A Publisher for Research Motivation Volume 4, Issue 10...

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A Publisher for Research Motivation........ Email: [email protected] Volume 4, Issue 10, October 2016 ISSN 2321-600X

Volume 4, Issue 10, October 2016

ABSTRACT In this paper new approach control for voltage, frequency, as well as, power quality improvement in standalone system, which is based on PV array is investigate. DC/DC boost converter and DC/AC inverter are controlled to get maximum power from PV array, and maintain constant voltage and frequency at the PCC respectively, using Perturbation and Observation (P&O) technique method and decoupled control, which is based on d-q reference frame .The proposed system is reinforced by dump load and battery, which are tied to the DC link, in order are to ensure stable operating and continuous power supply. The performance of the proposed scheme and their developed control algorithm simulation are carried out using Matlab/Simulink in the presence of different kind of loads, as well as, during climate conditions change. Keywords: Photovoltaic, Voltage and frequency regulation, Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT), Dump load, Storage system.

1. INTRODUCTION Solar power is a renewable, free, and abandoned energy source; it is inexhaustible compared to the classical fossil energy sources, such as oil and coal. Recently, this energy source has taken much importance especially in isolated installation as, water-pumping installations, automatic irrigation systems, Lighting for remote signs like outdoor. board, off-shore navigational aids, highway directional signs, as well as, in remote areas as street lights. This energy source is much cheaper compared to other renewable energy source such as wind turbine, it require less equipment and maintenance. Unfortunately, this energy source possess some drawbacks as, intermittency issues, adding is not shining at night but also during daytime there may be cloudy or rainy weather [1]. Consequently, intermittency and unpredictability of solar energy makes PVs less reliable a solution especially for remote areas as application. Therefore, to ensure stable and continues power supply to isolated load additional equipment such as battery energy storage dump load is required [2-3]. Furthermore, new robust control algorithms are necessary to control single or two stage inverters in order to get MPPT from PVs and regulate the load voltage, as well as the frequency [4-7]. As for the design, usually single or two stage inverters are proposed by [7-9]. According to [9] two stage inverters possess more advantages compared to single advantages view point power quality improvement. Generally, perturbation and observation method-technique (P&O) is very popularly compared to the incremental conductance, the First-Order Differential, the Artificial Neural Network, the Fuzzy Logic, because is simple, adding is easy to implemented in laboratory [10]. Generally, dump load is key element in standalone application, it ensure stability by dissipate the rest of power if the battery is not fully charged [11]. But according to [12], this element can infect the power quality if is tied in the AC side [13-14]. Several solutions have been reported in the literature for dumping the extract power in standalone system as [15], this method is complexes and required more mechanical equipment’s. Furthermore, is not suggested to the remote areas where the simple technology is more suitable due to the issue of the maintenance [16]. As for the frequency and voltage regulation in standalone system, several approach are reported in the literature, among them, nonlinear control proposed by [17-21], and adaptive control given by [22], those control algorithms are robust and they are based on strong mathematical model the only drawbacks are related of the number of the sensors used.

New Control Approach for Voltage and Frequency Regulation in Standalone Power

Generation System based on Solar PV Array

Raddaoui A

1LEME, ATEM research group, EST-Salé, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Morocco.




That is why in the proposed scheme in this study two stage inverters are used as is shown in Fig.1, adding optimized perturbation and observation (OP&O) are chosen for controlling the DC/DC boost converter in order to get MPPT from PV array, and for voltage and frequency, new control algorithm using less sensors is developed to control the DC/AC inverter. To improve the quality of the output voltage and eliminate the high frequency ripple, LC filter is used. Furthermore to protect the battery energy storage system (BESS) from overvoltage, and minimize the risk of deterioration of the power quality, dump load is tied in the DC side. The performance of the proposed system and their control algorithms are tested using Matlab/Simulink in the presence of different kind of loads and weather conditions.

