A Second A Second ReconstructionReconstruction

Evolution of movement:Evolution of movement:• NAACP lawsuitsNAACP lawsuits• Church leadership Church leadership

(SCLC)(SCLC)• Student activists Student activists

(SNCC)(SNCC)• Black Black

Nationalists/Power Nationalists/Power (Nation of Islam, Black (Nation of Islam, Black Panthers, race riots)Panthers, race riots)

• 1968: Martin and Bobby1968: Martin and Bobby

I. Dividing LinesI. Dividing Lines• CRM not a single group: splintered, CRM not a single group: splintered,

merged, evolved, conflictingmerged, evolved, conflicting

A. CommunismA. Communism• ““Close ranks”: prove loyalty (a la WWI + II)Close ranks”: prove loyalty (a la WWI + II)

gain federal support (lesson of Reconstruction), gain federal support (lesson of Reconstruction), undermine Southern opponents (“outside undermine Southern opponents (“outside agitators”)agitators”)

• Problem: Communists most vehement + active Problem: Communists most vehement + active for racial equality (Scottsboro, organizing blacks, for racial equality (Scottsboro, organizing blacks, etc.)etc.)

• Problem: VietnamProblem: Vietnam• Ali: "I ain't got no quarrel with them Viet Cong ... Ali: "I ain't got no quarrel with them Viet Cong ...

They never called me nigger." They never called me nigger." • King: “Why are you speaking about war, Dr. King: “Why are you speaking about war, Dr.

King? Why are you joining the voices of dissent? King? Why are you joining the voices of dissent? Peace and civil rights don’t mix, they say. Aren’t Peace and civil rights don’t mix, they say. Aren’t you hurting the cause of your people, they ask? you hurting the cause of your people, they ask? And when I hear them, though I often And when I hear them, though I often understand the source of their concern, I am understand the source of their concern, I am nevertheless greatly saddened, for such nevertheless greatly saddened, for such questions mean that the inquirers have not really questions mean that the inquirers have not really known me, my commitment or my calling.”known me, my commitment or my calling.”

B. ClassB. Class• Claudette Colvin (March 2) and Mary Claudette Colvin (March 2) and Mary

Louise Smith (Oct. 21) vs. Rosa Parks Louise Smith (Oct. 21) vs. Rosa Parks (Dec. 1)(Dec. 1)

C. RaceC. Race• Martin Luther King (Dubois) vs. Martin Luther King (Dubois) vs.

Malcolm X (Washington)Malcolm X (Washington)– Later days move toward each otherLater days move toward each other

• Post-1964: division w/in SNCC Post-1964: division w/in SNCC (Stokely Carmichael, Black Power)(Stokely Carmichael, Black Power)

• Blacks and Jews: Jim Crow and Blacks and Jews: Jim Crow and Egypt; key in creation NAACP; Egypt; key in creation NAACP; quotas in colleges; 50% civil rights quotas in colleges; 50% civil rights lawyers + Freedom Summerlawyers + Freedom Summer

• BUT: decline anti-Semitism, class BUT: decline anti-Semitism, class divisions, Nation of Islam (Louis divisions, Nation of Islam (Louis Farrakhan)Farrakhan)

• Key: 1950s MLK a dangerous Key: 1950s MLK a dangerous radicalradical

• Rise of Malcolm XRise of Malcolm X MLK MLK moderate alternativemoderate alternative– Reform vs. revolution; reform to Reform vs. revolution; reform to

stop revolutionstop revolution– JFK (about Latin America): “Those JFK (about Latin America): “Those

who make peaceful revolution who make peaceful revolution impossible will make violent impossible will make violent revolution inevitable.”revolution inevitable.”

– Malcolm X: “…you will never get Malcolm X: “…you will never get real freedom and recognition real freedom and recognition between Black and White people in between Black and White people in this country without destroying the this country without destroying the country, without destroying the country, without destroying the present political system, without present political system, without destroying the present economic destroying the present economic system, without re-writing the system, without re-writing the entire Constitution. It’ll be a entire Constitution. It’ll be a complete destruction of everything complete destruction of everything that America supposedly stands for that America supposedly stands for before a White man in this country before a White man in this country will recognize a Black man as will recognize a Black man as something on the same level with something on the same level with himself.”himself.”

