Министерство образования и науки Российской Федерации Амурский государственный университет

Е. В. МАТВЕЕВА

A SELF-STUDY ENGLISH COURSE

for

Designers

(ARTS AND CRAFTS)

УЧЕБНОЕ ПОСОБИЕ

Благовещенск

Издательство АмГУ

2014

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Рекомендовано

учебно-методическим советом университета

Рецензенты:

Т.Ю. Ма, профессор кафедры английской филологии и перевода Амурского государственного университета, доктор филол. наук;

С.В. Андросова, профессор кафедры иностранных языков Амурского

государственного университета, доктор филол. наук

Е.В. Матвеева

A Self-Study English Course for Designers (Arts and Crafts) Учебное пособие. –

Благовещенск: Изд-во АмГУ, 2014. – 101 с.

Учебное пособие «A Self-Study English Course for Designers (Arts and Crafts)»

предназначено для самостоятельной работы студентов II курса факультета

дизайна и технологии.

© Амурский государственный университет, 2014

© Матвеева Е.В., 2014

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ВВЕДЕНИЕ

Учебное пособие «A Self-Study English Course for Designers»

предназначено для самостоятельной работы студентов II курса факультета

дизайна и технологии по дисциплине «Иностранный язык» (направление

подготовки – 072600.62 «Декоративно-прикладное искусство и народные

промыслы»).

Целями пособия являются: развитие навыков самостоятельной работы

студентов с различными источниками информации; совершенствование

знаний английского языка.

Данное пособие состоит из трех тематических блоков:

‘Художественное стекло’, ‘Художественная керамика’ и ‘Художественная

обработка металла’. Каждый тематический блок включает несколько

разделов, в основу формирования которых положена работа с текстом.

Предваряют текст упражнения, направленные на облегчение восприятия

нового материала, содержащего ранее не встречавшиеся в ходе освоения

дисциплины термины из области дизайна и области технологии обработки

стекла, керамики и металла.

Послетекстовые задания нацелены на повторение изученного

материала и контроль его усвоения.

Практическим материалом послужили тексты из Интернет-ресурсов,

которые имеют познавательную ценность и интересны по содержанию.

Материалы текстов и упражнений подобраны методом сплошной и

частичной выборки, что позволяет студентам углубить представление о

специфике художественных материалов.

Усвоение материала проверяется контрольными заданиями в конце

каждого блока, а также в форме тестов, письменных заданий, презентаций

или проектов. Контрольные задания охватывают основное содержание всех

разделов, что позволяет студентам самостоятельно определить объем и

качество усвоения материала.

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I

ART GLASS

Illustration1: "Harrach Windows" by Brian Severn

Illustration2: Dugan Art Glass (www.ddoty.com)

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Text A

ART GLASS

Lead-in

1. What is the definition of ‘art glass '? 2. What types of art glass do you know?

3. What do you know about glass blowing? 4. What glass pieces are considered as art glass?

Pre-text exercises

I. Read and translate the following words and word combinations:

1) stained glass windows

2) leaded lights

3) to fire in a kiln

4) to mould into a shape

5) glass blowing

6) sandblasted glass

7) copper foil work

8) ground glass

9) to fuse

10) sections of glass

11) to solder at the joints

12) studio glass artists

13) an infinite opportunity for creativity and variation

14) to create a multitude of shapes

15) to incorporate color through a wide range of techniques

16) colored glass

17) to gather out of a crucible

18) clear glass

19) to roll in a powdered colored glass

20) to coat the outside of a bubble

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21) to roll in chips of glass

22) to be stretched into rods

23) to be incorporated through cane working

24) to be layered, cut and fused into tiles

25) intricate patterns through murrine

26) ribbing

27) spiking

28) warm glass

29) to slump glass into or over a mould

30) stress fracture

31) to make a design stand out

32) thick slabs of glass

33) toughened glass

34) to shatter

35) to wrap cut sections of glass in a self-adhesive tape

36) dexterity

37) to report sales trends back

38) ‘piece’ workers

39) up-market refined glassware

40) lead crystal

41) molten glass mixture

42) gilding

43) to show artistic flair

II. Match the beginnings and endings, then make sentences using Passive

Voice:

glass

leaded lights and stained glass

glass blowing

colored glass

clear glass

manufacture in the same way

can use to create a multitude of shapes

roll in a powdered colored glass

place into a kiln

make in factories

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glass blown articles

most antique art glass

make of compatible glass

can gather out of a crucible

III. Read the text and explain the meaning of the words in bold:

Art glass is an item made of glass, usually for decoration, but also for

purpose (glass is worked into a form considered artistic). Such techniques include

stained glass windows, leaded lights, glass that is placed into a kiln so that it will

mould into a shape, glass blowing, sandblasted glass, and copper foil work. Art

glass has grown in popularity in recent years with many artists becoming famous

for their work, and colleges offering courses in glass work. Many amateurs

undertake making art glass as a hobby.

Manufacturing techniques

Stained glass

Stained glass such as the windows that are seen in churches, are the

windows containing an element of painting. The window is designed, the glass is

cut to shape, and paint, containing ground glass, is applied; so that when it is fired

in a kiln, the paint fuses onto the glass surface. Following this process the sections

of glass are placed together and held in place with lead that is then soldered at the

joints. Leaded lights and stained glass are manufactured in the same way, but

leaded lights do not contain any sections of painted glass.

Blown glass

Glass blowing is one of the most used techniques for creating "art glass" and

is still favored by most of today's studio glass artists. This is because of the artist's

intimacy with the material, and an almost infinite opportunity for creativity and

variation at almost every stage of the process. Glassblowing can be used to create a

multitude of shapes and can incorporate color through a wide range of techniques.

Colored glass can be gathered out of a crucible. Clear glass can be rolled in a

powdered colored glass to coat the outside of a bubble; it can be rolled in chips of

glass, it can be stretched into rods and incorporated through cane working, or it can

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be layered, cut and fused into tiles, and incorporated into a bubble of glass for

intricate patterns through murrine. "Blown glass" refers only to individually hand-

made items but can include moulds for shaping, ribbing, and spiking to produce

decorative bubbles. Glass blown articles must be made of compatible glass, or the

stress in the piece will cause a failure.

Kiln-formed glass

Kiln-formed glass is usually referred to as warm glass, and can be either

made up from a single piece of glass that is slumped into or over a mould, or

different sheets and colors of glass fused together. The process of hot glass is

highly scientific and quite complicated operation. A kiln-formed art glass usually

takes the form of dishes, plates or tiles. Glass that is fused in a kiln must be of the

same coefficient of expansion (CoE). If the glass does not have the same CoE and

is going to be used for fusing, then the differing rates of contraction will cause

minute stress fractures to form and, over time, these fractures will cause a piece to

crack. The use of polarizing filters to inspect the work will determine if stress

fractures are present.

Sandblasting

Glass can be decorated by sandblasting the surface of a piece in order to

remove a layer of glass, thereby making a design stand out. Items that are

sandblasted are usually thick slabs of glass into which a design is carved by means

of high pressure sandblasting. This technique provides a three-dimensional effect

but is not suitable for toughened glass as the process could shatter it.

Copper foil technique

The technique of using copper foil is mainly used in the construction of

smaller pieces such as Tiffany style lamps, and it was, in fact, frequently used by

Louis Comfort Tiffany. Cut sections of glass are wrapped in a self-adhesive tape

that is made out of thin copper foil. This technique requires a great deal of

dexterity and is also very time-consuming. After the sections have been foiled,

they are soldered together in order to form the item.

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Illustration 3: Louis Comfort Tiffany vase

Factory art glass

Most antique art glass was made in factories, particularly in the UK, the

United States and Bohemia where items were made to a standard, or "pattern".

This would seem contrary to the idea that art glass is distinctive and shows

individual skill. However, the importance of decoration – in the Victorian era in

particular – meant that much of the artistry lay with the decorator. Any

assumption today that factory-made items were necessarily made by machine is

incorrect. Up to about 1940, most of the processes involved in making decorative

art glass, were performed by hand.

Factory differentiation and distinctiveness

Manufacturers got around the problem of an inherent similarity in their

products in various ways. First, they would frequently change designs according to

demand. This was especially seen in the export-dependent factories of Bohemia

where salesmen would report sales trends during each trip.

Second, the decoration for mid- and lower-market items, often done by

contracted ‘piece’ workers, was often a variation on a theme. Such was the skill of

those subcontractors as a reasonable standard of quality and a high rate of output

were generally maintained.

Finally, a high degree of differentiation could be gained from the

multiplication of shapes, colors, and decorative designs yielding many different

combinations. Concurrently, from the same factories came distinctive, artistic

items produced in more limited quantities for the upper-market consumer. Those

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were decorated in-house where decorators could work closely with designers and

management in order to produce a profitable piece.

Usable art glass

Many items considered today as art glass, were originally intended for use.

In the Victorian era and for some decades beyond useful items were often

decorated to such a high degree that we can now appreciate them for their artistic

or design merits.

Some objects of art glass retain their original purpose but have come to be

appreciated more for their art than for their use. Collectors of antique perfume

bottles, for example, tend to display their items empty. As items of packaging,

those bottles would not ordinarily have been considered art glass. However,

because of fashion trends, then as now, producers supplied goods in beautiful

packaging. Lalique's Art Nouveau and Art Deco designs and Joseph Hoffman's

Art Deco designs have come to be considered art glass due to their stylish and

highly original decorative designs.

Illustration 4: "Imperial Glass Bowl". Moulded glass art by Csaba Markus

Refined glassware

Up-market refined glassware, usually lead crystal, is highly decorated and

revered for its high quality of workmanship, the purity of the metal (molten glass

mixture) and the decorative techniques used, most often cutting and gilding. Both

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techniques continue to be used in the decoration of many pieces made from lead

crystal, and nowadays these pieces are regarded as art glass.

Cut glass

Cut glass is most often produced by hand, but automation is now becoming

more common. Some designs show artistic flair, but most tend to be regular,

geometric and repetitious. Occasionally, the design can be considered a "pattern"

to be replicated as exactly as possible with the main purpose to accentuate the

refractive qualities, or "sparkle", of the crystal – certainly an aesthetic

consideration, but not generally considered artistic.

Post-text exercises

I. Answer the questions:

1. What is art glass made from?

2. What techniques are used for creating art glass?

3. What are the steps in making stained glass?

4. Why is glass blowing favored by most of today's studio glass artists?

5. How can glass blowing incorporate color through a wide range of techniques?

6. The process of hot glass is quite complicated operation, isn’t it?

7. Can glass be decorated by sandblasting technique?

8. Where is the technique of using copper foil mainly used in?

9. Is there any difference between antique glass and today’s factory-made items?

10. What is the birth-place of art glass?

11. Why were artistic items produced in more limited quantities for the upper-

market consumers?

