A Short Introduction to Topological Superconductors -...

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1 1 Jyong-Hao Chen Dec. 09, 2015 @ Superconductivity Course, ETH A Short Introduction to Topological Superconductors Condensed Matter Theory, PSI & Institute for Theoretical Physics, ETHZ --- A Glimpse of Topological Phases of Matter [email protected]

Transcript of A Short Introduction to Topological Superconductors -...

Page 1: A Short Introduction to Topological Superconductors - ETHedu.itp.phys.ethz.ch/hs15/Superconductivity/documents/Presentation... · 1 Jyong-Hao Chen Dec. 09, 2015 @ Superconductivity

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Jyong-Hao Chen �

Dec. 09, 2015 @ Superconductivity Course, ETH

A Short Introduction to Topological Superconductors

Condensed Matter Theory, PSI & Institute for Theoretical Physics, ETHZ

--- A Glimpse of Topological Phases of Matter�

[email protected]

�����

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I.#Introduc+on#

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1980: Integer quantum Hall effect

•  Quan%zed)Hall)resistance)

)

)

2DEG�

Nobel Prize�1985: von Klitzing�

n=1�

n=2�

n=3�n=4�

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Quantum Hall Effect: chiral gapless edge states

Chiral)edge)state))

(skipping)orbit)picture)))

Gapless)excita%ons)at)the)edges))

!  Robust'chiral)gapless)edge)states)against)disorder)))))))(no)back)sca<ering)))

Energy)spectrum)

(for)one)edge))

Halperin, 1982

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1982: Rise of Topology

•  Quan%zed)Hall)conductance))))))))))))))))))))))has)a)topological)origin))

)

•  Topological)proper%es)–)insensi%ve)to)small)changes)of)parameters)of)the)

manifold)(here,)band)structure))

∫= )()2( 2

2

kFkdn µνµνε

π

Thouless, Kohmoto, Nightingale, and den Nijs, 1982

Berry)connec%on�

•  TKNN)invariant)=)the)first)Chern)number)=)integer)

•  Universal)manifesta%on:)gapless)excita%on)at)interface))

))))))between)topologically)dis%nct)regions)�

•  Integral)of)curvature)depends)only)on)topology,)insensi%ve)to)small)

deforma%on)of)the)manifold)))"))topological)invariant)

Berry)curvature�

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General characterization for topological phases of matter

•  Bulk)excita%on)is)gapped,)possess)a)bulk)topological)invariant)•  Protected)gapless)excita%ons)at)the)boundary�Bulk-boundary correspondence�

!  Presence)of)%meOreversal)symmetry)gives)rise)to)new)topological)phases)

Robust)chiral)edge)state,)

as)long)as)band)topology)

does)not)change)

trivial insulator v.s.

quantum Hall�

# Can we have more examples of topological phases of matter?

Kane-Mele, PRL 05

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effB•  QSH)=)two)copies)of)QH)states,)one)for)

each)spin)component,)each)seeing)the)

opposite)magne%c)field.))

•  Time)reversal)symmetric,)and)can)exist)

without)any)external)magne%c)field.)

•  Effec%ve)magne%c)field:)SpinOorbital)

coupling)

effB

Hso = λso!σ ( !p ×

!E)

2005: Quantum Spin Hall Effect/Z2 topological insulator

Bernevig and Zhang, 2006 helical)edge)states� Energy)spectrum)

(for)one)edge))

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Experimental observation of HgTe TI •  Theoretically predicted in 2006

•  Experimentally found in Nov. 2007 – Measure conductance while tuning EF through the bulk energy gap – edge state conductance 2e2/h observed independent of W and L

Bernevig, Hughes, and Zhang, Science, 2006

Konig et al., Science, 2007

#  Nobel Prize in 20XX?

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New topological phases of matter

chiral)superconductor,)

helical)superconductor)

Chiral)gapless)Majorana)fermions)Chiral)gapless)Dirac)fermions)

