A programmed loading procedure for containerized cargo ships.
Transcript of A programmed loading procedure for containerized cargo ships.
A PROGRAMMED LOADING PROCEDURE FORCONTAINERIZED CARGO SHIPS
Tran Quang Thieu
>Javai PosturaauaTe Scnool
Monierey, California 93940
NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCilQOL
Monterey, California
THESls•
A PROGRAMMED LOADING PROCEDURE FOR
CONTAINERIZED CARGO SHIPS
by
Tran Quang Thieu
June 197 5
The sis Advisor
:
James P. Hynes
Approved for public release; distribution unlimited.
T168485
SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAGE (Wh9n Dmim Enl9r»d)
REPORT DOCUMENTATIOM PAGE READ INSTRUCTTONSBEFORE COMPLETING FORM
t. REPORT NUMBER 2. GOVT ACCESSION NO. 3. RECIPIENT'S CATALOG NUMBER
4. TITLE (and Sublltim)
A Programmed Loading Procedure forContainerized Cargo Ships
5. TYPE OF REPORT & PERIOD COVERED
Master's ThesisJune 19758. PERFORMING ORG. REPORT NUMBER
7. AuTHORftJ
Tran Quang Thieu
8. CONTRACT OR GRANT NUMBERC*;
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
Naval Postgraduate SchoolMonterey, California 93940
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT, PROJECT, TASKAREA & WORK UNIT NUMBERS
11. CONTROLLING OFFICE NAME AND ADDRESS
Naval Postgraduate SchoolMonterey, California 93940
12. REPORT DATE |
June 197513. NUMBER OF PAGES98
U. MONITORING AGENCY NAME A AODRESSr// d///»f»n< Itom Controlllna Ollica)
Naval Postgraduate SchoolMonterey, California 93940
15. SECURITY CLASS, (ol thia riport)
Unclassified
Ma. DECLASSIFI CATION/ DOWN GRADINGSCHEDULE
16. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT (o( thi* Rtport)
Approved for public release; distribution unlimited
17. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT (of f*i» abatrmct mlartd In Block 30, H dllUrant from Rmpott)
18. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES ' (
1
\
19. KEY WORDS CCont/nu* on ravmfm tid* It ntcfmry mnd Idtntlty by block number)
LogisticsContainerizationSealift
20. ABSTRACT (Continu* on r«v*r** »ld» It nmcfmry Mid Idmntlty by block numbtr)
A programmed loading procedure for containerized cargo shipsis developed. The model requires input information on the con-tainers to be loaded, the ship's design and hydrostatic proper-ties, and the specific order of port calls to be made in thevoyage.
The purpose of the programmed procedure is to minimize time
DD ,^(Page 1)
^^n""73 1473 EDITION OF I NOV 65 IS OBSOLETES/N 0102-OM- 6601
I
tCCUHITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAGE (Whan Data Mnlarad)
J^IUKlTY CLASSIFICATION OF 'HIS P»GE->»->i.n r>»f« Entt
20. Continued
spent in ports for unloading and loading. Requirements for shiptrim, list, and stability, safety regulations governing hazardouscargo stowage are taken into account.
The procedure is presented in simple flowcharts and in a detailedFORTRAN IV program. An illustration, which was made as realisticas possible was given and the complete computer printout areattached
.
DD Form 1473, 1 Jan 7?
S/N 0102-014-G601 SECURITY Classification of this PAGE(T»Ti»n Dat* Eni»i»d)
A Programmed Loading Procedure forContainerized Cargo Ships
by
TRAN QUANG THIEU
Submitted in partial fulfillment of therequirements for the degree of
MASTER OF SCIENCE IN MANAGEMENT
from the
NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOLJune 1975
UDfrirv
Nava. Postsraauate bcnout
Momerev. California 93940
ABSTRACT
A programmed loading procedure for containerized cargo
ship is developed. The model requires input information on
the containers to be loaded, the ship's design and hydro-
static properties, and the specific order of port calls
to be made in the voyage.
The purpose of the programmed procedure is to minimize
time spent in ports for unloading and loading. Requirements
for ship trim, list, and stability, safety regulations
governing hazardous cargo stowage are taken into account.
The procedure is presented in simple flowcharts and in
a detailed FORTRAN IV program. An illustration, which was
made as realistic as possible was given and the complete
computer printout are attached.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
I. DEVELOPMENT OF CONTAINERIZATION 8
II. THE PROBLEM 9
III. INTRODUCTION OF A PROPOSED PROCEDURE 10
IV. ASSUMPTIONS 11
A. THE CONTAINER 11
B. THE SHIP 11
^ C. THE VOYAGE 11
D. THE CARGO 13
V. THE MODEL 15
A. MATHEMATICAL PROGRAMMING APPROACH 15
B. HEURISTIC APPROACH 15
1. Loading Principles 16
a. Higher-sooner 16
b. Higher- lighter 16
c. Left-right Equality 17
d. Heavy Aftward 17
2. The model 19
a. System of Coordinate 19
b. Loading Procedure 19
3 . Calculation 25
a. Ship Trim 25
b. List and Stability 29
VI. THE GENERAL FLOW CHART 30
VII. THE SUBROUTINES • 32
A. SORT 3 2
' B. POST 33
C. TRIM AND CURVE 36
VIII. THE MAIN PROGRAM 40
IX. ILLUSTRATION . 41
X. FEASIBILITY OF THE MODEL AND RECOMMENDATIONSFOR USE 47
XI. IMPLICATION FOR FURTHER STUDY 50
A. TESTING AND ANALYSIS 50
B. MODEL EXPANDING 50
APPENDIX A 52
APPENDIX B 54
COMPUTER OUTPUT 56
COMPUTER PROGRAM 8 9
BIBLIOGRAPHY 97
LIST OF INITIAL DISTRIBUTION -98
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE 1: A five port voyage 12
FIGURE 2: Loading Heuristics 18
FIGURE 3: System of coordinates 20
FIGURE 4: Example address of a container 21
FIGURE 5: Grouping of containers 23
FIGURE 6: Loading pattern 24
FIGURE 7 : Partially occupied stacks of containers '-- 26
FIGURE 8 : Matching of containers and addresses 27by selected heuristics
FIGURE 9: General flow-chart 31
FIGURE 10: Flow-chart, Subroutine "Post" 34
FIGURE 11: Estimation of a curve 39
FIGURE 12: Illustrating voyage —42
FIGURE 13: A specific hatch 48
I. DEVELOPMENT OF CONTAINERIZATION
In 1929, a new idea was developed in the transportation
field. Some of the ships operating in coast-wise and con-
tiguous trade were specially outfitted to carry the trucks,
trailers and railroad freight cars. Unfortunately, the
great potential of this concept was not fully developed due
to the lack of standardization. It was not until the mid-
nineteen fifties that the next step in the development
occurred. Ships were specially designed to carry standard
containers. Cargo was stuffed into containers before ships
entering the port. Loading and unloading became much more
easy, and in the nineteen-sixties containerization was fully
developed. Common cargo containers were fully transferable
among the various modes of transportation. However, ships
were the most important container carriers; in 1966 the
first fully-containerized ship entered into the foreign
trade market, and later on, the second generation American
containerized ship, the LANCER class, commenced operations
in 1968-1969.
8
II. THE PROBLEM
Generally speaking, when containers have been assigned
to a specific ship the following factors must be considered.
a. Proper grouping of a consignee's cargo and container
accessibility in the marshalling yard.
b. The order of the port calls in the voyage, i.e.,
containers must be stowed in such a way that there should
be no overstow of cargo for a later port over cargo for an
earlier port call.
c. Special stowage requirements for hazardous types of
cargo or reefer containers requiring access to electrical
outlets.
d. Arrangement of weights to meet the ship trim, list,
and stability requirements.
Satisfying all these conditions simultaneously becomes a
very complex task when there are several loading ports in
the voyage. Years after the beginning of containerization,
there remains to be developed an effective load planning
procedure that can handle all factors. The actual methods
now being used vary from company to company. Most of them
are manual and based on "trial and error" procedure. They
are all time-consuming and consequently leave something to
be desired.
III. INTRODUCTION OF A PROPOSED PROCEDURE
In the past, the old "trial and error" methods were more
or less adequate to handle the problem. Now that larger
ships are being built, changes must be made in order to
promote more efficient use of the investment in a vessel.
In general, our objective is to reduce the time in port of
a ship for loading and unloading. The time would be mini-
mized if the unloading does not require extra movement of
containers aboard the vessel, and this, of course, is
accomplished by avoiding overstow. Certainly all the factors
mentioned in the previous section must be met. In short,
to minimize the time in port of a ship means to minimize
the overstow, subject to loading constraints. With the
assistance of a computer, the goal is attainable. In the
next chapter a loading procedure is proposed; calculations
of ship's trim, list and stability will be introduced in
another chapter. The procedure then is translated into
FORTRAN IV language and a somewhat realistic illustration
with a complete computer print-out will be given.
This chapter and Appendix A, were based on a previousstudy by Dewey E. Beliech, Jr.
10
IV. ASSUMPTIONS
We shall first assume the following conditions for the
model.
A. THE CONTAINER
A container is a box containing cargo. All containers
are assumed to be the same size for this procedure.
B. THE SHIP
In general it is not required the ship have any special
form. However, for purposes here, it will be assumed that
2the ship has nine different cargo holds. Holds vary in
sizes, but all can be vertically accessed to any place. In
other words, the hatches are as large as the holds. This
is generally not a restrictive assumption.
C. THE VOYAGE
The order of port calls in the voyage must be specific
and fixed. We can assume, without losing generality, that
the ship is making a "circle" trip from port-1 to port-n
and after that returning to port-1, (not port-n-1) .See
Figure 1.
It is assumed that containers are unloaded and loaded
at each port in the voyage. Also, it is assumed that the
number of containers to be loaded at a port will never be
2The reason for assuming nine holds will be explained
in the assumptions about labeled cargo mentioned later inthis chapter.
11
>rt 3
Port 2
Port 5 Port 1
Figure 1: A five port voyage
12
greater than the number unloaded at the port. This latter
assumption is needed to insure that there is always suffi-
cient space available for loading.
D. THE CARGO
Both labeled and common cargo can be carried, and are
classified into the following nine types:
3Type-1 Explosives.
Type-2 Inflammable compressed gas (RED GAS) e.g..
Butane, LPG, Acetylene.
Type-3 Inflammable liquids (RED LABEL)
.
Type-4 Inflammable solids/oxidizing materials
(YELLOW LABEL)
.
Type-5 Hazardous articles.
Type-6 Non-inflammable compressed gas CGREEN LABEL)
e.g./ Oxygen, Freon, Helium.
Type-7 Poisonous articles (BLUE LABEL)
.
Type-8 Corrosive liquids (WHITE LABEL)
.
Type-9 Common cargo.
The first eight types of cargo listed are labeled.
Based on Department of Transportation regulations for stowage,
most of the labeled cargo types can not be stowed in the same
hold. There is no restriction on common cargo. However,
type-2 and type-5 cargo are required to be stowed on deck.
Refrigerated cargo could be classed as an other type and
stowed into a separate hold, however, in this study we
3Type number were arbitrarily selected for programmingpurpose,
13
neglect that by assuming as far as refrigerated cargo and
containers are concerned, each container is a refrigerator
itself, and accessibility to electrical outlets is assumed
available around the ship. For more detailed rules of
stowage for the labeled cargo, see Appendix A.
14
V. THE MODEL
A. MATHEMATICAL PROGRAMMING APPROACH
As stated briefly in the introduction/ the ultimate
objective is to minimize the in-port time of the ship in
order to maximize the productivity of the vessel. Port
time for a ship is dependent on the number of container
movements required aboard the vessel to discharge con-
tainers for the port, and to load containers from the port.
As previously pointed out, this is accomplished by mini-
mizing overstow. So in terms of a mathematical programming
approach/ the problem can be stated as:
Objective Function: Minimize (number of overstow
containers)
Subject to: - Storage regulations
- Ship's trim, list, stability requirements,
Conceptually/ it appears that the problem can be solved
using an Integer-Programming technique. Unfortunately,
an initial investigation revealed that for a vessel of even
small size, the number of variables would far exceed the
capacities of contemporary software and computing machinery.
Therefore/ it was assumed that pursuing simple mathematical
programming approaches would not be fruitful in the short
run.
B. HEURISTIC APPROACH
While the mathematical programming is reluctantly dis-
counted, a heuristic approach appeared to be more productive
15
way of initially grappling with the problem because there
exists a set of loading heuristics which simplify the
problem. These heuristics, or rules of thumbs, are detailed
below. They may not always lead to an optimal solution, but
at worst they can be used to get a solution which is more
or less optimal. In this sense, the emphasis here is on
obtaining workable solutions which more or less minimize
overstow. This, of course, is a reflection of the heuristic
4"philosophy" of problem solving.
1. Loading Heuristics
a, Higher-Sooner
To eliminate, or minimize, overstow the well
known "last-in-first-out" procedure is used here. Suppose
that containers are being loaded at port-1 (see Figure 1)
then all containers destined to port-5 should be at the
bottom of each container stack on the vessel. The con-
tainers at the top of a stack should be destined to port-2.
It can be said that to eliminate overstow, containers for
the same POD should be stowed together in the same stack,
however, if they cannot all be in the same stack, then the
containers for earlier ports should be above the containers
for later ports.
b. Higher-Lighter
Ship's stability will be assured if, in any
stack of containers, the higher the container is, the
Murray A. Jeisler & Wilber A. Steger, "The Combinationof Alternative Research Techniques in Logistics SystemsAnalysis," Management Technology, May 1963, pp. 68-77.
16
lighter it is. A heavy container loaded below the ship's
gravity center tends to lower the gravity center and
therefore, increase the righting moment. If not required
by regulations, the "higher-lighter" principle is applied
here.
c. Left-Right Equality
The ship has no list if equal weights are
distributed symetrically with respect to the ship center-
line.
d. Heavy-Aftward
Another factor that must be considered is the
ship's trim. Usually a slightly deeper aft-draft Ctrim
by the stern) is preferred to keep the ship easily under
control. Ship's configurations and ship arrangement vary
a great deal. It is almost impossible to set up a general
principle regarding distribution of weight along the
transverse direction of the ship. However, most ships
are constructed such that there are more cargo holds in
the forward part than in the aft part. Heavier weights
are, therefore, likely to be stowed closer to the stern.
Nevertheless, that is not a guarantee. Ship's trim must
be calculated before containers are actually being loaded.
The difference between aft and forward draft must be
within tolerance, or be adjustable by ballasting. The
above principles are illustrated through simple examples
in Figure 2.
17
EDC
R
A _J
CL
B
w
Stern
A
Be
(a) (b)
2 3Stack 1
;tern \
//1
Bow
Figure 2 : Loading Heuristics
(a) If all containers are being sentto the same port of destination thenWeight (A) > Weight (B) ^ . . . :^ Weight (E)
If those containers are being sent todifferent ports then; Container E shouldbe destined to an earlier port than con-tainer A.
(b) Container A and container B should havethe same weight.
(c) Stack-1 should have sufficient weightto counter the weight of stack-2 and 3.
l&
2. The Model
a. System of Coordinates
By using the above heuristics we can develope
a loading procedure. For reference purposes, a system of
coordinates is first defined. (Figure 3)
Let the XOY plane be the horizontal plane of
the lowest deck where containers can be stowed.
Let the XOZ plane be the vertical plane
perpendicular to the ship center-line and tangent to the
ship stern.