12. What design schools have stylish and highly original decorative glass designs?

13. Is refined glassware popular? Why?

14. What techniques are used in the decoration of glassware?

15. What is cut glass?

II. Define the main idea of each paragraph.

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III. Decide which of the following words are connected with: a) art glass techniques, b) stained glass process, c) glass blowing, d) copper foil technique,

e) antique art glass, f) modern glassware. Some words can be used more than once.

Material, geometric, chips, stage, kiln, workmanship, windows, factories, mould, surface, shape, crucible, churches, bubble, leaded lights, glass blowing, gilding,

lower-market, sandblasted, pattern, joints, roll, copper foil, fuse, revered, cane working, time-consuming, ribbing, standard, Tiffany, by hand, highly decorated,

self-adhesive, profitable, molten, crystal, refined

IV. Circle the odd word out.

1. Kiln-formed glass: warm, mould, slump, in-house, scientific, fracture, sheets

2. Sandblasting: carve, pressure, remove, layer, slabs, glass blowing, shatter

3. Copper foil technique: wrap, cut sections, tape, aesthetic, dexterity, solder

4. Usable art glass: artistic, perfume, crack, packaging, fashion, trend, stylish

V. For questions 1-10, choose the correct answer (a), (b) or (c).

1. What does the 1-st paragraph mainly discuss?

a) manufacturing techniques b) definition of art glass

c) detailed explanation

2. The phrase ‘leaded lights’ could be best replaced by

a) work of art b) colored glass

c) decorative windows 3. What can be used to create a multitude of shapes?

a) glass blowing

b) glassware c) cut glass

4. The technique of using copper foil was frequently used by

a) Bohemian artists

b) Louis Comfort Tiffany c) Art Deco school

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5. The word ‘kiln’ is closest in meaning to

a) oven for baking b) drying apparatus c) furnace for firing pottery

6. In the factories of Bohemia salesmen

a) showed tourists the process of traditional glass making

b) would report sales trends during each trip c) decorated mid- and lower-market items

7. What name is not mentioned in the text?

a) Joseph Hoffman

b) Lalique’s c) Silesia

8. What does ‘fashion trend’ mean?

a) a certain style b) the acceptance of a new design

c) what is hip or popular at a certain point of time

9. The word ‘refined’ is synonymous with

a) taste b) sophisticated

c) improved

10. The word ‘flair’ in the last paragraph refers to

a) crystal

b) pattern c) design

VI. Retell the text as if you were:

a) one of the famous Bohemian craftsmen b) an art glass manufacturer

c) a glass artist

VII. Give a brief summary of the text.

VIII. Write an instruction manual of glass blowing.

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Give detailed, accurate information in the right chronological order

Write short, simple and clear sentences using the imperative

The Passive Voice is used when describing processes

Illustration 5: Glass blowing (askthedecorator.com)

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Text B

GLASS DECORATING TECHNIQUES

Pre-text exercises

I. Read and translate the following words and word combinations:

1) diamond point engraving

2) engraved glass

3) to date back to

4) to employ a diamond

5) a hard metal tool

6) to scratch the glass surface with linear designs

7) a surface decoration

8) an advent of copper wheel engraving

9) to become obsolete

10) stippling

11) hardened steel point

12) to strike the glass

13) dot-shaped chips

14) to create the desired image

15) dot-matrix printing

16) to utilize a kick-wheel spindle apparatus

17) a copper disk

18) the size of a dime

19) a cutting device

20) to engrave designs onto glass

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21) to drip an abrasive liquid onto the disk

22) to cut down on friction

23) a liquid grit

24) to coat the disk

25) a surface cut

26) a deep cut

27) intaglio

28) a shallow cut

29) to make wide cuts

30) a stone wheel

31) to cut through large areas of glass

32) fine details

33) to provide a three-dimensional effect

34) an overlay color

35) to manufacture glass in two layers

36) cut to clear – layering colored glass over clear glass and carving into the

colored glass to expose the clear glass underlay

37) cameo cut = lithophane glass (a luxury form of glass art produced by etching

and carving through fused layers of differently colored glass to produce designs,

usually with white opaque glass figures and motifs on a dark-colored background)

38) to remain the color of the overlay

39) to cut away the background

40) to create a photo-like engraved image

41) a cutter

42) to polish the cut

43) a frosted finish

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44) to create a shiny contrast

45) cut glass

46) stone wheel grinding - is an expendable wheel that is composed of an abrasive compound used for various grinding (abrasive cutting) and abrasive machining

operations

47) circumference

48) thicknesses of cuts

49) a single glass body

50) a multi-faceted pattern

51) a sparkling effect

52) a groove

53) to polish to an even sheen

54) pumice

55) a spinning pad

56) an acid etching

57) hydrofluoric acid

58) a wax

59) a varnish

60) a tar

61) a grease

62) to give the surface a pitted, frosted look

63) to be recognizable due to a frosted appearance

II. Match the beginnings and endings, then make sentences.

to scratch the glass surface

prevented the artist from

a series of small dot-shaped

to engrave designs

cut through

provide a three-

remain

chips in the surface

faceted patterns

making deep or wide scratches

engraved image

large areas of glass

with linear designs

onto glass

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to create a photo-like

to create multi-

to give the surface

the color of the overlay

dimensional effect

a pitted, frosted look

III. Read the text and explain the meaning of the words in bold:

Methods of cutting the glass

There are different methods which are used to give the appearance of

detailed scenes to glass steins. These methods include etching, cutting, scratching,

and engraving. They may be used alone or in combination.

Diamond point engraving

This was the earliest method used to decorate engraved glass, dating back to

around the 16th century. The artist employed a diamond or a hard metal tool to

scratch the glass surface with linear designs. All designs were surface decorations

as the limitations of the engraving tool prevented the artist from making deep or

wide scratches. With the advent of copper wheel engraving, diamond point

engraving became obsolete.

Stippling

Illustration 6: Left to right — Beaker, c. 1850, intaglio cut; Beaker,

c. 1850, intaglio cut; Beaker,c. 1850, shaded wheel cut.

This method dates about as far back as diamond point engraving and was

similar in that it used the same diamond or hardened steel point to strike the glass.

This action left a series of small dot-shaped chips on the surface. The pattern of

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dots created the desired image, in a manner resembling modern dot-matrix

printing.

Copper wheel engraving

Illustration 7: Antique Copper Wheel Illustration 8: Copper Wheel Engraving Crystal Engraving Lathe (www.jamesriser.com) (www.youtube.com)

This method of engraving glass utilized a kick-wheel spindle apparatus

which turned a copper disk. The copper disk, usually the size of a dime, was used

as a cutting device to engrave designs onto glass. An abrasive liquid was dripped

onto the disk to cut down on friction, and this liquid grit, which coated the disk,

did the actual cutting. There are two different types of copper wheel engraving -

surface cut and deep cut, also known as intaglio.

Surface cut

The surface cut is done completely with the disk and is limited to shallow

cuts. It was impractical to make wide or deep cuts with the copper disk alone

because it would take a great deal of time.

Deep cut

The deep cut (intaglio) involved the use of both stone wheels and copper

disks. The areas designated by the artist for deep and wide cuts were first routed

out with a stone wheel. The stone wheel could cut through large areas of glass very

quickly and easily. Next, the fine details would be engraved with the copper disk.

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This combination of methods resulted in great quality by taking advantage of the

best aspects of both. The very deep cutting provided a three-dimensional effect, but

the surface cut could not.

Overlays

When glass has been manufactured in two layers, such as blue over clear,

different effects can be created by wheel cutting. One is known as cut to clear, and

the other is cameo cut which is also known as lithophane glass.

Cut to clear

Illustration 9: Large Bohemian cobalt blue cut Illustration 10: American Brilliant Cut Glass to clear glass bowl (www.antiquehelper.com) aqua green cut to clear wine glass in the Russian pattern (www.antiquetrader.com)

This method is the same as it would be done on a single color piece, except

that the areas not cut by the disc remain the color of the overlay providing great

contrast.

Cameo cut

The cameo cut utilizes the color of the overlay even more than the cut to

clear method does. The cameo cut involves cutting away the background to the

clear layer underneath and leaving the scene to show in the overlay color. The

object is cut to different depths in the outer layer only creating various shades of

the outer layer’s color. These various shades contrasted with the clear layer

underneath, create a photo-like engraved image. Few cutters had the ability and

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experience to execute this method of decoration successfully, so cameo cut pieces

are rare and expensive.

Illustration 11: The Portland Vase Illustration 12: Cameo glass vase (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameo_glass) by Émile Gallé, 1890–1900

Sometimes copper wheel cutting is supplemented by polishing the cut. When

the copper disk cuts into the surface, it leaves a frosted finish. On occasion, the

artist would polish part or all of the cut design to create a shiny contrast.

Stone wheel grinding

(Cut glass)

This decorating method utilized the same apparatus as was used for copper

wheel engraving, but instead of copper disks, different stone wheels of varied

circumferences, thicknesses and profiles were used. The size, profile, and edge

shape of the cutting stone would dictate the shape of the design cut into the glass.

Changing the stone cutting wheel gave the artist flexibility to create varying

shapes and thicknesses of cuts on a single glass body.

Stone wheel cutting was never used for pictorial scenes. Its purpose instead

was to create multi-faceted patterns with a sparkling effect. This is why such

decoration is also known as cut glass. After the cutting was completed, the grooves

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and cuts were polished to an even sheen to match the rest of the body. Polishing

was done using a polishing compound known as pumice and spinning pads.

Illustration 13: Left to right — Stein, c. 1850, cut glass; beaker, c. 1875, intaglio cut; beaker, c. 1885, surface cut, scene of beer garden

Acid etching

Hydrofluoric acid was used in this decorating method. Areas of glass not

intended for decoration were protected using wax, varnish, tar or grease. The

unprotected areas were either dipped into or brushed with the acid which etched

the glass giving the surface a pitted, frosted look. The depth of the etching

depended on the length of time the glass was left in the acid. This decorating

process was usually used on all types of clear glass. An acid etched design easily

recognizable due to its frosted appearance.

Post-text exercises

I. Answer the questions:

1. What methods are used to give the appearance of detailed scenes to glass steins?

2. What was the earliest method used to decorate engraved glass?

3. Did the artist employ a diamond or a hard metal tool to scratch the glass surface?

4. Why did diamond point engraving become obsolete?

5. What method was similar to diamond point engraving?

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6. How did the stippling method work?

7. What method utilized a kick-wheel spindle apparatus?

8. What is an abrasive liquid?

9. Are there several types of copper wheel engraving?

10. A surface cut method was impractical, wasn’t it?

11. Why did a deep cut method have the advantage?

12. What is an overlay?

13. How can you describe a cut to clear method?

14. What is a cameo cut method?

15. What is a stone wheel grinding used for?

16. Is an acid etching important in the decorating process?

II. Define the main idea of each paragraph.

III. Decide which of the following words are connected with: a) diamond point engraving, b) copper wheel engraving, c) clear to cut, d) cameo cut, e) stone

wheel grinding, f) acid etching.

