A simulation framework for the evaluation of intelligent ...Energy performance of building envelope...
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A simulation framework for the evaluation of intelligent glazing technologies
in an office building in Egypt.
Rewaa E., Mahrous, Demonstrator, Department of Architecture, Assiut University, Egypt
Rabee M., Reffat, Professor, Department of Architecture, Assiut University, Egypt
Ola, Abdalmugod, Lecturer, Department of Architecture, Assiut University, Egypt
Abstract:
There is a growing interest among architects to allow for a huge amount of daylighting inside office
buildings as a way of achieving user’s visual comfort, however, this result in high energy consumption due
to the high solar gain. Intelligent window techniques are considered a suitable solution for this issue due to
their ability to change their main functional parameters based on the changing environmental situations and
therefore contribute to reducing energy consumption. This paper reviews various types of glazing
techniques and conducts a comparative study on 12 glazing techniques by measuring their performance on
different facades of 1000 sq. m office building using Energy plus 8.6 simulation software (WWR 40%).
Thus, guiding the selection of the best glazing technique for each facade.
Studying the performance of each technique on single façade showed that the best glazing technique on the
east and west directions were “Electrochromic glazing (EC) with low SHGC” which allowed for a reduction
of 32.18% and 32.45% respectively. While the “EC glazing with medium SHGC” reached 31.91%
reduction when applied on the south facade. On the other side, by applying each technique on the four
facades together, the best cooling reduction of almost 49% was achieved by using “Triple with suspended
Low-E film” glazing technique.
Keywords: Intelligent window techniques, Electrochromic glazing (EC), Energy consumption.
Introduction
Energy performance of building envelope components is a critical aspect in measuring the amount of energy
required for cooling and lighting.(Liu, Wittchen et al. 2014) The careful design of building’s envelope can,
therefore, have a huge effect on both building energy consumption and costs in addition to contributing to
the reduction of carbon dioxide emissions. The window, with its glazing and shading parts, is an important
component of building envelopes that contribute not only to energy consumption rates but also to user’s
comfort. Traditionally, building’s envelopes have been treated with various passive design approaches (see
Fig.1). These solutions refer to a series of architectural design strategies used by the designer to develop
buildings that have the capacity to respond adequately to climatic requirements (Behbood, Taleghani et al.
2010). However such approaches can deal with the high solar gain problems and other comfortable issues
to a certain degree as it is limited to specific environmental conditions and cannot adapt to changing and
excessive situations.
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Fig.1 Examples of the traditional facade treatments ‘‘passive design” which showing designing with low WWR
because of the high solar gain outside, or designing with wide shading to decrease high solar, but the problem with
limiting the daylighting.
On the other hand, intelligent window techniques offer flexibility and convenience that passive building
design may not exclusively afford. Rapid temporary changes, options to open individual widows or operate
specific blinds in response to various environmental conditions are examples of such intelligent attributes.
These techniques can modulate the optical and thermal properties of the transparent portion of the façade
in response to changing outdoor conditions as shown in Fig.2 and Fig.3 (Favoino, Cascone et al. 2015).
Fig.2. shows sequential colors switching
of a thermochroic glazing (TC)
Fig.3. shows schematic diagram of a
four-layer electrochromic glazing (EC).
With the increasing global efforts to develop reliable solutions for reducing energy consumption, intelligent
glazing techniques appears as a promising approach that has the ability to enhance energy performance
while improving indoor environmental quality (Baetens, Jelle, & Gustavsen, 2010). An approach that may
help architects in delivering zero-energy building and sustain the required flexibility to maximize occupant
visual and thermal comfort.
The study conducted a review of previous research with a focus on intelligent glazing techniques and found
a wide range of the available techniques with numbers exceeding (25). This diversity is also a product of
introducing various technical properties for each original technique which contribute to a growing number
of options. Table 1 shows an example of the main types of glazing techniques including electrochromic
(EC), thermo-chromic (TC), gas-chromic, insulating glazing and spectrally-selective glazing summarized
based on their working mechanisms, physical properties, advantages, and disadvantages. With the
abundance of the available techniques, determining which glazing technique has the best performance
becomes a huge challenge that requires intense consideration. Therefore, this study conducts a comparative
analysis between different glazing techniques with the aim of determining their performance across each
façade, thus allowing for an informed selection
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Literature data on details of the working mechanisms, physical properties, advantages, and disadvantages
of the above-mentioned technologies are summarized in Table.1
Intelligent
Glazing
Techniques
Technology
Type
Material
How it works
Coloring
bleaching
Notes
Drawbacks
Details of the of the glazing Technologies
Electrochromic
glazing (EC)
(Lee,
Selkowitz et
al. 2006)
Active devices
technology (that
can be directly
controlled in
response to any
variable)
It consists of a thin,
multi-layer
assembly that
would typically be
sandwiched
between traditional
glazings. The two
outside layers of the
assembly are
transparent
electronic
conductors. Next
are a counter-
electrode layer and
an electrochromic
layer, with anions
conductor layer in
between.
A low voltage is applied
across the conductors,
moving ions from the
counter-electrode to the
electrochromic layer, tinting
the assembly. It varies their
optical and thermal properties
due to the action of an
electric field and changes
back again when the field is
reversed.
- Switching
from bleached to
full color takes
about 6–7
minutes.
