A spectrum of shapes: Distinct genetic, developmental, and environmental effects comprise leaf...

179
Dan Chitwood Donald Danforth Plant Science Center January 28, 2015 A spectrum of shapes: Distinct genetic, developmental, and environmental effects comprise leaf morphology

Transcript of A spectrum of shapes: Distinct genetic, developmental, and environmental effects comprise leaf...

Dan Chitwood

Donald DanforthPlant Science Center

January 28, 2015

A spectrum of shapes:Distinct genetic,

developmental, and environmental effects

comprise leaf morphology

But first:How to quantify shape?An example, using violins

Photos from auction:

>9,000 instruments

>400 violin makers

>400 years of history

Chitwood (2014) Imitation, genetic lineages, and time

influenced the morphological evolution of the violin. PLOS ONE

How to measure shape:

Shape = { xn, yn }

How to measure shape:Coordinates, landmarks, pseudo-landmarks

How to measure shape:Chain code

How to measure shape:Chain code

How to measure shape:Chain code

How to measure shape:Chain code

0

12

3

4

56

7

How to measure shape:Chain code

0

12

3

4

56

7

How to measure shape:Chain code

0

12

3

4

56

7

0

How to measure shape:Chain code

0

12

3

4

56

7

0 0

How to measure shape:Chain code

0

12

3

4

56

7

0 0 0

How to measure shape:Chain code

0

12

3

4

56

7

0 0 0 7

How to measure shape:Chain code

0

12

3

4

56

7

0 0 0 7 0

How to measure shape:Chain code

0

12

3

4

56

7

0 0 0 7 0 6

How to measure shape:Chain code

0

12

3

4

56

7

0 0 0 7 0 6 0

How to measure shape:Chain code

0

12

3

4

56

7

0 0 0 7 0 6 0 6

How to measure shape:Chain code

0

12

3

4

56

7

0 0 0 7 0 6 0 6 6

How to measure shape:Chain code

0

12

3

4

56

7

0 0 0 7 0 6 0 6 6 6

How to measure shape:Chain code

0

12

3

4

56

7

0 0 0 7 0 6 0 6 6 66

How to measure shape:Chain code

0

12

3

4

56

7

0 0 0 7 0 6 0 6 6 66 6

How to measure shape:Chain code

0

12

3

4

56

7

0 0 0 7 0 6 0 6 6 66 6 6

How to measure shape:Chain code

0

12

3

4

56

7

0 0 0 7 0 6 0 6 6 66 6 6 6

How to measure shape:Chain code

0

12

3

4

56

7

0 0 0 7 0 6 0 6 6 66 6 6 6 4

How to measure shape:Chain code

0

12

3

4

56

7

0 0 0 7 0 6 0 6 6 66 6 6 6 4 6

How to measure shape:Chain code

0

12

3

4

56

7

0 0 0 7 0 6 0 6 6 66 6 6 6 4 6 6

How to measure shape:Chain code

0

12

3

4

56

7

0 0 0 7 0 6 0 6 6 66 6 6 6 4 6 6 6

How to measure shape:Chain code

0

12

3

4

56

7

0 0 0 7 0 6 0 6 6 66 6 6 6 4 6 6 6 6

How to measure shape:Chain code

0

12

3

4

56

7

0 0 0 7 0 6 0 6 6 66 6 6 6 4 6 6 6 6 6

How to measure shape:Chain code

0

12

3

4

56

7

0 0 0 7 0 6 0 6 6 66 6 6 6 4 6 6 6 6 60

How to measure shape:Chain code

0

12

3

4

56

7

0 0 0 7 0 6 0 6 6 66 6 6 6 4 6 6 6 6 60 0

How to measure shape:Chain code

0

12

3

4

56

7

0 0 0 7 0 6 0 6 6 66 6 6 6 4 6 6 6 6 60 0 6

