A review of existing best practice manuals for carbon dioxide storage and regulation A desktop study prepared for the

Global CCS Institute by CO2CRC

March 2011

CO2CRC PARTICIPANTS

Established and supported under the Australian Government’s Cooperative Research Centres Programme

CSIROCurtin UniversityGeoscience AustraliaGNS ScienceMonash UniversitySimon Fraser UniversityUniversity of AdelaideUniversity of MelbourneUniversity of New South WalesUniversity of Western Australia

Core Research

Participants

Supporting

Participants

Industry & Government

ParticipantsAnglo AmericanANLECR&DBG GroupBHP BillitonBP Developments AustraliaBrown Coal Innovation AustraliaChevronDept. of Primary Industries - VictoriaFoundation of Research Science & TechnologyINPEXKIGAMNSW Government Dept. Industry & InvesmentQueensland Energy Resources LtdQueensland GovernmentRio TintoSASOLShellSolid EnergyStanwell CorporationSchlumbergerTotalWestern Australia Dept. of Mines and PetroleumXstrata Coal

Lawrence Berkeley National LaboratoryProcess Group The Global CCS InstituteUniversity of QueenslandGovernment of South Australia

Cooperative Research Centre for Greenhouse Gas Technologies (CO2CRC) GPO Box 463 Ground Floor NFF House, 14-16 Brisbane Avenue, Barton ACT 2600 CANBERRA ACT 2601 Phone: +61 2 6120 1600 Fax: +61 2 6273 7181 Email: pjcook@co2crc.com.au Web: www.co2crc.com.au

© CO2CRC 2011

Unless otherwise specified, the Cooperative Research Centre for Greenhouse Gas Technologies (CO2CRC) retains copyright over this publication through its incorporated entity, CO2CRC Ltd. You must not reproduce, distribute, publish, copy, transfer or commercially exploit any information contained in this publication that would be an infringement of any copyright, patent, trademark, design or other intellectual property right.

Requests and inquiries concerning copyright should be addressed to the Communication Manager, CO2CRC, GPO Box 463, CANBERRA, ACT, 2601. Telephone: +61 2 6120 1600.

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Overview Since 2007 there have been numerous publications released covering the best practices, guidelines and standards for CO2 storage. These range from very topic-specific manuals to those covering the entire CCS chain including transport. There is a wide range in the level of detail that is covered, with some offering overviews of the concepts, some offering highly detailed discussions and others providing the technical operations, calculations and geologic parameters that went into real world projects. In the end, a comprehensive database of best practices for the bulk of issues necessary for CO2 storage currently exists.

The following is a brief summary of the manuals and guidelines that have been published, a list of those that have been announced and are awaiting publication and several additional resources that were thought to be of importance but have been either superseded by more recent manuals or are of limited scope and presentation. Additionally, the published manuals and guidelines have been placed into tabular form illustrating (broadly) the topics covered and the level of coverage provided.

Acronyms BPM – Best Practice Manual

CCLP – Carbon Capture Legal program

CSA – Canadian Standards Association

DNV – Det Norske Veritas

DoE – Department of Energy

EOR – Enhanced Oil Recovery

IEA – International Energy Agency

IPAC-CO2 – International Performance Assessment Centre for Geologic Storage of CO2

JIP – Joint Industry Partners

M&V – Monitoring and Verification

NETL – National Energy Technology Laboratory

RCSP – Regional Carbon Sequestration Partnerships

SACS – Saline Aquifer CO2 Storage

UCL – University College London

WRI – World Resource Institute

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Publicly released best practice manuals (BPMs)

SACS - Sleipner - Schwarze

Pumpe -

Kalundborg

- Mid Norway

- The Valleys

Best practice for the storage of CO2 in saline aquifers (2008)

Undergone several revisions since first being published in 2003 covering the Sleipner Project. The latest version is a comprehensive 277 page manual published in 2008. It is focused on all aspects of storage in saline aquifers from identifying ideal reservoir and seal properties to capacity estimation, predictive flow modelling, geochemical and geomechanical site characterization and includes operating the site. It also covers cost estimation, transport needs, monitoring plan design and history matching based on monitoring data and safety and risk assessment procedures. The information is presented through case studies of what was done and learned at 5 separate projects including Sleipner and Schwarze Pumpe.