2. SYSTEM DESCRIPTION As is shown in Fig.1, the proposed standalone system, which is based on PV array, consists of; DC/DC boost converters, DC/AC inverter, dump load, BESS (battery energy storage system), ripple filter and loads. The DC/DC boost converter is controlled in order to get maximum power from the PV using P&O technique-method and to maintain the output DC voltage (vout) constant. BESS is tied at to the DC link in order to compensate the fluctuation due to the intermittency nature of the PV array, moreover is used to ensure a continues power supply to the local load in the absence of the solar irradiation. Dump load is also tied at the DC-link in order to protect the BESS from the overvoltage by dissipate the extract power. As for the voltage, frequency, as well as, power quality improvement at the PCC the DC/AC inverter is controlled using decoupled control. Ripple filter is installed at the output of the DC/AC inverter in order to eliminate the high frequency due to the high frequency switching. To test the performance of the proposed system and its control algorithms,

inverter acdc

pvI

PVfor converter boost

dc-dc

loads unbalanced and balanced nonlinear,

linear, Dynamic

fC

fL

dR

Dumpload Batteries

LLioutV outC pvVS

1S

4S

2S

5S

3S

6S

AB

C

phIDI

shR

sR

PVofmodelcircuitEquivalentG

LaV

LbV

LcV

fai

fbi

fci

Lai

Lbi

Lci

cci cbi cai

dcV

R f

Fig.1. System under study

3. Modeling and control of the proposed system

In this section one present the modeling and control of the elements of the proposed standalone system which is based on PV array.

3.1. Modeling and control of the PV array and the DC/DC boost converter

The equivalent circuit model of the PV, which is shown in Fig.1, it consists of a light generated source, diode, series and parallel resistances, and capacitors. Its mathematical model is given by the following equations as [23]:

PV ph DI I I exp 1PVb

q Vk TA

(1)

where the light-generated current iph and the PV saturation current iD are given as;

rscI Iph T rG k T T (2)

3

D rr1 1I I exp g

r r

qETT kQA T T

(3)




where iph, vpv, T,G, Tr, irr, iscr,Ki, q,Kb,Eg,Q, and A denote the output current and voltage of PV, cell temperature, solar irradiance, reference temperature, saturation current, short-circuit current, short-circuit temperature coefficient, charge of an electron, Boltzmann’s constant, band-gap energy of the material, total electron charge, and ideality factor, respectively. The parameters of the PV system are presented in table I in appendix [24].

3.2. MPPT Technique-Method

As already indicate before, P&O technique-method is used to get the MPPT from the PV array, its flowchart is shown in Fig.2 [25-26]. Using this technique, one gets the maximum output PV current (ipvref). This is used as reference current for controlling the DC/DC Boost converter. This current is calculated using the variation of the output power PV, which is obtained by multiplying the sensed output voltage and current (ipv and vpv). Therefore, based on the perturbations ΔP and ΔV, one determine ipvref..

Fig. 2. The proposed MPPT control algorithm OP&O

3.3. Modeling and control of the DC/DC boost converter

The mathematical model of DC-DC boost converter, as shown in Fig. 1, is obtained using the Kirchhoff’s voltage and current laws. Based on the switching position function (S=0 or S=1), the dynamic of the DC/DC boost converter is described by the following set of equations [27-28]. The switch position function is set to S=0, following equations are obtained:




LPV out

diL V (1 d)Vdt

(4)

out out

LdV VC

dtout iR

(5)

And if the switch position function is set to S=0, one obtained:

LPV

diL Vdt

(6)

out outdV VCdtout R

(7)

where,R, L, Cout: denotes the output load, inductance in the input current circuit and capacitance of the output filter respectively; From (5) to (7), one gets averaging state equations, which are depending on the duty cycle d as:

PV outL V Vdi (1 d)dt L L

(8)

out outLdV Vdt C Cout out

iR

(9)

Therefore, the control law is obtained using (8) as;

i PV outu V (1 d)V (10) Arranging (10), one obtained the following expression;

i PV

out

u Vd 1V

(11)

Where ui is calculating using the algebraic subtraction of the sensed PV current and its thirer reference, which represents the maximum of the PV current ipvref as

i PV PVrefu (I ) ip

kI ks

(12)

3.4. Model of the Battery Energy Storage System

According to [25], battery voltage (vbat) must be greater than the peak of line voltage in order to satisfy PWM (Pulse Width Modulation). Therefore this voltage is calculated as,

bat ac a22 v m3

V

(13)

where, am is the modulation index. A standard battery model available in MATLAB/simulink is used for simulation for this purpose is shown in Fig. 3 shows an equivalent circuit of the battery. It uses a simple controlled voltage source in series with a constant resistance. The mathematical model described in [28] is used here as,

Bit0

QE E K AeQ it

(14)

where, E: load voltage (V), E0: Constant voltage (V), K : Polarization voltage (V),Q: Battery capacity (Ah),A: Exponential voltage (V) and B:Exponential capacity (Ah)-1.