How to measure shape:Chain code

0

12

3

4

56

7

0 0 0 7 0 6 0 6 6 66 6 6 6 4 6 6 6 6 60 0 6 6

How to measure shape:Chain code

0

12

3

4

56

7

0 0 0 7 0 6 0 6 6 66 6 6 6 4 6 6 6 6 60 0 6 6 6

How to measure shape:Chain code

0

12

3

4

56

7

0 0 0 7 0 6 0 6 6 66 6 6 6 4 6 6 6 6 60 0 6 6 6 7

How to measure shape:Chain code

0

12

3

4

56

7

0 0 0 7 0 6 0 6 6 66 6 6 6 4 6 6 6 6 60 0 6 6 6 7 6

How to measure shape:Chain code

0

12

3

4

56

7

0 0 0 7 0 6 0 6 6 66 6 6 6 4 6 6 6 6 60 0 6 6 6 7 6 6

How to measure shape:Chain code

0

12

3

4

56

7

0 0 0 7 0 6 0 6 6 66 6 6 6 4 6 6 6 6 60 0 6 6 6 7 6 6 5

How to measure shape:Chain code

0

12

3

4

56

7

0 0 0 7 0 6 0 6 6 66 6 6 6 4 6 6 6 6 60 0 6 6 6 7 6 6 5 6

How to measure shape:Chain code

0

12

3

4

56

7

0 0 0 7 0 6 0 6 6 66 6 6 6 4 6 6 6 6 60 0 6 6 6 7 6 6 5 66

How to measure shape:Chain code

0

12

3

4

56

7

0 0 0 7 0 6 0 6 6 66 6 6 6 4 6 6 6 6 60 0 6 6 6 7 6 6 5 66 4

How to measure shape:Chain code

0

12

3

4

56

7

0 0 0 7 0 6 0 6 6 66 6 6 6 4 6 6 6 6 60 0 6 6 6 7 6 6 5 66 4 6

How to measure shape:Chain code

0

12

3

4

56

7

0 0 0 7 0 6 0 6 6 66 6 6 6 4 6 6 6 6 60 0 6 6 6 7 6 6 5 66 4 6 4

How to measure shape:Chain code

0

12

3

4

56

7

0 0 0 7 0 6 0 6 6 66 6 6 6 4 6 6 6 6 60 0 6 6 6 7 6 6 5 66 4 6 4 4

How to measure shape:Chain code

0

12

3

4

56

7

0 0 0 7 0 6 0 6 6 66 6 6 6 4 6 6 6 6 60 0 6 6 6 7 6 6 5 66 4 6 4 4 6

How to measure shape:Chain code

0

12

3

4

56

7

0 0 0 7 0 6 0 6 6 66 6 6 6 4 6 6 6 6 60 0 6 6 6 7 6 6 5 66 4 6 4 4 6 4

How to measure shape:Chain code

0

12

3

4

56

7

0 0 0 7 0 6 0 6 6 66 6 6 6 4 6 6 6 6 60 0 6 6 6 7 6 6 5 66 4 6 4 4 6 4 4

How to measure shape:Chain code

0

12

3

4

56

7

0 0 0 7 0 6 0 6 6 66 6 6 6 4 6 6 6 6 60 0 6 6 6 7 6 6 5 66 4 6 4 4 6 4 4 4

How to measure shape:Chain code

0

12

3

4

56

7

0 0 0 7 0 6 0 6 6 66 6 6 6 4 6 6 6 6 60 0 6 6 6 7 6 6 5 66 4 6 4 4 6 4 4 4 4

How to measure shape:Chain code

0

12

3

4

56

7

0 0 0 7 0 6 0 6 6 66 6 6 6 4 6 6 6 6 60 0 6 6 6 7 6 6 5 66 4 6 4 4 6 4 4 4 44

How to measure shape:Chain code

0

12

3

4

56

7

0 0 0 7 0 6 0 6 6 66 6 6 6 4 6 6 6 6 60 0 6 6 6 7 6 6 5 66 4 6 4 4 6 4 4 4 44 4

How to measure shape:Chain code

0

12

3

4

56

7

0 0 0 7 0 6 0 6 6 66 6 6 6 4 6 6 6 6 60 0 6 6 6 7 6 6 5 66 4 6 4 4 6 4 4 4 44 4 3

How to measure shape:Chain code

0

12

3

4

56

7

0 0 0 7 0 6 0 6 6 66 6 6 6 4 6 6 6 6 60 0 6 6 6 7 6 6 5 66 4 6 4 4 6 4 4 4 44 4 3 4

How to measure shape:Chain code

0

12

3

4

56

7

0 0 0 7 0 6 0 6 6 66 6 6 6 4 6 6 6 6 60 0 6 6 6 7 6 6 5 66 4 6 4 4 6 4 4 4 44 4 3 4 3

How to measure shape:Chain code

0

12

3

4

56

7

0 0 0 7 0 6 0 6 6 66 6 6 6 4 6 6 6 6 60 0 6 6 6 7 6 6 5 66 4 6 4 4 6 4 4 4 44 4 3 4 3 3

How to measure shape:Chain code

0

12

3

4

56

7

0 0 0 7 0 6 0 6 6 66 6 6 6 4 6 6 6 6 60 0 6 6 6 7 6 6 5 66 4 6 4 4 6 4 4 4 44 4 3 4 3 3 3