-For colder
temperatures
with low solar
irradiance,
switching could
take 40–85
minutes to reach
full coloration
EC window with
daylighting controls can
reduce a typical
commercial office
building’s perimeter
zone annual primary
energy use by 15–23%
for moderate-area
windows (WWR=0.30)
and 10–24% for large-
area windows
(WWR=0.60).
- Expensive
- Limited
modulation
levels
-Long response
time relative to
other active
systems
- Needs
electrical
energy for
transparency
modulation
(very low)
Suspended
Particle Device
(SPD)
(Gavrilović and
Stojić 2011)
(Favoino 2016)
(Kamalisarvesta
ni, Saidur et al.
2013)
http://www.smar
tglassinternation
al.com/downloa
ds/SPD_SmartG
lass_Data.pdf
Active devices
technology (that
can be directly
controlled in
response to any
variable)
IT consist of two
glass or transparent
plastic surfaces
with special
conductivity
coatings on the
panel interior. The
coating film
consists of tiny
"suspended"
particles specially
designed by the
chemical
composition
sandwiched
between two glass
covered surfaces.
When an electrical voltage is
applied, the suspended
particles are forced to align
and the light cannot pass
through the window.
- Switching
times (less than
one second)
between (100 -
200 ms)
- The ability to control
light levels also removes
the need to have blinds
and therefore decrease the
use of artificial lighting
throughout the day
- Curved or flat glass is
available
- the large size of any
shape can be produced at
least 2m*1m
- The reduced
glare in working
environments
that will cause
uncomfortable
conditions,
disruption to
computer
operation, and
possible eye
strain.
Insulating
Glass Unit
(IGU) data
sheet
Insulating glass
with Gas Fills
GU – Double pane
(a 1" (25mm) IGU
with two 1/4"
(6mm) and 1/2"
(12.7mm) argon
airspace; EC
coating on surface
#2)
Maximum 60" x
120" (1,524mm
x 3,048mm)
Minimum 14" x
14" (356mm x
356mm)
Maximum
overall thickness
2” (52mm) All
angles must be
≥30° with at
least one 90°
angle
>90%Argon,<10
%air
Contributes to
LEED and other
green building
rating systems
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Several studies focused mainly on studing the impacts of each glazing technique on energy consumption
rates, while little attention has been established to compare the existing various products in order to select
the best performance. (Sbar, Podbelski et al. 2012) simulated applying electro-chromic EC windows in
three different climate zones and reported substantial energy savings in all cases. Energy savings for
dynamic EC double pane glazing compared to static condition were around 45% in every case. With respect
to CO2, EC glass reduced peak load carbon emissions by an average of 35% in new construction and 50%
in renovation projects. In another study (Feng, Zou et al. 2016) evaluated the application GC smart window
Liquid Crystal
Windows
(PDLC)
Active devices
technology (that
can be directly
controlled in
response to any
variable).
A very thin layer of
liquid crystal is
covered by
transparent
conductive metal,
which is wired to
the power supply
and laminated
between two layers
of glass.
When the power is off liquid
crystals are in a random, out
of position, and they scatter
the light. In this phase we
have an opaque glass with a
high privacy. When the
power is on the liquid
crystals are became align by
electricity, the light can pass
through the window.
Switching times
(less than one
second) between
(20 - 200 ms).
_It has a good Control
privacy,
Glare control
And Transmit incident
light.
_Large-area windows are
available in sizes up to
1.0*2.8 m2.
_ requires
constant energy
to maintain its
clear state, this
product has no
energy saving
benefits
_High Voltage
operates (24 -
100 VAC).
_ using interior
for privacy
Thermochroic
glazing (TC)
Passive device
( technology)
that respond
directly to a
single
environmental
variable(temp-
erature)
The thermochromic
coating is on the
glass.
It automatically reducing
solar load when it's hot
outside by changing color in
response to temperature
variations Because this,
glazing loses its transparency
when it switches
-Reduce glare
_ reduce SHGC
_Reflecting infrared light
(visual comfort)
_Reflecting heat gain
(thermal comfort)
- The switching
temperature of the glass
was between 89 and-91°F
(31-33°C), or nominally
90°F (32°C).
- units as large as 64" x
144" have been produced
with the thermochromic
interlayer and installed
throughout the world
-Difficult
manufacturing
for large pieces
_ Low visibility
Gas chromic
Windows
Active devices
technology (that
can be directly
controlled in
response to any
variable).
A hydrogen gas
(H2) is applied to
switch between
colored and
bleached states.
Gas chromic windows
produce a similar effect to
electrochromic windows, but
in order to color the window,
diluted hydrogen (below the
combustion limit of 3%) is
introduced into the cavity in
an insulated glass unit.
Exposure to oxygen returns
the window to its original
transparent state.
Switching
speeds are 20
seconds to color
and less than a
minute to
bleach.
Gas chromic windows
with an area of 2-by-3.5
feet are now undergoing
accelerated durability tests
and full-scale field tests
and are expected to reach
the
The market in the near
future.
_Gas supply
units are
required
the low -E
coating
(Rezaei,
Shannigrahi et
al. 2017)
Coating with
Gas Fills
A typical coating
(of thickness
around 0.1μm) has
three layers, i.e. a
thin metal layer
sandwiched
between two
dielectric layers
Change the original long
wave (>3μm) emissivity of
around 0.9 to less than 0.1.