Earliest, shallow, flexibility, shade, layer, groove, linear, drip, scratch, pitted, kick-wheel, dime, intaglio, advent, dip, polish, contrast, liquid, wax, diamond, sparkling grease, lithophane, scene, varnish, depth, photo-like, disc, frosted, shiny,

thicknesses, profiles, hydrofluoric, tar, unprotected, multi-faceted, spinning pad

IV. Circle the odd word out.

1. Stippling: diamond, point, frosted, chips, steel, matrix, dot-shaped

2. Surface Cut: shallow, disc, time, copper, impractical, grease, limited

3. Deep Cut: wheel, easily, wide, great, grinding, copper, three-dimensional

4. Cut Glass: grooves, circumferences, thicknesses, pumice, etching, polishing

V. For questions 1-10, choose the correct answer (a), (b) or (c).

1. What does the 1-st paragraph mainly discuss?

a) introduction b) definition

c) details

2. The word ‘stippling’ could be best replaced by

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a) applying paint b) printing

c) engraving in dots 3. What was used for actual cutting?

a) water

b) liquid grit c) cut glass

4. The methods of cutting the glass may be used alone or

a) in two

b) together c) in combination

5. The phrase ‘deep cut’ is closest in meaning to

a) an intaglio b) a shallow cut

c) a wide cut

6. A clear to cut method never

a) provides great contrast b) creates the desired image

c) gives the surface a pitted look

7. When the copper disk cuts into the surface, it leaves

a) a frosted finish b) a single glass body c) a sparkling effect

8. What does ‘cut glass’ mean?

a) a grinding wheel

b) glassware decorated by cutting instruments c) a decoration

9. The word ‘flexibility’ is synonymous with

d) adaptability

e) elasticity f) mobility

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10. The word ‘acid’ in the last paragraph refers to

a) a decorating process b) cutting

c) etching

VI. Retell the text as if you were:

a) one of the famous designers b) a glass blowing specialist c) a glassware seller

VII. Give a brief summary of the text

Text C

HARRACH WINDOWS

A brief introduction to Harrach Glass

(by Brian Severn)

Pre-text exercises

I. Read and translate the following words and word combinations:

1) to be in operation

2) a staggering amount of glass

3) statistics

4) a refining shop

5) a finished product

6) a glass blank

7) collectible

8) Biedermeir

9) finely enameled

10) to suit all tastes and interests

11) tours of the current operating glass factory

26

12) gas powered furnace

13) glory hole access points

14) to transport hot glass to the annealing oven

15) to snap off the excess glass

16) to put the excess glass in the oven for cooling

II. Match the beginnings and endings, then make sentences.

the Harrach

innovative with

produced

refining shops

Harrach glass

highly collectible and

superb quality Biedermeir

tours of the current

several glory hole

transports hot glass

where the glass was decorated

operating glass factory

period glass

their designs

sought out

a staggering amount of glass

glass factory

blanks

access points

to the annealing oven

Names: Northern Bohemia, the Harrach glass, Count Harrach (The Harrach family is a

Bohemian and Austro-German noble family), Harrachov - town in Czech Republic with family's glass

manufactory (since 1712), well known as Harrachglas; Poland, Austria, Czechoslovakia, the

Czech Republic, Moser, Fritz Heckert, Egermann, Goldberg, Muhlhaus, Victorian,

Art Nouveau, Alphonse Mucha, Mr. Novosad

III. Read the text and explain the meaning of the words in bold:

Nestled away in the remote mountains of Northern Bohemia, the Harrach

glass factory is one of the oldest glass houses still in operation today (2012 was its

300th anniversary!). Harrach was initially run by Count Harrach and opened in

1712. It's located in the small town of Harrachov in Northern Bohemia, less than a

27

mile from Poland (it was once part of Austria, then Czechoslovakia and now is the

Czech Republic).

For a relatively small glass factory, Harrach was very innovative with their

designs, and techniques. They produced a staggering amount of glass for their

size. The December 1955 issue of the Czechoslovak Glass Review provides some

amazing statistics about the glass production of Harrach in the mid – 1850’s.

During that time Harrach employed some 320-350 glass workers, and there were at

least 200 refining shops where the glass was decorated. The annual output was an

astonishing 572,000 pounds of finished products.

Harrach glass blanks were used by most of the major Bohemian glass houses

during the 19th

century, including (but not limited to) Moser, Fritz Heckert,

Egermann, Goldberg, Muhlhaus etc.

Harrach Glass is highly collectible and sought out from collectors

worldwide. From their superb quality Biedermeir period glass, finely enameled,

engraved and cut Victorian glass to their brilliant Art Nouveau works inspired by

famous Czech artist Alphonse Mucha, there is something that suits all tastes and

interests.

Today it belongs to Mr. Novosad who offers tours of the current operating

glass factory. If you are a foreigner, the cost of admission is higher, but not

expensive.

The glass factory tour is very interesting. It's very well run with two large

gas-powered furnaces; each of them has several glory hole access points. There is

even a small amount of automation, with a small line that transports hot glass to

the annealing oven where the excess glass is snapped off, and it is put in the oven

for cooling.

Post-text exercises

I. Answer the questions:

1. Is the Harrach glass factory in operation today?

2. Who was the glass factory initially run by?

28

3. Where is it located today?

4. What did the glass factory stand out for?

5. What was the statistics about the glass production?

6. What Bohemian glass houses used Harrach glass blanks?

7. Why is Harrach Glass highly collectible and sought out from collectors

worldwide?

8. Why is touring the glass factory very interesting?

II. Define the main idea of each paragraph.

III. Decide which of the following words are connected with: a) the old glass factory, b) the operating glass factory today.

Count Harrach, employed, current, Harrachov, snapped off, Northern Bohemia,

admission, innovative, tour, staggering, astonishing, refining, output, gas-powered, automation, sought out, interesting, decorated, foreigner, enameled

IV. For questions 1-5, choose the correct answer (a), (b) or (c).

1. What does the 1-st paragraph mainly discuss?

a) the history of the Czech Republic b) the history of Northern Bohemia c) the onset of the Harrach glass factory

2. The phrase ‘refining shops’ could be best replaced by

a) an industrial plant for purifying b) Bohemian glass houses c) the oldest glass houses

3. What name is not mentioned in the text?

a) Goldberg b) Moser c) Friedrich

4. What does ‘Biedermeir’ mean?

a) a fashion trend

b) the artistic styles c) a gas-powered furnace

29

5. The word ‘cooling’ in the last paragraph refers to

a) hole access b) glass factory c) excess glass

V. Retell the text as if you were:

a) Count Harrach

b) Mr. Novosad c) a tourist

VI. Give a brief summary of the text.

VII. Write a letter to a sales manager of Blue Praha Shop (www.bluepraha.cz) asking for a catalogue of beautiful classic and modern hand-made glass

products from the Czech Republic, and a price list to be sent to you.

Order Letter

An order letter is usually written when a company purchases or buys, or orders

goods or services from another party. An order letter can also be written by an

individual who would like to buy or purchase goods or services. Here is an Order

Letter you might need when you order goods and materials. Do not forget to

clearly state the exact name of the merchandise, the price, and the amount of

payment being sent.

Example:

Personal Purchase Order

154 Green Avenue

New-York, USA January 5, 2010

Ms. K. Hutchinson

Beller Company, Inc. 424 Park Avenue

New-York 10021

Dear Ms. Hutchinson:

30

Thank you for sending your catalogue so promptly. It arrived within a few days at

my request. Please send me the following items by parcel post:

1 copy Emmet and Mullen, High School Algebra @ $7.50

25 copies Pinehurst, Plane Geometry @ $8.75

Total $ 226.25 I am enclosing a money order for 250.25. If there are additional charges, please let

me know. Please mail the books to the address given above.

Very truly yours,

Brandon Michael

31

The Harrach Glass

Illustration 14: The Harrach Project (www.glasscollector.net)

Illustration15: Harrach Jewel Cranberry Acid Cut Back Large Vase Ruby Gold Flowers Antique Art Glass (www.rubylane.com)

Illustration 16: The Harrach Project (www.stylendesign.co.uk)

Illustration17: The Harrach Glass factory (www.antiquesincheshire.co.uk)

32

Text D

SMART GLASS

Pre-text exercises

I. Read and translate the following words and word combinations:

1) smart glass

2) switchable glass

3) smart windows = switchable windows

4) skylight

5) glazing

6) to change light transmission properties

7) voltage

8) to control the amount of light

9) from transparent to translucent

10) to block some or all wavelengths of light

11) electrochromic

12) photochromic

13) thermochromic

14) suspended particles

15) micro-blind devices

16) liquid crystal

17) motorized light screens

18) blinds

19) to block ultraviolet light

20) to reduce fabric fading

21) SPD-type smart glass (suspended particle device)

33

22) to achieve in conjunction with low emissivity coatings

23) durability

24) the speed of control

25) the possibility for dimming

26) the degree of transparency

27) the aforementioned technologies

28) high profile applications

29) a large scale installation

30) an interactive display

31) a four-sided glass box

32) glass panels

33) to create a striking outdoor display

34) an internal partition

35) to enjoy the ability

36) to switch screens and doors from clear to private

37) healthcare industry

38) to harbor dirt and bugs

39) to reduce recovery time

40) a testament to its progress and indispensability

II. Match the beginnings and endings, then make sentences.

change light

from transparent to

smart glass blocks

critical aspects of

to create a striking

to switch screens and doors

smart glass

ultraviolet light

transmission properties

translucent

outdoor display

from clear to private

34

Names: Guinness Storehouse (Ireland's and Dublin's top tourist attraction), Dublin, Nissan

Micra CC, London

III. Read the text and explain the meaning of the words in bold:

Smart glass, or switchable glass, also called smart windows or switchable

windows in its application to windows or skylights, refers to glass or glazing that

changes light transmission properties when voltage, light or heat is applied.

Smart glass controls the amount of light (and thereby heat) transmission.

When activated, the glass changes from transparent to translucent blocking some

or all wavelengths of light.

Smart glass technologies include electrochromic, photochromic,

thermochromic, suspended particle, micro-blind and liquid crystal devices.

Smart glass can save costs for heating, air-conditioning and lighting, and

avoid the cost of installing and maintaining motorized light screens or blinds, or

curtains. Most smart glass blocks ultraviolet light reducing fabric fading; for SPD-

type smart glass, the effect is achieved in conjunction with low emissivity coatings.

Critical aspects of smart glass include material costs, installation costs,

electricity costs and durability as well as functional features such as the speed of

control, possibilities for dimming, and the degree of transparency.

Smart glass using one of the aforementioned technologies has been seen in a

number of high profile applications. Large scale installations were completed at

the Guinness Storehouse in Dublin where over 800,000 people per year can see

smart glass being used in interactive displays and privacy windows. Smart glass

was used to launch the Nissan Micra CC in London using a four-sided glass box

made up of 150 switchable glass panels which switched in sequence to create a

striking outdoor display. The main use for smart glass is in internal partitions

where many companies now enjoy the ability to switch screens and doors from

clear to private.