Let the YOZ plane be the vertical plane
parallel to the ship center-line and tangent to the left
most point of the ship.
Each container storage location, or cell, has
an address specified by row, column, and tier. A row of
containers is a group of containers having the same Y
coordinate. A column of containers is a group of containers
having the same X coordinate. A tier of containers is a
group of containers having the same Z coordinate.
For example, the container A in Figure 4 has
address (4,4,2). In other words, it is at row-4 , column-4,
tier-2
.
b. Load Planning Procedure
Applying the heuristics previously discussed,
containers are first sorted into decreasing order of weight.
After that, containers are grouped by order of ports of
destination and then sub-grouped by types of cargo. This
19
z <
Upper Deck
Lowest Deck
Ballast
^
Ballast" Y
Figure 3: System of Coordinates
20
AZ (tier)
UnitContainer "y (row)
4 '^ X (column)
Figure 4 : Example Address of a Container
5(
procedure is illustrated by Figure 5, After grouping,
containers destined to the last port are assigned to stacks,
and assigned to separate holds, depending upon the types
of cargo. As an example, containers of type-1 cargo could
be assigned to hold (N-1) , type-2 cargo assigned to hold
(N-2) , etc. Now, recall that type-2 and type-5 cargo con-
tainers are required to be stowed on deck and common cargo
(type-9) can be stowed anyplace; therefore, after type-2
and type-5 cargo containers have been assigned deck spaces,
there are "empty holes" left underneath those labeled
containers. The holes will be filled up by common cargo
containers which have the same (or lower) port of destination,
Ship list is controlled by assigning spaces in
a column to the right to the center-line and then assign-
ing spaces in a column to the left, with the same distance
from the center line. The total weight of those two
columns is generally not the same and a list moment exists,
but it is generally slight and can be adjusted by ballasting.
If not, stacks can be reassigned before actual loading.
In general, labeled cargo containers are
assigned first, following the pattern described above, and
illustrated in Figure 6 (b) . This typically leads to
partially occupied stacks, or columns, of containers, and
there exist the holes; either underneath or above, which
can be filled by common cargo containers.
22
Containers to Qn-r-hor] i rrl-r)
be labeled at Port-1 DecreasingWeight
\'
> f y * \f i
2nd 3rd 4 th 5th
POD POD POD POD
Figure 5: Grouping of Containers
23
CO
5
Uu
•• (0
ro
s:+J
2-H^
-orHx:
-P^ fO
ac•H CU
s:CO -PMdJ >iC XI
• •H^^ tC TS«^ -P cu'
—
c; -p-p cj:: U 0)
Cn w•H M-l 0)
c (U Sh
u IS 0.Q) W-P M Ai >^
+J o(d • tC CO
(h • 4J -H• CO
en uC
AlH-\ Q)
•H ^nc5 ^~^ ufd CM tJ> o—
c:
1^ -P •H 0)
-C n3 -CCn rO Eh
• • •HVD Q) r-\ .
IS •
<D 14-J •
:3Al
o
tP ^-, >q
•H H 0) -
P4 — ^3 ro
P ^jc: -en CN•H 0)
CD x: "
S: H -H
fO J3
VD yD
0) 0)
5^ M:3 13
Cn cnH -HCm P4
n]
2-4
After all containers destined to a POD have
been loaded, the containers to the next-to-the-last POD
are assigned. The same principles are applied, and
addresses assigned to a container only if it has been
checked to make sure that there is no over stow. See
Figure 7.
Another way to look into the model is illustrated
in Figure 8. In general, the heuristics are used for con-
tainer sorting, grouping, address assignment and matching.
In the next chapter these tasks will be explained in detail
by flow-charts, computer programs and subroutines. How-
ever, some words should be said about the matching. An
address can be preoccupied by a container or a ship
structure. In this case, the address is automatically
rejected, and other addresses will be searched, checked,
and matched with the container. This feature allows the
model to be independent to ship configuration, and allows
the model to be applied at every port in the voyage.
3. Calculations
As mentioned in the above paragraphs, the heuristics
here do not guarantee that an optimal solution can be reached
and, moreover, ship trim and stability must be calculated
to assure that the loading is acceptable.
a. Ship Trim
The inclinations in the transverse direction
are measured by the difference between the forward and the
aft drafts. This difference in drafts is defined as trim.
25
MainDeck
B
Figure 7: Partially Occupied Stacksof Containers
A: above hole
B: underneath hole
26
Containers
Output
Containerand
Address
Container
Address
<-
AddressAssignment
o•HPCO
•rH
u
0)
Figure 8: Matching of Containers andAddresses by Selected Heuristics
27
Where the draft aft is greater than the draft forward, the
ship is said to be triimned by the stern, otheirwise the ship
is trimmed by the bow.
When a container is loaded onboard, the trim
changes, and the change of trim is defined as the change
in difference between the drafts forward and aft. To cal-
culate this change we need to define some new terms:
Moment to change trim one inch, MTI , is the
moment required to produce a change of trim by one inch.
This value varies depending upon the displacement of the
ship and therefore, upon the mean draft. It is often
found as a curve in the "Curves of the form." When such
a curve is not immediately available, MTI can be computed
by the formula:
BM' X WMTI
12 L
Where
:
BM' = longitudinal metacentic radius (in feet)
W /= displacement (in ton)
L = ship length (in feet)
- Center of flotation (CF) : The geometric center
of the waterline plan is called the center of flotation.
For ship trim, it inclines about an axis through the center,
For practical purposes, flotation center is assumed at mid-
ship or at a point with a distance d from midship; where
^NAVPERS 91067, Principles of Stability in Ship Loading ,
page 69, Bureau of Naval Personnel, 1949.
28
d is the average distance of distances from the midship
to the points on the locus of flotation center.
Thus, if a container with weight equal to w,
is loaded at a distance t from CF, the change of trim is;
T = Change in trim = ^,^^-^ .
MTi
and, by the system of coordinates previously defined
New draft, aft = new mean draft - T/2
.
New draft, fwd = new mean draft + T/2,
A subroutine to compute these values after each
container is assigned to a space is described in the next
chapter and is the principal calculation needed to be
attached to any loading plan.
b. List and Ship Stability
Experience has shown that the "higher-lighter"
and the "left-right equality" heuristics tend to keep
ship stability and ship list within limits. Actually, with
the same distance from the ship centerline, a right column
of containers which are assigned first, is likely to be a
little heavier than a left column because the containers
are sorted into decreasing order of weight. However, this
list moment is assumed negligible for practical purposes,
and can be adjusted by ballasting. If an accurate list is
desired, it can be computed in almost the same manner as
ship trim. The same holds true for stability. An accurate
computation involves a complicated read-in of the cross-
curves and lengthy adjustments.
29
VI. THE GENERAL FLOW-CHART
In the previous chapter the model has been described
by words. In this chapter it is depicted by a general
flow-chart and by FORTRAN IV language in full details.
A somewhat realistic example, with five loading ports, 946
containers and the CB-1 containership, is introduced for
purposes of illustration.
The general flow-chart depicts the principal steps
of the loading plan. First of all, data involving the
ship, the voyage, and the containers are read by the
program. The addresses which are already occupied either
by containers or by ship objects, are registered. Con-
tainers are then sorted into decreasing order of weight,
grouped by ports and types. The containers already on-
board are listed with their addresses. Ship trim affected
by those containers is computed and stored.
Next, new containers are selected, assigned addresses,
ship trim is computed and accumulated. The addresses of
all containers are then printed as a manifest. If any
labeled container is not in a proper hold, or if any one
overstowed, then its serial number and characteristics
are printed out for human interference. Unoccupied
addresses, if any, are also listed in relative port order
according to containers partially occupying the stacks.
To carry out these tasks, a main program is used with
four subroutines. These subroutines are generally described
as follows.30
(_Start_) ORead in
Data
RegisterOccupiedAddresses
Sort & Groupcont
Into POD
roup ContCnto Types
SelectCarriedCont
ComputeTrim
*0
Select NewCont
IAssign
Addresses
ComputeTrim
Print OutAddresses
List AllCont Not InAppro
Print Un-loaded Contand TTnorg . |
^addx^e^ses
PrintShip'sTrim
+>u(a
Xio?o•Hfa
u<o
c0)
o
0)
u
•Hfa
•^i END. )
31
VII. THE SUBROUTINES
A. SORT
Subroutine "Sort" is used to sort the containers into
decreasing order of weights. Data related to a container
include: serial number, port of loading, port of distina-
tion, cargo type, gross weight, and if already loaded,
row-column-tier-address. The weight is used to compare
containers with each other; the heaviest container, with
all its related data, will be moved to the first place of
computer storage. In any later processing, such as address
assignment or manifest listing, the heavier containers are
considered first.
The data are read by the main program. Following is
the list of variable names. Note that "NCONT" includes
containers already loaded, "dummy containers", which are
merely ship-objects having addresses but no weight or
serial number. In fact, NCONT is equal to total number
of possible addresses on the ship.
List of Important Variable Names
ICOL(I) = Column address of container (I).
IPDEP(I) = Number assigned to a port on the route
where the container was loaded.
IPARR(I) = Number assigned to a port where the
container is destined.
32
IROW(I) = Row address of container (I).
ISER(I) = Container (I) serial number.
ITIER(I) = Tier address of container (I)
.
ITYPE(I) = Number assigned to the type of cargo
stuffed inside the container.
WEIGHT (I) = Gross weight of container (I).
A number of variable names, such as NC, WES, are
defined internally, they are used only as temporary
storage and do not have any special meaning. For a
complete variable name list, see Appendix B. The sub-
routine is listed in the "Computer Program" Appendix.
B. SUBROUTINE POST
The most important and complicated subroutine is
"POST". It is used to assign newly loaded containers.
It checks all requirements, all constraints posed by
regulations and loading heuristics.
First, a general flow-chart is illustrated in Figure 10.
As said before, containers are grouped by types of cargo.
The main program has specified the appropriate hold for
each type of labeled cargo. This subroutine's first step
is to check if the hold is full. If it is full, containers
will be stowed in a common hold for manual inspection.
The program does not determine in which case stowing is
tolerated and in which case it is not. If the appropriate
hold is not full, the next address in a well-defined
sequence will be offered to the container. The matching
33
( start J
No
Yes
No
No
(Return )
AssignAddress
Move toCommonHold
Yes
RegisterGivenAddress
f Return J
Figure 10: Flow Chart, Subroutine"POST".
34
will be checked against regulations and if compatible, the
address will be registered and returned to main program.
If an address is not acceptable, the next address will
be examined. The "next address" is defined as the same
row, same column, one-unit-higher tier.
If the new tier address is greater than the maximum,
then the new address is one-unit-forward row, same column,
tier =1.
If one-unit-forward takes the row address out of the
hold, then the new address is most aftward row, symetric
with respect to C/L of old column address, tier = 1.
The data for "POST" are also read by the main program.
The following is a list of important variable names.
List of Important Variable Names
K = Order of a port under the loading
process, where the loading port is
assigned number 1. The variable K
is relative to the loading port,
therefore it is different from IPARR(I)
which is a constant while K varies.
The loading port can be any port on the
route
.
L = Index assigned to a hold where type-L
cargo is stowed.
JC = Column address under processing.
JR = Row address under processing.
JT = Tier address under processing.
35
JL = First tier address on deck.
KRORIG = Maximum row address of a hold.
MAXROW(L) = Number of rows in a hold. Note that
"dummy rows" which are ship objects,
must be assigned to an adjacent hold.
MTIER = Maximum value of tier address.
MAXCOL = Maximum value of column address.
MAC = Midship column address.
MLOWER = Maximum value of tier address underneath
the main deck.
LOG(JC/ JR, JT)= Address characteristics
- LOG(JC,JR, JT) = denotes an un-
occupied address.
- LOG (JC, JR, JT) = K denotes a container
occupying the
address which will
be unloaded at port-
K, with respect to
this loading port.
The complete subroutine is listed in the "Computer
Program" Appendix.
C. SUBROUTINES "TRIM" AND "CURVE"
"TRIM" is a subroutine used to compute ship trim. To
evaluate mean drafts and MTI's with respect to displacement,
an auxiliary subroutine, "CURVE", is needed. The curves
of the form are expressed by linear estimation. They are
36
divided into ten segments, each segment as a linear function
of displacement. (AA,BA) , (AB,BB) , . . . , (AJ,BJ) are ten
ordered pairs of ten points on the draft curve, and (AA,CA)
,
(AB,CB) / . . . , (AJ,CJ) are ten points on the MTI curve. The
coordinates of those points are read by the main program
and transmitted to "CURVE" through "TRIM".
For a general curve, the coordinates of those ten
points are: (XO, YO) , (XI, YI) , . . . , (X9 ,Y9) . See Figure 11.
In addition to the variables mentioned above, the
following variable names have been used in the subroutines,
"TRIM" and "CURVE".
List of Variable Names
A
CL
DIFF
DISP
DRAAFT
DRAFWD
SHLGTH
SHMEAN
SHMTI
T
W
D
= Container position and equals row address.
= Container length, in feet.
= Difference of mean drafts after a con-
tainer is loaded.
= Displacement.
= Aft draft.
= Forward draft.
= Overall ship length, measured by number
of rows of containers.
= Mean draft, in feet.
= Moment of trim by one inch.
= Total trim when a container is loaded,
= Gross weight of a container being loaded.
= Distance from midship to flotation center,
positive if C.F is forward of midship,
negative otherwise.
37
BALI = Distance from gravity center of aft bal-
last to midship. Note that if there are
more than one aft ballasts, then the
gravity center is the center of all
ballasts.
BAL2 = Distance from gravity center of forward
ballast to midship. See above note.
38
Y I
9 9 ^ "1 I *
XO XI X2 X3 X4
Figure 11: Curve Estimation
39
VIII. THE MAIN PROGRAM
The main program has been generally depicted by the
flow-chart illustrated in Figure 10. Although every state-
ment is important, no attempt is made here to explain each
statement. A complete list of variable names is attached
in Appendix B, and some brief explanations are integrated
into the program to describe its main functions. A numeric
example in the next section is used as an illustration.
A careful observation of results will help to understand
the main program. However, it is recommended that the
main program be read both before and after the illustra-
tion. It also should be checked during each computation
explanation.
40
IX. ILLUSTRATION
Here is an example which is somewhat close to reality.
Data for a C.B-I cargo vessel is used and we suppose that
the ship is making a route from LOS ANGELES to SAN FRANCISCO,
TOKYO, HONG KONG, SAIGON and then return to LOS ANGELES.
There are five ports, NP=5, and the ports are numbered in
Figure 12.
It is also supposed that containers are being loaded
on the ship at San Francisco, thus, the number of loading
port is 2,NL0ADP = 2, and containers to SAIGON will be
loaded first because there are no containers destined to
Los Angeles. The ship can handle 8 columns, and 6 tiers
of containers (4 tiers under the main deck) . There are
totally 2640 addresses but only 946 containers can be
loaded. The other addresses are permanently occupied by
ship objects. The data mentioned above are read by state-
ment 004.
The total number of rows (equals 55 in this case) are
divided into 9 holds. For this example the numbers of rows
in the holds are: 9,2,6,2,12,2,6,2,8. Note that these
figures can be rearranged, i.e., any number can be zero
or any two or more holds can be combined into one hold
for stowing one type of cargo. These data are read by
statement 005 with format (1015)
.