Fig.3. Equivalent circuit of the battery

3.5. Control of dump Load

As shown in Fig.4, the proposed control algorithm for dump load to balance the power of the system when the state of charge of the battery is greater than 100% and the power provided by the PV is greater than the power consumed by the load. The battery voltage is sensed Vbat and compared with reference battery voltage vbatmax, the output of the PI controller is compared with triangular carrier and its output generates control signals to the gate of the switch of the dump load.

Fig.4. Control of dump load The proposed standalone system is reinforced by dump load placed on the dc bus as is shown in Fig.1 in order to protect the BESS and to maintain the dc bus voltage constant. The regulation is obtained by dissipate the excess of power provided by the RES when the state of charge of battery (SOC %) is greater than 100%. The battery voltage error Vbater at nth sampling instant is calculated as;

bat err (n) batref batV V V (15)

where Vbatref is the reference battery voltage and Vbat is the sensed battery voltage. The output of the PI voltage controller is expressed as:

bat refV (V V ) idc bat p

kks

(16)

Where kp and ki represents the proportional and the integral gains. The PI controller output is compared with the saw tooth carrier waveform and output is fed to the gate of the shopper switch Sd.

3.6. Modeling and control of DC-AC inverter

The objectives of the proposed control algorithms of the DC/AC inverter are the regulations of load voltage and the system frequency. The control laws (dd and dq) are obtained based on the mathematical model of the inverter, which is shown in Fig.5. The voltage and current equations are obtained are obtained as follow:




a) Voltage equations

Laf fa La

Lbf fb Lb

Lcf fc Lc

dvC i i

dtdv

C i idt

dvC i i

dt

(17)

where Cf, vLabc, ifabc, iLabc represents capacitance of the output filter, load voltages, inverter currents and load currents respectively.

b) Current equations:

1

3

5

f af bat La n

f bf bat Lb n

f cf bat Lc n

diL d V v v

dtdi

L d V v vdt

diL d V v v

dt

(18)

Where 1id represent the on/off control signals of the bridge inverter. And vn is the voltage at neutral point. It

assume that 0La Lb Lcv v v and 0f a f b f ci i i . Then Vn can be deducted from (18):

1,3,53bat

n ii

Vv d

(19)

Substituting (19) into (18) gives

1 3 5

1 3 5

1 3 5

23

23

23

f a La bat

f

f b Lb bat

f

f c Lc bat

f

di v V d d ddt L

di v V d d ddt L

di v V d d ddt L

(20)

Deriving (18) with combing (20) gives




2

1 3 5

2

1 3 5

2

1 3 5

23

23

23

La La Labat

f f f f f

Lb LbLb bat

f f f f f

Lc Lc Lcbat

f f f f f

d v v iV d d ddt C L C L C

v id v V d d ddt C L C L C

d v v iV d d ddt C L C L C

(21)

Equation (21) can be written in matrix form

2

2

12

22

2 3

2

2 1 11 11 2 1

31 1 2

La

La La

Lb batLb Lb

f f f f fLc Lc

Lc

d vdt v id

d v Vv d idt C L C L C

dv id vdt

(22)

Equation (22) can be written in dq form instead of abc one:

22

22

1 12

1 12

Ld LqbatLd Ld Lq Ld

f f f f f f

qL LdbatqL Lq Ld Lq

f f f f f f

d v dvVv d i idt C L C L dt C C

d v dvVv d i idt C L C L dt C C

(23)

Finally, dd and dq can be extracting from (23) given as:

22

22

1 12

1 12

Ld Lqf fLd Ld Lq Ld

bat f f f f

Lq Ldf fLq Lq Ld Lq

bat f f f f

d v dvC Ld v i i

V dt C L dt C C

d v dvC Ld v i i

V dt C L dt C C

(24)