How to measure shape:Chain code

0

12

3

4

56

7

0 0 0 7 0 6 0 6 6 66 6 6 6 4 6 6 6 6 60 0 6 6 6 7 6 6 5 66 4 6 4 4 6 4 4 4 44 4 3 4 3 3 3 2

How to measure shape:Chain code

0

12

3

4

56

7

0 0 0 7 0 6 0 6 6 66 6 6 6 4 6 6 6 6 60 0 6 6 6 7 6 6 5 66 4 6 4 4 6 4 4 4 44 4 3 4 3 3 3 2 2

How to measure shape:Chain code

0

12

3

4

56

7

0 0 0 7 0 6 0 6 6 66 6 6 6 4 6 6 6 6 60 0 6 6 6 7 6 6 5 66 4 6 4 4 6 4 4 4 44 4 3 4 3 3 3 2 2 2

How to measure shape:Chain code

0

12

3

4

56

7

0 0 0 7 0 6 0 6 6 66 6 6 6 4 6 6 6 6 60 0 6 6 6 7 6 6 5 66 4 6 4 4 6 4 4 4 44 4 3 4 3 3 3 2 2 22

How to measure shape:Chain code

0

12

3

4

56

7

0 0 0 7 0 6 0 6 6 66 6 6 6 4 6 6 6 6 60 0 6 6 6 7 6 6 5 66 4 6 4 4 6 4 4 4 44 4 3 4 3 3 3 2 2 22 0

How to measure shape:Chain code

0

12

3

4

56

7

0 0 0 7 0 6 0 6 6 66 6 6 6 4 6 6 6 6 60 0 6 6 6 7 6 6 5 66 4 6 4 4 6 4 4 4 44 4 3 4 3 3 3 2 2 22 0 2

How to measure shape:Chain code

0

12

3

4

56

7

0 0 0 7 0 6 0 6 6 66 6 6 6 4 6 6 6 6 60 0 6 6 6 7 6 6 5 66 4 6 4 4 6 4 4 4 44 4 3 4 3 3 3 2 2 22 0 2 2

How to measure shape:Chain code

0

12

3

4

56

7

0 0 0 7 0 6 0 6 6 66 6 6 6 4 6 6 6 6 60 0 6 6 6 7 6 6 5 66 4 6 4 4 6 4 4 4 44 4 3 4 3 3 3 2 2 22 0 2 2 2

How to measure shape:Chain code

0

12

3

4

56

7

0 0 0 7 0 6 0 6 6 66 6 6 6 4 6 6 6 6 60 0 6 6 6 7 6 6 5 66 4 6 4 4 6 4 4 4 44 4 3 4 3 3 3 2 2 22 0 2 2 2 0

How to measure shape:Chain code

0

12

3

4

56

7

0 0 0 7 0 6 0 6 6 66 6 6 6 4 6 6 6 6 60 0 6 6 6 7 6 6 5 66 4 6 4 4 6 4 4 4 44 4 3 4 3 3 3 2 2 22 0 2 2 2 0 0

How to measure shape:Chain code

0

12

3

4

56

7

0 0 0 7 0 6 0 6 6 66 6 6 6 4 6 6 6 6 60 0 6 6 6 7 6 6 5 66 4 6 4 4 6 4 4 4 44 4 3 4 3 3 3 2 2 22 0 2 2 2 0 0 2

How to measure shape:Chain code

0

12

3

4

56

7

0 0 0 7 0 6 0 6 6 66 6 6 6 4 6 6 6 6 60 0 6 6 6 7 6 6 5 66 4 6 4 4 6 4 4 4 44 4 3 4 3 3 3 2 2 22 0 2 2 2 0 0 2 2

How to measure shape:Chain code

0

12

3

4

56

7

0 0 0 7 0 6 0 6 6 66 6 6 6 4 6 6 6 6 60 0 6 6 6 7 6 6 5 66 4 6 4 4 6 4 4 4 44 4 3 4 3 3 3 2 2 22 0 2 2 2 0 0 2 2 2

How to measure shape:Chain code

0

12

3

4

56

7

0 0 0 7 0 6 0 6 6 66 6 6 6 4 6 6 6 6 60 0 6 6 6 7 6 6 5 66 4 6 4 4 6 4 4 4 44 4 3 4 3 3 3 2 2 22 0 2 2 2 0 0 2 2 22

How to measure shape:Chain code

0

12

3

4

56

7

0 0 0 7 0 6 0 6 6 66 6 6 6 4 6 6 6 6 60 0 6 6 6 7 6 6 5 66 4 6 4 4 6 4 4 4 44 4 3 4 3 3 3 2 2 22 0 2 2 2 0 0 2 2 22 2