All data related to individual containers (including
dummy containers) are read next by statement 007. These
41
lOKYO = 3
HONG KONG
SAIGON = 5
SAN FRANCISCO = 2
LOS ANGELES = 1
Figure 12: Illustrating Voyage
42
data are punched on a card, format (110 , 315 ,F10 .3 , 110 , 215)
.
For dummy containers and containers which have been already
loaded, addresses in row, column, and tier must be specified,
Next, ship data, (displacement, aft-draft, forward
draft, ship length by containers, container length in feet,
position of flotation center, position of ballast gravity
centers, and coordinates of points on the draft and MTI
curves) , are read.
Not much is necessary to say about "CALL SORT",
Initialization, and Registration of addresses, except
what we mean by LOG (JC, JR, JT) . Suppose that a container (I)
is being sent from Los Angeles to Hong-Kong; its port of
destination IPARR(I)=4, see Figure 12. At San Francisco,
this container has been already been labeled, and also
suppose that it is stowed at column JC , row JR, tier JT,
Keep in mind that the location LOG ( JC , JR, JT) has been
occupied by a container to Hong-Kong which is the third
port on the route, relative to loading port, San Francisco.
In the process of registration, this relative order is
needed so that overstow can be prevented. The absolute,
unchanged order IPARR(I) of the container is used to
compute the relative order; see statements 026,027,028.
Note that any dummy container has that relative order
equal to NP (latest call port) so that any real container
can be stowed over it.
The first computation is to determine the address
of the center column. Columns of containers are assigned
43
from the left most and from the right most to the center-line
For a maximum of 8 columns the sequential column address is:
8,1,7,2,6,3,5,4. That means the right most column, 8, then
the left most column, 1, are assigned first. The last
column to be stowed is column-4, and we have to determine
this number, MAC, before the main program can call sub-
routine POST. Depending on whether MAXCOL is odd or even,
then:
MAC = (MAXCOL + l)/2
or MAC = MAXCOL/2 (8/2 = 4, for this example.)
In the grouping process, there is no difficulty to group
containers by cargo types. Type-1 cargo containers are
considered first. Any container with ITYPE(I) not equal
to 1 will be dropped out, and so on. However, it would
be a little more complicated to group containers by order
of port calls. We can not use IPARR(I) because this
variable gives the absolute, unchanged value assigned to
each port. What we need is the relative order with respect
to the loading port. We start by considering containers
of the latest call port. The variable K, the relative
order of considered port, and then NARRP , the permanent
number assigned to the considered port, are determined and
computed. If IPARR(I) is not equal to NARRP, then the con-
tainer will be dropped out of the grouping process. State-
ments 034 and 035 compute K and NARRP. The variable K
has the sequential values: 5,4,3, and 2, because for the
loading port NLOADP = 2, NARRP has the sequential values:
1,5,4, and 3. In this case port-1 is the latest call port.
44
After all carried containers have been selected and
listed on the manifest/ the new containers are then
assigned. First, the address to the lower-right most
aft corner is offered. For this example it is (8,1,1).
The address is examined and, in this case, is pre-occupied
by ship configuration. The next address is then offered
and checked; the step from one address to the next has
been explained previously. Actually, the first acceptable
address is (7,4,2). See computer print-out page 58,
Based on the order that has been determined by compu-
tation, the addresses and related data of all containers
destined to port-1, port-5, port-4, port-3 Cin that order)
are printed. There are no containers from San Francisco
to Los Angeles here, therefore, only the headlines are
printed.
The last part of the print-out is a summary. First,
the boundary of each hold is determined; each container
which is in an unacceptable hold, is listed. Sometimes,
depending on the nature of the cargo, "sharing" can be
tolerated. If it is not tolerated, decisions to relocate
or drop-out the containers must be reached before con-
tainers are actually loaded.
All addresses and containers are also investigated.
Any container which has not been assigned an address,
or any address which has not been occupied, are listed.
Along with an unoccupied address is the relative order
45
of the POD of the container which is stowed at the lowest
location of the stack on deck. There are addresses un-
occupied because there are containers required to be stowed
on deck. These containers are for a POD whose relative
order is high, therefore, the common containers of other
ports can not be used to fill those "lower holes". Again,
human interpretation is necessary. In this example, newly
loaded common cargo containers destined to Saigon (port-5)
which have been assigned addresses somewhere in the same
hold should be re-assigned to those unoccupied addresses,
and there will be no overstow.
Data related to the containers in the example have been
generated by a random number process based on assumption
that a certain percent of containers are of type-I,
(I = 1,9) and a certain percent of containers from a
port-J are sent to a port-K. (K = 1,5; K ^ J) . Certainly
overstow depends on the number of containers required to
be stowed on deck. With 4%, it is likely that about 1%
might be over stowed without manual adjustment.
In the last part of the printout summary are the
results related to ship's trim. Note that the weight of
water used to balance the ship must be smaller than the
capacities of the involved ballasts. This figure is used
to identify whether the load plan is feasible. If it is
not acceptable, then manual corrections are needed.
For complete results, see the computer printout.
46
X. FEASIBILITY OF THE MODEL AND RECOMMENDATIONS FOR USE
The model was developed through a heuristic approach,
and many assumptions had to be made. As a result, the
model's overall capacities are subject to some limitations.
The heuristic approach does not always yield an optimal
solution. The model assumes that containers are of a single
size.
The model does not depend on ship form and ship objects,
however, an assumption has been made about the vertical
direct accessibility to any address on board. This means
that if only one stack of containers under the main deck
is to be unloaded, then all containers on the deck, over
the hatch, must be removed. In this case, the solution
reached may become less meaningful as far as overstow is
concerned. However, this problem could be accommodated
with multiple-removable-container-sized-auxiliary hatches
as shown in Figure 13.
The model is not 100% computerized. Due to a variety
of regulations requiring separation of labeled cargo, a
ship loaded with all nine types of cargo might not have
enough separate holds for each type of cargo; or in some
cases, a hold reserved for a specific type of cargo is full.
Manual adjustment are also needed in the cases where there
is overstow which the program cannot avoid, or in the cases
where ship trim, stability, or list is unacceptable.
47
HatchMultipleRemovable
tainer-sizediliary hatch
Figure 13: Specially Designed Hatch.
48
Changing the locations of some container stacks is not very
difficult with data available from the computer printout.
The model only shows where containers should be stowed,
it does not point out which stack of containers should be
loaded first and which one second, etc. If we follow the
order printed, the ship might be sunk in port. The loading
officer should load stacks of containers in a way such that
the ship stay afloat after any container is loaded.
The model can be used in the pre-loading stage. Con-
tainers should be arranged in the marshalling area such
that they are easy to access. A good solution is to arrange
them in the same way as they will be stowed on board, except
in each stack the order is reverse.
The last point here is completely technical. To make
the model more applicable, all data related to the ship and
the voyage can be stored on tape or a data cell, but data
related to containers should be punched on cards. Output
related to each carried container is needed as input for
next loading port, therefore, an extra card output is
necessary.
49
XI . IMPLICATION FOR FURTHER STUDY
A. TESTING AND ANALYSIS
The model has been used with a variety of different data,
and results were acceptable. However, the model should be
further tested with greater ranges of data by changing the
ship, the route, and the generating program, the number of
port calls, total number of containers to be loaded, ship
characteristics, percentage of labeled cargo, percentage
of cargo to each port, etc. Using these variables as
independent variables, the model can be tested to provide
dependent variables such as number of containers overstowed,
number of addresses which must be re-considered, and the
number of cases where ship trim is unad justable . The
results could be analyzed by multi-variable statistics
in order to draw firm conclusions about the feasibility
of the model. The loading program itself requires almost
3 minutes CPU time on an IBM360/67, therefore the process
of testing which includes data generating, loading, and
analysis, will be costly and time-consuming.
B. MODEL EXPANDING
Only the trim computation has been included in the model.
Ship list and stability have been neglected based on the
belief that these effects are generally not a problem.
Another subroutine should be developed and added to the
program, at least for testing and assuring the feasibility
of the solution,
50
The program can be modified to take into account
the effect of the hatches on over stow. This development
would lead to more realistic solutions.
Like celestial navigation, which provides a better and
more accurate position from an estimated position, the
model can be developed such that the result after the
first loading attempt can be revised and used for the
second attempt, etc. As seen in the illustration, the
summary has included assignments that must be reconsidered
and a number of containers that have not been loaded. The
model can be revised such that the program will "automatic-
ally" take these considerations into account, reassign some
addresses to some containers, and repeat the procedure until
an acceptable solution is reached.
The concept of containerization has been in existance
for quite some time, but is still an area requiring quan-
titative research. The model here and its proposed appli-
cations are no exception to this.
51
APPENDIX A
BASIC RULES FOR STORAGE OF CARGO
Type-1: EXPLOSIVES
Must not be stowed with any other labels.
Type- 2: INFLAMMABLE COMPRESSED GAS (RED GAS )
Must be stowed on deck.
Cannot be stowed over a red label hatch.
Must be 2 5 feet from any other hazardous cargo.
Must have the deck house between it and explosives.
Type-3 : FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS (RED LABEL)
Must not be stowed in the same hatch with inflam-
mable solids, oxidizing materials, corrosive liquids,
poisons, or cotton.
Must not be stowed in the same hold over non-
inflammable compressed gases.
Many red label items require between deck storage,
therefore no red label is to be stowed in a lower
hold or deep tank without checking the regulations.
Must have a full hatch or midship house intervene
between it and explosives.
Type-4: INFLAMMABLE SOLIDS/OXIDIZING MATERIAL (YELLOW LABEL)
Must not be stowed in the same hold or compartment
as red label, corrosive liquids, poisons, or cotton.
Must no be stowed in the same compartment over non-
inflammable compressed gases.
52
Must have a full hatch or midship house intervene
between it and explosives.
Type-5: CORROSIVE LIQUIDS (WHITE LABEL)
Some are permitted under deck storage. General
policy is to stow on deck at all times.
Must not be stowed adjacent to or over any poisonous
articles or hazardous items.
Must not be stowed on the square of the hatch.
Must have a full hatch or midship house intervene
between it and explosives.
Type-6 : NON-INFLAMMABLE GASES (GREEN LABEL)
Must not be stowed with explosives.
Must not be over stowed with corrosive liquids,
inflammable solids, oxidizing material, poisons,
or hazardous articles.
Type-7 : POISONOUS ARTICLES (BLUE LABEL)
Must not be stowed in the same compartment with
explosives, inflammable liquids, inflammable solids,
refrigerated cargo, or cotton.
Must not be stowed adjacent to corrosive liquids.
Must not be stowed over compressed gases.
Type-8: HAZARDOUS ARTICLES
Must not be stowed in any compartment with explosives
Type-9: COMMON CARGO
Can be stowed any place.
53
APPENDIX B
LIST OF VARIABLE NAMES USED IN COMPUTER PROGRAM
A = Container position and equals to row address.
BALI = Distance from gravity center of aft ballasts
to midship.
BAL2 = Distance from gravity center of forward ballasts
to midship.
CL = Container length, in feet.
D = Distance from midship to flotation center,
positive if CF is forward of midship, negative
otherwise.
DIFF = Difference of mean draft after a container is
loaded.
DISP = Displacement.
DRAAFT = Aft draft.
DRAFWD = Forward draft.
ICOL(I) = Column address of container I,
IPDEP(I)= Number assigned to a port where the container
was loaded.
IPARR(I)= Number assigned to a port where the containter
is destined.
IROW(I) = Container row address
ISER(I) = Container serial number.
ITIER(I)= Container tier address
ITYPE(I)= Number assigned to the type of cargo stuffed
inside the container
.
54
JC = Column address under processing.
JR = Row address under processing.
JT = Tier address under processing.
JL = First tier address on deck.
K = Relative order of a port under processing.
KRORIG = Maximum row address of a hold.
L = Index assigned to a hold where type-L cargo is
stowed.
LOG = Address characteristics, zero denotes unoccupied
address.
MAC = Midship column address
MAXCOL = Maximum value of column address
MAXROW(L)= Number of rows in the hold L.
MLOWER = Maximum value of tier address, on deck,
MTIER = Maximum value of tier address.
NCONT = Total number of possible addresses,
NARRP = Number assigned to the port under processing.
NLOADP = Number assigned to the port where containers
are being loaded.
NP = Number of ports on the route.
SHLGTH = Overall ship length, measured by number of rows
of containers.
SHMEAN = Mean draft, in feet.
SHMTI = Moment trim by one inch.
T = Total trim when a container is loaded.
W = Gross weight of a container being loaded.
WEIGHT (I) = Gross weight of container I.
WATER = Water added in ballasting process.
55
COMPUTER OUTPUT
a: a: ex: oc a: QC QCLU UJ UJ UJ UJ UJ UJ»-H t-H •-4 •—1 •-« ^* »-<
1- 1- h- H- K- K »-f-t U) l/) co to </> (/) </)• 00 _J 00 _j 00 _l «/>_J t/)_l «/)-! 00 -Jo r\j UJO UJO UJO UJO UJO UJO UIOz d:o CtO q:o OCO oco a:\J oco
tt Q Q Q Q o a QH- UJ Q O Q Q o Q oor K- <2 <3: <:s <3 <3 <r3 <3:O Z> O O o O o o OQ. O o: 0£. a: 0^ oc or a::
oH UJ
t/) Ha:LU 2z O f-H 0\J ro ^ in vO h-»—
•
1- h »- H- »- h- H< h- UJ X UJ X UJ X UJ X UJ X UJ X UJ Xt- cx: a. o Q. o Q. o Q. O CL o CL o CL oz o >- -I > H-4 >- »—
•
>- t—
)
>• t-H >- —1 >- h-*
o CL t- UJ f- UJ t- UJ »- UJ K UJ »- LU H UJ
o 3: S 3 3 3 s 3:o o o O o o o oo z: o o o o o o oo »—
1
(X UJ cc UJ cr UJ cc UJ ct UJ cc UJ oc UJa: Q vl a. < a. < Ol < a. < CL < CL < CL< < o > o > o >• o > o >• o >- o >o O H »— »- K 1- H HLLo U- cx: a: a: a: a: OC oc
o HOC h oi i-q: i-a: h-oc HQC Hoc»- q;< <x< a:< a:< 0L< Ot< QC<t>0 cr: o o o o o O Ouu UJ a. a. Q. a. o. Q- O.u. Q Cl. 0, CL o. a. O. CL-H a: ULI UJ UJ UJ UJ UJ UJz o o o o o o Q Q<z:
• • • • • • •
1
a:UJ
oz1
a:UJ
oz1
QCUJto
1
a:UJCO
oz1
QCUJ«/)
Oz1
ccUJCO
Oz
1
ccUJ
56
a: a:LU UJH-« »—
1
h- 1-
v~> t/)
1/^>_I tO_)UJO uuoDiO QiOQ OQ Q<3: <3O Oa: O-
00 o*H 1-
LU X UJ XQ. O Q. o>- »—
1
> >—
t
1- UJ \- UJ
jC 2o oo oo: LU a: UJ
< Q. < Q.
o > o >-
H i-
o: CLh-o: \-CCa:< (X<O oa. Q.
a. Q.UJ UJQ O
o1
a:1
UJ UJI/) »/)
57
in I/)
• l/0_J
o Cvl LUOz 0:0
• •
1- uua: »- <3o IDQ. O
o:a:
Oh- UJ
Xirt H-a:LU z:Z o t-H
1—4 \-< h- 111 X1- o: Q.