D. GenderD. Gender• Women’s (perceived) roles in CRM: sex Women’s (perceived) roles in CRM: sex

and typingand typing– Few leadership roles: Fannie Lou Hamer: Few leadership roles: Fannie Lou Hamer:

leader Mississippi Freedom Summer leader Mississippi Freedom Summer (1964)(1964)

– Ella Baker: “Participatory democracy” Ella Baker: “Participatory democracy” countering “messianic style” imported countering “messianic style” imported from black churches: “You didn't see me from black churches: “You didn't see me on television, you didn't see news stories on television, you didn't see news stories about me. The kind of role that I tried to about me. The kind of role that I tried to play was to pick up pieces or put together play was to pick up pieces or put together pieces out of which I hoped organization pieces out of which I hoped organization might come. My theory is, strong people might come. My theory is, strong people don't need strong leaders”don't need strong leaders”

• ““Black man’s hour”: 1964 Civil Rights Black man’s hour”: 1964 Civil Rights Act poison pill + EEOCAct poison pill + EEOC NOW (1966) NOW (1966)

E. SexualityE. Sexuality• Bayard Rustin: founded CORE, Bayard Rustin: founded CORE,

SCLC; molded MLK into non-SCLC; molded MLK into non-violent CRM leader; organized violent CRM leader; organized 1963 March on Washington 1963 March on Washington for Jobs and Freedomfor Jobs and Freedom

• Gay: fired from Fellowship Of Gay: fired from Fellowship Of Reconciliation 1953; head of Reconciliation 1953; head of NAACP (Roy Wilkins) fears NAACP (Roy Wilkins) fears former CPUSA member + former CPUSA member + gaygay easy target: FBI (photos easy target: FBI (photos + alleged relationship MLK) + + alleged relationship MLK) + Strom Thurmond: "communist, Strom Thurmond: "communist, draft dodger and homosexual“; draft dodger and homosexual“; 1960 resigns from SCLC1960 resigns from SCLC

II. The Beginning of the II. The Beginning of the End of Jim CrowEnd of Jim Crow

A. Factors for post-WWII movement:A. Factors for post-WWII movement:• 1) 21) 2ndnd Great Migration: out of Jim Crow South Great Migration: out of Jim Crow South

(but 1(but 1stst?)?)• 2) New Deal Coalition and jobs 2) New Deal Coalition and jobs

– Unions and outsourcing, to TennesseeUnions and outsourcing, to Tennessee• 3) WWII: ideology; 1950 deseg. Military (but 3) WWII: ideology; 1950 deseg. Military (but

WWI?)WWI?)• 4) Reemergence of NAACP: Legal Defense Fund4) Reemergence of NAACP: Legal Defense Fund

—Oliver Hill, “Mr. Civil Rights” Thurgood —Oliver Hill, “Mr. Civil Rights” Thurgood Marshall (Washington and DuBois?)Marshall (Washington and DuBois?)

• 5) Socio-economic: 1947-1951: average black 5) Socio-economic: 1947-1951: average black income roseincome rose more homeownership, more more homeownership, more educated (black college attendance 27,000educated (black college attendance 27,000 113,000 1930 to 1950)113,000 1930 to 1950) growth black middle growth black middle classclass higher expectations higher expectations

B. 1954: B. 1954: BrownBrown v. v. BoardBoard• Amicus curiae (friend of the court) briefs:Amicus curiae (friend of the court) briefs:

– Veteran groups calling for democracy as legacy of WWIIVeteran groups calling for democracy as legacy of WWII– Anti-Defamation League (Jews faced segregation in schools Anti-Defamation League (Jews faced segregation in schools

as well; quotas in Ivy League schools to limit Jewish as well; quotas in Ivy League schools to limit Jewish enrollment)enrollment)

– Psychologists: segregationPsychologists: segregation neg. self-esteem neg. self-esteem• 2003: 2003: Gratz Gratz and and GrutterGrutter v. v. BollingerBollinger: military argued in favor of : military argued in favor of

Michigan affirmative action because need diversity in militaryMichigan affirmative action because need diversity in military• 1954: districts ordered to immediately integrate1954: districts ordered to immediately integrate

rise KKK + Southern Manifesto (90 Congressmen): rise KKK + Southern Manifesto (90 Congressmen): “judicial usurpation,” judicial activism“judicial usurpation,” judicial activism– Tom DeLayTom DeLay

• However…However…• 1955: 1955: Brown IIBrown II

– ““clarification”: integrate “clarification”: integrate “with all deliberate speedwith all deliberate speed””• Whenever the school districts got around to itWhenever the school districts got around to it

– Better w/o Better w/o BrownBrown? Truly separate + equal better than gloss ? Truly separate + equal better than gloss of equality?of equality?