How to measure shape:Chain code

0

12

3

4

56

7

0 0 0 7 0 6 0 6 6 66 6 6 6 4 6 6 6 6 60 0 6 6 6 7 6 6 5 66 4 6 4 4 6 4 4 4 44 4 3 4 3 3 3 2 2 22 0 2 2 2 0 0 2 2 22 2 3

How to measure shape:Chain code

0

12

3

4

56

7

0 0 0 7 0 6 0 6 6 66 6 6 6 4 6 6 6 6 60 0 6 6 6 7 6 6 5 66 4 6 4 4 6 4 4 4 44 4 3 4 3 3 3 2 2 22 0 2 2 2 0 0 2 2 22 2 3 2

How to measure shape:Chain code

0

12

3

4

56

7

0 0 0 7 0 6 0 6 6 66 6 6 6 4 6 6 6 6 60 0 6 6 6 7 6 6 5 66 4 6 4 4 6 4 4 4 44 4 3 4 3 3 3 2 2 22 0 2 2 2 0 0 2 2 22 2 3 2 2

How to measure shape:Chain code

0

12

3

4

56

7

0 0 0 7 0 6 0 6 6 66 6 6 6 4 6 6 6 6 60 0 6 6 6 7 6 6 5 66 4 6 4 4 6 4 4 4 44 4 3 4 3 3 3 2 2 22 0 2 2 2 0 0 2 2 22 2 3 2 2 2

How to measure shape:Chain code

0

12

3

4

56

7

0 0 0 7 0 6 0 6 6 66 6 6 6 4 6 6 6 6 60 0 6 6 6 7 6 6 5 66 4 6 4 4 6 4 4 4 44 4 3 4 3 3 3 2 2 22 0 2 2 2 0 0 2 2 22 2 3 2 2 2 2

How to measure shape:Chain code

0

12

3

4

56

7

0 0 0 7 0 6 0 6 6 66 6 6 6 4 6 6 6 6 60 0 6 6 6 7 6 6 5 66 4 6 4 4 6 4 4 4 44 4 3 4 3 3 3 2 2 22 0 2 2 2 0 0 2 2 22 2 3 2 2 2 2 2

How to measure shape:Chain code

0

12

3

4

56

7

0 0 0 7 0 6 0 6 6 66 6 6 6 4 6 6 6 6 60 0 6 6 6 7 6 6 5 66 4 6 4 4 6 4 4 4 44 4 3 4 3 3 3 2 2 22 0 2 2 2 0 0 2 2 22 2 3 2 2 2 2 2 2

How to measure shape:Chain code

0

12

3

4

56

7

0 0 0 7 0 6 0 6 6 66 6 6 6 4 6 6 6 6 60 0 6 6 6 7 6 6 5 66 4 6 4 4 6 4 4 4 44 4 3 4 3 3 3 2 2 22 0 2 2 2 0 0 2 2 22 2 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 0

How to measure shape:Chain code

0

12

3

4

56

7

0 0 0 7 0 6 0 6 6 66 6 6 6 4 6 6 6 6 60 0 6 6 6 7 6 6 5 66 4 6 4 4 6 4 4 4 44 4 3 4 3 3 3 2 2 22 0 2 2 2 0 0 2 2 22 2 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 02

How to measure shape:Chain code

0

12

3

4

56

7

0 0 0 7 0 6 0 6 6 66 6 6 6 4 6 6 6 6 60 0 6 6 6 7 6 6 5 66 4 6 4 4 6 4 4 4 44 4 3 4 3 3 3 2 2 22 0 2 2 2 0 0 2 2 22 2 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 02 0

How to measure shape:Chain code

0

12

3

4

56

7

0 0 0 7 0 6 0 6 6 66 6 6 6 4 6 6 6 6 60 0 6 6 6 7 6 6 5 66 4 6 4 4 6 4 4 4 44 4 3 4 3 3 3 2 2 22 0 2 2 2 0 0 2 2 22 2 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 02 0 1

How to measure shape:Chain code

0

12

3

4

56

7

0 0 0 7 0 6 0 6 6 66 6 6 6 4 6 6 6 6 60 0 6 6 6 7 6 6 5 66 4 6 4 4 6 4 4 4 44 4 3 4 3 3 3 2 2 22 0 2 2 2 0 0 2 2 22 2 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 02 0 1 0