z o > »-^
o (X 1— LUo ISo oo 5f oo HH a. UJ
o: Q <l. Q.< < u >-
o O_J
" 1-
u.O u_ a:o I- a.H d:<U1 a. CjLU UJ QuU_ Q Q.*-\ cc UJ•z O<2:
oc: cy Q' ct: Qi or or' a: or Q' q:: a: (x: or QiLUUJUJUILUUJUJUJUJLUUJLLJUJLUUJ
<K<i<<r<i<<<[<r<r<:<!<r<i
00000000ooouoao
OOQCQQQOQQQOQQOUULULlJLiJUJUJLLIUJUJUJUJUJUJUJUJ
a.a:a:aLa:D-ixciLa:a.u.ac:u:u:ora. a: q: a; a' Ci. of a: D. or- D< q; a Q- tx<<<<<a<i<<<<<<<<<;
a: a:UJ rgro4-invOCNJro>J-inNOrsifrisj-ir>sOfMro>j-tnsOf\iro4-in<)(\irO^ UJ»-< t-i
K I-</)
CO00CX)C000C0CO0O00C0CX)COCO0000>^^4->^^^4->^-4->t>^v}->J-N^ LUO
QQ<3:
f^r^r^h-r-oooooooocoo^c^(7-CT^a>r^r*~h-r--r-cocococoooa^cr^o^ o
c^lnoo^-^ot^J^^•-^^-r*-o^oc^oo^-<M(^J^3-o^(M^~•r-.oom^4••4^J• h->J-ro.-HOcoOr-(0^a:/OOO^oocx)oorocoQO>OO^coo^rOvO(\iNDrO u..' Xro»-^co^^covOr^u^rHu^c^l-^<J^orJ^c>^-•<)GJr^o^u^l^l(^Jl^\^iJu^lLn q. <jj
• >- •-•
a^croooof^vOLri^^f^c\ifvj(MrjrH,-Hc^aDoor~--frt-imnc\jrHooo t— lu3:o
q: UJ
<£ O-t-^r-HrHrHi-Hf—(rHrHrHrHr-lf-HiH.—Ii—I.—).—Ii-Hf-H.—Ir-I'—Ir-lf—lr~ti—JfHf-l <_) >•
a:
a:<uOl
Ol4(Njrs|(M(Mf\JC\|(\Jc\|(MC\J0slfMC\J
O o^Ovor\iij)c\ivfo^i"OLOfNj(jNr>-oa^sOcr'.—ir— cri'-HOO->t'-too o2: iniA vOo r^ vo o J COo oTX) r^ 00 <1too>^<\IsCmm vj-^oorO'-H in .-H za: oooooooocoooooooooocooi^ooi^oo a:Ul OOOOOOOOO^OOOOOOOOC'OOOOOCOOO LUV) rHr-H»-HrHrH'—I'-ti-H—li-Hi-HF-Hi-Hi-<c-<<\JCMCNJf\|C\|(\KMC\jr\l<\ir\JCNJ.'NJ CO
58
UJUJUJ
ooo
UJLUUJ
ooo
Qt: Q' Q' or' o< a:LU LU LU LU LU LU
<<r<<<<H-J-I-K-KI-
oooooooooooo
UJUJUJLU
00000000oooLULJUUU—»—(»—
I
q:cx:q:0:0:0:<<<
LULULU»—I >—<»-<
Q-ctio:o 0:0::<<<000
QOQQOQUJ LU UJ LU LU UJ
0:0.0.0:0-0:0:0:00.00:<<<<<<OOOOOO
QOOQLULUUULUt—^»—M—^>-^
0*0:0:0:
0000
a: cc 0:ir\^oiriir»NOin>om UJ
1--
t>0_J
.-•(MfO^ LU—
(
00 _J
«-Hr\JrOsj-mvO UJ»—
»-
I/)
-HCNJrOvJ-
oooo-i>j-^>}-vf«^ LUOO-OQQ<2
00 00 CO >t LUO0:0
Q<I3.
CO CO GO 00 00 00 UJO0:0Q<3:
00 00 CO 03
»-1 r-l •-«•-•^ rg(\j(\if\j CO CO 00 CO 00 00 0000rOrorOfOrororo,^ o: mrOfOM o. rorOf<-)nrOr<^ 0: >^»t->t<r
OfMOO'-i^vj-ooro (^m o^ 00 CM r- CO• •••••••CMOocooom>tro
inminifMrMnLH in
invninininin in lA
r-«r-irHCM(\jcgcMrg
i-Hinooo^'O'-^oin ino c\j CO ro f\i ro(MOt^rHOOO'-'OOOOoOv^O00000000t-4 f-H i-H f\J C\J (M r\J CNJ
»- in CO .-HO (~LU X cocorocsl LU XCu -.J-^-HCMOU Q.>• •—
»
• • • • >- »—
<
t— Ul 00 in ro in t- LU3: 2
CC UJ CC LU
< Q. < CL
>
o:
vO^OnOO >-1-
o:1- cc in in in tn ha:OK cc<.
Q. a.a. CLLU r-4t-H,-4tM LUD Q
• •
^nOO^O^2:
1
in»t>d->j-rHOvO^-H 1
o: 0000 a;LU 0000 UJI/) .-Ht-H<-«(NJ l/>
fviinooor-<rr~- .-»o 00 r~-
m
ooom>^NO• •••••
O^nD inrocMO
r^r-r-r-r-r^
LfMninLninin
00
O^o^t^oco^or-tr-sO.-tro(MLn<l-oco<f>0OOOOOOOooooo
1- •-^rot\lc^LU X o^NOon0. >rTOo'^>- »—
»
• • • •
\- LU
3r-vOt-HO
CC LU
< CL>
cC
00 CO 00 CO
h-a. in in in incc<t
Q-Q.LU ,-tr-tr-ir-*
•
Orr\CMO^
1 oo(M(\irn0. 0000LU 0000t/i ,-tr-if-it-i
59
LULUUJ
<<<z.:z.-z.ooo
oooLULULU
CCCt CLCC CCCCOCCX-CLCCLUUJUJLIJUJLIJLIJLUUJUJ
H-ll—1»—<»-H>—!-<—II—1>—It—
I
<<:<f<<i<<<x<<il-J-J-l— |-h-»-(- Hh-
ooooooooooOO (_>O <_Joooo u»
OOQOOQQQOQLULULLIUJUJUJiXJUJUlLiJ
DtrorarUJUJLU222
222000000OOOLULULU
UJIU
«00
00UJUJ
0:0:0^CLCCCC<<<000
qcq: aid cco'cCcl. dice<<<<<<<<<<0000 tJ00000aicca:<<<000
Q^a:olo:«
CSC CL CLinNOiniTtsO LU
—
1
f\jm >rin vO fMm >^ in »o cvi rn UJ
»-
fNJfO>1- UJ m>o
cooooo>^>t LUO0:0Q<3
OD 00 CO 00 03 00 00 00 00 TO vt^ LUO0:0Q<3:
00 00 CO LUOQiO
Q<3:
coco
00'-<00 vOvO'OvD^or^-r^r^h-r^vO^o 00 00 CO 00t-HfHfHt-l.-l cxr a: f-<f-Hf-t (X roro
m »ninvocroovo H-roaavOor- LU XC0v4->-l(MO D.• • • • • V »—
1
h->t<M0OvO LUIS
a: LU
< Q-(M(>J(MC\J(M >
1-
minininiA
aa.
t-<rHrH(\|(\J LU
•
in.ococMvfr^>}-Ntu^^ 2fnr^r--o^ 100000 ix:
00000 LUt-<r-lr-U-\|CM 00
oooooininLnosr-rOvOsOO•-i>-t>o>tor~ofMcovO>tvOOC^rfi(Njo^(NJO(^coNrr^ro
cor-r^inromrOr-toor^iA »-
rororOfOfOrororornroroc^ o
inirMTMnm in in in irnnin in
iCMCvJ
>1" vO r< 1 ro ir\o >j- r<"ioO f\J 00
•-<r^o -< r- ro r\i (\j r- vooo0000000oooou000000000000
h- -tooo h- fO»tLU X OCM.-I LU X oin0, or^-o Q- >DvO>- »—
1
• • • >- H-
«
• •
h- LU
3in >*•>} »- LU 00 >o
.
QC LU a: UJ
< Q. < Q.> vT-Txt >
1-mm
h o: in in in »-oc mma:< a:<Q aCL 0.
Q. Q-LU f-Hf-HrH UJ .-HrH
• •
OnO-I- (T^Ch2
vfOO 1 l-<vO
o: 000 (X 00LU 000 UJ 0000 f-<.-lrH i<o f-<f-4
60
UJUJUJUJUJUIUJU>LiJUJLUUJUjmUJUJUJmUJLULUmUJUJUJLUUJUJLUUJULI
<r<<<<<i'<<<<«^<<i<i<<t<<<<<r<<i<<r<i<<<<<i:h-Kl-l-t— KH-h-hl—t-H-h-l— l-HH-l-l—J-KJ-Hht— ^-^-^-^-^-^—2222222222222:22Z:222222222Z2222ZOOOOOOOO0000000C^OOOOODODOOOO000
QDOOOQDQQQQQQOQQOQCiQQQQClQQQQQQQuJUJLULUUJUjmuimmujmuJUJUJujmmLumujLuuJiiJUJUJUJUJiXj''ajLU
c^.Q^cccLctcccL.a.u.(X.CLU.VLuiCi-(:^<Xoca:cs.CLaLaicCcca-Q-o:.cCci-DCQca:Qiacr:a:a:cr:cr:QLCc:Q-Q.Q:oc'Q;a:QLa:Qr:a:ciioc:ac:a.cLC^Q:aQ::Q::
—itMro Lu rofO>^<Njro4"NOir\vOCMrov4-in<>'-<<\i(^>t.-«ovjro>i->^inxO«-«(NJrn>tiri>0
ininin
000
ujo 00 00 CO to CO CD CO go CO 03030000 CO 00 CO CO good 00 CO 00 00 CO 00 CO CO 00 CO CO 00otoQo<3:O 000•-^•-^•-«'-'coaDC^c^c^C^C^oooo•-^'-•'H^-^c\lf\|(\JrorOf0^0^o^Ooc .-H r-^ .-^ .-^ rH r-^ ,-^ .-H rH .-^ .-H ,-H r-<f-Hrornr<^romrorO(r)fO(^n n't rorOfO CO ro
0^«^iH.-< h-r-oo) LU X^a-cor- Q.• • • > K^inrom LU
or LU
< Q.000000 >
Ctininm
(Mcvirg LUQ
•
000^^^3-rocM 2o.-t<-i •000 a:000 LUrvjrgrg UO
crcocoo^roooc'^cofMroot^JromooNtc^ir\r-o<f-<MO^cr-ooooor~oo-4"(\ioocor-inrov^cor<'in')CONj-ocoi^Lnc\iONj-Ln.-HO<J''-<0"^oor~-0u^ y^ u^ o^ c"^ 03 oj f^ vu in in in rn rH i-i r-iooooo 0^ CO CO r^ nO vu in >j-< c<^
C^c^o^c^o^c^c^o^c^c^c^c^c^c^o^c^c^c^c^c^C7^ooooa^oococooocoooco
^o^o^cT^u^^cT'cr'C^o^c^o^c^o^'j^o^o^o^o^o^o^o^c^o^o^o^cr'O^cr'CT^cr'
in in in in in enin in in in in in in in in in in in in in in in in in in in in in in inin
sOfNJinr— .-HsO'Oom'—•—<r~-'-t<j-CT^oO'—'v^^ootNJvtvfO'-<co^o^(MvOin ino f^ 00 r- CO nJ- r-H r > (M >}- ro t- 1 in ro f\j inoo ff1 (^ i^ c\i 00 r- f\im o^ in »-«
00—irHr~f^Lnr<~tr-HsO-J"vOvOi-)(\i.-4Nj-ro.-HCOvj--4-vO-t0^sU^^rO'-nooLninooooocoooooooo0000000000000000000000000000000000000cOo00000000
61
or err a^ a: Q^ or cxr Dt: or Of: Qc" D^ or DfT r^ or a' Qt' Qtr ct* a: a' o: 0" or o' Qi 0^LUUJUjmujujmLuujLUUJUJLijujuiULjijuLuujLumujLULumujmLumuiujujmmujmujmZ2?2Z2-2:2:22222:22;2:z2:zz2:zzz2:22Z2Z2zz2zzz2:zz^<<<i<<r<<i<i.<r<<<<i<i<3'<<a<r<<i<<x<i<i<r<<i<<<<<i<<<r<<<<<iKh-H-Ht-H 1- h-l-l-J-KI—HH-I— l-h-t-HH h-H-f-l-l-H-KI-h-J-l-J-f-»-l-f-H»-H-2222222222222222222222222222222222222222oooooaooooooooooooooooooocoooooooooooooo
OOOQQDODQODQCQOQQQOQQOQQOQQOQQQQOOQQQQQQLUUJujujmLULULULUUJUJUJUJLUUJUJLumujmmmmmLLjmujLUUJLUixiLLJLumLuujLUUjm
(xicxlcLo:(^OL o^ a: (^ccd:o(:oc oc a. ex: a^ a: crccct ucct:(^cic c^ cl 0:0: ctc^<<<r<<<<<<<<<<<<<<i<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<000000000000000000 c;)oo0000000000000000000
rH rvj ro >t ir^ ^O in vO .-H (\J ro sf in vo "-< (\i rn >t u^ vO .-< f\i ro >t in sO^ (Nj ro ^4- u^ vO .-H (\in «t u^ vO <^
CO 00 03 00 CO 00 00 00 CO OD 00 CO CO CO CO CO« CO 00 TO 00 CO CO 00 03 00 CO (X) 00 CO CO 00 00 CO CO 00 CO 00 r-H r
c^ <^ c^ (7> c^ o^oo "-H "-H .-< 1-^ »-< r^ vo vO sO <) vo nO r^ ^- f^ r^ i^ r~ 00 CO CO CO 00 00 (> o^ (> o^ (> c^ h- r--
ro ro ro ro ro ro -t- >^ vt >!• >t >^ -4- >t >r >t >t >t >!- >r >i- 4- vl- ^4- >t -J- >f «t >J- vt vj- >t -4-^ >^ >^ >1- -t
o eg ^o^O CO (No ^t 00 f<^O CO sOo r^o fH en cNj vf «^ in >o •4" in rvi cN ro roo eg o^ vo vj- in ri r- ro >4-
<> >*• tNi -t c^ nTo v^ c^ rg >r (7> --H ovj vo rn (Nj COoo o^ vO >o Ln in (\i c^ c\i nu vT r^ vo cvj c\jooo <> in COeg CNJ c\io 00 CO r~ <) u^^ ro f^J r\i .-H QJoo u^ cr^ u^ 00 vO '-n 4" f^ ro --H t-Hoo cr u^ 0^ cr> o^ CO CO r-- -o in
00 CO CO CO r-- r*- h- r- 1^ r- r- ^- r- 1^ 1^ t^ r^ nO vo o >o >o vO vO vO vO >J3 sO vO sO in in in in in in in in in in
^O^CT^CT^0^Q^Q^0^U^Q^^Q^(7^Q^^Q^(7\^<J^Q^O^C^'0^C^>0~>C^>0^C^'0^C^>CT^CT^(7^O^0^0^O^O^O^0^
in inin in in in u^ in in in in in in in in u^ in u^ in lA in in in in in in in in in in in in in in in in in in in in
>t in nO r<^ o • ro ino 00 r~ ^o a vto 00 in vc vO COo ro 00 oJ .-• vO vt rn ro o^ r^ vj- --• vO in 00 (Nj r- .-H O' c\j
r-« ro 0" f-H >t rn r^i cu f^ r-t (Nj o^ rn vt (r\ <)oo in (^ in r~ c\i r^ >t 00o <f rH u^ 00 rg u^ fo (\j r-H ro >r -^cor*-0'-<Nfiri-i-OLninor^vOr^'M^inoooino«-Hr-Hr-Hir\incocooLno<-HOaooinoOf\irH000000000000000000000000000000^_/OoOOOOOOOoooO(>^oo0000000coo000000000000000CO000000