There are two basic coating
techniques: pyrolytic and
sputtered, which can be
categorized into hard and soft
coatings.A substantial
amount of the long-wave
radiation could be reflected
by employing a Low-E
coating either on one glass
surface or both surfaces
bounding the air gap of
window units.
_Good performance
especially in summer, and
meet certain energy
performance criteria for
an ENERGY STAR.
_Reflects NIR or IR
radiation
_ Reduces heat radiation
by the window
_Decreases SHGC
_Slight decrease
in the light
transmittance
that makes
darker inside
building and
higher
reflectance when
viewed from the
outside.
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and EC windows using e-QUEST 3.64 program, typical climate zones in China were selected for the
building energy simulation including Harbin (a coldest in winter A region), Changchun (a coldest in winter
B region), Beijing (a cold in winter region), and Compared with the single clear float glass. EC and GC
smart windows appeared to decrease the annual consumption of HVAC loads by 27–31% and 25–35%,
respectively. For thermochromic glazing (Saeli, Piccirillo et al. 2013) studied the impact of using it on the
energy demand and reported reduction in energy demand by 51.6% compared to a standard double glazed
system. Energy simulation also used by (Hoffmann, Lee et al. 2014) to assess the potential energy efficiency
benefits of thermos-chromic windows within simple room models with a low critical switching temperature
range (14–20 1C) achieved reductions in total site annual energy use of 14.0–21.1 kW h/m2 -floor-yr or
12–14% for moderate- to large-area windows (WWRZ0.30) in Chicago area and 9.8–18.6 kW h/m2 -floor-
yr or 10–17% for WWRZ0.45 in Houston.
On the other hand by studying the glazing techniques with their thermal, visual and technical specification
as (U-value and solar heat gain coefficient (SHGC), and daylighting indices, visible transmittance (Tv)),
and comparing them with the glazing performance. The study found that these specifications give Indicators
about the expected performance, however there are another factors which affect on the exact performance
such as the relationships between window heat gain, perimeter zone loads, and heating, cooling, and lighting
energy. Also performance is dependent on climate, building type (as defined by construction and internal
load profile), window orientation, window size, and the efficiencies of the space conditioning and lighting
equipment. Therefore, it is important to indicate the exact performance for each glazing type and choosing
the best, have to simulate them on the same base-case and on the same climate.
Selecting the Glazing Techniques to apply in the research
In each glazing technique there are variation which difference in thermal properties such as U-value, SHGC,
and Tvis. To choose between the variations and remodeling the window structure in WINDOW LBNL here
are some guide recommendations:
▪ Façade design tool in commercial window website: (This site originally developed by
the University of Minnesota and Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory with support from
the U.S. Department of Energy's Emerging Technologies Program), after choosing the location,
building type, WWR, and facade orientation, the website will choose the window properties which
achieve the best performance in reduction in energy consumption. The website select the glazing
system with high VT, low SHGC, argon gas fill, second choose with high VT, moderate SHGC,
argon will achieve the best performance. http://www.commercialwindows.org/
▪ Previous studies.
▪ EWC’s Window Selection in Efficient Windows Collaborative: Window Design Guidance for
New in a Hot Climate, 2016 the best glazing system.
http://www.efficientwindows.org/
From are all variations of EC available from SAGE and other techniques, according to DOE report (Belzer
2010) Select high SHGC, low SHGC, medium SHGC, and techniques which mentioned in previous studies.
Here is the description in details of the glazing techniques Center of glass solar-optical and thermal
properties of systems that were simulated in Table.2.
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Code no. Description of Glazing Techniques U-value SHGC T vis
T 1 Electrochromic GLZ-with very low SHGC. The glazing is a25-mm-thickdouble-glazing unit
(SageElectronicsInc2013). With mix (10% air, 90% Argon) between two layers.
1.56 0.205 0.185
T 2 Triple with suspended low-e film (90% argon 10% air) with 6.0 mm low-e, spectrally selective
coating on iron glass, second layer is suspended film e=0.711, and the inside layer is 6.0 mm clear
0.994 0.101 0.171
T 3 Electrochromic GLZ SAGE Glazing is a 23-mm-thick double-glazing unit, with 12.7 mm Argon-
filled cavity. The outside layer is 8.0 mm with low-e coating and the inside layer is 3.0 mm clear.
The glazing switches to its fully tinted state if the solar radiation on the façade.
1.34 0.247 0.441
T 4 The glazing is 42 mm thick triple glazing. The outer and inner layer is low-e bronze, and the layer
in between is clear 6mm. The gap is mixed (12% air / 22% argon / 66% krypton). The glazing
switches to its fully tinted state according to the solar radiation on the window.
0.68 0.122 0.161
T 5
Double Glazing (Xenon) the outside layer is VIEW glass-tint ,the inside is NS20_3.bsf (WINDOW
lbnl library), in between is 12.5mm Xenon
2.33 0.603 0.63
T 6 Electrochromic GLZ with a 25-mm-thick double-glazing unit, with 12.7 mm mixed (12%air, 22%
Argon, 66% Krypton)-filled cavity. The outside layer is 8.7 mm Sage glazing and the inside layer
is 3.0 mm Bronze.
1.82 0.18 0.24
T 7 Thermo-chromic glazing ,Thermo-chromic example file in Energy Plus
2.289
0.279
0.237
T 8 Double high solar gain low-e with 16 mm argon between two glass layers. The external glass pane
is 5.9 mm thick with solar coat and the internal glass is 4.7mm low-e pane.