NETL - Non-site specific - Case study on Illinois project

Best practices for: Site screening, site selection, and initial characterization for storage of CO2 in deep geologic formations (November 2010)

The US DoE, through NETL, has released several BPMs on CCS. This one relates specifically to the needs of a generic CCS project covering all possible opportunities and what is necessary to select and characterize a site. It addresses this from a fundamental standpoint covering basic scientific understanding and only occasionally inserting application examples. The report is a 110 page comprehensive discussion of ‘what you need to know’ with regard to storage. It covers identifying and developing all potential injection sites and requirements for each type (saline/depleted reservoir/coal), data analysis, injection strategies, model development and refinement, capacity estimation and overall suitability analysis. It also includes social and environmental considerations in developing and operating a site. It does not cover simulation, risk and monitoring to a technical level as there are separate BPMs published to cover these.

NETL - Non-site specific

Risk analysis and simulation for geologic storage of CO2 (Still in DRAFT)

As with the site screening BPM, NETL has produced a generic (i.e. non site specific) publication that includes both an understanding of what risk and numerical simulation is and why it is an essential aspect to CCS. Although not specifically addressed, this BPM was developed from the lessons learned at numerous projects run by the RCSP. The BPM includes, for risk: fundamentals, identification, assessment (including quantifying) characterization and mitigation; and for simulation the many different processes (thermal, chemical, biological, etc…) that are required for accurate simulation. The BPM then covers how risk plans and numerical simulations can be applied separately and

together to a CCS project in order to handle the potential risks of a CCS site.

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NETL - Strandplain - Nugget - Mt. Simon - San Joaquin - Williston + Others to lesser extent

Best practices for: Monitoring, verification, and accounting of CO2 stored in deep geologic formations (January 2009)

Comprehensive BPM addressing the need for and requirements of a monitoring program at a CCS project. It covers atmospheric, near-surface, and subsurface monitoring, simulation techniques, geophysical techniques, geochemical techniques and crustal and surface techniques. It covers pre-operational, operational, and post-operational phases of monitoring and provides a discussion on possible regulatory requirements. It also utilizes numerous case studies and international projects to address what has been achieved so far and what will be required in the future.

NETL - Provides tables showing geology of all RSCP projects

Best practices for: Geologic storage formation classification: Understanding its importance and impacts on CCS opportunities in the United States (September 2010)

Written for the purpose of understanding and applying geology to a CCS project. It begins with a background on geology covering geological terminology, rock types and how they fit into CCS and which are most suitable. It then becomes more technical (although written for non-geologists) covering different depositional environments and what each one means for CCS. Although an essential part of successfully developing a CCS project, this BPM covers only a very specific topic, that being: understanding how geology affects a CCS project.

NETL - Non-site specific

Best Practices for: Public outreach and education for carbon storage projects (December 2009)

Community engagement has been stressed as a very important aspect of successfully developing a CCS project and this BPM takes the short social outreach discussion from the site screening BPM and expands it using a generic approach combining lessons learned from numerous projects in a non-specific way. It covers the importance of public outreach and then covers how public outreach should be integrated into the development of the project. It covers identifying stakeholders, an information gathering practice termed ‘social characterization’, developing plans and strategies, and helps to clarify what key messages should be and how to tailor them to a public audience.

WRI - Non-site specific

Guidelines for CCS (2008)

Covers the entire CCS process (Capture, transport, storage) and therefore is unable to achieve the same level of detail as other BPMs. It becomes more of an overview of a theoretical project development and what proponents ‘should’ consider and do to be successful. It is best described as a dictionary of CCS project aspects as opposed to a BPM. That being said, it does not call itself directly a best practice manual.

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WRI - Barendrecht - Wallula - FutureGen - Otway - Jamestown - CHP

Guidelines for community engagement in CCS (October 2010)

Comprehensive review of the CCS community engagement process including understanding the importance of community engagement, understanding the needs of different stakeholders, applying community engagement to the specifics of CCS throughout the entire life of a project, how to cover impacts and risks effectively and what reactions to expect. It also addresses the best practice for presenting and exchanging information and then provides numerous examples from around the world of the case studies where these lessons were learned.