62
UJLLiUJUJUJUJUJUJLXJUJLumuiujmujujujmuJUJUJLuujujLumLUUJmujLummujujmmuju^
<<<<<<<<<r<<<<i<<i.<<<i<<<<i' '-a <<.<<<<<t<K<<<:<<i<<<KH-t-H-h-H-t— h-l-h-Ht-Ht— H-J-H-H-HH-Kh-S-h-t-Ht-t-Kt-l-KI— I— H-h-l— Kl—
K
OOOOQOOOOOOCOOCOOOOOOOCjOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO
QQQQOOOOQQQQQOOQQQOQQQOOOQDQQQOQQOQQQQOClujuJLUUULumuiLuujuJujixjLummujLumujuJLijmLuuiuJLLiujujmujuJiULuaiujLuuim
>4-invOfMfn>i-invO<Nro»l-u^NOfMrnNtu^vOtNjc<^»tir>NO(Nj(t^<t-invOf\j(^>^u^sOcN(^-^
r^ r^ h- CO 00 00 00 00 o^ 0^ cr^ c^oooo o>-H -• r-4 .-H .-H no <) vD vOor~h-h-t^ rococo 00 00 CO o^o^
o r^ f<^ t^ (^ 00 CO^ r\jo roo c^ c\i r\j ro r^ u^ r- 00 f-^ ir> roo >r t-H (NJo <Njo o^ >^o iTi vf r^ c\j in cr> >j-
CO ro ro r^ rn f^^ •4-oO u^ sO (^JO ij^ cNj c^ c^ 03 rJ t^ U--1o C^ u^ >r 1^O (NJ CNJ -4- sT ro c^ 1^ rno r\J 0^ O^in-4->rC\JC\lf-HrHr-|.-Ht-H(J^aDOOI^vOt^^>3"^^>T(^(^f\l«-^'-H'-Ha^0^vOvOU^vJ--J-{^(^0)(^(N^
in in in in u^ in iTi ir\ u^ in^ <r -t <t^^^ -^^ >t >^ >r >3" v}- vt -^ >*• ro ro ro ro romn c^ ro ro ro f^
o^(7^c^>CT^(7^Q^o^c^c^c^c^c^CJ^^o^0^c^c^c^c^c^O'C^c^o^cJ^C7^c^o>c^Cf^C7^c^u^c^c7^(^c^'C^o~>
in in in in in in in in in in in u^ in in in in in in in in in in in in in in in in in in in in in in in in in in in in
o^o f\j 1^o ro r^ COo vO r^ <-<o <Ni vo in *> 0^ vt CO vOo vO -J- 1^ nO <\j rJ h- CO in r-H ro ^o fM h- in vO f\i chlnLno.--<c^o^-^0rM^0O^nsj-c^<^J0L)r<l>tOrH4•oo^0^0C^^0Oln^-^^00-O0^^0v^O'-^'--^'-^o sO t^ ("Jo ^J" "-^ ino "-H 00 in in oJ u^. (^J in r -o (^ f\i <) h- c\) ^-o (^o N^ o^ Tvj^ sO vT ^o c\jo N^ -I i>
OOOOOOOOvjOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOoOOOooooocoooooooooocooooooooooooooooooooooorHrH^-^l-^,--^^-^r-^^-^•-^f-l|-^^-^l-^.-H^-^l-^.-^^-^l-^^-^^-^l-^^-^^-^e-^•-^^-^f-^l-^-^^-^rHf-^I-^l-^
63
LJJIX)UJUJllJUJLUUJUJUJLiJLUUJUJUJUlUJmUJLUUULUUJLUUJLUUJU.JLUaJUJLULUUJ
<<<<<<<r<;<<i;<<.<f<<i<<<<<<<<i<<<<<r<<<<< <.<!<<:<<<K»- I— Kh-h t-Hl--l-Kl-KH H-h-J- I— (-1— Kh-I— f-h- H-t-H-h I— h-H-h t-h-Ht-H H-H-2222222222222222222222222222222222222222OOOOOOOOOOOOOCOOOOOOCOOOOOOOOOOCDOOOOOCOO
ODQQQOQOQOQQOQQQQQQQQOOQQQQOQQQQOOOQDQOOmuJUJUJUJmuJLUujLijmuJujuJLULULumujLumLummi^aiuJujLuuJLUuJujujL^
cco^ c^ c^ oc a: ai a: a: a. a: (T- cc cc CL ci. cj:a. cL ex. u- (X. u a: cl cl ui c^(^cLo^cLa^aiccc^a a:cLa c£ctc^(X(XCi.a:(Xa'ctia'ci.a::a'a.CL:ct cCa c^<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<000000000oocjoo0000oi^ooljoe^o00000oljo (_>(_)«_)000
>^in vO iH cvi <^i st nO rH (vj fO «t u^ nO "-^ r\i ro >t in >o -H (\Jn vt- in vO •-< <Ni ro >^ in vO .-^ eg rn >4- in N^
C^ c^ C^OoOoo .-< f-^ .-H •-< "-H r^ rvj rvj (Nj <Nj rvi <Nj ro ro (^ ro ro ro CO 00 <X) CO 00 CO <> 0^ o^ C^ <> 0^OOf-^ .H^ f<^ ro rn ro ro ro r<^ c^ ro ro rn ro rn r<^ ro rn ro (^ (^ fO ro c<^ ro ro (^ ron (^ f^
in r^i fHo 03 ro "-H^ ro CO c^ r~- <N enn ro c^ n}- in CO (\j in ^-^ ro 00 vf .-^ vO ir\ f\i 1^ vT rH >r (7^ c\i in r^ c^fo rH r~- f^ (Nj i-H vO^ <^j --H (Ni r~- r^o vO (^ >-< r-^oo ^ in uio vo in u^< Csi '^ c\i -4" sj- s^ f-H in (\j rHr^•-H rHo cr v^ cr OD 03 r^ r^ ^u in >j- v}- (^n ro CN r\i vj cr cr TO CO r- r- r^ ir\ uA LA u "> ^^ vt v^ >r (^ rn c^ (\i <\i
m c<^m (\j r\j f\i <M CM c\j (Nj rg (\i CM CM CM (Nj ovj CM ro c\j
'
(7^CJ^(7^0^C^C^c^'C^c^o^O~'O^O^C^G^C^C^c^c^(J^c^c^'C7^C^o^O^C^(7'C^o^c^>o^o^C^C7^^^'O^C^c^'^
in u^ in in in in u^ in in in in in in in in in u^ in in in in in in in in in in in in in in in in in in in in in in in
ro^ ro r-H un inooo >t -J- vO h- CO inCMno TOo CO CO n"» in ro CO vf .-H r-H ino ino h- r-^ >^ r>- r^ >t -Oco^O^Ooo»OC^o<)CM^^fOaD.-^Lnoc^OCMrOooro^C^•-'C^r-0<?•-^>3O^OOln-4^o<)<^l0^ovO >0 ^~OO c^ r^ CM rH .-< u^ rsj COo vOo oj CM 00 ro r^ 1-^ vt rH 1^ vO ro LT, r- vO .-I in CO (\iO C^ to i-t in roooou000000000000000000000000000000000000oooooooooooooooooooo0000c00ooiw>ooooooo000^-^l-^^-l»H.-^.-^r-^l-^r-^,-^,-^,-^rHr-^^-H•—ii—(i-Hi-Hi-H,—ir-Hi-H-—^f-^l-Hr-^r-^•-^'-^^—i'-^<-H>-Hr-H^
64
mUJLUUJLUUJUJUJUJLUUJLULULUUJLlJLUUJUJUJIJUUJ
<<<r<<r<r<<i<<<<<r<<r<<<:<r<<i<l-h-H-h ^ h l-l-HKI-l-l-(-H l-l-KI-l-t-l-
OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOCOOOOC'C
DOQOQQOQQQQQQQQOQQQQOOLUmUJUJUJUJUJLLLiJU.)UJUJUJLiJlX.LJJLUUJUJUJUJLU
CLCCali^ccalQCcccCa'cx.cilci.cCcCcCaicxlu.aiQlcC<<<<<<<<<<<<<:<<<<<<<<<
<<^ ^t u^ >o .-^ (Nj ro <f u^ ^o rH cNj rn >4- u^ vo rH rgn >t in vO i-H (\j ro^ u^ vO .-H (N ro >t u^ >o N^ in vO^ (\i ro
4 in LA in iTiinlAiA in inin in in in in in in in lA
oooo-^•-^l-^•-^r-^--^^OsO^o^o^o^-t^^-r^^-^-cooooooocooooc^c^c^c^^ooo•-^•-''-••i- >t >f >t >t >t >t >!• >^ >4- >!^ "J- >t >t «t >t ^^ >r ^^ <f ^t ro ro ro fo rn rn f<^ rn ro ro ro ro >t -4- '^ >t nJ- nJ-
in <> c\jin u-\ CO (Nj u^ in ir» in c^ r-4 r^ 00 inoooooo in vO f^ t^ <7^ r~- .-H ^- c^ rn CO >4- o^ ro vj- cr> .-4 r-H
roo-^r^r^rocor~invj-u^sOOcor-inoooooof\jcn>^vOO^>-''-Horsjco>ocoroinococo4-fvj fHOo u^ (/^ r^ t^ r^ 1^ in in -^ ro (^ (^ rn r<i ro ff") r<^ ro c^ r~- sO in rH r-4oo 1^ <) ^o in c<^ (\jo cr cr TO
t-<rH.-irHoooooooooooooooooc_)ooa^a^crcM7^oooaDoococoQocoi^r-r-
c^Q^c^cT^c>c^c^>c^(J^CT^o>c7^C7^CJ^(>c^'0^c^c^o^o^c^o^(7^o^o^c^>o^o^c^C7^c^'c^c^c^o^c^c^c^CT^
in in u^in u^ in u^ in in in in in in in in in in in LA u^ in in u^in in in IT) ir> in in in in in in in in in in in in
< (\i f\j (\i cvj CM c\j f\j CM (\i CN) cvj rgrg cvj (\i (\i c\j rj
•-i«Mco>t(T'vOCM>-4(^vOao'^^vOinroin>^>OC7^ coini-tcMf\ivj-r<^o-4a^cMino^0^oOvj-vOCr-r^Ot^v}'-^(J>oD'-H.-^t^.-^f^CMr--^cxD^O^O^^lNtLnr^r^cr.-^CMvO^J"-4"OlnLn^^OOlnsOr-^^n'-^.-l^O»i- CM cxD in CMo CO .-H CO t^ roo <f vo vf ro (M r- in XI o "-H --H --H <o --< •-<o <-Hoo r-i .-H c>oooooOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOCOO^OOOOOt^OO-^OcjiOOs-^OOOC:jOOOO'w<OOOOOOOOOOOOOOC^OOOOOOOOOCOOOOOO
i,_<rH,—(,-t.-H,-H,-4,-^.—l,-i,-i.-H.-t,-<,-lr-<»-(CMCMcMC^JCMCMCMCMCMCMCMf\|(MfM(MCMCMCM
65
>• ir> nO 1-^ cvj rn "4" ir» >o "-^ c\j CO >^ ino r-< (Nn >f u^ vO^ (\j ro >f in vO in >o rg rn >J- egn >t ir> >o >t u^o
u^ in in in in ininin in in in un in inin in in in in in in in in in in in in vi" 4- nJ-^ >t >!^^ >1" 4- •4- nJ- -4-
r-i i-i t-H >o >o nO vO nO >o f^ r^ h- r^ r^ h- 00 CO 00 00 00 CO CT>o c^ c> o^ c^ 0^ o^ooo 1-1 .-< t-H .-« rH vo sO nO
in c^ ro 1^ in ^o CO in .-Hr^ CO r^ o^ c^ ro rg >t •-<o in r~- -o ro in 00 ino o^ >3" f*- 00 r-H vo in CO •-« f\i 00 ro t-H
o C^ (\i t^ in fg CO t^ rn in r-) r-H r<^ r^ 03 1^ vj ino cr --^ r^ vi" f-^ in r-t oD r^ >^o 1^ (^ in .-H 0"^ Osi vo in COoCO vO r) fNi c\j tH ei CO 03 (^ r^ vO in >t "-^ •-< f-H <^ in r<^ ro CNJ c\i r^ in u^ r I (^ ro c^ .-Hu^ u^ o^ CO i^oo o^ r^
r*- r^ r^ r^ t^ r^ r^ vO vO^ g3 vO <) vo gD ^oo in in u^ iTi Ln in ^t >^ ^ -^^ >^ >}• »T ^^ c^ r<^ rn ro ro ro ro (Nj rg
O^O^O^O^O^O^O^OU^O^O^Cr>O^O^OO^C^C^O^O^C7>Cr>CJ^CJ^O^Cr>O^CT^CT^O^C^O~>0^tr>O^C^^O^CT^O^
in in u^ in in u^ in in in in in in in in in in in in in in in in in in in in in in in in inin in in in in in in in in
<vjeg c\i <\j (\j c\j <\i <Nj eg (\j rg (\j (^J (\i c\j (Nj CM r\j (Ni f\j rsj (\j <\i c\i (^ J cNj (\i (\i (N CNj c\) c^
COh- u^ c^ r^ --4 gD ino vt u^ eg .-4 vj- CM '-»o (^ 1" Cf^ f g in o3 -• >-H CO (Nj h- r<">o •-• 0^ c\i r-- in .-< ino in -<
c^ 0^ u^ in rvj (NJ r-^ rvoo sf o^ O ino o^ -on f^J n^ ino in r^i 1^ gD in g3 c\i ro (\io^ ro <f eg nJ- g^ r~OOf-tOrH.—i—tr-tr-ir-iOO—••-H'-<0'-H000'-4'-<0«—•0000--400'—'O-—'OOOrHr-HOoooooooaoo-^ooooocooooooooooooo^oooooooooOOOOOOOOOOC'OOC'OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOfVJ (\J C\J eg C\J C\l CNJ C\J fNJ CM C\J C\J (NJ (NJ (\J rg (NJ rsj (\J C\J C\J Cvl (NJ (\J eg (NJ (Nl (NJ (NJ f\J (Ni CM (\J (\J C\J f^
66
(M rn «t in vo CM ro >t in sO <\im "^^
>t vf >*• ^^^ >i-4- ^t -J- »t -^^ >3-
f^r^h-h-r^cooococoooo^o^o^
0^ .-I in (Mo 03 CO 00 1^ ro (Nj roorvjrno^oOvOOxfvi-cOfntNjrooin rHo c^ r- ^- vom r-i o^ c/-^ p")
(\J (\| (\J .-H .-^ rH .H ,H .-)oooo
c^c^c^>c^c^'0^Ci^'C^'C^c^c;^c^>C7^
inmm in in in inmmmm in in
CM Csi rg (\i (\i CM csi (M fNj (\j (\j (M rg
O"O 00 vO <M r<~)m ro a- vj- oD r-H inr-< h-o CM vJ" •-< rnm vj- ^- rom r^t-HO>-HOO<—<•—<•—'OOO'—'OOOOooOOOOoOOooooocoooooooorj (Nj (M CM cNj c\i fNJ fM Psj r\j CM (Nj CM
67
CCLU—
1
»->4- VJ• t/0_I
O (NJ UJOz oro
• • QK UJ Qa: h <3o Z)D- o
ex.
