A Scientific Blow to Darwinism (Evolution), Irreducible Complexity. English

8/16/2019 A Scientific Blow to Darwinism (Evolution), Irreducible Complexity. English

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A SCIENTIFIC BLOW TO DARWINISM: IRREDUCIBLE

COMPLEXITY

Archaeology, a branch of science that sheds light on the history of life and

mankind...

Archaeologists carry out long and difficult excavations looking for clues,

such as tools, works of art, household items and the like, that can provide clues

about the history of life and living things.

Every remain they find is a discovery in the name of history, and an

important resource that can illuminate the history of life and of mankind.Coins, hand tools, kitchen equipment and decorative goods all provide

important clues about the lives of people in the past.

Archaeologists know that the items they find do not appear under the

ground by chance. Nobody has ever claimed that they do. Even if we do not

actually witness these items being made, we can still be certain of the existence

of people who designed and made them.

ogether with the information they contain, all these ob!ects and artefacts

are "intelligent designs.# hey were designed and produced for a specific purpose. hey reflect the labour, expertise, taste and intelligence of the artists

who made them.

$t would be quite irrational to suggest that any intelligent design came into

being by chance, under the effects of natural conditions.

%o what about life& 'ow should people who realise that even a simple

artefact from under the ground is the product of design account for the origin of

living things, each one of which has its own complexity&

(ankind has made enormous advances in science and technology since the

second half of the )*th century. +iscoveries in the fields of biophysics,

biochemistry and genetics in particular have shown scientists that the details that

go to make up life are of a far greater complexity than they had ever imagined.

'owever, scientists who became greatly excited at the discovery of a

simple remain were much less excited when they discovered the complex

structure of life. his dilemma was expressed by the American biochemist

(ichael ehe, one of today-s best known scientists

/ver the past four decades modern biochemistry has uncovered the secrets

of the cell. he progress has been hard won. $t has required tens of


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thousands of people to dedicate the better parts of their lives to the tedious

work of the laboratory0

he result of these cumulative efforts to investigate the cell to investigate

life at the molecular level is a loud, clear, piercing cry of 1design21 he

result is so unambiguous and so significant that it must be ranked as one of the greatest achievements in the history of science0

ut, no bottles have been uncorked, no hands clapped. 3hy does the

scientific community not greedily embrace its startling discovery& he

dilemma is that while one side of the 4issue5 is labeled intelligent design,

the other side must be labeled 6od. (ichael 7.ehe, Darwin's Black Box,

New 8ork 9ree :ress, ;)@

he cell and a great many living things in nature show us the superior

knowledge, intelligence and artistry of the Creator 3ho brought them into being. hat superior Creator is 6od, the ord of all the worlds.

“He is God – the Ce!to" the M!#e" the Gi$e o% Fo&' To Hi&

(e)o*+ the Most Be!,ti%,) N!&es' E$e-thi*+ i* the he!$e*s !*d e!th

+)oi%ies Hi&' He is the A)&i+ht-" the A)).Wise'/ 0S,!t !).H!sh" 123

he allegedly scientific theory which re!ects the creation of living things

and seeks to account for the origin of life in terms of blind chance is Charles

+arwin-s theory of evolution.

+arwin set out his theory in the book The Origin of Species, published in

;B


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would thus combine and give rise to new features, new organs, and new species.

he fact that this claim of +arwin-s is a totally imaginary one would only later

be revealed by means of advances in the field of science.

/n close inspection, this claim of +arwin-s, in an evolutionary process that

progressed from ; to stages, required that for a living species to survive eachindividual stage had to give rise to a more advantageous physiological structure

than the one preceding it. hat meant that the theory of evolution rested entirely

upon the assumption that living systems could be "reduced# to minute, but

advantageous steps.

seful features would be chosen by the mechanism +arwin referred to as

"natural selection,# and non?useful ones would be eliminated and disappear. $n

this way, beneficial small changes accumulating over the course of time would

in the long term lead to one species turning into another.

Dr. PAUL A. NELSON Philosopher of Science!