1.437
0.25
0.303
T 9 Electrochromic GLZ. The glazing is a 25-mm-thick double-glazing unit (SageElectronicsInc2013)
with 12.7 mm argon between two glass layers. The glazing switches to its fully tinted state
according to the solar radiation on the window.
1.578 0.441 0.497
T 10 The glazing is a 25-mm-thick double-glazing unit (SageElectronicsInc2013), with 12.7 mm air
between two glass layers. The external glass pane is 7 mm thick and the inner is clear 6 mm. The
glazing switches to its fully tinted state if the solar radiation on the façade.
1.833 0.43 0.601
T 11 The glazing is a 21-mm-thick double-glazing unit (View Glass) with 12.7 mm air-filled cavity .The
outside layer is tint layer (view) with thickness 5.6 mm. The glazing switches to its fully tinted
state if the solar radiation on the façade.
1.45 0.4 0.13
T 12 Double glazed with a low-e aluminum louvers integrated between the two pans 2.068 0.293 0.161
Simulation methodology
From the previous studies, computer-based simulation is accepted by many researchers as a tool to
evaluate the building energy consumption with alternatives in envelope treatments. Energy Plus is the most
widely-used simulation tool in the scientific researchers since it is the oldest among other software, and
EnergyPlus has had the largest growth in adaptive facade techniques modeling capabilities since it was
developed.
The simulation is performed in two stages. Firstly, the Lawrence Berkeley national laboratory (LBNL)
window software, WINDOW 7 is adopted to analyze the major optical and thermal parameters of different
glazing types, which include the U-value, solar heat gain coefficient (SHGC), and visible transmittance
(Tvis). In particular, Tvis is a factor for visibility of glazing material and is the portion of visible light that
passes through the window. SHGC referred to as Shading Coefficient (SC) to Solar Heat Gain Coefficient
(SHGC), which is defined as that fraction of incident solar radiation that actually enters a building through
the entire window assembly as heat gain and ranges from 0 to 1 for which higher value means higher solar
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heat transmitted, and U-Factor expresses the total heat transfer coefficient of the system (in W/m2 °C), and
). http://www.commercialwindows.org/includes conductive, convective, and radiative heat transfer. (
In the second stage, with exporting from WINDOW 7, is calculating the dynamic properties for different
states from light to dark, by exporting these dynamic properties for each to EnergyPlus 8.6 and as shown
in Fig.4 with using energy management systems (EMS) of various kinds by linking sensors, control logic
and actuators Among the possible EMS actuators are various thermo-physical building envelope material
properties these actuators can be controlled with user-defined IF-ELSE statements during simulation run-
time. (Ellis, Torcellini, & Crawley, 2007)
Fig.4.Schematic that presents the main components
of an Energy Management System (EMS) and
displays the way of functioning in order to control a
dynamic window construction.
Fig.5 showing the sequence of simulation framework to reach to the best scenarios in applying glazing techniques
To have scenarios of combination between different types of glazing techniques as a second direction in
optimization to reach to the best performance which mentioned in Fig.5:
1- From simulate the individual technique in each façade and define the high performance in facades
in the range on 10% cut off from the best façade performance as in Table.3
2- Set scenarios of accumulation glazing techniques to reach to high reduction in energy
consumption.
Description of the commercial office building base-case
The office building base-case for simulation was defined as a 1-story from multi story building, with a
rectangular floor plate that is 40m (north–south) by 25 m (east–west) as 1000 sq.m area. Perimeter zones
Simulation inputs in Energy plus Modeling the base-case
Modeling the building base-case in Design Builder
software
▪ Weather file
▪ Location and climate
▪ Construction elements
▪ Occupancy schedule
▪ Lighting schedule
Exporting it
as .idf file
To Energy
plus
Running
simulation to have
base-case results
Running simulation to
have the individual
performance in each
facade
Calculate the dynamic optical and thermal
parameters of each glazing technique
Modeling the window structure
Exporting
To Energy
plus
By window construction state actuator and
sensors in EMS, offers the possibility to
change the window construction according
to the environmental changing
Control a dynamic window construction
Optimization to reach to the best performance in designing the four facades
Generating accumulation scenarios between
glazing techniques
Simulate solo-type of glazing technique in all
facades Comparing the
combination scenarios with
the solo-type in all facades
to reach to the best
performance.
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were 7.5 m deep, with a 3.5m ceiling height, and core with area percentage 25% from total area. The
perimeter zones were oriented in the four cardinal directions: due north, east, south, and west. The window-
to-exterior-wall ratio was 0.40 as the common ratio in Egypt. (The modelling details is in Appendix A).
Simulation results
The results for applying the 12 glazing techniques and indenting their individual performance in each façade
are compared in terms of annual energy use, cooling electricity use, and lighting electricity use, and all
cases are using dimming lighting control to control artificial lighting to in case the internal environment
hasn’t the visual comfort by illuminance level 500 lux and glare index 22.
By comparing the energy savings achieved by each glazing technique in each façade individual, found that
EC (T3) has the best performance in north, east and west with reduction 28.66%, 32.18%, 32.45%
respectively and consumption 161.75, 153.77, 153.16 MJ/m2 comparing with the base case 226.72 MJ/m2.
For south façade the best performance is T9 with reduction 31.91% in total energy consumption.
Table.3. showing results of applying single treatment on each façade on energy consumption and
percentage of reduction compared to the base-case.