a:
oH- LU
Xto KocUJ 2:z: U i-i
-I K< h- LU Xh- q: G.2 >- -H
O 0. 1- IXJ
o 3o z:o —
t
QC UJ«: < a.< <i. >-
o-J
>-
u.o LL a:
h cc
V a:<I/O OuLU LU D.LL Q Q.»-« CC LUZ Q<z:
•
Z1
cc:
LU
a' q: or a: a' Q^ a: Q' a: Q' a: niT a' o' a: or or a- or- a: QC" a: «: or- a:UJUJI.UUJUJL.JUJLULUUJUJUIUJL1JUIUJU^UJUJLUUJUJLUUJLU
<i<<<<<<<i<<<<<j<i<<<<<<<r<<i<<K>-|- KKV-H-K l-t-KKI- r- f-KK I- 1- K- h- 1- h- 1- 1—
z:zzz2rzz22i:ziiz:?-^z 22:222:2222:00000ooco000ooCO000000c00OOOOOOOOOOOOC-OOOUOOOOOOOOOQOOQQQQOOQQQQQQOOCiQOQQOQLUU)UJUJUJUJLUUJUJUJUJUJU.IUJLUUJlJJLLJa!UJLULUUJUJUJ
cx'a:a:croc:cx.QLQLa:oLa.u:;Q^Qca;o£;Q:::aa-a:a.QiQLoc;a:or:a:a-QLCfoLa:a.:o^a.'araLOc:Drixa'a:oc:a-Or-a.Q::aot:a.<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<OOOOCjOOOOOOOOOOOooOOOOoOO
cc
>-«
otoQQ
r^r^r-r-r^cocDC3ocooo(7<o^cMj^c>r-f^r-r~-r-oocooooocovOi^i^r^r^ o
(NJ
COO vO ^- ir» vO ro ir\ vO rno ro OD fsj 0^ sO CO {\j c\j i-H CO rn <) roo LTN vO ino ro
o roo >^ f\i 4"o rH r- m3o CO --1r* vO ro in in^ f\i •^ CO vf^o lA ro o ) (M nJ-
coc\JCrinu^vO>o^f\icr'Lr\c''r-<)'-Htrir\roir»»-Hr\icooor-t^)<3r~f\io)CT^
(> (^ CO 00 00 r^ f^ 1^ <) inin in >J- >t vj- ro rn ro <NJ f\j •-'OOoo in rn ro c\i rH
^ >^ >4- -f^ -t -* >t >t -J-^ >t <f -^^ ^t -4- >t >4- >i- >t >t >t- vj- <f ^t >J- >d- 4- si- nJ-
(r\l(\jc\)(\i(Nj
UJ X0.>• »—
1
1- LU3
cc LU
< CL
>1-
OCKQca:<i
CLa.LUQ
.-H4"0<T'inr^mmvO'BO vf .—iOt-Hr^--<^0'-<mr-t^-(\jrocOsOrooinf^ OvOoovDr-t-oinovj-i-HvOf-^^-oi^^-Ot-to^rovOfMLnNO—4O4'C0in>^O 2h-cOrHt-if^sO'-<LnO>OrOvtoaor\jmcrroromNfmococ\i'-<00'-iO I00000000000000000000000000^000 OL
000000000000000000000000000000 LUi-Hi-l.-Hf-t.-lrH.-«f-M.-<,H—<f-H.-tt-l f-H !-<•-< ,-Hr-ti-<i-Hr-<.-<i-^r-t(\iC\J(NJC\J(\) I/)
68
LUUJUJUJLLiLU
<r<<<<<
ooooooooooooQQOQQQLU ULI UJ LU UJ UJ
a: a: ct: a: qc Qc:<<<<<<oooooo
LU LULU LULU LULU
<<<r<<<<t- HI- I- H-J- KoooooooOOOOOOOOOQQQOQLU LU LU LU LU LU LUI—I —< 1—1 1—< -<—4—
I
oc QL oc Qt ql ct oc:
a a: oc: or a: a: cl<<<<<<<ooooooo
ccccccccala:LULU LULU LULU
\- l-Kl-t-K
OOOQOOOOOOOOOOQQQOLULU LULU LULU
oc Qt: a; a: a: Q^
UJz<»-zo
<o
m<omvOinNO
h-h-h-r-(Nj(\i
OOrHrHOO
a: q: o:UJ <Mfn4-m^f\jrom LU rsK^vtinvOfMin UJ in•-« —
»
-•»- H- 1-
4/0 i/^ Knl/)_J 00 _I «-o_j
LUO r-r-r-t^r--h-r-Nf LUO h-r-r-r~r^r^-4- LUO h-a:o CO a-OQ Q Qo Q o<rs <2 <2:o vONOO^<>or^r^r^ O CO 00 CO 00 00 CT" O^ o o(X t-H f-< f-l -« t-t .H i-H N^ Cl. ,-1 f-4 rH r-t f-H r-t t-H tx: ro
fOino.-i>tr^o h-r^fMi^^O'-HO LU Xcrooo^CT'r^ Q. o• ••••• >- —
1
o^>4-mf\joo 1-
oo
LU
2
a: LU
< Q.cvjrgrgcNjrvKM o >
H-
vl->l-vt^<t->t h-QLa<uO-
o.LUo
•
mNtLn>j-vDm orgorOvtoocM zinvt'-tOP~-o 1oooooo CCoooooo
l/J
>r>-ia^ooir\vOcoror-«<-m r- in r~- i-H 00CPa>t-Hroomm>i-
cor~-vO>^(M»-»OLn i~
mmmnromroro o
>t^«4--l--l-Nj->J-^
<c\j
rooOrHvtinrvlvtoo>tor--0(\jornr\jc\j vO CO r- (?••-' 00oooooooooOOOOOOwO
in
LU XQ. o>- »—
<
l~ UJsO
OCC LU
< (Xo >-
l~
ot:
h-OLo:<oa.
Q.UJQ
rHsOincofMr-sOtr r\i r-ro in u^ in• ••••••
r-sororor-ior-
vrvT-j-vrvj-vf^t
^^v^<^vf•^tv^v^
ItNJ
oI
a;LUI/)
•-lor^oocMnomt^og ~ooo^^(7^coocorncocoooooooooooooooorH I—t I-H r-l r-H rH (\|
h- oLU X vOa. o tr> »-1 •
y-
3o
ooDC LU
< Q.o >- in
h-
CCh OL sfCC<Oa.
Q.UJ .-1
o
•
o vO
1
a: oUJ OU) r-\
69
LUUJLUUJUI;z:2:z:z:z
ooooooooooOOQQQLUUJUJUJUJ
<<<<<ooooo
UJUULULULU
<r<<:<<
ooooooooooOQQQQLULULUUJUJ
OiCCCLCCO-<<<<<
cxlaia'ocLULU LULU
<<:<<l-H h-H-
ooooooooQOOOLULU LULUI—1»—1^-H»—
t
cccxicca:ocaoccc<<<<oooo
LULULU
<i:<<i
000000QQOLULULU•-^»—l»-H
cic:a:o0:0:0:<<<000
>Oirv>oirvNO>o
r-r^i^(Nj<M4-
©•-•-•oor-
0: a: onUJ --icsim-^inco LU r-iC\irri-t Lil .-4(\jro.-ic\ifo•—
t
»—
1
•—1
1- t- H00 t/) 0000 _J 00_j 00 _lLUO r-t^r-r-r^-^ LUO h-f^^-r- luo r-r-r-^>t>t0:0 00 00
Q QQ Q
<3 <3C <3C\Jf\Jf\)<\J(Mf\J 00 00 CO OD 000000
o: rorororororo a: rOfOrom o: >tvf<J-^-«t^
00r-tCMncMLnrsj H ^O^tC^JC0vO^^ h- coroOvO K r\jvO<7>Lnrn>ororocooiTioa LU X c\i.-Hv^<-mLa LU X' OsOO^^- LU X mvO>tO(McoOcr"HvO>3"ro a. (^r-cor-voro Q- O^n-i-O-O CL r-vO(Mr^>ro• ••••• > —
«
• ••••• >- •—
<
• • • t >- —
1
• •••••oo>^^.-HOa^ LU c^ COr^^o •-<•-• LU cor->}-c\j LU
3r-ininvOvO(NJ
0: LU o: LU 0: LU
<l Q- < O. < Q.inminininin > vy vOvO^vOvO >-
1-r^r~i^h- >-
o:
GOOD CO 00 00 CO
Ni--4-4->t^<t- I-
a.<
a.(X
v^-4-<f<r<r>l- Ko:o:<
Q.
-t->t>rvfo:<
«t<r>t-f<i->t
»H,H.-lr-<.-HrvJ LU
•
.-H,-Hr-<.-t.-HCg LUQ
•
>~if-^r-^l-^ LUQ
•
,-lr-H.-ir\J(\l<\l
rorgCjNr-iaNO Ln>tOLrirsjo ror-CMLn OOi-HOOvOtNJOO^O 0> vt rH i-H nJ- Z. oooP^r-vjTO 21 inrNjf^CNj 2L r-fMrOvO'-<(Ni
fooo^or-o 1 Ovfro 00 4-0 1 vOvOOO 1 vj- in -oo -<'-<
OOOOOo o. ooooo
J
oooo 0: 000000000000 LU oocooo LU OOOO UJ 000000r-«i-|r-«t-Hi-IC\l 1/1 •-li-«r-<r-1r-<(\J 00 r-li-H.—Ir-t I/) i-H<-<,-HCM<MC\J
70
UJUJUUiJumujUjmujujmiuujmajLuuJUJUJixiujujmmLumujmujLjjujiiJUj
<l<«:£<<K<i<i<<r<<r<<f<r<<i<<<r<<i<<«a <<<<<!<<<HI—KKt-HKi-i— »-»-(-HKHh-(—HKHt— t—t-h-i-h-t—KH-Ki— Hl-
OOOOOOOOOQOOOOOCLiOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO
QOQQQQQOOQCCQQOOOQOCiOQOQOQOQQQOOQmiiJUJLiJLiJUJLumujuJmu'ujajuJLumLuixiujujmmuJujmmmuJujujLuuj
aQiQiOLa.QiDc:of:a:QLQLCj_a:Q;a:Q::Q:Q:QLDCct:QtcxcuLr:a-DL'Q:Q::a.QiQ^^
<<<<<r<<<j:<<<;<<<:<<<<<<<<<<K<<<<<<<<
a:
«^ Luo r-<.-<,-»r-H.-tf-Hi-4f-j.-ti-ii-irHr^r^r-^-f>-h-r-^-r~(^r--r*-r^r^h-r--h-r^r^r~t^OfTCQO
O O C000C0C0C000C>0^OOCMJ>OOO'H.-Hr-«h-r-h-(T'0^CT»OOOOO'-i'-i—••-<
4- a: >t^t~4->^>t>t4-«^>l->4->*-NtrH.-<r-<M.-ifHf-i.-inHr-»rHr-i^nfOrorr)rorrirOrO
cnCO H-m UJ X00 o. O• >- 1—1
rH
oo
UJ3
a: UJ
< Q.CO o >
a.
