code, simulator

Model, field

Variable

Volume, grid

Metrology

Instrument

Value

Measurand

Sample

Chemistry

Instrument, analytical process

Analysis

Analyte

Sample

Environmental monitoring

Gauge, sensor

Value, time-series

Parameter

Station

Observations & Measurements

procedure

result

observed property

feature of interest


SWE/O&M

O&M

OM_Observation

+ phenomenonTime+ resultTime+ validTime [0..1]+ resultQuality [0..*]+ parameter [0..*]

GF_PropertyType

GFI_Feature

OM_Process Any

+observedProperty

1

0..*

+featureOfInterest 1

0..*

+procedure1 +result

An Observation is an action whose result is an estimate of the value of some property of the feature-of-interest, obtained using a specified procedure

Simon Cox - RMIT 2015-08-28Cox, OGC Abstract Specification – Topic 20: Observations and Measurements 2.0 ISO 19156:2011 Geographic Information – Observations and measurements


Scope

• In situ observations• Remote sensing• Ex-situ observations• Numerical models/simulations• Forecasts

Any action whose result is an estimate of a property value


Specimen

Sampling features

Observation

SamplingFeature

+ Parameter + lineage

Feature

0..*

SpatialSamplingFeature

+ positionalAccuracy

+relatedObservation 0..*

SamplingSolidSamplingPoint SamplingCurve SamplingSurface

Intention

+sampledFeature

SamplingFeatureComplex

+ role

0..*

+relatedSamplingFeature0..*

+relatedObservation

0..*

Profile

Section

Station

Borehole

MapHorizonScene

Mine

Cox, OGC Abstract Specification – Topic 20: Observations and Measurements 2.0 ISO 19156:2011 Geographic Information – Observations and measurements

GM_Object+shape

Harmonized with CSML, NCAR


Integrated into ISO 19100 frameworkISO dependencies

• gf - Feature ISO 19109

• cv - Coverage (fields) ISO 19123

• md - Metadata ISO 19115• gm - Geometry ISO 19107• tm - Temporal ISO 19108• basic - Datatypes ISO 19103


OGC Sensor Web Enablement

• SensorML• O&M

• Sensor Observation Service• Sensor Planning Service


Observations & Measurements

procedure

result

observed property

feature of interest

result time

phenomenon time

valid time

procedure

Provider or consumer?


OM_Observation

+ phenomenonTime+ resultTime+ validTime [0..1]+ resultQuality [0..*]+ parameter [0..*]

GFI_PropertyTypeGFI_Feature

OM_ProcessGFI_DomainFeature Any

+observedProperty

1+propertyValueProvider

0..*

+featureOfInterest

1

+generatedObservation0..*

+procedure1 +result

Range

observed propertyParameter dictionary

procedureRegister of sensors,

processes & algorithms

feature of interestFeature-type catalogue

Feature service

result format: GML, SWE, netCDF, JSON, SQLite ...

Domain specialization


Applications


WaterML2 specializes O&M

class Context diagram: TimeseriesObserv ation

«FeatureType»TimeseriesObservation

OM_Process

«FeatureType»Procedures::

ObservationProcess

MD_Metadata

«Type»ObservationMetadata

«FeatureType»observation::OM_Observation

+ phenomenonTime :TM_Object+ resultTime :TM_Instant+ validTime :TM_Period [0..1]+ resultQuality :DQ_Element [0..*]+ parameter :NamedValue [0..*]

«FeatureType»coverageObserv ation::

OM_DiscreteCov erageObservation

«FeatureType»Timeseries (TVP) Observ ation::

TimeseriesTVPObserv ation

«FeatureType»TimeseriesDomainRangeObserv ation

«FeatureTyp...General Feature

Instance::GFI_Feature

«metaclass»General Feature Model::

GF_PropertyType{root}

+ memberName :LocalName+ definition :CharacterString

«FeatureType»Timeseries::Timeseries

+metadata

0..1

+generatedObservation0..*

+procedure

1

+propertyValueProvider0..*

Domain+featureOfInterest

1

0..*+relatedObservation 0..*

Phenomenon

+observedProperty

1

Range +result

Name:Package:Version:Author:

Context diagram: TimeseriesObservation«RequirementsClass» Timeseries Observation1.0CSIRO

• Result is a time-series• Observed-property

relates to water

• Key predecessors:• CUAHSI WaterML• WDTF


WaterML-WQ constrains O&M and WaterML

«FeatureType»measurement::

OM_Measurement

AnyFeature

«FeatureType»observation::OM_Observation

+ parameter :NamedValue [0..*]+ phenomenonTime :TM_Object+ resultQuality :DQ_Element [0..*]+ resultTime :TM_Instant+ validTime :TM_Period [0..1]

constraints{observedProperty shall be a phenomenon associated with the feature of interest}{procedure shall be suitable for observedProperty}{result type shall be suitable for observedProperty}{a parameter.name shall not appear more than once}