How to measure shape:Chain code

0 0 0 7 0 6 0 6 6 66 6 6 6 4 6 6 6 6 60 0 6 6 6 7 6 6 5 66 4 6 4 4 6 4 4 4 44 4 3 4 3 3 3 2 2 22 0 2 2 2 0 0 2 2 22 2 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 02 0 1 0

Shape ={ }

Chain code is lossless:

perfect reconstruction

from compressed data

How to measure shape:Chain code + Fourier = Elliptical Fourier Descriptors

Fourier Transform:

thefullwiki.org

How to measure shape:Chain code + Fourier = Elliptical Fourier Descriptors

Kuhl and Giardina Computer Graphics & Image Processing (1982)

How to measure shape:Chain code + Fourier = Elliptical Fourier Descriptors

Kuhl and Giardina Computer Graphics & Image Processing (1982)Kuhl and Giardina Computer Graphics & Image Processing (1982)

How to measure shape:Chain code + Fourier = Elliptical Fourier Descriptors

0 0 0 7 0 6 0 6 6 66 6 6 6 4 6 6 6 6 60 0 6 6 6 7 6 6 5 66 4 6 4 4 6 4 4 4 44 4 3 4 3 3 3 2 2 22 0 2 2 2 0 0 2 2 22 2 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 02 0 1 0

Shape ={ }

How to measure shape:Chain code + Fourier = Elliptical Fourier Descriptors

a1, a2, a3 … anb1, b2, b3 … bnc1, c2, c3 … cnd1, d2, d3 … dn

Shape ={ }Harmonic coefficients:

How to measure shape:Elliptical Fourier Descriptors approximate contours

-1.0 -0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0

-1.0

-0.5

0.0

0.5

1.0

z4941_1

# harmonics

2

4

8

16

32

64

How to measure shape:Elliptical Fourier Descriptors approximate contours

Deviations along the outline

Points sampled along the outline

De

via

tion

(in

% o

f th

e c

en

troid

siz

e)

30 60 90 120

0.0

50.1

00.1

50.2

00

.25

# harmonics

2

4

8

16

32

64

The morphological evolution of violins:

The morphological evolution of violins:Predecessors and relatives of the violin

The morphological evolution of violins:Predecessors and relatives of the violin

The morphological evolution of violins:Morphospace of violin and relatives

The morphological evolution of violins:Morphospace of violin and relatives

The morphological evolution of violins:Discriminating violins from violas, cellos, basses

The morphological evolution of violins:Discriminating violins from violas, cellos, basses

The morphological evolution of violins:Discriminating violins from violas, cellos, basses

The morphological evolution of violins:Discriminating violins from violas, cellos, basses

The morphological evolution of violins:Shape attributes defining different violin family types

The morphological evolution of violins:The effects of time, space, & people on violin shape

The morphological evolution of violins:The effects of time, space, & people on violin shape

The morphological evolution of violins:Linear Discriminant 1 is especially correlated with time

The morphological evolution of violins:Why does shape correlate with time? Violin makers?

The morphological evolution of violins:Why does shape correlate with time? Violin makers?

The morphological evolution of violins:Innovators and copiers of shape

Unique

Copiers/copied

The morphological evolution of violins:Does violin shape have a “genetic” basis?

House Gagliano:Giuseppe (Joseph)

Gennaro (Januarius)NicolóFerdinando

**

*

*

*

House Testore:Carlo Giuseppe

Carlo Antonio

*

House Degani:Giulio

Eugenio

**

House Guarneri:Giuseppe (del Gesú)

Giuseppe (filius Andrea)

Pietro (of Venice)

Pietro (of Mantua)

Andrea

*

**

*

*

The morphological evolution of violins:Does violin shape have a “genetic” basis?

The morphological evolution of violins:Four distinct morphs comprise violin shape

A modern ampelography:

Chitwood et al. (2014) Plant Physiology

A modern ampelography:A genetic basis for leaf shape andvenation patterning in grape

Chitwood et al. (2014) Plant Physiology

1,221 V. vinifera accessions

2,385 individuals

9,486 leaves

~7-8 leaves per accession

Pierre Galet (1952), Précis d’Ampélographie Pratique

Ampelography (“vine” + “writing”):Identification of grapevines by phenotypic features

Elliptical Fourier Descriptorsof Vitis vinifera leaves

Chitwood et al. (2014) Plant Physiology

Landmark-based Procrustes analysis:Superimposed homologous coordinates

Landmark-based Procrustes analysis:Superimposed homologous coordinates

Kerschbaumer and Sturmbauer (2011)International Journal of Evol. Biol.

Landmark-based Procrustes analysis:Superimposed homologous coordinates

Kerschbaumer and Sturmbauer (2011)International Journal of Evol. Biol.