Smart glass has found uses in the healthcare industry where easily cleaned

surfaces are essential, and there are considerations of patient privacy. Smart glass

products can replace traditional blind systems that are difficult to clean and can

35

harbor dirt and bugs. Research has shown that patient comfort can help reduce

recovery time.

Glass has clearly come a long way and smart glass is a testament to its

progress and indispensability. Smart glass is the obvious choice when you are

considering using it in your home or building design.

Post-text exercises

I. Answer the questions:

1. What is smart glass?

2. What does smart glass control?

3. What do smart glass technologies include?

4. Can smart glass block ultraviolet light?

5. What are the critical aspects of smart glass?

6. What attracts people at the Guinness Storehouse in Dublin?

7. Why do many automobile companies use smart glass?

8. Where has smart glass found uses in?

9. Is it possible to use smart glass in your home or building design?

II. Define the main idea of each paragraph.

III. Decide which of the following words are connected with: a) smart glass technologies, b) smart glass in healthcare.

Switchable, application, privacy, skylights, glazing, patient, transmission, patient,

voltage, translucent, reduce, electrochromic, surface, micro-blind, cleaned, display, partition, recovery, screen, comfort, four-sided, speed, dimming

IV. For questions 1-5, choose the correct answer (a), (b) or (c).

1. What does the 1-st paragraph mainly discuss?

a) an introduction b) the history

c) a definition

2. The phrase ‘smart windows’ could be best replaced by

a) a crystal device

36

b) switchable windows c) skylights

3. Smart glass was used to launch

a) the Nissan Micra CC b) the Guinness Storehouse

c) London’s top tourist attraction

4. Why is smart glass used in healthcare? a) to change light transmission properties

b) to replace traditional blind systems c) to create a striking outdoor display

5. The word ‘testament’ in the last paragraph refers to

a) progress

b) glass c) smart glass

V. Retell the text as if you were:

a) a tour guide b) a doctor

c) an architect

VI. Give a brief summary of the text.

37

SMART GLASS

Illustration 18: Smart Glass: Innovative Interior Solutions

Illustration 19: Smart Glass: Innovative Interior Solutions (http://www.smartglassinternational.com)

38

Illustration20: Smart Windows (http://blogs.ubc.ca/vanoraguerard)

Illustration 21: Smart Glass Walls (http://www.avantisystemsusa.com)

39

REVISION I

1. Give the English for:

1) окно из витражного стекла

2) печь для обжига

3) стекло, обработанное пескоструйным аппаратом

4) шлифованное стекло

5) создать множество форм

6) осколки стекла

7) гофрировка

8) высокопрочное стекло

9) стекломасса

10) позолота

11) показать художественный вкус

12) выгодно подчеркнуть дизайн

13) укатывать в порошкообразное цветное стекло

14) гравирование алмазным карандашом

15) гравировать на поверхности стекла с помощью линейных конструкций

16) рисование (гравирование) пунктиром; точечное декорирование

17) создать желаемый образ

18) металлография

19) обработка при малой глубине резания

20) непарная стеклянная композиция

21) рифление

22) полировать до блеска

23) декорирование стекла узором «мороз»

24) хрусталь

25) многогранные узоры

26) выдувка стекла

40

27) нанесение цветного слоя на прозрачный

28) техника рельефного изображения

29) создать трехразмерный (пространственный) эффект

30) обработка при большой глубине резания

31) травление в кислоте

32) мастерская по очистке (обработке) стекла

33) стеклянный сосуд для гальванического элемента

34) терминалы смотрового окна (стекловарной печи)

35) умное стекло

36) застекление

37) изменить свойства светопроницаемости

38) термохромный

39) микрожалюзи

40) блокировать ультрафиолетовый свет

2. Insert the words from the vocabulary:

1) Such techniques include stained …….. windows, …….. lights, glass that is

placed into a ……. so that it will ……… into a shape, glass blowing, …………… glass, and copper …….. work.

2) It consists of ……….. cut sections of glass in a …….. -………. tape that is

made out of thin ………. foil.

3) Colored glass can be gathered out of a ………, clear glass can be ……… in

powdered ……… glass to …….. the outside of a bubble, it can be rolled in …….. of glass.

4) ………. glass can be ………. into rods and incorporated through …….. working, or it can be layered, cut and …….. into tiles, and incorporated into a

bubble of glass for intricate patterns through ………………. .

5) The ………. cut involves cutting away the background to the clear …….

underneath and leaving the scene to show in the ………. color.

41

6) The unprotected areas were either …….. into or ……… with the acid which ……… the glass giving the surface a ………, frosted look.

7) It's very well run with two large gas-powered …………..; each of them has several glory …….. ……… points.

8) There is even a small amount of ………… with a small ……. that transports

…….. glass to the annealing oven where the ……… glass is ………. off, and it is put in the oven for ………… .

9) ……… glass refers to glass or ……… that changes light …………. properties when ………, light or heat is applied.

10) The main use for smart glass is in internal ……… where many companies now enjoy the ability to ……… screens and doors from ……. to ………… .

3. Translate into English:

1) Стеклянные витражи - это настоящее произведение искусства, созданное из множества цветных кусочков художественного стекла.

2) Узорчатое стекло - это обычное листовое стекло с декоративной

обработкой. 3) Произведения из «горячего стекла» включают в себя выдувное стекло,

твердое стекло и литое стекло.

4) Выдувание стекла - это процесс формирования стекла и придания ему разнообразных форм, в то время, когда стекло находится в пластичном,

полужидком состоянии.

5) Стекло, которое плавится в печи, должно иметь соответствующий

коэффициент теплового расширения; если этого нет, происходит сужение, которое, в свою очередь, приводит к трещинам.

6) Система пескоструйной очистки состоит из трех основных компонентов:

компрессор, пескоструйный аппарат и абразив.

7) Применение алмазных дисков обеспечивает высокое качество работ и их большой срок службы.

8) Стекло может быть подвергнуто дополнительной обработке -

пескоструйная обработка, травление кислотой, зеркальная обработка, трафаретная печать и т.д.

42

9) Умное стекло представляет собой композит из слоев стекла и различных химических материалов, который используется в архитектуре и производстве

светопрозрачных конструкций (окон, перегородок, дверей и т. п.). 10) Стекольный завод в Гаррахове открыт для туристов, которые могут

увидеть, как из бесформенной стекольной массы появляются уникальные шедевры стекольного мастерства.

43

II

ART POTTERY

Illustration22: Ceramic Art. Etruscan: 540–530 BC. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceramic_art)

Illustration 23: Ceramic Art. Rings by Katherine Dube (http://inspirationfeed.com)

44

Text A

CERAMICS HISTORY

Lead-in

1. What is the definition of ‘ceramic art'? 2. Have you ever made ceramic objects?

3. Can you offer step-by-step instructions on how to make pottery?

Pre-text exercises

I. Read and translate the following words and word combinations:

1) ceramics

2) ceramic art

3) art objects

4) tile

5) tableware

6) to make from clay

7) raw materials

8) the process of pottery

9) ceramic products

10) to be regarded as fine art

11) decorative art objects

12) industrial art objects

13) applied art objects

14) artifacts in archaeology

15) the ware

16) decorative ceramics = art pottery

17) potter's clay

18) clay mixed with other materials

19) shaped and subjected to heat

20) ceramic engineering usage

21) the art and science of making objects

45

22) inorganic materials

23) non-metallic materials

24) by the action of heat

25) mosaic made from glass = tesserae

26) the artistic evidence left from vanished cultures

27) to place different degrees of emphasis

28) decoration by carving

II. Match the beginnings and endings, then make sentences.

be regarded as

potter's

clay shaped and

the art and science of

mosaic made from

the artistic evidence

the glazing

subjected to heat

clay

fine art

glass tesserae

making objects

left from vanished cultures

found on most ceramics

Names: Greek, the Nok in Africa, the Chinese, Cretan, Persian, Mayan, Japanese,

Korean, Western

III. Read the text and explain the meaning of the words in bold:

In art history ceramics and ceramic art mean art objects such as figures,

tiles, and tableware made from clay and other raw materials by the process of

pottery. Some ceramic products are regarded as fine art, while others are regarded

as decorative, industrial or applied art objects, or as artifacts in archaeology. They

may be made by one individual or in a factory where a group of people design,

make and decorate the ware. Decorative ceramics are sometimes called "art

pottery".

The word "ceramics" comes from the Greek keramikos meaning "pottery",

which in turn comes from keramos meaning "potter's clay." Most traditional

ceramic products were made from clay (or clay mixed with other materials),

46

shaped and subjected to heat; tableware and decorative ceramics are generally still

made this way. In modern ceramic engineering usage, ceramics is the art and

science of making objects from inorganic, non-metallic materials by the action of

heat. It excludes glass and mosaic made from glass tesserae.

There is a long history of ceramic art in almost all developed cultures, and

often ceramic objects are all the artistic evidence left from vanished cultures, like

that of the Nok in Africa over 2,000 years ago. Cultures especially noted for

ceramics include the Chinese, Cretan, Greek, Persian, Mayan, Japanese, and

Korean cultures as well as the modern Western cultures.

Elements of ceramic art, upon which different degrees of emphasis have

been placed at different times, are the shape of the object, its decoration by

painting, carving and other methods, and the glazing found on most ceramics.

Post-text exercises

I. Answer the questions:

1. What does ceramic art mean in art history?

2. What are some ceramic products regarded as?

3. May art objects be made by one individual or in a factory?

4. What is the definition of the word ‘ceramics’?

5. What method is tableware made by?

6. What art objects are made by the action of heat?

7. What vanished cultures noted for ceramics do you know?

8. What elements of ceramic art have been emphasized at different times?

II. Define the main idea of each paragraph.

III. Decide which of the following words are connected with: a) the history of

ceramics, b) the process of making pottery.