Treatment No. North South East West
Solo-Type in all facades
MJ/m2 % MJ/m2 % MJ/m2 % MJ/m2 % MJ/m2 %
Single Treatment on Base Case
T 1
Cooling Load 132.48 -12.13 126.05 -16.40 123.77 -17.91 123.38 -18.17 87.31 -42.09
lighting Load 36.29 -52.22 33.52 -55.87 31.79 -58.14 32.35 -57.41 44.93 -40.84
Total Load 169.06 -25.43 159.82 -29.51 155.85 -31.26 156.02 -31.18 132.42 -41.59
T 2
Cooling Load 131.69 -12.66 124.40 -17.49 121.41 -19.47 126.26 -16.26 76.95 -48.96
lighting Load 40.48 -46.70 40.06 -47.25 34.12 -55.08 35.50 -53.26 61.15 -19.49
Total Load 172.46 -23.93 164.70 -27.36 155.82 -31.27 156.06 -31.17 138.25 -39.02
T 3
Cooling Load 131.09 -13.05 124.66 -17.32 123.48 -18.10 122.83 -18.53 83.93 -44.33
lighting Load 30.36 -60.03 30.15 -60.30 29.99 -60.51 30.04 -60.45 31.53 -58.49
Total Load 161.75 -28.66 155.06 -31.61 153.77 -32.18 153.16 -32.45 115.63 -49.00
T 4
Cooling Load 132.36 -12.21 125.23 -16.94 121.94 -19.12 121.13 -19.66 81.71 -45.80
lighting Load 42.08 -44.60 40.59 -46.56 35.02 -53.89 23.54 -69.01 64.22 -15.44
Total Load 174.74 -22.93 166.07 -26.75 157.26 -30.64 156.96 -30.77 146.09 -35.56
T 5
Cooling Load 133.24 -11.63 128.58 -14.72 129.25 -14.27 127.22 -15.62 112.25 -25.55
lighting Load 27.99 -63.15 30.20 -60.24 29.95 -60.57 30.00 -60.50 31.09 -59.07
Total Load 163.75 -27.77 159.02 -29.86 159.49 -29.65 157.52 -30.52 143.53 -36.69
T 6
Cooling Load 132.02 -12.44 127.75 -15.27 123.83 -17.87 123.39 -18.16 86.65 -42.53
lighting Load 33.52 -55.87 31.78 -58.16 30.94 -59.26 31.40 -58.66 38.63 -49.14
Total Load 165.84 -26.85 157.77 -30.41 155.06 -31.61 155.08 -31.60 125.36 -44.71
T 7
Cooling Load 134.00 -11.12 129.54 -14.08 128.84 -14.55 127.48 -15.45 102.31 -32.14
lighting Load 34.09 -55.12 32.18 -57.63 31.10 -59.05 31.57 -58.43 39.94 -47.41
Total Load 168.41 -25.72 161.99 -28.55 160.24 -29.32 159.35 -29.72 142.46 -37.16
T 8 Cooling Load 131.80 -12.58 125.83 -16.54 122.78 -18.56 122.38 -18.83
88.91 -41.03
lighting Load 53.68 -29.32 50.37 -33.68 46.98 -38.14 47.65 -37.26 67.67 -10.90
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Total Load 185.80 -18.05 176.47 -22.16 170.08 -24.98 170.34 -24.87 156.77 -30.85
T 9
Cooling Load 132.65 -12.02 123.33 -18.20 126.51 -16.09 128.71 -14.63 99.83 -33.79
lighting Load 30.37 -60.01 30.78 -59.47 29.98 -60.53 30.02 -60.47 31.74 -58.21
Total Load 163.33 -27.96 154.37 -31.91 156.79 -30.84 159.03 -29.86 131.80 -41.87
T 10
Cooling Load 133.78 -11.27 129.08 -14.39 128.43 -14.82 128.36 -14.86 104.09 -30.96
lighting Load 29.96 -60.55 29.89 -60.65 29.82 -60.74 29.82 -60.74 30.04 -60.45
Total Load 164.04 -27.65 159.24 -29.76 158.55 -30.07 158.47 -30.10 134.81 -40.54
T 11
Cooling Load 134.82 -10.58 131.39 -12.85 128.18 -14.98 129.89 -13.85 107.91 -28.43
lighting Load 39.37 -48.16 36.45 -52.01 33.07 -56.46 33.70 -55.63 53.58 -29.45
Total Load 174.50 -23.03 168.12 -25.85 161.56 -28.74 163.86 -27.73 161.73 -28.67
T 12
Cooling Load 134.78 -10.61 131.70 -12.65 129.81 -13.90 129.09 -14.38 109.76 -27.20
lighting Load 31.40 -58.66 31.33 -58.75 30.41 -59.96 31.29 -58.80 35.41 -53.38
Total Load 166.48 -26.57 163.29 -27.98 160.53 -29.19 160.69 -29.12 145.40 -35.87
Fig.6.showing the reduction in Total Energy Consumption for 12 glazing technique in N/S/E/W facades.
Total reduction Lighting reduction Cooling reduction
The best three glazing techniques in each façade are electrochromic EC in different technical specifications
(T3, T6, and T9) as shown in Fig.4. that in west façade have T3 and T6 the best performance by reduction
32.45% and 31.60% respectively, in south T9 and T3 have the best performance with reduction 31.91%
and 31.61% respectively, in east façade the best are T3 and T6 with reduction 32.18% and 31.61%
respectively and in north façade T3 and T9 have the best performance with reduction 28.66% and 27.96%
respectively. Reference to the description of the glazing techniques in Table.2. showing the thermal and
visual specifications, found that T3, T6, T9 are electrochromic glazing with the lowest SHGC and the
highest Tvis from the different techniques.