Translate

Landmark-based Procrustes analysis:Superimposed homologous coordinates

Kerschbaumer and Sturmbauer (2011)International Journal of Evol. Biol.

Translate

Scale

Landmark-based Procrustes analysis:Superimposed homologous coordinates

Kerschbaumer and Sturmbauer (2011)International Journal of Evol. Biol.

Translate

Scale

Rotate

Outer analysis

Chitwood et al. (2014) Plant Physiology

Outer analysis

Inner analysis

Landmark-based Procrustes analysisof Vitis vinifera leaves

Chitwood et al. (2014) Plant Physiology

Landmark-based Procrustes analysisof Vitis vinifera leaves

Chitwood et al. (2014) Plant Physiology

The effects of biogeography and population structureon grape leaf morphology

Genome wide association studyon grape leaf morphology

Chitwood et al. (2014) Plant Physiology

There is more underlying phenotypethan just genetics . . .

Within the shape of every leafis a spectrum of distinct shape attributes

Sure, leaf shape varies betweengenetically different species . . .

. . . but within a developmental context of ontogeny and the heteroblasticseries.

Leaves can vary genetically,regardless of context between species

V. riparia V. labrusca

V. cinerea V. rupestris

Stephen Hales, Vegetable staticks, 1727

Leaves can vary ontogenetically,as a developmental progression of plastochron stages

Stephen Hales, Vegetable staticks, 1727

Leaves can vary ontogenetically,as a developmental progression of plastochron stages

Stephen Hales, Vegetable staticks, 1727

Leaves can vary ontogenetically,as a developmental progression of plastochron stages

Leaves can vary ontogenetically,as a developmental progression of plastochron stages

V. riparia V. labrusca

V. cinerea V. rupestris

Average shapeof leaves from

each plastochron

123456789

10

Leaves can vary heteroblastically,changes in the shape of leaves from successive nodes

Cynthia Jones, Amer. J. Botany (1995)

Careful!Ontogeny (plastochron) is distinct fromHeteroblasty (leaf number) andeach runs contrary to the other

Cynthia Jones, Amer. J. Botany (1995)

Careful!Ontogeny (plastochron) is distinct fromHeteroblasty (leaf number) andeach runs contrary to the other

Cynthia Jones, Amer. J. Botany (1995)

OntogenyP1*P2P3P4P5P6P7P8P9P10P11P12P13P14P15P16

*not actual P1

Careful!Ontogeny (plastochron) is distinct fromHeteroblasty (leaf number) andeach runs contrary to the other

Cynthia Jones, Amer. J. Botany (1995)

OntogenyP1*P2P3P4P5P6P7P8P9P10P11P12P13P14P15P16

Heteroblasty

L16L15L14L13L12L11L10L9L8L7L6L5L4L3L2L1

*not actual P1

Heteroblasty and ontogeny are partially confoundedin terminally harvested shoots

Heteroblasty and ontogeny are partially confoundedin terminally harvested shoots

P1*L12

P2L11

P3L10

P4L9

P5L8

P6L7

P7L6

P8L5

*not actual P1

V. riparia V. labrusca

V. cinerea V. rupestris

Average shapeof leaves from

each node

123456789

10

Leaves can vary heteroblastically,changes in the shape of leaves from successive nodes

Genotype, ontogeny, & heteroblasty are distinct shapes:Genotype

-2

0

2

4

-4 -2 0 2

PC1

PC

2

genus_species

Ampelopsis_acouitifolia

Ampelopsis_brevipedunculata

Vitis_labrusca

Vitis_piasezkii

Vitis_riparia

Vitis_rupestris

Vitis_thunbergii

-4

-2

0

2

-5.0 -2.5 0.0 2.5

PC3

PC

4

genus_species

Ampelopsis_acouitifolia

Ampelopsis_brevipedunculata

Vitis_labrusca

Vitis_piasezkii

Vitis_riparia

Vitis_rupestris

Vitis_thunbergii

-4

-2

0

2

-5.0 -2.5 0.0 2.5

PC3

PC

4

genus_species

Ampelopsis_acouitifolia

Ampelopsis_brevipedunculata

Vitis_labrusca

Vitis_piasezkii

Vitis_riparia

Vitis_rupestris

Vitis_thunbergii

A. acouitifoliaA. brevipedunculataV. labruscaV. piasezkiiV. ripariaV. rupestrisV. thunbergii

Species

PC1 (32%)

PC

2 (

18

%)

PC3 (12%)

PC

4 (

11

%)

Genotype, ontogeny, & heteroblasty are distinct shapes:Ontogeny

P1P2P3P4P5P6P7P8P9P10

Plastochron

PC1 (32%)