Raw materials, carving, fine art, materials, artifacts, mixed with, glazing, archaeology, decorate, potter’s clay, decorative, tesserae, industrial, painting,

applied, shaped, evidence, subjected, heat, inorganic, non-metallic, keramos

IV. For questions 1-5, choose the correct answer (a), (b) or (c).

47

1. What does the 1-st paragraph mainly discuss?

a) an introduction b) the history

c) a definition

2. The phrase ‘raw materials’ could be best replaced by

d) natural resources e) finished products

f) a production process

3. Some ceramic products are not regarded as

a) applied art objects

b) tableware c) glassware

4. The word ‘ceramics’ means

a) tesserae

b) potter’s clay c) pottery

5. Cultures especially noted for ceramics include

a) Persian b) Egyptian

c) Indian

V. Retell the text as if you were:

a) a potter b) an archeologist

c) an art lover

VI. Give a brief summary of the text.

48

Text B

METHODS OF SHAPING

Pre-text exercises

I. Read and translate the following words and word combinations:

1) a hand building

2) a forming method

3) to construct wares by hand from coils of clay

4) to combine flat slabs of clay

5) to pinch solid balls of clay

6) to join parts of hand-built vessels together

7) an aqueous suspension of clay body and water

8) before (or after) firing

9) studio potters

10) conducive

11) to create one-of-a-kind works of art

12) granulate pressing = dust pressing

13) to press clay

14) a semi-dry and granulated condition

15) to press clay into the mould

16) a porous die

17) to pump water at high pressure

18) spray-drying

19) to produce a free-flowing material

20) a moisture content

21) jiggering

22) jolleying

49

23) to carry out operations on the potter's wheel

24) to bring wares to a standardized form

25) to bring a shaped tool into contact with the plastic clay

26) a piece under construction

27) to set on a rotating plaster

28) a jigger tool

29) flat ware

30) hollow ware

31) to carry out operations by semi-skilled labor

32) pressure casting

33) specially developed polymeric materials

34) subject to application external pressures

35) slip casting in plaster moulds

36) capillary forces

37) the application of high pressure air through the polymeric moulds

38) to demould the cast

39) casting cycle

40) to require lengthy drying time

41) to achieve shaped products with better dimensional tolerances

42) longer mould life

43) sanitary ware

II. Match the beginnings and endings, then make sentences.

constructed by hand

an aqueous suspension of

to create one-of-a-kind

to press clay in

works of art

free-flowing material

flat wares

from coils of clay

50

to produce a fine and

carried out on

to bring a shaped tool into

used in the production of

subject to application

to achieve shaped products

a semi-dry condition

contact with the plastic clay

clay body and water

the potter's wheel

with better dimensional tolerances

external pressures

III. Read the text and explain the meaning of the words in bold:

Pottery can be shaped by a range of methods that include:

Hand building

This is the earliest forming method. Wares can be constructed by hand from

coils of clay combining flat slabs of clay or pinching solid balls of clay, or some

combination of these. Parts of hand-built vessels are often joined together with the

aid of slip, an aqueous suspension of clay body and water. A clay body can be

decorated before or after firing. Prior to some shaping processes, clay must be

prepared such as tableware although some studio potters find hand-building more

conducive to create one-of-a-kind works of art.

Granulate pressing

As the name suggests, this is the operation of shaping pottery by pressing

clay in a semi-dry and granulated condition in a mould. The clay is pressed into the

mould by a porous die through which water is pumped at high pressure. The

granulated clay is prepared by spray-drying to produce a fine and free-flowing

material having a moisture content of between about 5 and 6 per cent. Granulate

pressing, also known as dust pressing, is widely used in the manufacture of

ceramic tiles and, increasingly, plates.

Jiggering and jolleying

These operations are carried out on the potter's wheel and allow the time

taken to bring wares to a standardized form to be reduced. Jiggering is the

operation of bringing a shaped tool into contact with the plastic clay of a piece

51

under construction, the piece itself being set on a rotating plaster mould on the

wheel. The jigger tool shapes one face while the mould shapes the other. Jiggering

is used only in the production of flat wares such as plates, but a similar operation,

jolleying, is used in the production of hollow ware such as cups. Jiggering and

jolleying have been used in the production of pottery since, at least, the 18th

century. In large-scale factory production jiggering and jolleying are usually

automated, which allows the operations to be carried out by semi-skilled labor.

Pressure casting

Pressure casting: specially developed polymeric materials allow a mould to

be subject to the application of external pressures of up to 4.0 MPa (megapascal

pressure) – so much higher than slip casting in plaster moulds where the capillary

forces correspond to a pressure of around 0.1 - 0.2 MPa. The high pressure leads to

much faster casting rates and, hence, faster production cycles. Furthermore, the

application of high pressure air through the polymeric moulds upon demoulding

the cast means a new casting cycle that can be started immediately in the same

mould, unlike plaster moulds which require lengthy drying times. The polymeric

materials have much greater durability than plaster and, therefore, it is possible to

achieve shaped products with better dimensional tolerances and much longer

mould life. Pressure casting was developed in the 1970s for the production of

sanitary ware although, more recently, it has been applied to tableware.

Post-text exercises

I. Answer the questions:

1. How can wares be constructed by hand?

2. Can a clay body be decorated before or after firing?

3. Is hand-building conducive to create one-of-a-kind works of art?

4. What is a granulate pressing?

5. How is the granulated clay prepared?

6. Where is dust pressing widely used in?

7. What is jiggering operation?

52

8. What is the difference between jiggering and jolleying?

9. Which materials allow a mould to be subject to application external pressures?

10. Why is high pressure helpful?

II. Define the main idea of each paragraph.

III. Decide which of the following words are connected with: a) hand building,

b) granulate pressing, c) jiggering, d) jolleying, e) pressure casting

Constructed, rotating, granulated, combine, flat, wheel, porous, moisture, slabs, clay, pinch, solid, die, balls, combination, hand-built, pump, shaped, plates, vessels, plaster, megapascal, semi-dry, tool, mould, polymeric, at high pressure,

plastic, spray-drying, hollow, free-flowing, automated, casting, semi-skilled, cycle

IV. Circle the odd word out.

1. Hand building: demoulding, aqueous, suspension, clay, tableware, body, water

2. Granulate pressing: dust, ceramic, manufacture, tiles, porous, dimensional

3. Jiggering: pottery, piece, clay, wheel, similar, cups, flat, ware, factory

4. Pressure casting: lengthy, drying, casting, times, sanitary, conducive, capillary

V. For questions 1-5, choose the correct answer (a), (b) or (c).

1. What does the 1-st paragraph mainly discuss?

a) works of art

b) different types of clay c) the earliest forming method

2. The phrase ‘granulate pressing’ could be best replaced by

a) a traditional method

b) dust pressing c) solvent pressing

3. Jolleying is not used in the production of

a) toilet bowls b) cups

c) jars

4. The phrase ‘pressure casting’ is closest in meaning to

a) art casting

53

b) air pressure c) the application of external pressures

5. The word ‘drying’ in the last paragraph refers to

a) times b) plaster

c) material

VI. Retell the text as if you were:

a) a studio potter b) an amateur

c) a professional artist

VII. Give a brief summary of the text

Illustration 24: Hand Building (lakesidepottery.com)

54

Illustration 25: Hand Building (ceramicartsdaily.org)

Illustration 26: Granulate Pressing (www.newworldencyclopedia.org)

55

Illustration 27: Potter’s Wheel (www.danmacleod.com)

Illustration 28: Hollow Ware (www.designrelated.com)

56

Illustration 29: Jiggering Setup (www.brothers-handmade.com)

Illustration30: Jolleying Setup (www.brothers-handmade.com)

57

Illustration 31: Pressure Casting (www.feinguss-blank.de)

Illustration 32: Die Casting Products (www.tradekorea.com)

58

Text C

DECORATING and GLAZING

Pre-text exercises

I. Read and translate the following words and word combinations:

1) underglaze decoration

2) ceramic articles

3) to apply the decoration to the surface

4) durable

5) glost firing

6) the range of available colors

7) to use pigments derived from oxides

8) a brush stroke

9) air brush

10) to pour the underglaze into the mold

11) to create a swirling effect

12) to fill the mold with slip

13) in-glaze decoration

14) to mature simultaneously with the glaze

15) on-glaze decoration

16) twice-fired ware

17) a varied palette of colors

18) a vitreous enamel

19) a porcelain enamel

20) to fuse powdered glass to a substrate

21) to melt (the powder melts)

22) to harden to a vitreous coating on metal

59

23) additives

24) to work into the clay body

25) prior to forming

26) to produce desired effects in the fired wares

27) grog (fired clay which is finely ground)

28) to give the final product a required texture

29) contrasting colored clays

30) to produce patterns

31) colorants

32) metal oxides and carbonates

33) to be added singly or in combination

34) combustible particles

35) to be pressed into the surface

36) to produce texture

37) agateware

38) a resemblance to the quartz mineral agate

39) bands of color

40) layers of color

41) to be blended together

42) to blend clays of differing colors

43) to have a veined appearance

44) a mottled appearance

45) banding

46) the application by hand or by machine

47) to apply a band of color to the edge of a plate (or cup)

48) lining

49) burnishing

50) rubbing with a suitable instrument (wood, steel or stone)

60

51) a polished finish

52) to survive firing

53) highly polished wares

54) a fine clay

55) to carry out polishing on wares

56) to be partially dried

57) extremely fragile

58) the risk of breakage

59) engobe

60) a clay slip

61) to coat the surface of pottery

62) to mask undesirable features

63) to be applied by dipping

64) litho (lithography)

65) decal

66) to apply designs to articles

67) to comprise three layers

68) to comprise the decorative design

69) a cover coat

70) a clear protective layer

71) to incorporate a low-melting glass

72) a backing paper

73) a screen printing

74) a suspension of gold powder

75) essential oils

76) a flux

77) a mercury salt

78) a painting technique

79) to bring out the full color

80) glazing

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81) a glassy coating on pottery

82) to render porous pottery vessels

83) impermeable (to water and other liquids)

84) to dust the unfired composition over the ware

85) spraying

86) trailing

87) to brush on a thin slurry

88) a refractory spur

89) to prevent glazed wares sticking to kiln furniture

90) salt-glazing

91) to introduce salt to the kiln

92) to volatize depositing

93) to form a sodium aluminosilicate glaze

94) ash glazing

95) the combustion of plant matter

96) ash derived from arable crop wastes

97) to value the unpredictability

98) a variable nature of the raw material

II. Match the beginnings and endings, then make sentences.

to apply to the surface

pigments

a more varied

made by fusing

prior

to give the final product

Agate

to produce a polished

used by potters

palette of colors

to forming

a required texture

before glazing

powdered glass to a substrate

derived from oxides

finish

wares

from pre-historic times

62

Names: Far East, the Catawba Valley Pottery (pottery made in the Catawba River District of

Western North Carolina), the United States

III. Read the text and explain the meaning of the words in bold:

Pottery may be decorated in a number of ways including:

Underglaze decoration

Underglaze is a method of decorating ceramic articles. The decoration is

applied to the surface before glazing. Such decoration is completely durable

because the glaze subsequently covers it, but since the subsequent glost firing is

used at a higher temperature (than in on-glaze decoration), the range of available

colors is more limited. It uses pigments derived from oxides which fuse with the

glaze when the piece is fired in a kiln.

Illustration 33: Underglaze Decoration (commons.wikimedia.org)

Underglaze may be applied by brush strokes, air brush, or by pouring the

underglaze into the mold covering the inside, creating a swirling effect, then the

mold is filled with slip.

In-glaze decoration

In-glaze is a method of decorating ceramic articles where the decoration is

applied on the surface of the glaze before the glost fire so that it matures

simultaneously with the glaze.

63

Illustration 34: In-Glaze Decoration (www.timorousbeasties.com)

On-glaze decoration

On-glaze is a method of decorating ceramic articles where the decoration is

applied after glazing. When the ware is fired, or re-fired in the case of twice-fired

ware, the colors fuse into the glaze, and so the decoration becomes durable.