-33.00
-28.00
-23.00
-18.00
T 1 + DL T 2 + DL T 3 + DL T 4 + DL T 5 + DL T 6 + DL T 7 + DL T 8 + DL T 9 + DL T 10 + DL T 11 + DL T 12 + DL
N -25.43 -23.93 -28.66 -22.93 -27.77 -26.85 -25.72 -18.05 -27.96 -27.65 -23.03 -26.57
E -31.26 -31.27 -32.18 -30.64 -29.65 -31.61 -29.32 -24.98 -30.84 -30.07 -28.74 -29.19
S -29.51 -27.36 -31.61 -26.75 -29.86 -30.41 -28.55 -22.16 -31.91 -29.76 -25.85 -27.98
W -31.18 -31.17 -32.45 -30.77 -30.52 -31.60 -29.72 -24.87 -29.86 -30.10 -27.73 -29.12
TO
TA
L E
NE
RG
Y R
ED
UC
TIO
N
GLAZING TECHNIQUE
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Tota
l re
duct
ion
Lig
hti
ng r
educt
ion
Cooli
ng r
educt
ion
Tota
l re
duct
ion
Lig
hti
ng r
educt
ion
Cooli
ng r
educt
ion
Tota
l re
duct
ion
Lig
hti
ng r
educt
ion
Cooli
ng r
educt
ion
Tota
l re
duct
ion
Lig
hti
ng r
educt
ion
Cooli
ng r
educt
ion
Tota
l re
duct
ion
Lig
hti
ng r
educt
ion
Cooli
ng r
educt
ion
Tota
l re
duct
ion
Lig
hti
ng r
educt
ion
Cooli
ng r
educt
ion
Tota
l re
duct
ion
Lig
hti
ng r
educt
ion
Cooli
ng r
educt
ion
Tota
l re
duct
ion
Lig
hti
ng r
educt
ion
Cooli
ng r
educt
ion
Tota
l re
duct
ion
Lig
hti
ng r
educt
ion
Cooli
ng r
educt
ion
Tota
l re
duct
ion
Lig
hti
ng r
educt
ion
Cooli
ng r
educt
ion
Tota
l re
duct
ion
Lig
hti
ng r
educt
ion
Cooli
ng r
educt
ion
Tota
l re
duct
ion
Lig
hti
ng r
educt
ion
Cooli
ng r
educt
ion
T12 T11 T10 T9 T8 T7 T6 T5 T4 T3 T2 T1
Percentage of reduction in Cooling, Lighting and Total Energy Consumption for applying each Glazing technique in all facades
-35
.87
-53
.38
-27
.20
-28
.67
-29
.45
-28
.43
-40
.54
-60
.45
-30
.96
-41
.87
-58
.21
-33
.79
-30
.85
-10
.90
-41
.03
-37
.16
-47
.41
-32
.14
-44
.71
-49
.14
-42
.53
-36
.69
-59
.07
-25
.55
-35
.56
-15
.44
-45
.80
-49
.0
-58
.49
-44
.33
-39
.02
-19
.49
-48
.96
-41
.59
-40
.84
-42
.09
Fig.7. Percentage of reduction in Cooling, Lighting and Total Energy Consumption for applying solo-glazing
technique in all facades
By applying each glazing techniques in all facades found that the best performance is T3 with
reduction 49.0% in annual total energy, 44.33% reduction in cooling energy, and 58.49%
reduction in lighting energy. The second best performance is T6 with 44.71%, 42.53% and
49.14% reduction in total, cooling and lighting energy respectively.
Another direction for more optimization and having a wide range of alternatives for designing
facades glazing, have a combination between different glazing techniques in all facades. This
direction by generating scenarios of combination according to the individual performance for
each glazing technique as shown in Table.4 the combination scenarios between different glazing
techniques in all facades which is the second direction for optimization as mentioned previously
in Fig.5
-60.00
-50.00
-40.00
-30.00
-20.00
-10.00
0.00
EN
ER
GY
RE
DU
CT
ION
GLAZING TECHNIQUES
T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 T9 T10 T11 T12T1
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Solo-type in all facades Performance In comparison to Base Case
Scenarios of accumulate different
types of Glazing Techniques
Per
centa
ge
of
reduct
ion i
n t
ota
l lo
ad
Solo
-gla
zing t
ype
Per
centa
ge
of
reduct
ion i
n t
ota
l lo
ad
Solo
-gla
zing t
ype
Total Lighting load Cooling load Glazing type in each facade
Per
centa
ge
of
reduct
ion i
n t
ota
l
load
Solo
-gla
zing t
ype
Percentage
of
reduction
%
MJ/m2
Percentage
of
reduction
%
MJ/m2
Percentage
of
reduction
%
MJ/m2
West
East
South
North
Scenario
no
- 226.72 -
75.95 -
150.77
Clear Clear Clear Clear Base-
Case
-49.00 T3 41.59- T1 -46.85 120.50
-54.40 34.63
-43.83 84.69 T1 T1 T3 T3 Scenario
1.