Helical)gapless)Majorana)fermions) Helical)gapless)Dirac)fermions)

quantum)Hall)insulator,))

quantum)spin)Hall)insulator)

Majorana)fermion:)

par%cle)=)an%par%cle)

!  Quasipar%cle)excita%ons)in)superconductors)posses)all)the)key)a<ributes)of)Majorana)fermions)

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II. TSC

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BCS, BdG, and particle-hole symmetry

•  BCS)mean)field)theory:)

Majorana)condi%on�

Majorana)fermion:)

par%cle)=)an%par%cle�

•  BuiltOin)an%Ounitary)par%cleOhole)symmetry)

•  Bogoliubov)quasipar%cle)

�  Zero energy solution E = 0: Majonana)zero)mode)

(u−k* = vk )

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•  Majorana)zero)modes)obey)nonOAbelian)sta%s%cs:)nonOAbelian)anyons)

#  Applica%on)to)quantum)computa%on:)topological)quantum)computa%on�

Majorana zero mode at a vortex Volovik 1999; N. Read, D. Green, 2000

Ivanov, 2001

in)Px+iP

y)superconductor�

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Potential material candidate for Majorana zero modes

•  The)only)currently)realized)bulk)(P+iP))superconductors)are)

))))O)superfluid)3

HeOA)

))))O)unconven%onal)superconductors:)Sr2RuO

4))

#  Do)Majoranas)occur)elsewhere?)

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Superconducting proximity effect Fu & Kane, PRL, 08

•  Nontrivial)ground)state)supports)Majorana))

))))zero)mode)at)vor%ces))

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More examples: mimic 1D Majorana edge states on TI

•  1D)chiral)Majorana)edge)states)at)superconductorOmagnet)interfaces)

•  1D)helical)Majorana)edge)states)at)SCOTIOSC)Josephson)junc%on)

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III. Classification

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Altland-Zirnbauer’s ten-fold way •  Quadra%c)Hamiltonian)

•  Symmetries)

A. Altland and M. R. Zirnbauer, 1997

Kitaev, 2008; Schnyder, Ryu, Furusaki, Ludwig, 2008

Bott Periodicity d→d+8

10'='3x3'+1�

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Interaction effect

T. Morimoto, A. Furusaki, C. Mudry, 2015

•  For)example,)in)some)case,)breakdown)of)the)topological)classifica%on)Z)))

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Learn more?

!  Review articles �  D.)Xiao,)M.C.)Chang,)and)Qian)Niu,)Rev.)Mod.)Phys.)82,)1959,)(2010)))

�  M.Z.)Hasan)and)C.L.)Kane,)Rev.)Mod.)Phys.)82,)3045)(2010))�  X.L.)Qi)and)S.C.)Zhang,)Rev.)Mod.)Phys.)83,)1057)(2011))

)

�  J.)Alicea,)Rep.)Prog.)Phys.)75,)076501)(2012))�  S.R.)Ellio<)and)M.)Franz,)Rev.)Mod.)Phys.)87,)137)(2015)))�  C.K.J.)Beenakker,)Rev.)Mod.)Phys.)87,)1037)(2015))

�  C.OK.)Chiu,)J.C.Y.)Teo,)A.P.)Schnyder,)S.)Ryu,)arXiv:1505.03535))

�  The)Net)Advance)of)MIT)))h<p://web.mit.edu/redingtn/www/netadv/)

Berry phase�

TI�

TSC�

Classification�

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!  Youtube �  Charles)Kane,)SouOCheng)Zhang,)A.J.)Legge<,)…)))

�  Prospects)in)Theore%cal)Physics)2015OPrinceton)Summer)School)on)Condensed)Ma<er)

Physics))

h<ps://pitp.ias.edu/2015/)

(Charles)Kane,)Edward)Wi<en,)XiaoOGang)Wen…))

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!  Books