Calculation of thecontrollaws

Labcv2 2cos cos cos3 3

2 2 2sin sin sin3 3 3

1 1 12 2 2

s s s

s s s

Labci2 2cos cos cos3 3

2 2 2sin sin sin3 3 3

1 1 12 2 2

s s s

s s s

Ldv

Lqv

Ldi

Lqi

Ldd

Lqd

cos sin 12 2cos sin 13 3

2 2cos sin 13 3

s s

s s

s s

LabcdPWM

Gates

221 12Ld Lqf f

Ld Ld Lq Ldbat f f f f

d v dvC Ld v i i

V dt C L dt C C

221 12Lq Ldf f

Lq Lq Ld Lqbat f f f f

d v dvC Ld v i i

V dt C L dt C C

Fig.5. Control of DC/AC inverter




4. Simulation and discussions

To test performance of the proposed scheme and its control algorithms, simulations are carried out using MATLAB/Simulink, using different loads as, linear dynamic load, balanced and unbalanced nonlinear load. Furthermore, system is subjected to climate conditions variation. Fig.6 shows the waveforms of: 1) battery voltage (vbat), 2) load voltage (vload), 3) load current (iload), 4) nonlinear load current (iloadNL), 5) battery current (ibat), 6) PV current (IiPV) and its reference (IPVref), 7) system frequency (f), and their zoomed waveforms for different scenarios. It is observed that the PV current follows its reference during the variation of the insolation. Furthermore, the load voltage and the system frequency are kept constant during variation of the load and the insolation, which demonstrate the robustness of the proposed control algorithms for MPPT and voltage, as well as, system frequency regulation.

0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2100011001200

Vba

t [V]

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2-1000

01000

Vin

v [V]

0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2-500

0500

Vlo

ad [V

]

0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2-20020

I load

[A]

0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2-20020

I lOad

NL [A

]

0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2-5051015

I bat[A

]

0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 205

1015

I pv&

I pvre

f[A]

0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2495051

f[Hz]

Time [s]

Fig. 6. Simulations results of battery voltage, inverter voltage, current load, current load nonlinear, current battery,

current PV array and its reference, and the system frequency under variations of load and climate change

Fig. 7 shows the zoom of waveforms, which are presented in Fig. 6 between t = 0.28 s to 0.34 s. It is observed that when the system is subjected to sudden linear load variation, load voltage and the system frequency are kept constant. One see clearly at t=0.3 s, load is increased but the voltage and the frequency are not affected. Seeing that the load current is greater to provide current from PV array that is why BESS is discharging.

0.28 0.29 0.3 0.31 0.32 0.33 0.34100011001200

Vba

t [V]

0.28 0.29 0.3 0.31 0.32 0.33 0.34-1000

01000

Vin

v [V]

0.28 0.29 0.3 0.31 0.32 0.33 0.34-500

0500

Vlo

ad [V

]

0.28 0.29 0.3 0.31 0.32 0.33 0.34-10

010

I load

[A]

0.28 0.29 0.3 0.31 0.32 0.33 0.34-20

020

I lOad

NL [A

]

0.28 0.29 0.3 0.31 0.32 0.33 0.34-505

I bat[A

]

0.28 0.29 0.3 0.31 0.32 0.33 0.3405

10

I pv&

I pvre

f[A]

0.28 0.29 0.3 0.31 0.32 0.33 0.34495051

f[Hz]

Time [s]

Fig. 7. Zoom of the waveforms presented in Fig.6 between t = 0.28 s to 0.34 s




0.99 0.995 1 1.005 1.01 1.015 1.02100011001200

Vba

t [V]

0.99 0.995 1 1.005 1.01 1.015 1.02-1000

01000

Vin

v [V]

0.99 0.995 1 1.005 1.01 1.015 1.02-500

0500

Vlo

ad [V

]

0.99 0.995 1 1.005 1.01 1.015 1.02-20020

I load

[A]

0.99 0.995 1 1.005 1.01 1.015 1.02-20020

I lOad

NL [A

]

0.99 0.995 1 1.005 1.01 1.015 1.02-5051015

I bat[A

]

0.99 0.995 1 1.005 1.01 1.015 1.0205

1015

I pv&

I pvre

f[A]

0.99 0.995 1 1.005 1.01 1.015 1.02495051

f[H

z]

Time [s]


In Fig. 8 shows the zoom of waveforms, which are presented in Fig. 6 between t = 0.99 s to 1.02 s. It is observed that when the system is subjected to sudden nonlinear load variation, load voltage and the system frequency are kept constant. One see clearly at t=0.3 s, load is increased but the voltage and the frequency are not affected. One observed that the voltage waveform is sinusoidal which demonstrate the robustness of the proposed control algorithm to keep the voltage constant. Adding the PV array follow its reference. One see at t =1 s, the PV current is decreased more and the load current is greater, thus the BESS is discharging in order to keep the frequency constant.