<\J UJQ
r~ COo u^ c^ f\i >o< r^ (^ a^ <-Hnn (N CO ro 00 .-4 CO vo rn r\i in h- ro r- roo fO <N cr lA•-Ho CO in rH >4- (\j c^ ^o nO c^ r^ c\j r>- r^ CO r~ in u^ rf1 r-H <) vO^ r^ r- (\j c\i (Nj ro (T> ir\ocr(;r'oocoaDvO>oir>u~ivj-rnr<'»rof\ic\JoococycocoooNO^OvOinininLnin>^f\l(\irg
c^a><7^oo^oa^cnQ^o^c^a'Cro^a^cocooocooococoQOoococooocooocooocooo
o^^7>o^o^u^^;^o^o^o^(7^a^c7^(7^o^CJ^c^o^c^o^c^c^c^c^c^c^c^•c^c^c^c^o^c^c^'
t-CL >t>i>t^l^jNt•,t<^4•^t4<^>t•C^vt^t^t>J•^4•^t^r4^t^t<^^J••^4^>1•^t>l
'^ O>0 Z•H 1O Ol
o UJ<M U)
r^COfMh-OCMCOr-vOOf^Chf^iCOCOsOrOCOinn-ivCXNJin'-ifvjCOfMOOOt-HvfvJ-.-t00 •-< (Nj^ CO ro COo --H ro cNj r- in c^ o^ CNj roo vj- f<^ -o C7^ in vJ" Lno nO vO rn c\j c\i r^ ro
Ovor-LnsffMinorOr-^r-rOvM^srmrM—tvfr-Lnr-oororoocoor-ocoincNjOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOoOOOOOOOooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo.-^--^P^^Hr^r-^r-^.-^^-^l-4•-^l-^'-^.-^.-^'-^l-H^-^^-^f-^f-^r—l»-4rHt—tr-l.—<l-Hr--tr--^i—(f-H.--4
71
LULULUUJmujLuuJUJmujujLummujLumLuujuJUJLiJixiLuuLjuJUJUJUJLuuJUJUjmLumu^
DOQQQCQOQOQQCOCQQQQQQQQQaOQQOOQQClOQOOQQQLuuuujuJLiJuimujUJLUUjmujmuJUJUJUJUJLLiiXjLUUJUJLUUJUJUJUJLuujmLUUjm
olcCcccCa:a:cLa:a-a:a a:, cccc ci^cC(x.c^cf ciCcjC oca: i^cL alec Q-cca^
0O0000OUJO00O000(_)LJl_)O00(w>OO0O0OLJ0O0 00(_)00(_)0
>0 •-H (\i f<^ >t u^ >0 lA vO t-H CMm ^t ir\ vO -t u^ vO --H cvj rn^ in vO r-i rvj ro >t in >o --H ro ro >^ in vO "-H (\j rn «^
^-- r^ r- r-- r- f^ r^ t^ t^ f^ r~- r^ f^ h- r^ r- 1^ r- r~ h- r- r^ r-- r- r- h- r-- f^ r-- r- r^ r- h- r- h- r^ r~- r~- h- f«~
fvj (^ rn (^ rn f<^ ro 03 00 c^ o^ c^ c^ <> c^ooo '-< --^ r^ r-H .-H ,-H <o vO >o nO nO vO r^ r^ 1^ r^ h- r^ 00 CO CO 00(<ln ro ro (^^ rn ro (^ ro fO ro rn (^ ro CO 4 vJ" >J- -^ >t >^ -4- >t >4- vl- >i- V*- "J- >t >t 4- '^^ >t <4- >!^ >t <1- >t^
o >o CO (7-^o c^ CO (N N^ rn --H (NJ 1^ ch cNj^ r^ >t (N J in COo cNj <N (> CO ro f\i^ CO c^ (Nj r~- sO r~ CT*o >4-
o
in nJ- fO sO <> --Ho r^ u^ CO ino <) ro rH COo ^o c^ ro c/^o in c\io f< ^ ro i-H 00 1^ COo in c\i f-H (\i 00 vo^ f\J
rH .-« .-Hooo cr <3 <5 in in u^ <- -J-m rg (Nj r-^ ,-Ho (7' c^ CO ou CO r^ (^ r^ vO vO in in <f >r -r rn <\i CNJ t-H •--<
cocooocococor^r~f^r^f^r^f^r-r-r^r-r~^-r~-sOONOvOO'ONOvo<)0'«oovOvO<3NO^o^oo
c^^o^c^>o^c^o^o^c^o^c^Q^^o^c^C7^cT^cJ^CT^c^o^C7^CT^c^>c^>o^o>c^c^c^c^'0^c7^C7^o^o^o^^^c^>c^CT^
•4- >f >! >t •4- >t NJ- >4- -4- <f -^r >t •<^ >t >t <f^ <J- x^ >t -4- <J- >t >t ^t• •«}• <f >* v^ >t sf >J- <J- vT Nf <f >t 4- sf >t
tH fH "-H rH rH t-H ,-H .-^ f-^ i-H rH r-^ t-H r-< .H 1-1 .-^ rH t-4 rH r-H ^-^ i-H t-H r-< rH .-^ i-H i-H i-H i-H rH iH f-H i-< f-H iH iH r^
C^ >o CO (\j CO c^ c^ fNJ »t tn >o ro ^~ --< c^ CM c^ in in h- f\j CO ro vOOoo in o^ CO s^ r-< h- in ro in sO r-< in r>-
(^^OOOC^^~u^lnlr^^o^^x^OvOC^cOlno^Jln0(^J^-f^QO(>^Dooc^r^lnv^r-l^r)C\lOcoln^-f^oc\j CO c^ CO CM t^ ro CO r<^ c^ ro .-« r-- OD vt vC in i-H r~ r-t rT) r\io r-H r^ CO in CO .-^ .-H rno 4" v^ in >-H rn vO '-< Osi
ooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooocoooooooooooooo
72
iJJLL)UJLULJJiiJUjmUJUJUJUJU.ILUUJtXJUJLULUaJLlJUJUJUjmUJLUUJUJUJUJUJUJLUUJlijm2!zz'2:z^z:zzzzzz2f:zz:2:z:z:z:2Z'2zz2z:z:irzz:zz:2'2:2:z:22:z
<<<<x<<<.<<<r<<r<<:<<<r<<:<i<«u<K<<<i<<<<i<<<<r<<:<<<rz:2z:zz'z:2iz-2:2:z:^2r2:z:2:2z;z-i:2z:^-i:22Z2:2'-222:2222:2 2:22000oo0000000o000000000 cj00000000c00000000
QOOQOQOQQOQQQQQQQQQQQQOOQOQCiOQQQQOQOQOQOLUmUJUJUJUJLULUUJIXIUJLiJUJUJlUUJmLUUIUJUJUJUjUJUJUJLUUJUJUJLUmLUUJUJUjmLUUJUl
<<<<<<<;<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<t<<i<<<<:<<<<<00000 o<_Jo00000ooLjo0000 ooi-jo000 c_^o0000000000
ir>vOi-HCMrnvt>oinc\i(^vtin>o<Nirn^c\jfo^tu^sO(Nro^u^vOc\j(^^-tLnNOrvj(^>d-insOf\Jro
r-- r-- r^ r^ f^ r- r^ r^ r^j (Nj (>j rg (Nj (\j f\i rvj (Nj rg c\i (\i r\j (\i csi (Nj (Nj rvj (>j (\j (Nj r^4 (^J (Nj CN^
<x) oD o^ c^ c^ c^ c^ c^ a^ c^ o^ c^ c^ooo 'H .-H .-^ f-^ t-H >o vO vO vO -o 1^ r^ r^ r~ r--- GO oD 00 CO 00 o^ 0^ a* 0^
rH c^ u^ in >^ooo (^ <) >o ^0 1^ <N f\i nO fNj cr a- rvio rvj oD (X) oj >4- oD r-- 00 oj t^o i^ CO ^~ «T 4- r-H .-H »^fHOOooooou^<7^u^a^u^coc»r~-r-vOu^tnvrNrrnro(\i(\i.-trHc;;ooou^<woooocooocor^
>o >o vO <o <) >o ^o sO in in in u^ Lo in in in ir\ in ir» ir\ u^ u^ in in u^ in in in in in LH in >!• vt^
cJ^c^c^CT^O'•o^c^c^c/^c^c^c^c^C7^(>o^cT^C7^C^o^C7^c^C7^c^c7^o^o^c^c>o^c^<T'C^c^c>c^c^c^«c^c^
>t 4- ^t >t^ >t^ >i- >1- >t <»- >*• 4- 4- -t >t -t vt >t ^t ^t 4- Nt vt >t >1- -t 4- 4- >4- -J- >J- >4- 4- ^t -t >t >t 4- ^t
CO f^ ^- (Nj roO r^ f^ ro CO ro nO -O 00O c\J sj- O^ ro 00 vO 00 vO h~ r^ in CO vt in h- f^ rn »oO f\lO inO fNJ •-<
coinr^r-oor-o^ •4-oinvD(Nja^^ocMnf\iir\(NJOoo>tor~ooQacrHin—<coomcoinN}-inr^rorvj rH (T^ r- in u"i oD r\j r^ CO t^ osi .-H COo ro in ^o CO u". (^ r^ nO 0^ CNJ 4" c:. (^ c^o -o r-( ^oo <r 4- r~- oj roo0000000000000oooooooo000000000000000000000000000000000000000oooo0000000000000000
73
ujUJUJLumLULUUJUJUJUjajujmmujujajLuujmLLUJUJUJUJUJmmmLuujujiiJUjujuj
<<<<<<<<i<<t<<<<<<i<<r<<r<<<;<<<<<r<<<<i<:<<:<<<<<»— I— l-h-l-l— 1-»~ (— K»- *-»--»- (-!—»- 1- I— I- K-H !~(-t-Kt-l— l-J-h-l- HK >- h I— h- 1— 1-
z:2Z2Z2z:z22:zz2Z2Z2 2zz:z:2:r^ii:z:2:z:2:zzzz:2z:zz:z^zzoooooooooooooooooooaoocooooooooooooooooo
QODQQDQQOQQOQQOQQQQQOODQOQOQQOQQDCiClQQQOQt) miLI Ml III II
Iill i| I II 1)11 M' II
IIII 111 )[l HI II I II
I HI III jji )[ I 111 M| in HI lU II' HI IIImm in M' I" Ml ! III MLIM I
cCalct.a.ciCcCccal(Xu'cccCtXcto^o^a'.a:cccL(Xa.cC(:iic^o.cx.ccu:cc^oLCf.ccuCalo^.o' (X- ex: c^ a' cLcCc£ct cc a" 0:1x0:0: cLcCiX ct. a' cc a". C3i ex: ct: a:<<<<<<<<i<<:<<<<<<<<<<<<r<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<0000oooLj0000ooc'ooo0000000000000oooljO0000
in .-^ f\j ro vt rH c\i fo >!' ir» vO 1-^ CO fTi >^ ir> >o .-H (\i ro >t u^ nO .-» cvi ro <f u^ vO •-< f\) fO >t in >o rH r^j (^
tvj t\l (\Jrg rvj (Nj rg fvj (\j r\j (\j (\j rj (\j rg ro (\j (\j rg (\j (Nj r\i (\j CNj rvj c\j c\i rsj (\j (Nj rvj r\j r^
C^OOoo r-^ <--^ •-< •-^ --^ •-« rvj f\J (Nj r\j r\i CM ro ro rn rn ro rn TO 03 CO oD CO CO c> cr <> CT^ (> (>ooOootH fo roron (^ fO fO n^ ro ron (^ ro rn rn ro t^ ro c^ ro c^ (^ ro rn ro ro ro rn rn (^^
o u^ c^ c^ in roo r^ CO f^ CO (\i r^n o^o 0^ c^ rn Lo o^ in (Nj cr 00 h- ro r- in CO r^ vO •-• f\i CO 00 >t in CM -^>^ ro ^t CO vo --Ho --Ho <) <? "-H ^- <f <NJ o^ CO r-- r- vj-oo <? in vi" ro rsj 'H 00 r~ <)ooo 0^ in in pT rn .-<
r^(^^Olntnlnln^o^^f\lr-^c:>c^u^(J^r^r^^-^~^^l^r^>o^OvO<J<'^-t^<"^•>4"^'^lf^|^^<^l(^if\l
^l- -I- >^^^ >t >t <r^ >t -r v^ (^ (^ ro rn (^ ro (^ ro (^ ro (^ ro ro (^ (^ (^n (^ rn ro ro c^ r^
^Q\Q\Q\Q\Q'^(^(J\(J\Q\Q\Q\Q\{J\Q^^CJ^OsQ\Q\Q^Q\Q\<J^QsQ\Q\QSQ\Q\(J\Q\Q\Q\Q\Q\<^Q\Q\Q\
<t-^<i-^^<i-<i-<i-<t't>t<t-^<i-^^<i--^^<i-<i-<i-^<r<Jr<i-<-<ir<i-^<t<t<--t<i-<ir<i-<i->t<i-
«i- t-M ro in r\j (^ nO t^ CO c^ --^ (^ r\Jo ^-o O^ in in vt '-H CO fvj .-H rHo f^ O <) vt >*"o •-< c\i (> f\)o CO ro i~»
in <-Ho ro in i^ rn cvj (<i cN 1^ c\i 03 t-i ino c^o <" r~^ ov) (Nj >^o r\J o^ 'T3 <?^ ro r^o r-H in nO CO >J" --H ro ro CD
r^ r\joOO ro rH r\j (\i r\j c\j vt in (NJ r^ CD in n^ ro --H t^ CO vo •-< o^ r\j r-- rH (Nj n^ o^ (^ OD CM f\i r~ c^ in c^oooov>^000000000000000000000000000000ooc 00000000000ooooOv-/0000000000000000000000000
74
uiLuujmujujmujmUimLijuJUjmmujLuujmuJUJmijjLiJLuujujLULUujuiLiJUJUJLijm
<<<<i<<.<<<<i<i<<<<i<i<<<i<<<<j.<i<<r<<<<<i<«y.<K:<K<<<Tl-KI-H>-»-|- f-Kl-K-KK-Kh-H-l-l-l-»-J-K>- Hh-H-t- h- H K Kt- l~h- l-h-H-»-H-
K
222222222222222222222 2;:::22 2222222222222220000000000000oooooooooooocjoooooooaoooooo00000000000000000000tjoooo0000 uljo00000 (_>00
QOQDOQOQOOOQQQOQQQQQOCQQQOQQClQQQQQQQQQQOUJUJUJUJUJLUliJUJLUUJUJUJUJUJUJUJUJUJUJLiJUJUJUJmUJUJUJUJLlJUJm
a:ol(^(Xa:ct:ci-u.Q:ci:a:a:alci.ac!Co^aicccilcx:oLcCctcx:acCc^a'c^<<<<<;<<<:<<<< <<<<r<<<!<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<0000000000oo0000000ooo000000000000000000
sO'-^c^c<)>t^^^r-4c^(r^^\ri<>r-iC^f<)-tu\<>,-^c^rrt>ti^<}'--*c^cri-^ir\yOc^:<^>t^^^(^c^^^
Csl rvj ro (\j fvj (\J (Nj (^J (\i (Nj f\l <N CM (\j rsj f\j (\i eg rg rvj rvi (\j f\j CM r^j rg (N rvj CM rvi (\j sOOo nO^
O i-^ .-H --^ .-H i^ r-^ vo ^o vOo vO <) r^ r^ r-- r^ r- r^ oD CO 00 oD CO CO c^ c^ c^ o^ <> o^ r- r- r- r- 1^ 00 CO 00 CO
>t 4- -1- -t v^ >t vt 4" vl- ^ -^ sT <* -J- -4- -t vt >4- 4-^ >t >t vl- sf vt ^J- -t vi- >J- >*• >t
O C^ r^ rvj (Njooo^ »0 lA (Nj 00 r-H u^ in vT CO roO (\i r^ r^ in c\j c^ <) vf o^ u^ vo ro ro OD in 4* Ln --H <Ni c\i
0<x>4-o^f\)CTNinrnr^>-Hao<"c\jc\ir>--(V)r<^cr'ror~c\j'7>^Orn(><) ONJ-(Mc\ioin>t'X>occr>'-i^tc\irg rH i-Hoo • cr cr CO CO h- (^ vO in -4- rn (^ r\j (\i rH -(ooO 0^ cr- CO CO CO CO r- r- r^ in in L'^ vj- vT (^ r ">
(<^fO(t^^o^^t^|cg(^J^gr^JrM(N(\J(^Jcg(Nrg(^J(^Jr\JC\l(^J(^Jrgl-^.-^,Hf-^r-^rH.-^l^lHf^
Q\Q\(y\Q\Q\Q\Q\O^O^QyQ\Q\(J\Q''Q\Q\Q\Q\Q\Q\Q\Q\Q\^Q\Q^Q^Q\Q^O^Q^O'^0^(J^(J^a^^O^(PO^
«t >t <J- 4-4-
n1- vt 4- 4- 4- 4- •4- vt-4- 4- 4- >t 4- ^t -t 4- ^t vt 4- -4- 4- <f 4- 4- 4- 4- -4- >t <f 4- 4- 4- 4- 4- 4-
h- CO >t in f\i in a^ vo 4- in ^0 CM r-i CO .-H 0^ f--" ^o 'H 00 ^-o r-< in ino CO nioo <f c^ (Nj i^ a> vt f-" >o 4- sONt >! "-H CO (^ u^ fO u^ vj- >to ro r^ 00 vOo 4- 4" <) CO 00 "-1 CO >J3 CM vO -J- (\i rn CO fO 00 in CNJo <»O CMo 4'
r^ln^^coc^f^J(^^4^o<McMon•-^^oc^u~^s^.-^f<^(^J^tcM(^(^Jr--rO(v^o^or<^or\llnv^.-^r<^^-'H^^000000000000OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOwOOOOOOOO0000000000000000000000000000000000000000
75
a::of:oc:a'a:a:o(:oiofof'a:a'Q[:Q^QCci^(rci^ct:Dra:a'ct:D'a:a'a:a:Qc:a:LDUJLUUJUJUjmLUmUULUUJLUmUJmUJUJLULUUJUJUJUJUJLiJUJliJLULlJ
Kl-K-K-Kt-I— h-Ht- l-t-K-t-Kt-l-l— I- l-H H t- K »- 1- H-K h- 1-
oooooocooooooooooooocoocoooooo
QOQOQQQQQCQQQQQQOOQQQQQQQQQOQC)UJUJUJUJmLUUJUJlUUJLUUJmmLULLJmLULUUJUJiJJUJLLJUJUJUJUJUJLU
(Xcx-oiu (xcr:^ oC c^cx Ql a. c^ CI. a: a: ecu: cc a U.clcl(X a: a' Li: a. cc^oC
c^aloccta:o-a:u:a:<xcxici.<Xcca:(X<x.a:o:a.a:zLcCc^a:cLa:oLcCQi<<«:<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<
>0 rj (^ >t ir\ vO eg ro >t ir> vo (Nj fO >4" ir> >o (Ni ro vt ir> >o cvjro >t in >o c\i fo >f u^O (^ >f ir\ vO .-H <N ro >t in
^0^0^0^0^0^0^0s0>0^0•00^0'0'0^0^0>0>0^^£)^0v0^0>0^0^^0^^04">^>l•>i">^44"^^^^}
00 <^ o^ o^ cr c^ooooo •-< "-^^ --H "-^ vO vO vO nO >o r~- r^ ^- r^ f^ CO CO CO 00 c^ r\j f\j r\j f\j ro ro rn ro rnrH l-H »H r-H^ r-^^ .-H ,-H .-^ ,-^ ,-H iH rH .-< .-H .-^ r^ .-< rH rH r-^ rH rH rH (^ rO r<1 C<^ rO fO rO rn (T)
f^lu^oo(^•-^>-^^-^o^-o^^-c^^r•-^OC^ro<^JlnooooooooooOlnrOvOlnc^^o^Or^JC^>c^t-Ho ^J" ro vo in -^ ^^ inr-HP-- o^ c^ in in vt >To i.n.-HOo000oo00o ^o CO ro t-H o<\i COo >ror1rn^^lf^J•-^l-^rH.-^OOc^^--t^^o<JlnLnLn>T-To1ro^o^o^O(^^^^^fOrn^oc^Jooc^><•'--lr^lc30^-
ooooooooc^'^oooooooooa^o^o^c^oooooor-NOsO
(7^C7^CT'>^^'C^(7^c^Q^c^(7^c^c^c;^u^C7^o^y^<J^o^(7^c^c^c^a^a^(7^t^>o^(^c^c^c^o^c^c^c^t^C7^
»t >t -t -4- >t sf >1- ^r "^ >! >t >t >^ -J- -f >t -4- «t vf -4" >t >}- ^t ^ >t >t vj- >t vt <f 4- -t -^ -4-^ vj- -^ >t vt^
< CM (M CM (MCvJ CM (NJ CM 00 (NJ
Of^<—tou^^o•-^Ln^o.--^s0^tc^^-lnc^o—irvit^cDO^i—ivtocMt^oojcMinrOLncocM^co(^rn>i'sO >*• c^ in r^ CM f\i c^^O r<^O ^o ro ro in in <J^ <) CO cr rMo CM ^- >}•O CO (M vj- in vO c^ ro CO o^ .-« r^ rooinino^r^r»-inf<^ooo^r->orvjcMin(Mcor^ocooLncomcMOrofMoin.ooO'-<oor-io«-HO00000000000ooooooo^ooooooooooooo00000000000000000000000000000000000000000oiOOO000,_^ ,H .-H .-H .-^ r-^ rH^ rH^ .-H r-l .-H r^ .-H r-1 rH .-H rH .-H .^ .-H r-H .-H r-^ •-< .-< r-H •-• .-I CM CM CM f^J CM CM CM CM ^"M CM
76
^ ,_( (M (T) ,^ in %o f-i CMm »^ ino lA >o t-t oj
>t «t 't^ >^ 4- <f <f >t vt <f v^ <f <f >! -t >i-
fOCOCOcocOOOCOO^O^O^O^C^'T^OO'-H.-ifO fO f<^ rom ro (^ ro ro fOm en en <4- »t >3-
^
fT) >oo >-• in >.r (\i r- CT^ vt (M in vt (M m cr>
vJ-vOtMOCMin^vJ-Nj-cONj-oOC^NTCT^r^CM>4"vOinvi-cu(\ii-Hoo^-^ooc:)^~r-m(\i(7^
vO in in in vf -f >^m (N (\j (\i (Nj i-H i-t .-H rHo
o>cr>o^c^o>c7^(j^crcr>tr>cr>o^o^o^crcr>u^
>t 't 4- <^ vT vt «t 4- >t <f >t >t -t >t Nf 4- >t
(M CVJ (\|(M CM CsJ C\J (\J CM (\l fM (\| (NJ <\| CM CM (\l
^oco^--v^^-ln^-m^-momco(rlvo>o^-CMo 00 ir> CM r-H .-I CM (^1 CO r-< Nf COo r- CM r-OOOOO'-iO^OOOOO'-tO'-HOOOOOOOoO^OOOOOoOOoooocooooooooooooCM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM
77
a:LU»—
1
1-r<^ i/)
• 00 _JO r\j LUOZ. a:o
• • oK UJ QCC. \~ <3:O ZD OQ- O a:
O»- LU
X</) 1-CLLU ^z o fiHH h-< h LU XH a: Q- oZ o >- t—
1
Q o. H- LU
O .5.