PC

2 (

18

%)

PC3 (12%)

PC

4 (

11

%)

-2

0

2

4

-4 -2 0 2

PC1

PC

2

factor(position)

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

-4

-2

0

2

4

-6 -4 -2 0 2

PC3

PC

4

factor(position)

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

-2

0

2

4

-4 -2 0 2

PC1

PC

2

factor(position)

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

Genotype, ontogeny, & heteroblasty are distinct shapes:Heteroblasty

L1L2L3L4L5L6L7L8L9L10

Leaf

PC1 (32%)

PC

2 (

18

%)

PC3 (12%)

PC

4 (

11

%)

-2

0

2

4

-4 -2 0 2

PC1

PC

2

factor(position)

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

-2

0

2

4

-4 -2 0 2

PC1

PC

2

factor(leaf)

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

-4

-2

0

2

-5.0 -2.5 0.0 2.5

PC3

PC

4

factor(leaf)

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

Different shape attributes are differentially conserved:Conserved leaf ontogeny across Vitis spp.

Plastochron

PC

1

PC

4 (

11

%)

-1

0

1

2

2.5 5.0 7.5 10.0

position

PC

1

genus_species

Vitis_acerifolia

Vitis_aestivalis

Vitis_amurensis

Vitis_cinerea

Vitis_coignetiae

Vitis_labrusca

Vitis_riparia

Vitis_rupestris

Vitis_vulpina

P5 P10

-1

0

1

2.5 5.0 7.5 10.0

position

PC

2

genus_species

Vitis_acerifolia

Vitis_aestivalis

Vitis_amurensis

Vitis_cinerea

Vitis_coignetiae

Vitis_labrusca

Vitis_riparia

Vitis_rupestris

Vitis_vulpinaP

C2

PlastochronP5 P10

V.acerifoliaV.aestivalisV.amurensisV.cinereaV.coignetiaeV.labruscaV.ripariaV.rupestrisV.vulpina

Species

-1

0

1

2

2.5 5.0 7.5 10.0

position

PC

1

genus_species

Vitis_acerifolia

Vitis_aestivalis

Vitis_amurensis

Vitis_cinerea

Vitis_coignetiae

Vitis_labrusca

Vitis_riparia

Vitis_rupestris

Vitis_vulpina

Conserved earlyleaf development

Discriminating different species,regardless of plastochron or leaf number

Vitis_palmata

Vitis_vulpina

Vitis_cinerea

Vitis_labrusca

Vitis_aestivalis

Vitis_x_champinii

Vitis_rupestris

Vitis_riparia

Vitis_acerifolia

Vitis_piasezkii

Vitis_coignetiae

Vitis_amurensis

Vitis_thunbergii

Vitis_x_doaniana

Vitis_x_novae-angliae

Ampelopsis_acouitifolia

Ampelopsis_brevipedunculata

Ampelopsis_cordata

Vitis

_palm

ata

Vitis

_vulp

ina

Vitis

_cin

ere

a

Vitis

_la

bru

sca

Vitis

_aestivalis

Vitis

_x_

cham

pin

ii

Vitis

_ru

pe

str

is

Vitis

_riparia

Vitis

_acerifo

lia

Vitis

_p

iasezkii

Vitis

_coig

netiae

Vitis

_am

ure

nsis

Vitis

_th

unbe

rgii

Vitis

_x_

doania

na

Vitis

_x_nova

e-a

nglia

e

Am

pelo

psis

_acouitifolia

Am

pelo

psis

_b

revip

edu

ncula

ta

Am

pelo

psis

_co

rda

ta

Var2

Va

r1

Discriminating different species,regardless of plastochron or leaf number

Vitis_palmata

Vitis_vulpina

Vitis_cinerea

Vitis_labrusca

Vitis_aestivalis

Vitis_x_champinii

Vitis_rupestris

Vitis_riparia

Vitis_acerifolia

Vitis_piasezkii

Vitis_coignetiae

Vitis_amurensis

Vitis_thunbergii

Vitis_x_doaniana

Vitis_x_novae-angliae

Ampelopsis_acouitifolia

Ampelopsis_brevipedunculata

Ampelopsis_cordata

Vitis

_palm

ata

Vitis

_vulp

ina

Vitis

_cin

ere

a

Vitis

_la

bru

sca

Vitis

_aestivalis

Vitis

_x_

cham

pin

ii

Vitis

_ru

pe

str

is

Vitis

_riparia

Vitis

_acerifo

lia

Vitis

_p

iasezkii

Vitis

_coig

netiae

Vitis

_am

ure

nsis

Vitis

_th

unbe

rgii

Vitis

_x_

doania

na

Vitis

_x_nova

e-a

nglia

e

Am

pelo

psis

_acouitifolia

Am

pelo

psis

_b

revip

edu

ncula

ta

Am

pelo

psis

_co

rda

ta

Var2

Va

r1

Discriminating ontogeny and heteroblasty,regardless of species

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

10

Var2

Var1

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

10

Var2

Var1

OntogenyPlastochrons

HeteroblastyLeaf position

Detecting heterochronic evolution:Fast and slow ontogeny and heteroblasty

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

factor(position)