Units of Measure::Measure{root}

+ value :Number

+ convert(UnitOfMeasure*) :Measure

«FeatureType»General Feature

Instance::GFI_Feature


GF_PropertyType{root}


GF_FeatureType

«FeatureType»observation::OM_Process

Metadata entity set information::

MD_Metadata

«FeatureType»cov erageObservation::

OM_DiscreteCoverageObservation

«FeatureType»Timeseries Observation::TimeseriesObservation

«FeatureType»Timeseries (TVP) Observation::

TimeseriesTVPObservation

The XML element om:result SHALL have a uom property that is an instance of the owl:Class http://qudt.org/schema/qudt#Unit as defined in http://resources.data.gov.au/water/def/water-quality/wq-quantity.

The XML element om:observedProperty SHALL have an xlink:href property that is an instance of the http://qudt.org/schema/qudt#Quantity scheme as defined in http://resources.data.gov.au/water/def/water-quality/wq-quantity.

The XML element om:featureOfInterest SHOULD have an xlink:href property that is an instance of a GroundWaterML 1 GroundWaterBody feature or sub-type of HydrologicUnit feature as specified in the XML schema at http://ngwd-bdnes.cits.nrcan.gc.ca/service/gwml/schemas/gwml.xsdORThe XML element om:featureOfInterest SHOULD have an xlink:href property that is an instance of an OGC HY_Features HY_HydroFeature or sub-type as specified at "HY_Features: a Common Hydrologic Feature Model Discussion Paper OGC 11-039r2"

«Type»Measurement (TVP) Timeseries::

MeasurementTimeseriesTVP

Timeseries

«FeatureType»Interleav ed (TVP) Timeseries::

TimeseriesTVP

TimeValuePair

«Type»Measurement (TVP) Timeseries::

MeasureTimeValuePair

+ value :Measure

«FeatureType»WQ_Measurement::WQ_Measurement

«FeatureType»WQ_MeasurementTimeSeriesTVPObservation::WQ_MeasurementTimeSeriesTVPObservation

«FeatureType»WQ_MeasurementTimeseriesTVP::WQ_MeasurementTimeSeriesTVP

«metaclass»WQ_Observation::WQ_PropertyType

O&M Classes

WaterML 2 Classes

Water Quality Classes

Legend

+generatedObservation 0..*

ProcessUsed

+procedure1

Phenomenon

+observedProperty

1

Metadata

+metadata 0..1

+result

Range

+collection

0..*CoverageFunction

+element

0..*

+result

0..*

+relatedObservation 0..*

+propertyValueProvider

0..*Domain

+featureOfInterest

1

+carrierOfCharacteristics

0..*

+theGF_FeatureType

1

«instanceOf»• Subject is a groundwater or geofabric feature

• observed property iswater-quality property

• units of measure must match

Simon Cox - RMIT 2015-08-28Environmental Information Standards | Simon Cox27 |

SamplingFeature

SpatialSamplingFeature Specimen

GeometrySoilSample SoilSpecimen

Domain Feature

Observation

ANZSoilML extends O&M Sampling Features

SoilThematicObject

Soil

SoilLandscape

SoilProfileElement

SoilSurface

StreamChannels

Climate

Vegetation

LandSurface

AnthropogenicActivity

SoilFeature

AbstractSoil

Landform

LandscapeFeature

... also GeoSciML

Integration with existing SeaDataNet Standards

Existing ActivitySWE Adoption

Seismic


EU Air Quality Directive

INSPIRE – OM

12Z7-May 9-May8-May6-May5-May

00Z00Z12Z00Z12Z12Z00Z12Z 00Z

result

forecast : OM_Observation

parameter.name = “analysisTime”parameter.value = 2010-05-06T00:00ZphenomenonTime.begin = 2010-05-06T00:00ZphenomenonTime.end = 2010-05-09T12:00ZresultTime = 2010-05-06T04:30ZvalidTime [optional – not specified]resultQuality [optional – not specified]

ISO19156 Observations and measurements:also suitable for numerical simulations – including forecasts


SamplingFeature as OM_Observation.featureOfInterest

In meteorology, we define a sampling regime that enables us to observe, measure or simulate the real-world. Sampling Features (from ISO 19156 ‘Observations and measurements’) provide a way to characterise this sampling regime and the relationship to the real-world.