Because the decorating fire can be at a lower temperature with on-glaze decoration,

a more varied palette of colors is available than with underglaze decoration.

Illustration 35: On-Glaze Decoration (valputaruru.blogspot.com )

Enamel

Vitreous enamel, also known as porcelain enamel in US English, is a

material made by fusing powdered glass to a substrate by firing, usually between

750 and 850 °C (1,380 and 1,560 °F). The powder melts, flows, and then hardens

to a smooth, durable vitreous coating on metal or on glass, or ceramics. The term

"enamel" is most often restricted to work on metal.

64

Illustration 36: Enamel Decoration (andrewbaseman.com)

Additives

Additives can be worked into the clay body prior to forming to produce

desired effects in the fired wares. Coarse additives such as sand and grog (fired

clay which is finely ground) are sometimes used to give the final product a

required texture. Contrasting colored clays and grogs are also used to produce

patterns in the finished wares. Colorants, usually metal oxides and carbonates, are

added singly or in combination to achieve a desired color. Combustible particles

can be mixed with the body or pressed into the surface to produce texture.

Agateware

Agateware is named after its resemblance to the quartz mineral agate which

has bands or layers of color that are blended together. Agate wares are made by

blending clays of differing colors together, but not mixing them to the extent that

they lose their individual identities. The wares have a distinctive veined or mottled

appearance.

Illustration 37: Agate Ware (www.alaintruong.com)

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Banding

Banding is the application (by hand or by machine) of a band of color to the

edge of a plate or cup. Also known as "lining", this operation is often carried out

on a potter's wheel.

Illustration 38: Banding Wheel Ceramic Piece (graficks.com)

Burnishing

The surface of pottery wares may be burnished prior to firing by rubbing

with a suitable instrument of wood, steel or stone to produce a polished finish that

survives firing. It is possible to produce very highly polished wares when fine

clays are used or when the polishing is carried out on wares that have been

partially dried and contain little water, though wares in this condition are

extremely fragile and the risk of breakage is high.

Illustration 39: Burnishing (ceramicartsdaily.org)

Engobe

Engobe is a clay slip that is used to coat the surface of pottery, usually

before firing. Its purpose is often decorative though it can also be used to mask

66

undesirable features in the clay. Engobe slip may be applied by painting or

dipping to provide a uniform, smooth and coating. Engobe has been used by

potters from pre-historic times until the present day.

Illustration 40: Engobe Decoration (gallagherpottery.com)

Litho

Litho is a commonly used abbreviation for lithography, although the

alternative names of transfer print or "decal" are also common. These are used to

apply designs to articles. The litho comprises three layers: the color or image, layer

which comprises the decorative design; the cover coat, a clear protective layer

which may incorporate a low-melting glass; and the backing paper on which the

design is printed by screen printing or lithography.

Illustration 41: Litho Ceramic Tile (www.zazzle.com)

Gold

Gold is a suspension of gold powder in essential oils mixed with a flux and a

mercury salt extended. This can be applied by a painting technique. Such a type of

gold decoration is dull as taken from the kiln, and requires burnishing to bring out

the full color.

67

Illustration 42: Gold Enamel Decoration (www.rubylane.com)

Glazing

Glaze is a glassy coating on pottery, the primary purposes of which are

decoration and protection. One important use of glaze is to render porous pottery

vessels impermeable to water and other liquids. Glaze may be applied by dusting

the unfired composition over the ware or by spraying, dipping, trailing or brushing

on a thin slurry composed of the unfired glaze and water. The color of a glaze

before firing may be significantly different than afterwards. Special refractory

"spurs" are used as supports to prevent glazed wares sticking to kiln furniture

during firing. These are removed and discarded after the firing.

Illustration 43: Two tiles painted with polychrome glazes over a white glaze (en.wikipedia.org)

Some specialized glazing techniques include:

Salt-glazing: the salt is introduced to the kiln during the firing process. The

high temperatures cause the salt to volatize depositing it on the surface of the ware

to react with the body to form a sodium aluminosilicate glaze. In the 17th and 18th

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centuries salt-glazing was used in the manufacture of domestic pottery. Now,

except for use by some studio potters, the process is obsolete.

Ash glazing: ash from the combustion of plant matter is used as the flux

component of glazes. The source of the ash was generally the combustion waste

from the fuelling of kilns although the potential of ash derived from arable crop

wastes, has been investigated. Ash glazes are of historical interest in the Far East

although there are reports of small-scale use in other locations such as the Catawba

Valley Pottery in the United States. They are limited to small numbers of studio

potters who value the unpredictability arising from the variable nature of the raw

material.

Post-text exercises

I. Answer the questions:

1. What is an underglaze decoration?

2. Why is such decoration completely durable?

3. What is the difference between in-glaze and on-glaze decoration?

4. What is vitreous enamel?

5. What additives are used to give the final product a required texture?

6. What technique is used to create agate ware pottery?

7. What application is known as ‘lining’?

8. What instrument is used to produce a polished finish?

9. What is engobe?

10. How long has engobe been used by potters?

11. Why does gold decoration require burnishing?

12. What is glazing?

13. What do glazing techniques include?

II. Define the main idea of each paragraph.

III. Decide which of the following words are connected with: a) underglaze decoration, b) enamel, c) agateware, d) litho, e) glazing

69

Slurry, decal, vitreous, porous, surface, agate, lithography, protection, unfired, substrate, spraying, image, dipping, resemblance, fusing, trailing, blending,

veined, mottled, porcelain, smooth, melt, before, flow, decoration, harden, durable IV. Circle the odd word out.

1. On-glaze decoration: after, twice-fired, durable, underglaze, varied, palette

2. Additives: clay, prior, oxides, coarse, sand, combustion, grog, contrasting

3. Burnishing: prior, firing, rubbing, wood, steel, stone, flux, polished, finish

4. Salt-glazing: high, aluminosilicate temperatures, volatize, react, sodium, ash

V. For questions 1-5, choose the correct answer (a), (b) or (c).

1. What does the 1-st paragraph mainly discuss?

a) the range of available colors b) a method of decorating articles

c) the types of decoration 2. Underglaze cannot be applied by

a) brush strokes b) air brush c) a stone tool

3. The phrase ‘vitreous enamel’ could be best replaced by

a) powered glass

b) substrate c) porcelain enamel

4. The phrase ‘agate ware’ is closest in meaning to

a) glass ware

b) agate stone c) the pottery decorated with a combination of contrasting colored clays

5. The word ‘flux’ in the last paragraph refers to

a) component

b) ash c) combustion

VI. Retell the text as if you were:

70

a) a studio potter b) an amateur

c) a professional artist VII. Give a brief summary of the text.

71

REVISION II

1. Give the English for:

1) художественная керамика

2) керамическая плита, черепица

3) столовая посуда

4) кустарные (гончарные) изделия

5) тессера

6) делать из глины

7) объекты декоративно-прикладного искусства

8) подвергать калению

9) плоские глиняные пластины

10) сдавливать (сжимать) плотные комки глины

11) создавать неповторимое произведение искусства

12) прессование гранулированных материалов

13) прессовать глину в форме

14) формование на гончарном круге

15) вращающийся формовочный механизм

16) плоская посуда

17) глубокая посуда

18) подвергать применению внешнего давления

19) керамическая сантехника

20) подглазурное декорирование

21) глазурный обжиг

22) декорирование поверх глазури

23) стекловидная эмаль

24) керамическая эмаль

25) смешивать глины разных цветов

26) кольцевание

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27) полирование

28) обожженная огнеупорная глина

29) эмалированная посуда

30) глянцевая отделка (лощение)

31) глина тонкого помола

32) роспись на керамике

33) суспензия порошкообразного золота

34) глазурование солью

35) глазурование золой

2. Insert the words from the vocabulary:

1) Elements of …….. art, upon which different degrees of emphasis have been placed at different times, are the ……. of the object, its decoration by painting,

……… and other methods, and the ……… found on most ceramics.

2) The …… is pressed into the mould by a …….. die through which water is pumped at high ……….. .

3) In large-scale factory production, ……….. and ………. are usually ………., which allows the operations to be carried out by semi-skilled labor.

4) It uses ............ derived from oxides which …….. with the glaze when the piece is

……….. in a kiln.

5) The powder ……., flows, and then …….. to a smooth, durable vitreous ……….

on metal or on glass, or ceramics.

6) ……….., usually metal oxides and carbonates, are added singly or in

combination to achieve a ……… color.

7) ……. wares are made by ……… clays of differing colors together but not

………. them to the extent that they lose their individual identities.

8) The surface of …….. wares may be ……….. prior to firing by rubbing with a

suitable instrument of wood, steel or stone to produce a ………. finish that survives firing.

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9) The …….. comprises three …….: the color or image, layer which comprises the ………. design; the cover ……, a …… protective layer and the backing paper on

which the design is printed by screen ……… or lithography.

10) The high …….. cause the …… to volatize depositing it on the surface of the

ware to ……. with the …….. to form a sodium aluminosilicate glaze.

3. Translate into English:

1) Слово ‘керамика’ обозначает глину, прошедшую обжиг. 2) Гончарная керамика имеет черепок красно-коричневого цвета и большую

пористость.

3) Изделия можно покрывать разными глазурями и расписывать цветными глиняными красками – ангобами.

4) Краски для росписи брали того же химического состава, что и глазурь,

однако их существенной частью были окиси металлов, которые выдерживали большую температуру.

5) В технологии керамики применяются несколько способов формования

изделий: из пластичных масс, полусухое прессование и литье из шликеров.

6) Глина используется для изготовления посуды, кафеля и предметов сантехники или для поделок из глиняных пластин.

7) Эмаль – тонкое стекловидное покрытие, получаемое высокой температурной обработкой.

8) Золотые краски создают дополнительный декоративный эффект на

изделии.

9) Коллекция красок, подобранная по оттенкам и условиям нанесения (температуре и др.), составляет палитру-основу для работы художника- декоратора или дизайнера.

10) Для подглазурного декорирования используют также соли; смешиванием

основных растворов солей составляют цветовую палитру.

74

III

METAL ART

Illustration 44: Turkey Art Clay Silver Enamel by Fatma Nur Bayaktar

(http://www.metalarts.net)

Illustration 45: Bronze Clay, PMC, Mixed Media - Jennifer Kahn (The USA) (http://www.metalarts.net

75

Text A

THE HISTORY OF METAL ART

Lead-in

1. What statues of high quality do you know? 2. What metal are the sculptures made of?

3. Can the metal artwork be damaged by salty air or wind?

Pre-text exercises

I. Read and translate the following words and word combinations:

1) a crude beginning

2) hammering daily metal objects

3) metal statues of people and activities

4) a funeral mask

5) metal art

6) to represent the heart and soul of mankind

7) to craft a work of art from ores of the earth

8) bronze

9) tin

10) lead

11) silver

12) iron

13) the Early Bronze Age

14) to hammer cups and bowls for a decorative effect

15) to reveal a crude artistic endeavor

16) to trace metal art

17) geographical findings

18) elaborate masks

19) to develop a sense of art

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20) to develop a desire to create

21) to be vital to understanding human history

22) to design and create things for aesthetic value

23) to reveal an interest in design

24) to see the many stages of art

25) to appreciate art

26) metalwork

II. Match the beginnings and endings, then make sentences.

crude beginnings in the form of

design slowly emerged

metal art can be defined

reveal artistic endeavors

develop a sense of art and

born with a desire

create things not only for practical uses

allow us to see

as any work of art

a desire to create

hammering daily metal objects

through hammering metal

on cups, bowls…

but also for aesthetic value

to design and create things

many stages of art

Names: Troy, Richard Tansey (the author of Gardner's Art through the Ages), the

Neolithic Age, Mesopotamia, Mycenae, the Aegean age, Egypt, Greek, African,

European

III. Read the text and explain the meaning of the words in bold:

The history of metal art extends almost as far back as archeologists can dig.