49.00- T3 -39.02 T2 -47.04 120.07
-45.87 41.11
-47.75 78.78 T2 T2 T3 T3 Scenario
2.
-39.02 T2 -44.71
T6 -44.09
126.75 -39.55
45.91 -46.49
80.68 T2 T2 T6 T6 Scenario
3.
-36.69 T5 41.59- T1 -39.02 T2 -38.94 138.44
-27.29 55.22
-44.92 83.04 T2 T2 T1 T5 Scenario
4.
-36.69 T5 -39.02 T2 -37.16 T7 -36.98 142.89
-29.05 53.89
-41.09 88.82 T2 T2 T7 T5 Scenario
5.
49.00- T3 -40.54
T10 -48.16
117.54 -59.05
31.1 -42.67
86.44 T3 T3 T3 T10 Scenario
6.
49.00- T3 -35.87
T12 -47.04
120.07 -57.13
32.56 -41.96
87.5 T3 T3 T3 T12 Scenario
7.
-41.87
T9 -35.56 T4 -46.52 121.26
-58.18 31.76
-40.78 89.29 T9 T9 T4 T4 Scenario
8.
-36.69 T5 -35.56 T4 -34.06 149.5
-18.78 61.69
-41.76 87.81 T4 T4 T5 T5 Scenario
9.
-35.56 T4 -44.71
T6 -42.90
129.46 -38.31
46.85 -45.21
82.61 T4 T4 T6 T6 Scenario
10.
49.00- T3 -35.56 T4 -37.16 T7 -41.85 131.83
-41.95 44.09
-41.81 87.74 T4 T3 T7 T3 Scenario
11.
-35.56 T4 -40.54
T10 -42.44
130.5 -45.54
41.36 -40.88
89.14 T4 T4 T10 T10 Scenario
12.
-36.69 T5 -39.02 T2 -37.81 140.99
-16.67 63.29
-48.57 77.54 T5 T2 T5 T2 Scenario
13.
-41.87
T9 -44.71
T6 -42.71
129.88 -52.24
36.27 -38.06
93.39 T6 T9 T9 T6 Scenario
14.
-44.71
T6 49.00- T3 -46.46
121.38 -53.31
35.46 -43.01
85.92 T6 T6 T6 T3 Scenario
15.
49.00- T3 -30.85
T8 -36.69 T5 -31.33
155.69 -11.27
67.39 -41.43
88.3 T8 T8 T3 T5 Scenario
16.
-30.85
T8 -41.87
T9 -43.20
128.77 -47.24
40.07 -41.17
88.7 T8 T8 T8 T9 Scenario
17.
-30.85
T8 -44.71
T6 -36.69 T5 -29.72
159.35 -7.87
69.97 -40.72
89.37 T8 T8 T6 T5 Scenario
18.
-41.87
T9 49.00- T3 -42.53
130.3 -58.22
31.73 -34.62
98.57 T9 T9 T9 T3 Scenario
19.
-41.87
T9 49.00- T3 -44.04
126.88
-58.21
31.74
-36.90
95.14
T9 T3 T9 T3 Scenario
20.
-28.67
T11 49.00- T3 -39.99
136.06 -50.35
37.71 -34.77
98.35 T11 T11 T3 T3 Scenario
21.
-28.67
T11 -36.69 T5 -28.63
161.81 -24.50
57.34 -30.71
104.47 T11 T11 T5 T5 Scenario
22.
-28.67
T11 -44.71
T6 -36.69 T5 -32.71
152.56 -34.06
50.08 -32.02
102.49 T11 T11 T6 T5 Scenario
23.
-28.67
T11 -41.87
T9 -37.44
141.83 -50.03
37.95 -31.10
103.88 T11 T11 T9 T9 Scenario
24.
-28.67
T11 -40.54
T10 -37.17
142.45 -51.27
37.01 -30.07
105.44 T11 T11 T10 T10 Scenario
25.
-49.00 T3 -35.87
T12 -44.71
T6 -39.56
137.02 -52.22
36.29 -33.19
100.73 T3 T12 T12 T6 Scenario
26.
-35.87
T12 -41.87
T9 49.00- T3 -40.41
135.11 -56.66
32.92 -32.22
102.19 T12 T12 T9 T3 Scenario
27.
Combination with percentage reduction in total energy between 40-50%
( the range of 20% from the highest performance)
Combination scenarios with reduction in energy higher than reduction with applying the solo-glazing
in all facades
Table.4 showing the combination scenarios between different glazing techniques in all facades
which is the second direction for optimization
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Fig.8. Percentage of reduction in Total Energy Consumption for applying combination scenarios and solo-glazing
technique in all facades, and selecting which exceeding than 40% (in the range of 20% than the highest
performance).
From Table.4 and Fig.8., there are 14 scenarios from combination between different glazing
techniques with reduction in total consumption between 42% and 49%, however using solo-
glazing technique in all facades generate 3 scenarios only with range of reduction in total
consumption between 42% and 49%.
Conclusions
This paper presented a frame work for applying the high performance glazing by comparing and
evaluating 12 types of glazing techniques, firstly by the individual performance in each facades
and then by the solo-type in all facades. The simulation results using Energy plus software showed
the EC (SHGC 0.247, Tvis 0.441) achieved the best performance as solo-type in all facades with
49% reduction in total energy consumption. The second performance was 44.71% reduction in
total energy by applying EC (SHGC 0.18, Tvis 0.24) in all facades. For optimization, the research
proposed combination scenarios between different types of glazing techniques that can increase
the reduction of total energy consumption than applying solo-glazing technique in all facades.