9or Charles +arwin, natural selection explained the appearance of design

without a designer. here was no longer any need to invoke an intelligent

cause for the complexity of life. $n effect, natural selection became a kind

of designer substitute.

his claim, however, could never account for exceedingly complex organs

and systems which are incapable of developing by degrees and which cannot be

reduced to a simpler form.

$rreducibly complex organs and systems that will cease to have any

function in the absence of any one of their components deal a serious blow to

the theory of evolution. hat is because it is impossible to propose that an organ

that will not function in the absence of even the smallest of its components

evolved gradually through a series of minute changes.

Charles +arwin was aware of this, and wrote in his book The Origin of

Species"

$f it could be demonstrated that any complex organ existed, which could not

possibly have been formed by numerous, successive, slight modifications,my theory would absolutely break down. ut $ can find out no such case.

Charles +arwin, The Origin of Species" A #acsi$ile of %he #irs% E&i%ion,

'arvard niversity :ress, ;


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carbon,# +arwin was unaware even of the meaning of the words genetics,

electron microscope or biochemistry.

8et scientific discoveries in the )*th century would lead the idea that life

was simple being consigned to the waste bin of history.

$n ;;, the 6erman scientist Ernst Duska invented the electron

microscope. $t was seen that cells, hitherto considered to be little lumps of

carbon, were actually extraordinarily complex life forms, capable of multiplying

on their own and producing energy, and with special defensive systems to

protect them from enemies. +arwin-s unrealistic idea that the first cell came into

existence by chance was thus totally invalidated.

$n ;


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he conclusion reached by modern?day palaeontology,

hese alone were sufficient to tear down the already unsteady foundations

of the theory of evolution proposed by +arwin. 'owever, one of the most

serious blows to the theory of evolution came only recently, from the field of

biochemistry

According to (ichael ehe, a professor of biochemistry at ehigh

niversity in :ennsylvania, it is impossible for the complex organs in living

things to have come about by means of natural selection and mutations, which

shows that the cell was created.

*+(AEL BE(E Bioche$is%, Lehigh Uni-ersi%)!

$t-s really interesting to notice that the more we know about life and the

more we know about biology the more problems +arwinism has and the

more design becomes apparent. 9or the longest time $ believed that+arwinian evolution explained what we saw in biology not because $ saw

how it could actually explain it but because $ was told that it did explain it.

$n schools $ was taught +arwinian biology. And through college and

graduate school, $ was in an atmosphere which !ust assumed that +arwinian

evolution explained biology. And again $ didn-t have any reason to doubt it.

$t wasn-t till about ten years or more ago that $ read a book called

E-ol%ion" A Theor) in risis by a geneticist by the name of (ichael

+enton, an Australian. And he put forward a lot of scientific arguments

against +arwinian theory that $ had never heard before. And the argumentsseemed pretty convincing. And at that point, $ started to get a bit angry

because $ thought $ was being led down a primrose path. 'ere were a

number of very good arguments and $ had gone through a doctoral program

by chemistry and became a faculty member and $ had never even heard of

these things. And so from that point on $ became very interested in the

question of evolution and since have decided that +arwinian processes are

not the whole explanation for life.

$n his book Darwins Black Box" The Bioche$ical hallenge %o E-ol%ion,

ehe describes how in +arwin-s time the living cell was a "black box# whosecontents were unknown, and how with the unravelling of the details within the

cell it emerged that it was actually a very complex structure.

he powerful evidence in ehe-s book was greeted with despair among

evolutionist circles, and the work itself was soon being discussed by well known

media organisations.

/ne of the points most concentrated on by ehe is that of irreducible

complexity.


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According to Charles +arwin-s assumptions, complex organs in living

things, such as the eye, ear and heart, assumed their present forms by means of

minute and gradual changes over billions of years.