:ComplexSamplingMeasurement03839:SF_SamplingPoint+featureOfInterest

:Point@srsName “EPSG:4326”

pos = “50.737 -3.405”

+shape

84579:NamedPlacename = “Exeter Airport” +sampledFeature



National Environmental Information Infrastructure


Metadata Catalog

Observing Methods Register

Monitoring Sites Register

Vocabulary Service

Data Service (observations)

Data Service (geographies)

Dataset

Site Geography

Parameter

Instrument / Method Service

…

… … … … … … …

… … … … … … …

Integration through linking table

Observation

observed property

feature of interest procedure result

sampling feature

CUAHSI - ODM2

Procedure

Observed property

Feature of Interest

result

Observation

OM_Observation+ phenomenonTime+ resultTime+ validTime [0..1]+ resultQuality [0..*]+ parameter [0..*]

GF_PropertyTypeGFI_Feature

OM_Process Any

+observedProperty

1

0..*

+featureOfInterest

1

0..*

+procedure1 +result


IGSN Sample Metadata- IGSN- ResourceURI- Registrant ID- timeStamp- status

IGSN Registry

- IGSN- Registrant- MetadataTimeSta

mp- Title- Description- SamplingLocation- SamplingTime- Distributor- Originator- SpecimenType- MaterialClass- SamplingMethod

SESAR Catalog

- IGSN- SampleEvent- SamplePhysicalSize- RelatedResource- SamplingMethodDetai

ls- ProcessingHistory- CurationHistory- More local detail…

Allocating Agent Catalog

ISO & OGC O&M compliant



Application of O&M

• Direct• SOS + OMXML

– [Metadata for values from] data services• Specializations

– WaterML2, WaterML-WQ, SoilML, SeaDataNet, INSPIRE, WMO ...

• Bridging vocabulary for integration • TERENO (GFZ), NEII, ODM2, IGSN/SESAR, OBOE ...

• Checklist ... • Slots for implicit explicit for x-domain use

Modernizing


XSD OWL from UML http://def.seegrid.csiro.au/isotc211/iso19156/2011/observation>


UML Model Output in OWL


W3C SSN Ontology <http://purl.oclc.org/NET/ssnx/ssn>


om-lite <http://def.seegrid.csiro.au/ontology/om/om-lite>

Sem. Web. Journal – in review


sam-lite <http://def.seegrid.csiro.au/ontology/om/sam-lite>

Sem. Web. Journal – in review


W3C PROV <http://www.w3.org/ns/prov>


SSN vs O&MTerm “Observation” is being used for different concepts in SSN cf O&MRecord of observation vs. observation event ?

Prov-O helps clarify, without getting tangled up in formal ‘Upper Ontologies’

ssn:Observation

om:Observation

new:ActivityOfSensing

om:Processssn:Sensor

om:Resultssn:SensorOutput


Application of PROV to specimens

Lessons



Lessons

• Ontology for observations, models and forecasts• X-domain interoperability• Extensible, specialize with vocabularies, link to other ontologies

• Standards • A generic model can provide a checklist for design, and a basis for

harmonization and incremental design • Consensus introduces an overhead

• Change• Common conceptual model supports multiple implementations

• Widely used


Additional creditsO&M: Fowler & Odell; GeoSciML team; OGC; ISO/TC 211;

Rob Atkinson, Rob Woodcock(CSIRO)WaterML: CUAHSI; Gavin Walker, Pete Taylor, Laurent Lefort (CSIRO);

Paul Sheahan (BOM)Soil, WQ: Bruce Simons, Peter Wilson, Jonathan Yu (CSIRO); Alistair Ritchie (Landcare NZ)SeaDataNet: Jordi Sorribas, Paolo DiviaccoAQD: Michael Lutz, Ale Sarretta (JRC); Kathi Schleidt (Env. Agency Austria)WMO: Jeremy Tandy (UK Met Office); Aaron Braeckel (UCAR)NEII: Andrew Woolf, Dom Lowe (BOM)ODM2: Jeff HorsburghIGSN: Kerstin Lehnert (LDEO), Jens Klump (GFZ)Vocabulary services: Stuart Williams (Epimorphics), Roy Lowry, Adam Leadbetter (BODC)OWL, PROV: Nick Car, David Ratcliffe, Michael Compton (CSIRO)

LAND AND WATER

Thank youCSIRO Land and WaterSimon CoxResearch Scientistt +61 3 9252 6342e [email protected] www.csiro.au/people/simon.cox

Linked vocabularies can be shared and re-used


Observables vocabulary


dissolved nitrogenconcentration

nitrogen

elemental nitrogen(CHEBI_33267)

Concentration

MolePercent

MilliGramsPerLitreAmountOfSubstancePerUnitVolume

nitrogen concentration

+qudt:generalization

+objectOfInterest

+exactMatch

+qudt:quantityKind

+qudt:quantityKind


+qudt:unit

+qudt:unit


QUDT

WQOP

ChEBI

A standard for geospatial observations and measurements

Science

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