Metal art has crude beginnings in the form of hammering daily metal objects.

Design slowly emerged on cups, bowls, vases, masks and jewelry. Metal statues of

people and activities are also popular even in ancient times. From funeral masks to

jewelry and fantastic statues, metal art represents the heart and soul of mankind

through the desire to create.

77

Facts

Metal art can be defined as any work of art that is crafted from ores of the

earth, including bronze, gold, tin, lead, silver and iron. Metal art can be decorative

or useful. For example, in the Early Bronze Age, cups and bowls were hammered

for a decorative effect. Over time, metalwork became more decorative and metal

sculptures demonstrate this most clearly.

History

The history of metal art can be traced as far back as 7000 B.C. The Early

Bronze Age reveals crude artistic endeavors primarily through hammering metal.

Artifacts found at Troy include copper, bronze, iron, silver, gold and lead. Knives,

cups, bowls, vases and jewelry sculpted with decorative figures and patterns are

present from some of the earliest civilizations. The Bronze Age demonstrates

artwork that dates back as far as 2000 B. C. Tracing metal art distinguishes the

artistic development of mankind.

Geography

Some of the earliest metal art according to Richard Tansey, author of

‘Gardner's Art through the Ages’, researchers have dated metal art back to the

Neolithic Age. Mesopotamia was "ahead of Egypt" (Tansey, 35) in many areas

including metalwork. Other early geographical findings place crude metalwork in

Mesopotamia, Mycenae and the Aegean age. Egypt is perhaps one of the most

popular areas noted for metal art with its elaborate masks, jewelry, pottery and

ornaments. Greek, African and European metal art developed and spread as man

developed a sense of art and a desire to create.

Significance

The significance of metalwork is vital to understanding human history.

Mankind is born with a desire to design and create things not only for practical

uses, but also for aesthetic value. Ancient cups and bowls reveal an interest in

design, and allow us to see many stages of art. History also allows us to

appreciate art when we see how it has developed.

78

Post-text exercises

I. Answer the questions:

1. How far back does the history of metal art extend?

2. Were metal statues of people and activities popular in ancient times?

3. Why can metal art be defined as any work of art?

4. What ancient geographical areas did metal art include?

5. What was one of the most popular areas noted for metal art?

6. Is the significance of metalwork vital? Why?

7. Can ancient metal artifacts allow us to see many stages of art?

II. Define the main idea of each paragraph.

III. Decide which of the following words are connected with: a) history, b)

geography, c) significance

Appreciate, findings, Neolithic, dig, reveal, interest, represent, practical, mask,

value, understanding, sense, crude, archeologists, extend, ancient, demonstrate, early, back, trace, Mesopotamia, civilizations, artistic, hammering, stages

IV. For questions 1-5, choose the correct answer (a), (b) or (c).

1. What does the 1-st paragraph mainly discuss?

a) the geographical areas b) some historical facts

c) a short preface 2. Metal art cannot be defined as

a) any work of art b) decorative

c) out-of-date

3. The word ‘metalwork’ could be best replaced by

a) the skill of making things out of metal b) forms of metal c) a hammer

4. The phrase ‘a sense of art’ is closest in meaning to

a) a sense of natural perspective

79

b) aesthetic education c) aesthetic sensibility

5. The word ‘it’ in the last paragraph refers to

a) history b) art

c) design

V. Retell the text as if you were:

a) an archeologist b) a metal sculptor

c) a tourist

VI. Give a brief summary of the text

Illustration 46: Egypt: An Introduction to an Egyptian Art (www.touregypt.net)

80

Illustration 47: Anglo-Saxon Art (en.wikipedia.org)

Illustration 48: Metal Work (Iran) (www.irantravelingcenter.com)

81

Illustration 49: Mesopotamia Gold (www.metmuseum.org )

Illustration 50: Ewer, 7th–6th century B.C. Phoenician; Bronze (www.metmuseum.org)

82

Text B

METAL ART PAINTING

Pre-text exercises

I. Read and translate the following words and word combinations:

1) to follow a few simple steps

2) to make the process simple

3) to make the process as efficient as possible

4) to apply techniques to metal art projects

5) painting appliances

6) mailboxes

7) old tins

8) to remove rust

9) smooth

10) to adhere correctly

11) to cause an uneven, gritty appearance

12) the removal process

13) a wire brush

14) to scrub off the dirt and rust

15) to clean the piece with a strong, residue-free cleaner

16) to scrub with soap and water

17) anti-corrosive

18) latex-free primer

19) to guarantee a dry finish

20) tacky

21) a composite

22) to apply two coats of paint to the piece

23) a semi-gloss coating

24) a high-gloss coating

83

25) to go smoothly over the primer

26) to compromise the color

27) to cause unevenness in color

28) to narrow down a type of paint

29) a spray paint

30) an acrylic

31) a zinc chromate primer

32) to prevent a corrosion

33) an exterior paint

34) versatile

35) metal wall art

36) craft paints

37) to be displayed outdoors on a patio (or fence)

38) to customize the art

II. Match the beginnings and endings, then make sentences.

make the process simple

practice safety from

cause an uneven and

use an oil-based or anti-corrosive

go smoothly

used on everything

paint ideal

gritty appearance

over the primer

chemicals in this process

latex-free primer

and as efficient as possible

from metal to wood

for wall art

III. Read the text and explain the meaning of the words in bold:

How to paint on Metal Art

Painting metal can be a tricky task, but following a few simple steps will

make the process simple and as efficient as possible. These techniques can be

applied to metal art projects like painting appliances, mailboxes, old tins and

anything else metal. Always practice safety from chemicals in this process by

wearing thick gloves and working outdoors, or by an open window.

84

Instructions

1. First and foremost, prepare the metal to be painted by removing all of the

rust and dirt. This is important because if the piece to be painted isn't smooth, the

paint will not adhere correctly. It will also cause an uneven, gritty appearance. The

removal process is completed by using a wire brush to scrub off the dirt and rust,

then cleaning the piece with a strong, residue-free cleaner. If you are not

comfortable using chemicals and cleaners, scrubbing with soap and water is also

effective.

2. Use an oil-based or anti-corrosive, latex-free primer. Allow the primer at

least 24 hours to dry, due to the fact that primer is generally heavy, it takes a little

longer to dry out. The 24 hours will guarantee a dry finish. Remember, the primer

will not always feel wet or tacky if it is still wet. This is due to the composite and

heaviness, so be patient and wait the full amount of time.

3. Use a good-quality brush to apply two coats of paint to the piece once

you've decided the type of finish you want. Remember to use a high-quality paint.

A quality semi-gloss or high-gloss will go smoothly over the primer when it is dry.

Applying two coats is the general rule here for a long lasting paint job. Applying

only one coat will compromise the color and quality of the paint job. Be sure not

to overdo it! Three or more coats of the paint will cause unevenness in color and

make the piece darker or heavier than intended. The drying time will also be much

longer.

The best paints for Metal Wall Art

Narrowing down a type of paint to use on metal can be difficult. There are a

number of paints that adhere to metal, but they all have a different longevity.

Spray paint or acrylic is best on metal after applying a zinc chromate primer. The

zinc chromate will prevent any corrosion. Once applying the primer, you can also

use any exterior paint on the metal and it will hold up as well.

Acrylic

Acrylic paint is versatile enough that it can be used on everything from

metal to wood. On metal wall art, it is ideal because you can decorate as you please

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using a variety of brushes. After applying a zinc chromate base, you can begin to

paint accordingly after it has dried over the course of 24 hours. Unlike other craft

paints, acrylic takes 24-48 hours to fully dry after it has been applied. When you

need to exhibit your art in a hurry, acrylic may not be the best option. Otherwise, it

is ideal for customizing and taking your time.

Spray paint

Spray paint is a quick and easy paint option for both metal and wood. It

adheres seamlessly and takes a short amount of time to dry. After applying a zinc

chromate primer, spray paint can last an extended period of time on any metal. The

downside of using spray paint is harder to customize. Unlike acrylic, which is

applied with a brush, spray paint is typically just used to coat a general area. You

always have the option to go back and add details with another type of paint on top

of the spray painted area if it has dried.

Exterior paint

Exterior paint is another type that adheres well to metal as long as it is

coated with a zinc chromate primer. While it can be pricier than the other options,

it typically has the best longevity. Exterior paint is also ideal for wall art that will

be displayed outdoors on a patio or fence, as oppose to indoors where it is safe

from the elements. Like acrylic, you can use a brush to customize the art using

exterior paint.

Post-text exercises

I. Answer the questions:

1. What techniques can be applied to metal art projects?

2. Is the process safe from chemicals?

3. What is the first step in metal art painting?

4. How is the removal process completed by?

5. Is scrubbing with soap and water effective?

6. What is the second step?

7. What will guarantee a dry finish?

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8. What is the general rule for a long lasting paint job?

9. Why can narrowing down a type of paint be difficult?

10. What is the difference between spray paint and exterior paint?

II. Define the main idea of each paragraph.

III. Decide which of the following words are connected with: a) instructions,

b) acrylic, c) spray paint, d) exterior paint

Adhere, applying, patio, quick, zinc, acrylic, dry, prepare, chromate, time, primer, customize, techniques, spray, versatile, coat, remove, paint, high-gloss, follow, guarantee, anti-corrosive, process, exterior

IV. For questions 1-5, choose the correct answer (a), (b) or (c).

1. What does the 1-st paragraph mainly discuss?

a) the instructions b) a definition

c) an introduction

2. The removal process is never completed by

a) coating with a zinc chromate primer b) cleaning the piece c) using a wire brush to scrub off the dirt and rust

3. The phrase ‘high-gloss coating’ could be best replaced by

a) high-class b) a surface shininess

c) an attractive appearance 4. The word ‘acrylic’ is closest in meaning to

a) a fiber

b) a color c) a paint

5. The word ‘coated’ in the last paragraph refers to

a) exterior paint

b) metal c) primer

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V. Retell the text as if you were:

a) a designer b) a metal sculptor c) a tourist

VI. Give a brief summary of the text.

Illustration 51: How to Paint Metal Art at Home (www.ehow.com)

Illustration 52: Metal Wall Art (www.allthingspaper.net)

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Illustration 53: Alwyn’s Adventures (alwynsadventures.tumblr.com)

Illustration 54: Wall Art Modern Metal Painting (www.sell-arts.com)

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Illustration 55: Metal Wall Art Décor (www.shopmadeinchina.com)

Illustration 56: Multi-Colored Paints in Metal Banks (www.123rf.com)

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Text C

HOW DOES METAL CASTING WORK?

