A shi from sustainable development to transi5on to ... · Eco-development • Conference of ... •...
Transcript of A shi from sustainable development to transi5on to ... · Eco-development • Conference of ... •...
Eco-development• ConferenceofStockholm(1972)• TheCocoyocDeclara5on(Strong,Sachs…1974)
– “Theproblemofdevelopmentisnotalackofresourcesbutofeconomicandsocialmaldistribu5onandmisuse”
– “Thesolu5onoftheseproblemscannotbele&totheautoma5copera5onofmarketmechanisms.Marketmakesresourcesavailabletothosewhocanbuythemratherthanthosewhoneedthem”
– “Unequaleconomicrela5onshipscontributedirectlytoenvironmentalpressures”
– “Theexperienceofthelast30yearsisthattheexclusivepursuitofeconomicgrowth,guidedbythemarketandundertakenbyandforthepowerfulelites,hasthesamedestruc5veeffectsinsidedevelopingcountries”
Thepurposeofdevelopment(Cocoyoc,1974)
• “Agrowthprocessthatbenefitsonlythewealthiestminorityandmaintainsorevenincreasesthedispari5esbetweenandwithincountriesisnotdevelopment.Itisexploita5on”.
• “Werejecttheunilinearviewwhichseesdevelopmentessen5allyandinevitablyastheefforttoimitatethehistoricalmodelofthecountriesthatforvariousreasonshappentoberichtoday.Forthisreason,werejecttheconceptof"gaps"indevelopment”
Overconsump5on• “Wemayalsotalkaboutoverconsump5vetypesof
developmentthatviolatetheinnerlimitsofmanandtheouterlimitsofnature”
• “weareallinneedofaredefini5onofourgoals,ofnewdevelopmentstrategies,ofnew,lifestyles,includingmoremodestpa^ernsofconsump5onamongtherich”
Thesustainabledevelopmentconcept:apoli5calanswertoeco-
development
• FirstappearanceinMay1975inadecisionoftheGoverningCouncilheadingtheUNEP:
• «EnvironmentManagementimpliesthesustainabledevelopmentofeachcountry,aimingatsa5sfyingbasichumanneedswithouttransgressionofexternallimitsraisedbybiospheretohumanbehaviour»
Brundtlandreportandfurtherdevelopments
• «Whatisneedednowisaneweraofeconomicgrowth-growththatisforcefulandatthesame5mesociallyandenvironmentallysustainable»
• “webelievesuchgrowthtobeabsolutelyessen5altorelievethegreatpovertythatisdeepeninginmuchofthedevelopingworld”
• “whereeconomicgrowthhasledtoimprovementsinlivingstandards,ithassome5mesbeenachievedinwaysthataregloballydamaginginthelongerterm”
Growthiseverywhere• WithintheBrundtlandreport,thetermgrowthisused166
5mes(plus405mesfordemographicaspects)within349pages
• Limita5onsaremostlytechnicalandorganisa5onal• Thankstoprogresstheselimita5onswillbeovertaken
Sixconcep5onsofSD(Theys,2010)
Degreeofsubs+tuabilitybetweennature,economyandsocialaspects
PriviledgedApproach
Op5ons Verystrongsustainability
StrongSustainability
WeakSustainability
Integra5onEconomy/Environment
«Bioeconomy»andsustainabledegrowth
Ecologicalmodernisa5onandintegra5oneconomy/environment
Growthandminimisa5onofenvironmentcosts
DevelopmentStrategy
Solidareconomies.Alterna5vedevelopment
Sustainabledevelopmentasamul5dimensionalstrategyofdevelopment
Newgovernanceand«green»companies
The“crisis”ofthesustainabledevelopmentconcept
• Relatedtothecrisisofinterna5onalins5tu5onsandeconomiccrisisinmanywesterncountries
• Alsorelatedtotheweakconsidera5onofsocialaspectsofdevelopmenttothemainbenefitofecologicalsustainability
• Shi&tootherexpressions:– Ecological(andsocial)transi5on– EnergyTransi5on– GreenEconomy– Post-CO2Economy– CircularEconomy– Resilience
Transi5on• Theexpression«transi5ontosustainability»isnotnew.It
appearsintheearly90s(1989inapaperwithintheJournal«Environment:ScienceandPolicyforSustainableDevelopment»
• TenyearsagoIns5tu5onsstarttalkingaboutEcologicalTransi5on(butwiththesamemeaningofSD)
• TheturnisRobHopkins’bookwiththeTransi5onMovementini5atedin2005,inspiredby
permaculture
Twopathesfortransi5on• Onevisionoftransi5onwherethetermdoesnotchangemuchwithSD.Itismostlyasocio-technicaltransi5on
• Onevisionoftransforma5onofsociety(transi5onmovement,degrowthmovement…)Increaseofself-sufficiencyofhumancommuni5esEscapefromanexclusivemarketvisionofsocietyandcri5cismofglobaliza5onMoreplacegiventothelivingtogether,tolocalini5a5vesandgovernance
• Thissecondvisionfitswithasocio-ecologicaltransi5on
Avisionfocusingmoreonpeople
• Thetransi5onMovementfocusesonthetransforma5onofci5es,theplaceswherepeopleareleaving
• Inbioeconomy,wherearepeople?
Intheend…
• Theuseofterms,farfrombeingneutral,reflectsapoli5calapproachofrela5onstosociety
• Itembedsvaluesandprinciples• SDwasabletoincludemanydifferentandcontras5ng
visionsofsociety,butitislosingsenseandfacesmanycri5cisms,mostlyfromactorsinphasewitheco-development
• CouldTransi5onconceptgivesmoresensetosustainableques5ons?
Whatcanbeaddresstoresearchagenda?
• Istherepar5aland/ortotalornullcompa5bilitybetweensocio-technicalorsocio-ecologicaltransi5on?
• Clarifica5onshouldbedoneconcerningtheplaceofbioeconomywithregardstotransi5on(socio-technicalorsocio-ecological)
• Clarifica5onshouldalsobedoneconcerningtheplaceofbieconomywithinhumansocie5es