C. “A Gear Clicked in the C. “A Gear Clicked in the Universe”: Montgomery, Universe”: Montgomery,

Alabama: 1955Alabama: 1955• Summer 1955: Emmett Till Summer 1955: Emmett Till

murdermurder• Dec. 5 Rosa ParksDec. 5 Rosa Parks Bus boycott: Bus boycott:

381 days of economic protest381 days of economic protest• Persisted in face of threats of Persisted in face of threats of

violenceviolence• SCLCSCLC: Southern : Southern ChristianChristian

Leadership ConferenceLeadership Conference– Middle age ministers, moderate in Middle age ministers, moderate in

goals and methodsgoals and methods– Martin Luther King: charismatic, Martin Luther King: charismatic,

good sense of mediagood sense of media– Boycott failed: Supreme Court action Boycott failed: Supreme Court action

forced deseg. (forced deseg. (BrowderBrowder v. v. GayleGayle))

D. Little Rock HighD. Little Rock High• 1957: Gov. Orval Faubus, Arkansas 1957: Gov. Orval Faubus, Arkansas

National Guard to block integration by 9 National Guard to block integration by 9 black studentsblack students Ike sends 101 Ike sends 101stst Airborne: Airborne: lukewarm on civil rights, but echoes of Civil lukewarm on civil rights, but echoes of Civil WarWar– Violence against Little Rock 9: acid, lit dynamiteViolence against Little Rock 9: acid, lit dynamite

E. Greensboro, North CarolinaE. Greensboro, North CarolinaFeb 1, 1960: 4 college students sit-in at Feb 1, 1960: 4 college students sit-in at

Woolworth’s lunch counter (July: Woolworth’s lunch counter (July: Woolworth’s integrates)Woolworth’s integrates) spread to other spread to other cities and types (beaches, park benches, cities and types (beaches, park benches, swimming pools, libraries, museums)swimming pools, libraries, museums) SNCCSNCC

Ike: “deeply sympathetic with the efforts of Ike: “deeply sympathetic with the efforts of any group to enjoy the rights of equality any group to enjoy the rights of equality that they are guaranteed by the that they are guaranteed by the Constitution”Constitution”

III. The End of the III. The End of the BeginningBeginning

• A) 2001: A) 2001: Williams Williams v. v. CaliforniaCalifornia: de facto vs. de : de facto vs. de jurejure

• "This is the Mississippification of California's "This is the Mississippification of California's schools, a separate and unequal system for the schools, a separate and unequal system for the have-nots that would make Linda Brown have-nots that would make Linda Brown shudder."shudder."

• In schools that are 96.4% minority (compared In schools that are 96.4% minority (compared to 59% statewide):to 59% statewide):– As few as 13% of teachers have full credentialsAs few as 13% of teachers have full credentials– Too few textbooksToo few textbooks– Outdated textbooksOutdated textbooks– No access to libraryNo access to library– No music or art classesNo music or art classes– Too few guidance counselorsToo few guidance counselors– Heavy reliance on substitute teachersHeavy reliance on substitute teachers movies all movies all

day, everydayday, everyday

B. Voter Id LawsB. Voter Id Laws• Republican National Lawyers Association Republican National Lawyers Association

report: 311* acts of voter fraud* in the report: 311* acts of voter fraud* in the country in the last 13 yearscountry in the last 13 years

• 1947: NAACP (led by W.E.B. DuBois) went 1947: NAACP (led by W.E.B. DuBois) went to UN Human Rights Commission to get to UN Human Rights Commission to get action against US for voter suppressionaction against US for voter suppression

• March 2012: NAACP went to UN HRC to March 2012: NAACP went to UN HRC to get action against US for voter get action against US for voter suppressionsuppression

C. The New Jim CrowC. The New Jim Crow• Felony convictionFelony conviction disenfranchisement laws, disenfranchisement laws,

barred from food stamps, discrimination in hiring barred from food stamps, discrimination in hiring and housing and education, excluded from juries and housing and education, excluded from juries (basically all the limits on rights of Jim Crow)(basically all the limits on rights of Jim Crow)

• Stop and frisk programsStop and frisk programs• 2009: 39.4% of prison + jail population black, 2009: 39.4% of prison + jail population black,

20.6% Hispanic = 60% of incarcerated population20.6% Hispanic = 60% of incarcerated population• Blacks and Hispanics represent 13.6% and 16.3% Blacks and Hispanics represent 13.6% and 16.3%

of 2010 population, respectively (29.9% of total)of 2010 population, respectively (29.9% of total)• Black males 7x as likely to have a prison record as Black males 7x as likely to have a prison record as

white maleswhite males

What if Germany had a What if Germany had a prison and death penalty prison and death penalty system that system that disproportionately disproportionately affected Jews?affected Jews?