Pre-text exercises

I. Read and translate the following words and word combinations:

1) metal casting

2) a metalworker

3) to pour liquefied metal into a hollow cavity

4) to allow the metal to cool and harden inside

5) to give the desired size and shape

6) to be ejected from the cast

7) to make complex metal parts

8) highly customized metal parts

9) forging

10) welding

11) rolling

12) to obtain the necessary mold

13) detailed blueprints

14) a foundry

15) a caster

16) computer-aided design systems

17) to place the finished mold into a support frame

18) a cooling apparatus

19) melting

20) at a pre-determined rate

21) to become contaminated

22) to become unusable

23) gas bubbles

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24) to become extremely brittle

25) a metal cut sculpture

26) a metal shop

27) to create a metal masterpiece

28) diesel engine parts

29) bolts

30) a rocker arm

31) a diesel engine clip

32) to fashion parts into the right shapes

33) a jigsaw

34) TIG welder

35) a stick welder

36) a buffer

37) a sander

38) sharp edges

II. Match the beginnings and endings, then make sentences.

allow the metal to cool

manufacture forging

blueprints regarding

pour the molten metal

harden before

create metal

arrange the parts

the TIG welder is

the cast is completely filled

and welding

into the shape

into the cast

the size and shape

and harden inside

masterpiece

the most efficient tool

III. Read the text and explain the meaning of the words in bold:

Overview of metal casting

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Metal casting occurs when a metalworker pours liquefied metal into a

hollow cavity and then allows the metal to cool and harden inside. The hollow

cavity is the cast (or mold), and it gives the desired size and shape to the part being

manufactured.

The finished metal part is then ejected from the cast and polished. Metal

casting is used to make complex or highly customized metal parts that would be

difficult or expensive to manufacture through other means such as machining,

forging, welding or rolling.

The metal casting process

The first step in the metal casting process is to obtain the necessary mold.

Metalworkers generally send detailed blueprints regarding the size and shape of the

mold to a foundry which constructs the mold and ships it to the casters. Recently,

casters have begun to make their own molds with the use of computer-aided design

systems.

Metalworkers place the finished mold into a support frame which contains a

cooling apparatus. The melting of the metal occurs in a specific area of the

foundry; once the casting mold is in place, workers transfer molten metal from the

melting area to a large apparatus above the mold. The apparatus pours the molten

metal into the cast at a pre-determined rate regulated by a computer. Once the mold

is full, the cooling apparatus activates and causes the metal to harden. Finally, the

mold is opened and the finished piece is removed and cleaned.

Problems in the metal casting process

There are a number of problems that can occur during the metal casting

process. If the liquefied metal becomes contaminated, the resulting piece will not

be strong and may break when it is removed from the mold. Additionally,

contaminated metal may also harm the mold itself, causing it to become unusable.

Gas bubbles may also form in the metal part after it has cooled, which may also

cause the piece to become extremely brittle.

Finally, if the cooling apparatus does not function properly, the molten metal

may harden before the cast is completely filled causing the piece to be deformed.

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How to make a metal cut sculpture

Metal sculptures can be fascinating to observe, and they may lead you to

wonder how to go about creating one. In order to make a metal cut sculpture, you

must know how to weld. It also helps if you have a metal shop at your disposal.

However, if someone doesn’t have a metal shop, they can utilize. So as long as

you have metal parts, the right tools, and the knowledge to use these tools, you can

create your own metal masterpiece.

Instructions

1. Identify the parts you want to use in your sculpture. You can use any

metal parts that you find: diesel engine parts, bolts, etc. For instance, to make a

dog, the head could be a diesel engine part, the body might be a rocker arm, the

neck and legs could be made from bolts, and the tail might be a diesel engine clip.

2. Cut the metal parts in order to fashion them into the right shapes. Use a

jigsaw to do this. Note that it isn't always necessary to cut the metal parts; you can

choose to use them as they already are.

3. Arrange the parts into the shape you want them to make, and weld them

together with either a TIG welder or a stick welder. For example, if you want to

make the dog, weld the diesel engine part (the head) to a bolt which will become

its neck. Weld the neck bolt to one end of the rocker arm (the body). The end of

the rocker arm with the head and neck of the dog is now the front side, and the

back is where the tail (or diesel engine clip) will be welded. Lastly, weld the leg

bolts to the underside of the rocker arm.

4. Use a buffer or sander to clean the welded areas so that there are no sharp

edges, and so that your metal sculpture is nice and smooth.

Tips and warnings

A stick welder is easier to use than a TIG welder, but is harder to control. It

may cause you to melt through too many of your metal parts, leaving you with a

deformed sculpture. The TIG welder is the most efficient tool, because you have

more control over how much heat is applied to the metal.

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Warning! Operating the machinery mentioned in this article can be

dangerous. These tools should not be operated unless you have knowledge or

expertise in using them. Without prior knowledge you can burn, cut, or severely

dismember yourself.

Post-text exercises

I. Answer the questions:

1. What is metal casting?

2. Why is metal casting sometimes more preferable than forging or welding?

3. What is the first step in the metal casting process?

4. Can computer-aided design systems be used in making the molds?

5. How does the cooling apparatus function?

6. What problems can occur in the metal casting process?

7. What must you know to make a metal cut sculpture?

8. Can metal parts be used to make a sculpture?

9. What are the steps in creating a metal masterpiece?

10. What is the most efficient tool: a TIG welder or a stick welder?

II. Define the main idea of each paragraph.

III. Decide which of the following words are connected with: a) metal casting

process, b) metal cut sculpture, c) instructions, d) tips and warning

Cause, fashion, control, diesel, computer-aided, tools, dangerous, shapes, engine,

expertise, weld, dismember, sculptures, buffer, blueprints, sander, apparatus, clean, frame, metal parts, knowledge, masterpiece, shop, obtain, harden, mold

IV. For questions 1-5, choose the correct answer (a), (b) or (c).

1. What does the 1-st paragraph mainly discuss?

a) the instructions b) an overview

c) an introduction

2. The melting of the metal never occurs in a) a specific area of the foundry

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b) a large apparatus c) a computer-aided design systems

3. The phrase ‘cut sculpture’ could be best replaced by

a) a welded sculpture

b) a metal casting c) cut metal sheets

4. The word ‘acrylic’ is closest in meaning to

a) a fiber b) a color

c) a paint

5. The word ‘metal’ in the last paragraph refers to

a) an element with a shiny surface b) a sculpture

c) a substance

V. Retell the text as if you were:

a) a designer b) a metal sculptor c) a tourist

VI. Give a brief summary of the text.

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REVISION III

1. Give the English for:

1) художественная обработка металла

2) выковывать металлические объекты

3) развить кустарное (примитивное) художественное творчество

4) искусно сделанные маски

5) металлообработка

6) удалять ржавчину

7) вызвать неровную поверхность

8) полублестящее (полуматовое) покрытие

9) высокоглянцевое покрытие

10) негативно сказаться на цвете

11) аэрозольная краска

12) акриловая краска

13) краска для наружного применения

14) предотвратить коррозию

15) металлическое литье

16) слесарь по металлу

17) заливать расплавленный металл в полость формы

18) металлические детали, изготовленные по специальным техническим

требованиям заказчика

19) горячая обработка металла (выковывание)

20) сварка

21) накатывание (обработка поверхности)

22) литейный цех

23) поместить чистовую форму в опорную раму

24) охлаждающее устройство

25) сплавление

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26) резная скульптура из металла

27) металлический (корпусный) цех

28) смоделировать детали

29) шлифовальный станок

30) произведение искусства из металла

2. Insert the words from the vocabulary:

1) From funeral …… to jewelry and fantastic statues, ……. art represents the heart and soul of mankind through the desire to ……...

2) Knives, cups, ……, vases and jewelry ……… with decorative figures and patterns are present from some of the earliest civilizations.

3) The ……….. process is completed by using a wire brush to ……. off the dirt

and rust, then cleaning the piece with a strong, ……..-free cleaner. 4) These ……… can be applied to metal art …….. like …….. appliances,

mailboxes, old tins and anything else metal.

5) Applying two ……. is the general ……. here for a long lasting paint job.

6) Unlike other craft paints, ……… takes 24-48 hours to fully dry after it is been applied.

7) After applying a …… chromate primer, ……. paint can last an extended period of time on any metal.

8) The ……… cavity is the cast (or mold), and it gives the desired …… and shape to the part being manufactured.

9) So as long as you have metal ……, the right ……, and the knowledge to use

these tools, you can create your own metal masterpiece.

10) Gas …… may also form in the metal part after it has cooled, which may also cause the piece to become extremely ……….

3. Translate into English:

1) Художественная обработка металла - изготовление методом обработки металлов любых кованых изделий, имеющих свойства художественного произведения.

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2) Основным способом обработки металлов на протяжении длительного времени была ковка.

3) В настоящее время, наряду с ручным трудом кузнецов художественных мастерских, изготовление изделий ведется индустриальными методами.

4) В древности кузнецами-мастерами изготавливались маски, которые становились произведением искусства.

5) Форму и размеры заготовки изменяют ковкой.

6) Художественная обработка применяется в ювелирной практике для

декорирования поверхности изделия путем нанесения контурного узора.

7) Поверхность металла должна быть матовой – шлифованной, а не блестящей – полированной, так как блеск слепит глаза и затрудняет работу.

8) Краске дают высохнуть и на нее переносят рисунок, который покрывают лаком.

9) Скульптура - вид изобразительного искусства, произведения которого имеют объемную форму и выполняются из твердых или пластических

материалов - из глины, камня, металла.

10) Слово ‘скульптура’, помимо самого вида искусства, обозначает также каждое отдельное его произведение.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_glass

2. http://www.beerstein.net/articles

3. Glasscollector.net

4. http://www.englet.com/order

5. http://blogs.ubc.ca/vanoraguerard

6. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceramic_art

7. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pottery

8. http://www.ehow.com/about_5435976_history-metal-art

9. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart_glass

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CONTENTS

ВВЕДЕНИЕ …... ………………………………………………………………. 3

UNIT 1: ART GLASS . .……………..…………………………………………. 4

REVISION I …………………………………………………………………… 39

UNIT 2: ART POTTERY….. …………………………………………………. 43

REVISION II …………………………………………………………………...71

UNIT 3: METAL ART………………... ………………………………………74

REVISION III …………………………………………………………………..96

BIBLIOGRAPHY ……………………………………………………………. . 99

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Матвеева Елена Владимировна

ассистент кафедры иностранных языков № 1 АмГУ