Another advantage in using combination scenarios, giving a wide range of scenarios with high
performance to select between them. This wide range increase flexibility to select the most suitable
economically, the more available, the easily in maintenance …etc.
Minimizing the whole building energy consumption can be by applying intelligent glazing
techniques which have advantage more the traditional façade treatments in responding to various
environmental conditions. This advantage give the balance between lowing the solar gain indoors
and don’t minimizing the daylighting.
-46
.85
-47
.04
-44
.09 -3
8.9
4
-36
.98
-48
.16
-47
.04
-46
.52
-34
.06
-42
.9
-41
.85
-42
.44 -3
7.8
1
-42
.71
-46
.46
-31
.33
-43
.2
-29
.72
-42
.53
-44
.04 -3
9.9
9
-28
.63
-32
.71
-37
.44
-37
.17
-39
.56
-40
.41
-41
.59
-39
.02
-49
-35
.56
-36
.69
-44
.71
-37
.16
-30
.85
-41
.87
-40
.54
-28
.67
-35
.87
-50
-45
-40
-35
-30
-25
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
Sce
nar
io 1
.
Sce
nar
io 2
.
Sce
nar
io 3
.
Sce
nar
io4
Sce
nar
io 5
.
Sce
nar
io 6
.
Sce
nar
io 7
.
Sce
nar
io 8
.
Sce
nar
io 9
.
Sce
nar
io 1
0.
Sce
nar
io 1
1.
Sce
nar
io 1
2.
Sce
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3.
Sce
nar
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4.
Sce
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5.
Sce
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6.
Sce
nar
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7.
Sce
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8.
Sce
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9.
Sce
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io 2
0.
Sce
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io 2
1.
Sce
nar
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2.
Sce
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Sce
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4.
Sce
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5.
Sce
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6.
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7.
T1
T2
T3
T4
T5
T6
T7
T8
T9
T1
0
T1
1
T1
2
PE
RC
EN
TA
GE
OF
RE
DU
CT
ION
IN
TO
TA
L L
OA
D
ACCUMLATION SCEANRIOS & SOLO-TYPE GLAZING TECHNIQUE
Performance of accumlation scenarios& solo-type reduction in total load accumlation scenarios between glazying techniques Solo-type glazing in
all facades
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References:
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"Simulating switchable glazing with energyplus: an empirical validation and calibration of a thermotropic
glazing model."
Feng, W., L. Zou, G. Gao, G. Wu, J. Shen and W. Li (2016). "Gasochromic smart window: optical and
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316-323.
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Indoor Daylighting Performance, Ain Shams University.
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Hoffmann, S., E. S. Lee and C. Clavero (2014). "Examination of the technical potential of near-infrared
switching thermochromic windows for commercial building applications." Solar Energy Materials and
Solar Cells 123: 65-80.
Kamalisarvestani, M., R. Saidur, S. Mekhilef and F. Javadi (2013). "Performance, materials and coating
technologies of thermochromic thin films on smart windows." Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews
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glazing technologies and materials for improving indoor environment." Solar Energy Materials and Solar
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Saeli, M., C. Piccirillo, M. Warwick and R. Binions (2013). "Thermochromic thin films: synthesis,
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Appendix A. Detailed simulation input values: office building.
Variables Energy Plus Values Justification & Reference
Sch
emat
ic
Lev
el
Location Cairo
Climate EGY_Cairo.623660_IWEC
Orientation North South (BO1)
North East-South West (BO2)
Mas
s le
vel
Shape Rectangle Third Ratio of 24% after irregular and
rectilinear (51Cases)
Floor Area 1000 m2
Dominant Value ( 500<1000 m2) (51 Cases)
Dimensions 40mx25m
Golden Ratio= 24.86x 40.23
1:1.618
Core area 250 m2
25%
Plan Type Open Plan consists of five zones. Current practice in Egypt
Perimeter Zone Depth 7.5m -
Floor Height
3.5m Average Height in 51 cases
False Ceiling Height 3 m Dominant floor height: 30<50 m= 30 % (9 <
14 floors)
Number of floors 1 Maximum Allowed Height in Egypt = 36
m= 10 floors
External Wall
20mm plaster +20mm mortar+ 250 mm
brick work (outer leaf) +20mm mortar +
20 plaster
(Mostafa.M. ,2016)
External Wall Insulation None
Internal Partition
( Plaster-lightweight 2 cm+ mortar+
Brick work (inner leaf) 12 cm+ mortar+
Plaster (light weight) 2 cm)
(Mostafa.M. ,2016)
Floor
tiles 2cm+ mortar 2cm+ Sand 6cm+
reinforced Concrete + mortar+ Plaster
(light weight) 2 cm)
(Mostafa.M. ,2016)
Win
do
w Conditioned Chillers Systems With Cooling
WWR 40% Survay- (Hamza, 2004)
Glazing Single pane - Clear Float = 6mm (Gadelhak 2013)
Sill 0.95 m
Occ
up
ancy
Occupancy Pattern 8am:5pm (Hamza 2004)
Occupancy sensible gains 90 W/person (Hamza 2004)
Occupancy Density 10 m2/ person (Hamza 2004)
Lighting Power Density (LPD) 10.548 W/m2
ASHRAE/IES Standard 90.1-2010