1.35 1.36 1.37 1.38 1.39 1.4 1.41 1.42 1.43 1.44 1.45100011001200

Vba

t [V]

1.35 1.36 1.37 1.38 1.39 1.4 1.41 1.42 1.43 1.44 1.45-1000

01000

Vin

v [V]

1.35 1.36 1.37 1.38 1.39 1.4 1.41 1.42 1.43 1.44 1.45-500

0500

Vlo

ad [V

]

1.35 1.36 1.37 1.38 1.39 1.4 1.41 1.42 1.43 1.44 1.45-20020

I load

[A]

1.35 1.36 1.37 1.38 1.39 1.4 1.41 1.42 1.43 1.44 1.45-20020

I lOad

NL [A

]

1.35 1.36 1.37 1.38 1.39 1.4 1.41 1.42 1.43 1.44 1.45-5051015

I bat[A

]

1.35 1.36 1.37 1.38 1.39 1.4 1.41 1.42 1.43 1.44 1.4505

1015

I pv&

I pvre

f[A]

1.35 1.36 1.37 1.38 1.39 1.4 1.41 1.42 1.43 1.44 1.45495051

f[H

z]

Time [s]


In Fig. 9 shows the zoom of waveforms, which are presented in Fig. 6 between t = 1.35 s to 1.45 s. It is observed that when the system is subjected to sudden unbalanced nonlinear load variation, load voltage and the system frequency are also kept constant. One see clearly at t=1.4 s, load is increased but the voltage and the frequency are not affected. One




observed that the voltage waveform is balanced and sinusoidal, which demonstrate the robustness of the proposed control algorithm. Adding the PV array follows its reference, implies that MPPT is working well.

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.80

5000

P pv[W

]

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.80

1

2x 104

P L&Q

L

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.80

1

2x 104

P bat

[W]

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.80

500

1000

P d[W

]

Time [s]

QL[Var]PL[W]

Fig. 10. Simulations results of PV array power, active and reactive load power, battery power and the consumed power

by dump load when the state of charge of battery (SOC< 100%)

0.1 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.50

5000

P pv[W

]

0.1 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.50

5000

10000

P L&Q

L

0.1 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.5

020004000

P bat

[W]

0.1 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.50

500

P d[W

]

0.1 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.599.9995

100

SOC

%

Time [s]

QL[Var]PL [W]

Fig. 11. Simulations results of PV array power, active and reactive load power, battery power and the consumed power

by dump load when the state of charge of battery (SOC= 100%)

Fig. 10 show the waveforms of the provided power from PV array, consumed active and reactive power, battery power and that consumed by dump load when the state of charge of battery is less than 100%. It is observed that the provided power from PV array vary with variation of solar irradiations. Nevertheless, load is supplying permanently, the difference of power is provided by the battery. One sees clearly the dump load power is equal to zero, which means dump load is not activated because of the state of charge battery, which is less to 100%.




Fig. 11 show the waveforms of the provided power from PV array, consumed active and reactive power, battery power and that consumed by dump load when the state of charge of battery is equal to 100%. It is observed that between t = 0.1 s and t =0.4 s the PV power is greater to power load demand, and the state of charge of battery is less to 100%, implying that conditions to turn on dump load are not satisfied, therefore the dump load power is equal to zero. However, at t= 0.4 s SOC% becomes equal to 100%, thus, now dump load is activated, that is why dump load power is not equal to zero, and at t = 1 s, load power is increased and the PV power cannot satisfied load, that is why battery is discharging.

5. Conclusion

This paper is focused on modeling and control design for the proposed standalone system, which is based on solar PV array. DC/DC boost converter and DC/AC inverter are controlled to get MPPT, regulate load voltage and frequency using P&O technique method and new control algorithm, which is based on d-q reference frame. Moreover, presence of different load and climate conditions, the voltage and frequency are kept constant and the waveforms of the voltage is maintain sinusoidal, furthermore, protection of the BESS from overvoltage in ensured by dump load, which is placed in the DC side in order to eliminate the risk of the deterioration of the quality of voltage, as well as, to minimize the cost of installation.

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Appendix Table I: SYSTEM PARAMETERS [24]

Parameters Value Parameter

s Value Parameters

Value Parameters Value

irr 5.981. 108 A q 1.6. 1019 C L 1.5 mH Rf 0.1 Ω iscr 3.81 A Kb 1.38. 1023 J/K Cout 200µF fs 2kHz ki 0.0024 Eg 1.12 V Cf 10 µF RL 8 Ω

Cpv 100 µF f 50 Hz vL 380V vdc 1000V Tr 298 K A 1.2 Lf 5 mH Rd 71.42 Ω E0 1083.3766 V K 0.028225 Q 200 Ah A 1080.3859 V B 9.826087 Ah-1

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