%cientific research reveals, however, that it is impossible for these organs,

and in particular for the molecular machinery inside the cell, to have developedin stages. hese are very complex structures consisting of a combination of

small components. he system will serve no purpose at all if any of those

components fails to fulfil its function. 3ith these compound structures, these

organs and systems possess a complexity that cannot be reduced to a simpler

form.

he best known example of irreducible complexity is the whip mechanism

found in certain bacteria.

he bacterial flagellum, a whiplike extension, has been known for a longtime. /bservations in the last decade, however, astonished the scientific world

when they revealed its detailed structure. hat is because the whip was shown to

function not with a simple vibratory mechanism, as had been thought earlier, but

with a very complex "organic motor.#

acteria use the flagellum to move. his whip is the only organ in the

world of living things capable of a genuine rotating movement. hanks to this,

the bacterium moves in whichever direction it wishes, and can also make sudden

stops and maneuvers.

hanks to the flagellum-s spiral fibres and the engine in the root, the bacterium can spin like a propeller.

he engine that permits the bacteria to move consists of two separate

sections, the rotor and the stator, that provide a spinning movement within one

another. (oreover, instead of ready?stored energy, a flow of acid in the bacteria

membranes is used as a source of energy. he engine mechanism consists of F*

different components, a structure with a complexity that cannot be reduced to a

simple form.

Dr. /ONAT(AN 0ELLS Biologis%!"$f even one of these pieces is missing, or put in the wrong place, the motor

isn-t going to work. %o this apparatus to assemble the flagellum motor is

itself irreducibly complex.

he flagellum also possesses an internally complex structure. $ts organic

structure consists of )F* separate kinds of protein.

hese components cannot have come together in small changes over the

course of time to produce the bacterial flagellum, since every tiny component is

an organ that serves no purpose on its own. $n the absence of the engine system


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that provides the rotating movement, for example, the bacterium would still be

incapable of movement even if it somehow came into existence by chance.

According to the theory of evolution, organs that are not in use gradually

become vestigial and disappear. 9rom that point of view, in an evolutionary

process consisting of F* separate changes, any organ forming in the first stagewill be weeded out by natural selection, since it fails to fulfil any function, and

the evolutionary process will come to a halt right at the outset.

his scientific fact is outlined by +r. 7onathan 3ells

he important thing to realiGe about natural selection is that it selects only

for a functional advantage. $n most cases natural selection actually

eliminates things. hings that have no function or that have a function that

harms the organism. %o if you had a bacterium with a tail that didn-t

function as a flagellum, chances are natural selection will eliminate it. heonly way you can select for a flagellum is if you have a flagellum that

works and that means that you have to have all the pieces of the motor in

place to begin with. %o natural selection can-t get you the bacterial

flagellum, it can only work after the flagellum is there and operating.

his situation, which is true for the bacterial flagellum, also applies to its

other components and organs. (odern?day science reveals the meaninglessness

of the theory of evolution-s claim of "gradual development# in the face of the

complexity of the bacterial flagellum. $ndeed, no evolutionist biologist has been

able to account for the flagellum-s origins.he bacterial flagellum can only exist if all its components work flawlessly

and at the same time. his, in turn, means only one thing Creation 0

$n the same way that the engines that allow cars to move are the products of

superior engineering, so this mechanism that allows bacteria to move is the

product of a superior knowledge.

hat knowledge belongs to 6od, the ord of all the worlds.

iving things came into being not through a random, stage by stage

process, but were created from nothing in a single moment. Almighty 6odreveals this in these verses from the Jur-an

God 4e!ted e$e- !*i&!) %o& 5!te' So&e o% the& +o o* thei (e))ies"

so&e o% the& o* t5o )e+s" !*d so&e o* %o,' God 4e!tes 5h!te$e He

5i))s' God h!s 6o5e o$e !)) thi*+s' 0S,!t !*.N," 273

He is the Oi+i*!to o% the he!$e*s !*d e!th' Whe* He de4ides o*

so&ethi*+" He 8,st s!-s to it" 9Be/ !*d it is' 0S,!t !).B!;!!"


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he signs of creation in living things have now become a scientific concept and

are supported against +arwinism by the world-s best known scientists.

Among the most prominent names in this movement are those of :hillip

7ohnson from the niversity of California at erkeleyK 3illiam +embski from

($, Chicago and :rinceton niversitiesK %tephen C. (eyer who earned his :h.+. from Cambridge niversityK and :aul Nelson from Chicago niversity. As

well as maintaining that life did not come into existence by chance and that 6od

created all living things, these scientists hold seminars and conferences all over

the world.

Another organ that cannot be reduced to a simpler form is the ear. he

human ear consists of several components, and hearing is the result of all of

these working in harmony together.