DNV - Non-site specific

Guideline for selection and qualification of sites and projects for geological storage of CO2 (February 2010)

A step by step guide to selecting a CO2 storage site. From the pre-feasibility stages of developing a screening plan to data acquisition, capacity estimation, modelling and simulation, risk assessment and regulation it covers the many different aspects that need to be considered and provides the best practice for accomplishing each step often providing deliverables that could be expected. Although the majority of the BPM is on site selection and characterization it does also cover operation and closure. However, although it must be assumed that the best practices are based on lessons-learned; there are few direct case studies or examples that are mentioned as proof of the success of the best practices provided.

CO2 Capture Project (Edited Cal Cooper) - Large number of case studies from around the world

A technical basis for carbon dioxide storage (2009)

Written by individuals from a wide range of oil and gas companies, this BPM takes the experiences these companies have had in CO2 injection and compiles them into a single publication. The BPM covers, with enough detail to be considered beyond basic, a technical understanding of the aspects of CO2 storage. Beginning with background and site selection and covering operation, closure and monitoring the BPM is a guide to developing a storage project. A significant addition that this publication includes and others do not include is a detailed guide for well construction and completion that contains discussions on materials and the factors that govern which you can use and when. The BPM also uses a large number of case studies, separated from the text as standalone examples, to illustrate how the advice given in each section was used in reality.

GEOSEQ - Frio - Otway - In Salah

Geologic carbon dioxide sequestration: Site evaluation to implementation (September 2004)

This is a shorter manual and therefore does not cover the breadth or detail of others i.e. discussion of saline formations is limited to several pages with the majority of the mannual covering a non-detailed discussion on capacity estimation. However, there are subjects that are addressed that other manuals do not address, such as a section dedicated to EOR and the oil properties that would be conducive to an EOR operation. Another topic discussed (although only briefly) that other manuals do not provide much information on, is how to deal with impure streams of CO2. Although, as mentioned earlier, this manual is fairly basic in general, an exception to this is monitoring and verification where a good deal of technical detail is given including real world examples.

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CO2NET - Non-site specific

CO2NET2 Work Package 7 Best Practice Review (April 2004)

This is a very basic manual. For example, the discussion on simulation and modelling is limited to acknowledging that software packages exist. It does cover the entire CCS process from site selection to closure but it does so very superficially. It may have been more useful when it was first published, however, with more comprehensive and detailed BPMs now in existence, this one’s usefulness is limited.

UCL Carbon Capture Legal Program (Updated, online since June 2007)

Although not a BPM, this website provides a fairly comprehensive summarization, analysis, and response to global CCS legislation and regulations. The CCLP offers both their own interpretation of the legal works as well as links to the legislation and links to position and discussion papers from other organizations. Along with the section dedicated to existing legislation, the CCLP also provides several short-report style papers and presentations that address particular issues surrounding the workings of regulatory issues. http://www.ucl.ac.uk/cclp/ccsthink.php

IEA CCS Model Regulatory Framework (November 2010)

This framework provides a guideline for understanding what must go into developing regulations for CCS. Covering the entire CCS chain from capture through to storage site closure it provides a comprehensive discussion of the issues regulators face. It includes reporting and classification issues, liability, hazards and risk, inspections and monitoring, financial aspects and it addresses areas that need to be standardized such as fluid composition. It also uses existing regulations as examples of how the guidelines proposed have been used. Although, focused on only one aspect of storage (regulation) it does so thoroughly.

CO2 Capture Project

Update on Selected Regulation Issues for CO2 Capture and Geological Storage (November 2010)

Dedicated to understanding regulation, this manual is structured by regulatory subject. Beginning with carbon capture readiness then progressing through permitting and licensing, impurities, pore ownership, liability and M&V requirements; each subject is first introduced where it is explained why it is an issue. Within each section a country by country description of how each nation handles each particular issue is then presented. Although it does not cover as many issues as the IEA framework, the inclusion of thorough reviews of existing legislation on key issues merits regarding this BPM as a valuable resource.