ap

pa

ren

t

genus_species

Vitis_cinerea

Vitis_labrusca

Vitis_rupestris

Vitis_riparia

Actual plastochron Actual leaf number

Ap

par

ent

pla

sto

chro

n

Ap

par

ent

leaf

nu

mb

er

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

factor(leaf)

appa

ren

t

genus_species

Vitis_cinerea

Vitis_labrusca

Vitis_rupestris

Vitis_riparia

V.cinereaV.labruscaV.rupestrisV.riparia

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

factor(leaf)

appa

ren

t

genus_species

Vitis_cinerea

Vitis_labrusca

Vitis_rupestris

Vitis_riparia

OntogenyPlastochrons

HeteroblastyLeaf position

-3

-2

-1

0

1

2

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

factor(position)

rela

tive

_p

ositio

n genus_species

Vitis_cinerea

Vitis_labrusca

Vitis_rupestris

Vitis_riparia

-4

-2

0

2

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

factor(leaf)

rela

tive

_le

af genus_species

Vitis_cinerea

Vitis_labrusca

Vitis_rupestris

Vitis_riparia

Detecting heterochronic evolution:Fast and slow ontogeny and heteroblasty

Actual plastochron Actual leaf number

Rel

ativ

e p

last

och

ron

Rel

ativ

e le

af n

um

ber

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

factor(leaf)

appa

ren

t

genus_species

Vitis_cinerea

Vitis_labrusca

Vitis_rupestris

Vitis_riparia

V.cinereaV.labruscaV.rupestrisV.riparia

OntogenyPlastochrons

HeteroblastyLeaf position

Detecting heterochronic evolution:Cluster-tendril patterning, a heteroblastic standard candle

Boss and Thomas, Nature 2002

PinotMeunierL1 plants(mutant)

PinotMeunier/

NoirL2 plants

(WT)

Detecting heterochronic evolution:Plants with precocious leaf shape have more tendrils

-4

-2

0

2

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6

log(n_ratio + 1)

rel_

avg

-4

-2

0

2

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6

log(t_ratio + 1)

rel_

avg

Ave

rage

rel

ativ

e le

af n

um

ber

Ave

rage

rel

ativ

e le

af n

um

be

r

Proportion absent positionsfirst 10 nodes

Proportion tendril positionsfirst 10 nodes

rho = -0.03p = 0.60

rho = 0.24p = 8 x 10-5

Perspectives

Phenotype is a highly multivariate problem

Perspectives

Phenotype is a highly multivariate problem

Morphology has a complex, developmental context

Perspectives

Phenotype is a highly multivariate problem

Morphology has a complex, developmental context

Leaf shape is comprised of distinct shape attributes: ontogeny, heteroblasty, evolution

Perspectives

Phenotype is a highly multivariate problem

Morphology has a complex, developmental context

Leaf shape is comprised of distinct shape attributes: ontogeny, heteroblasty, evolution

Leaf shape changes across evolution can affect all leaves equally, or be heterochronic, modulating ontogeny or heteroblasty

Perspectives

Phenotype is a highly multivariate problem

Morphology has a complex, developmental context

Leaf shape is comprised of distinct shape attributes: ontogeny, heteroblasty, evolution

Leaf shape changes across evolution can affect all leaves equally, or be heterochronic, modulating ontogeny or heteroblasty

Heteroblastic changes in leaf shape track changes in organ patterning in Vitis spp.

St. Louis UniversityLaura KleinAllison Miller

USDA Geneva, NYJason LondoBeth TakacsBruce Reisch

Wild Vitis spp.

Thanks!

Margaret FrankViktoriya Coneva

Chitwood LabDonald DanforthPlant Science Center

Thanks!

Margaret FrankViktoriya Coneva

Chitwood LabDonald DanforthPlant Science Center

Ranjan et al. (2015) An intracellular transcriptomic atlas of the giant coenocyte Caulerpa taxifolia. PLOS Genet. 11:

e1004900