A deficiency in any one of these components means that a person either becomes deaf or else suffers severe hearing difficulties.

rief details of how hearing actually takes place will enable us to

understand how complex the process is, as well as the sensitive balances on

which it is constructed.

As we know, hearing begins with vibrations moving through the air. hese

vibrations are reinforced in the auricle. $n this way the intensity of the sound

waves is amplified by approximately ;L decibels on entering the outer ear, from

where the sound vibrations reach the ear membrane.

he ear membrane is so sensitive that it can perceive vibrations of the

dimensions of a single molecule. $t is thanks to this sensitivity that in a silent

environment we can hear someone whispering from many metres away.

he ear membrane enhances the vibrations reaching it and transmits them

to the middle ear. 'ere there are three small bones, in contact with one another

in a very sensitive balance. hese three bones, known as the anvil, hammer and

stirrup, enhance the vibrations reaching them from the membrane.

he mechanical movements we have described so far begin turning into

sound in the region known as the inner ear. he inner ear contains a liquidcovered organ known as the cochlea.

he final component of the middle ear, the stirrup, is connected to a

membrane on the entrance to the cochlea. (echanical vibrations in the middle

ear are transmitted to the cochlea fluid by means of this membrane.

he vibrations reaching the inner ear set up a wave action in this fluid. he

inner walls of the cochlea are lined with small hair?like structures which are in

turn affected by the wave movements in the fluid. hese tiny hairs move

according to the wave motions in the cochleal fluid. $f a loud noise arrives, more


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of these hairs move, and in a more powerful manner. Every sound frequency in

the outside world sets up different reactions in these hairs.

9ine. ut what does the movement of these tiny hairs signify& 3hat

possible connection can these hairs in the cochlea in the inner ear have with our

listening to a classical music concert, recognising a friend-s voice, hearing thesound of a car and distinguishing millions of other sounds&

he answer to that question once again shows the magnificent complexity

of the ear. Each of these tiny hairs is actually a separate mechanism located on

)*,*** or so individual cells surrounding the inner wall of the cochlea. his

movement opens the ion channels in the cells lying beneath the hairs, and

permits the entry of ions into them.

3hen the hairs lie back in the other direction, the cell doors close. his

constant motion constantly changes the cells- chemical balances and allowsthem to produce electrical impulses. hese electrical impulses are transmitted by

nerves to the brain, where they are interpreted and converted into sound.

%cience has not yet unravelled all the technical details of this system. $n

producing these electrical signals, the cells in the inner ear manage to reflect the

frequency, force and rhythm of the waves from the outside world. his is such a

complex process that science has not yet been able to determine whether the

process of distinguishing frequencies takes place in the inner ear or in the brain.

All the information we have considered so far shows that our hearing organ,

the ear, possesses an extraordinary complexity. Close consideration shows that ithas an "irreducibly complex# structure. ecause in order for hearing to take

place, a great number of independent components need to exist together, fully

and perfectly formed.

$f !ust one of these, the "hammer# bone in the middle ear for instance, is

removed from the ear, or else suffers a structural defect, then one will no longer

be able to hear anything. $n order for the ear to hear, such different elements as

the external ear membrane, the anvil, hammer and stirrup bones, the cochlea and

the tiny hairs inside it, all have to exist in perfectly functioning form. he

system cannot develop in stages, because none of those stages on their own willserve any purpose.

o suggest that an organ as complex as the ear was built in stages by a

random process such as evolution, is both unscientific and irrational. /rgans

possessed of irreducible complexity in living things, such as these, totally

undermine the theory of evolution.

hey also reveal the fact that we are created by 6od. his same truth is

revealed in one of the verses of the Jur-an

S!-: 9It is He Who (o,+ht -o, i*to (ei*+ !*d +!$e -o, he!i*+" si+ht!*d he!ts' Wh!t )itt)e th!*#s -o, sho5/ 0S,!t !).M,)#" 1>3


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At the point we have arrived at today, science shows that life was created,

and reveals to us the omniscience of our Creator, Almighty 6od, the ord of all

the worlds...