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Unreleased best practice manuals

IEA Best Practice Manual developed through learnings from Weyburn project

A key deliverable of the IEA’s 11 year monitoring program at the Weyburn EOR injection and storage project is a BPM covering the scope and learnings of the project. It will include technical components (including site characterisation, monitoring and verification, wellbore integrity and performance assessment), and policy components (including regulatory issues, public communication and outreach, and business environment). This BPM is expected to be released within the year.

IPAC-CO2/CSA Standards

CCS Standards Manual IPAC CO2 and CSA Standards are jointly developing a code of best practice standards for CCS to be submitted to the Canadian government. Once completed it will be the World’s first implemented CCS standards guide. It is expected to be submitted within the year.

DNV JIP Framework for risk evaluation of wells at CO2 storage sites.

The project will develop a transparent methodology to evaluate the integrity of wells, and risk-based procedure for re-qualification of wells for CO2 injection. The guideline should provide a tool for independent validation and verification, and contribute to build confidence among regulators and stakeholders in risk informed approaches to selection and management of storage sites.

Additional references

CO2CRC Storage Capacity Estimation, Site Selection and Characterisation for CO2 Storage Projects (March 2008)

A comprehensive, although generic, report on what is necessary to select and characterize a site and assess the storage capacity. We have not considered this a best practice manual because, although it provides a thorough and valuable resource on site selection, it is presented as more of a ‘what to consider’ as opposed to what practices should be undertaken.

NETL Methodology for Development of Geologic Storage Estimates for Carbon Dioxide (August 2008)

Although this could be considered a BPM, presented as a technical guide to storage capacity estimation, it is included as an additional reference due to its limited scope and the fact that it has been superseded by NETL’s site screening BPM which contains a technical section on storage capacity.

IEAGHG Best Practice Database Although not an individual resource on its own, the IEAGHG has produced a searchable database of existing best practice manuals. http://www.ieaghg.org/index.php?/Best-Practice-Database.html

Stefan Bachu

Screening and Ranking of sedimentary basins for sequestration of CO2; Screening and Ranking of hydrocarbon reservoirs for CO2 storage (March 2003)

Some of the first articles on the subject of site selection for CO2 storage. The subject matter is very broad and applied to regional scale assessment but nonetheless represents one of the first thorough attempts to provide a guide and understanding to CCS site screening.

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CO2CRC assessment of scope and content of various best practice manuals

Pre-feasibility

Site Selection

Capacity Estimation

Simulation and

Modelling Construction Operation Closure

Monitoring and

Verification

Risk Assessment

Community Consultation

Regulation

SACS Basic Technical Technical Technical - Basic Detailed Technical Detailed Basic Basic

NETL (SS) Basic Detailed Technical Basic - - - - Basic Basic Detailed

NETL (RA) - - - Technical - - - - Technical - -

NETL (MV) - - - - - Technical Technical Technical Basic - Basic

NETL (GS) Technical Technical - - - - - - - - -

NETL (PO) - - - - - - - - - Technical -

WRI (CCS) Basic Detailed Basic Basic Basic Basic Detailed Detailed Detailed Basic Detailed

WRI (CE) Basic Basic - - Basic Basic Basic Basic - Detailed Basic

DNV Detailed Detailed Detailed Basic - Detailed Detailed Basic Detailed - Detailed

CO2Cap - Basic Basic - Detailed Detailed Basic Technical Basic - -

GEOSEQ - Basic Basic Basic - - - Detailed - - -

CO2NET - Basic Basic Basic - Basic - Basic - - -

IEA - - - - - - - - - - Technical

CO2Cap (R) - - - - - - - - - - Technical

- Not covered

Basic Briefly covered in a generic way Detailed Comprehensive discussion, generally generic

Technical Provides technical detail of projects, generally comprehensive

NETL (SS) Best Practices for: Site screening, site selection, and initial characterization for storage of CO2 in deep geologic formations

NETL (RA) Risk analysis and Simulation for geologic storage of CO2

NETL (MV) Best Practices for: Monitoring, verification, and accounting of CO2 stored in deep geologic formations

NETL (GS) Best Practices for: Geologic storage formation classification: Understanding its importance and impacts on CCS opportunities in the United States

NETL (PO) Best Practices for: Public outreach and education for carbon storage projects

WRI (CCS) Guidelines for CCS

WRI (CE) Guidelines for community engagement in CCS

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