SCREEN TEXTS:

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/MD :D/+C$/N

**.;)

his program is based on the works of 'arun 8A'8A. 9or more information,

please visit www.harunyahya.com

**.FF

A %cientific low to +arwinism$rreducible Complexity

Anvil, 'ammer, %tirrup

*>.;)

www.harunyahya.com

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:rof. (ichael ehe

/ver the past four decades modern biochemistry has uncovered the secrets of

the cell. he progress has been hard won. $t has required tens of thousands of

people to dedicate the better parts of their lives to the tedious work of thelaboratory0

he results of these cumulative efforts to investigate the cellto investigate life

at the molecular levelis a loud, clear, piercing cry of 1design21 he result is so

unambiguous and so significant that it must be ranked as one of the greatest

achievements in the history of science0

ut, no bottles have been uncorked, no hands clapped. 3hy does the scientific

community not greedily embrace its startling discovery& he dilemma is that

while one side of the 4issue5 is labeled intelligent design, the other side must be

labeled 6od. (ichael 7.ehe, +arwinOs lack ox, New 8ork 9ree :ress, ;)@

*.F)

'e is 6od P the Creator, the (aker, the 6iver of 9orm. o 'im belong the (ost

eautiful Names. Everything in the heavens and earth glorifies 'im. 'e is the

Almighty, the All?3ise. I%urat al?'ashr, )F@

*=.*;

+arwin, C

*B.)F

+arwin-s $magined ransitional 9orms %tarfish, 9ish

*


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9or Charles +arwin, natural selection explained the appearance of design

without a designer. here was no longer any need to invoke an intelligent cause

for the complexity of life. $n effect, natural selection became a kind of designer

substitute.

;*.*BCharles +arwin

$f it could be demonstrated that any complex organ existed, which could not

possibly have been formed by numerous, successive, slight modifications, my

theory would absolutely break down. ut $ can find out no such case. ICharles

+arwin, The Origin of Species A 9acsimile of the 9irst Edition, 'arvard

niversity :ress, ;


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chemistry and became a faculty member and $ had never even heard of these

things. And so from that point on $ became very interested in the question of

evolution and since have decided that +arwinian processes are not the whole

explanation for life.

;L.**$rreducible Complexity

;

+r. 7/NA'AN 3E% Iiologist@

$f even one of these pieces is missing, or put in the wrong place, the motor isn-t

going to work. %o this apparatus to assemble the flagellum motor is itself

irreducibly complex.

)).)

+r. 7/NA'AN 3E% Iiologist@

The important thing to realize about natural selection is that it selects

only for a functional advantage. In most cases natural selection actually

eliminates things. Things that have no function or that have a function

that harms the organism. So if you had a bacterium with a tail that didn’t

function as a flagellum, chances are natural selection will eliminate it.

The only way you can select for a flagellum is if you have a flagellum that

works and that means that you have to have all the pieces of the motor inplace to begin with. So natural selection can’t get you the bacterial

flagellum, it can only work after the flagellum is there and operating.

)F.FB 6od created every animal from water. %ome of them go on their bellies,

some of them on two legs, and some on four. 6od creates whatever 'e wills.

6od has power over all things. I%urat an?Nur, F@

).;) 'e is the /riginator of the heavens and earth. 3hen 'e decides on

something, 'e !ust says to it, "e2# and it is. I%urat al?aqara, ;;L@

).F

u ekran yaGQsQ SQkartQlacak )L.); Auricle

)L.>F Ear (embrane

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www.harunyahya.com

)B.*B

Anvil, 'ammer, %tirrup

)B.)=

Cochlea

>*.* Nucleus

http://www.harunyahya.com/http://www.harunyahya.com/


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>;.F=

Ear (embrane, Anvil, 'ammer, %tirrup, Cochlea

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%ay "$t is 'e 3ho brought you into being and gave you hearing, sight and

hearts. 3hat little thanks you show2# I%urat al?(ulk, )>@>>.) his program is based on the works of 'arun 8A'8A. 9or more

information, please visit www.harunyahya.com

A Scientific Blow to Darwinism (Evolution), Irreducible Complexity. English

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Transcript of A Scientific Blow to Darwinism (Evolution), Irreducible Complexity. English