o Uo 7^ Oo t—i a: LUoc O <L CL
< <. O >-o o
_ih-
LLO U- Or^
o Kor»- CL<to a: C^'
UJ LU o.u. o O-»—
1
o: LU
^ o a<s:
LUUJLULUUJLULUUJUJLUUJLULUUJLUUJUJLUUJLUUJUJLUUJUJUJLU
<<<:<<<<<<<i<<r<T<<<<]'<<<<<i<<<i<<i.I- »-K I- »-K I- 1- (- K I- I- t- h- 1- J- 1- h- 1- K- 1- t-K t- 1- »-
H
222222222222222222222222222oooocooooo00000c00000000000000OOOOOOOOOt-JOO0000UOOU000 LJ
OQQQDQQOQOQQOQQQQOOQQOOQQOQUJLULUUJLUUUUJUJLUUJUJUJUJUJUJUJUJUJUJLUUJUJLIJUJUJLUUJ
a^cCcLcCcCcxcccca.cccx'.cx'.cx ccix.cccxlcccCcLccaia'.ccci.QLCC<<<<<<<;<<<<<<<<:<<<<<<<<<<<<000000000000(_)000 00OL-)O0e)O00
<Nj ro >^ in >o (NJ fO vf u^ >o cvj ro «4- in vO f\j fo >t lA vO (NJ ro >t in \0 (\J ro •-• fvj roa:LUt-H
00 _JrO(^^roroc^c^rororornfnfnrornrninininininininininininin>t>f >t luo
CCKJOQ
r--r^r^r^r-cooooocooooo^c>c^a^h-f^r^r^r^cooocooococ^a>cococo o
rH>0'-"OvtooinocMn>4-c\ixoi*-<7'0^'-<oo^cooo>ooo(\iv4-so«4-f^ 1—in.-ia^OvO'-novno^crc\ioo>j-Nj-QOvoincjj4'LncMno^<o>tr-r-h-vO lu x>l"c^OLn<Ny>curnLavOrO'-iu^<)in.-Ha^in-4-<»r----j-<-Hr^<)rf")h-o4-tn o. o• •••• • • >- •-«
oa>o^cocot^r-r-oininin<rvj->i">*Tornrocsir\jc\jf\irH'Hr-Horn(\io 1— lu3^
oCXL LU
< CL
n:
oa.
«rvjr\jc\j LU
o r^|(\Jrvlc^Ln^-oc^•-^m•J•^4-^f\l^^^^^*-c^JC^ocoo'-^•-H^o^-^too^o^o o2 f<^ooNOaoor~c\iv}-.-irM^-intnc\i,-Hrrir~-h-u-\vt ^coa^4-crc^r--gvino 2I >i-r*-.-Hr--r\jNrcoc\i(^cor\Jvf coO'-<r^ONf-ococor-irvj<-trsivOvOO'-io I
o: 0000000000000000^0000000000000 ct:
LU OOOOOOOOO^OOOOOOOC'O^OOOOOOOOOO UJty) ^^^^^^^^rHr-l,-HrH.-l.-H<-l^rH.-(.-l.-Hf-H.-Hr-<rH,-Hl-(r-<(\JC\lC\| 00
78
aloicxLola:LU LULU LULU
Z2f2IZ:2ooooo
QQDQOLUUJLULliUJ
U-CCOCOLCCalcccccca:<<<<<
ccalccocccccccLU LU LU LU LU UJ LU
ooooooooooouooQQQQQOQLU LU LU LU LU LU LU
qC cr: a: a: a: a. a:a: Of" q: q: a: a: q:<<<<<<<oouoooo
LU LULU LULU
<<<!<<
OOOOOoooooOOQQQLU LULU LULU^—^^—^>—^t—l>—*
CLCCCCCCCC
<<<<<
orLU
<I-zoooUJ
a:
<o
CC a: Of:
invOinsomin LU (NjfO>tinN0<Mro>i- UJ >0<Nlro>d-invO«-< UJ
»-1/)
00 _J
in
mrocoming LUCOiOQQ<3:
rOfomrorOf<^ro>t LUOa-oQQ
nO vO^ nO >0^ >i" LUOacoQQ<3:
nO
OOrH.-lO00 O yOsOvOvOvOh-f^-OO o CO C^ 0^ Q^ O^ 00 0^ O or-<r-lr-4r-Hi-l'4- CC t-l.-li-H--<i-Ht—)i-H^ a: r-Hi-H.-).—(rH4"4- CC ro
fO ir\
OOOnOOO K >j-in»tc>o^oh-vO \- cONtooo>tro«-H K nOcomoooovO LU X CM fo rH r- >^ odm io LU X vO r- vO CO COm <M LU X ro.-H^jsOvrrno CL O int-Hoor--0(Mmoo Q. o n-rrn.-iror^nj Q- O Qr>
• ••••• > —
<
• ••••••• > -« • •••••• >- t—
1
•
^ooinmo'-* f-
oo
LU3:
f^r~-«OvOON^O(M h-
Oo
LU t^ororo—icrro
oo
LU CO
QC UJ QL LU CC UJ
< Cl <4. Q. *4, a.cgcgcNjrvjcvjcM O >- rororonfOrororo O >- «j-»j->r-r-r>r>r O >- in
-
1-
CC ccfororoforofo \-cc
a.<OCL
a.
rorororororomro \-cf.cc<.oOl
mroforomrf^mq:<Oa.
a.
ro
^^^^^(M OJo
•
,_|,Hf-lrH.-l.-l,HrO
o
•
r-ir-i.-i.-i .-4 njcvi LUQ
•
f-<
O^oiOLnst'-H o vt rn nJ-t^ st f\io in o moo'-t'-t^cNj o in(NJr-Hr-OOfOCO 2: OOODO^vO'-l-^^l-vO z o>J-cNjoo^rom <i. ino>r->4-rofNjo 1 vOLno-ONOrooo 1
rOrOOsOvOr-lrH 1 sf
oooooo Ql OOVw-OOOOvj Qi OOoOOOO a: ooooooo LU oooooooo LU ooooooo UJ of-4t-<rH.-l.-H(NJ U) f-t r-t rH r-4 --H rH .-H t\| «/) .-l.-Hr-),-4rH(MC\l I/) r^
79
cccCccaLLUUJUJUJ
<<r<<
ooooooouOQQQ(juaJLUOJ^-Ht—!—4t—
<
<<<<
cccfoCocctccLU LU LL) LLI LU UU
J-l-l-l-J-H-
000000000000QQQQQQUJUJLUUJLUUJ
cLOLcCocaicc
<<<<;<<OOOoOO
UJUJUJUJUJLLIUJUJLIJ
<<<<<<<<<>->-h H-H l-H l-h222222.222oc.0000000000000000OOQQOOQOQUJUJ1UUJU.JLIJLUUJLU
<<<<<<<<<000000000
LU
2oooUJ
ct:
oc<o
om>oin
yOOvOrO
rOfOrorO
ixj .-tc\jro>4'ir>'OrM
1--
Luo no vo <?o vo >o <^d:oQQ<3:
oc ocUJ .-H c\j fO >i- in >0 .-4 csi rom LU t-H
•—1 —
t
»-00
1-
00 _J to -JLUO >0>0n0>0v0>0Ov0n0>^ LUO >0CiO 0^0Q QQ Q<j: <2
OOOOCOOOOOCOO^O^CT^O^a: nroronrOfnrororo>t a: sj-
crooOt-i LUt^oorHrH a.• • • • >-
ooa.<
mminirv o
fOforom
f-lrHr-4i-H
OOrHvOvOinoo00000000i-lt-Hf-HrH
00
Xo
LU
a:h occx<Oa.
Q.LUQ
I
a.LU
-j-vOLnroo^o-Oocoooooov^cooLHOmrg• ••••••
sO -OOO >0 vO vO
r^nroromt^ro
ICNJ
Nt >t r- sO (^ o^ ^o>j- (M xDm CO ro 00
00000000000000f-lf-t.-«,H>'t<-4CsJ
»- fvj 0^ c\j vj- '^ <NJ»^ r- eg --H 1- sOLU X nO r- >o >j- (\i LH r^ vo UJ X0. cH 00 rO 00 CM fvl 00 CO f\J D->- HH • ••••t*»** >- t—t •
H- LU r- nO vo inLTMO ^^ >r vO 1- lij
3:
0^
cc UJ a: LU
< Ol < Cl.
>-
a:
> 00
\- a: ro ro ro ro r) romm r<^ ro l-a: roa:< ti.<
a aO- CLLUQ
rH ,-1 ,-<^-1 ,-H rH -H rH C\J LUQ
r-l
• •
t-HfMin.-iTOONOfncor-- CO
1"00O'-i>3-fM<MmNj-cMOrooooOvt-vOmrjO^.-*
2•
4-
oc 0000000000 ccLU 0000000000 LUUO ,H r-4^ »-l .-< rH rH rH -4 rg l>0 .-H
80
UJUJUJUJUJ
t-t-HH-H-
ocooo
OOQQQUULLIUULULLI»—1 »—I—t »—I >—
4
CCCCO-CCCC<<<<<ooooo
LULUUJUJUJLUUJUJLUUJUJLUUJUimUJmLiJLUUJLULiJUJUJUJUJUJUJLJJ
<i<<<<<i<<<i<<.<<<r<<i<<<<<t<<i<<<<<<h-h-KKH-KKH-h-l-h-t-Ht-l— (-^-^-l-(-^-t-^-l-^-l--^-^-^-22222222222222222222222222222ooooooooc00000000ooooooocooc
a
00000000000000000 <_;00000000000QQQQQQOOQOQQQQQQQQOQOOQOQDQQQLUUJUJmUJLULUUJUJLulXJUJUJLULULULiJUJUJUJaiLUUJUJUJmUJUJUJ
cLCCcCcLcLaLcLcLCL.cLcLa.Ci-cLi:C(^occLc^.ci: CLcccCOLCuaLO-cCcC
<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<t<<<<<<<i:<<;<<<<0000ooo0000000000000000000000
cvjro»tirv>o 111 vOi-i<Mro>t'-i(Mro>4-r-i<\irONtirivO>^m>Oi-<tvjn^ir>o^(\lro>tirv
>o>o^>o^
00000
ocoQo<3:O 0^OOOO'-«>-<'-''—'fOmrorO^O^OC^O^C^f-••-^•-*•-^•-^<-^0^00 0^0
O^i-iOOCM^ h-roino-oo LU Xrnoo^otr CL• • • • • >- t—
t
O^I-rMfNI"-* LU
ex: UJ
<i aCO 00 CD CO CO >-
-
1-
fomrororoa:<
0.Q.UJ
•
f^Jsi>tlf^^d-fO 4" •-< >4- --^ 2h-r-<OOrH 100000 Q.00000 UJr-\,-\r-\,-\r^ 00
o in ro vOo c^ "-t f\i 00 >} (Nj sO LPi 0^ vi-om vj-o r^ 00 .-H a^m >o vj-o CO COvj"oo 0^^<mo lA (M rJ rH cr vO o Ln (^ rHo 1^ tn CM vj- -4" ro n'l 00 f\i r^trcoco>-r-o>rNi-<^rg(Mc\ii-Hr-HOO>ooocrOvumu'\iXMn>j-Nf-m
o^a>oa>c>crcMT>a>o^a^a>a^o>o^oo^a>chcocooocooococococooo
o^c7^CT^o^cT^Q^o^o^Q^cT>c^>c^o^c^c7^o^c^o^o^c^'C7^c^c^'C^^c^>c^>c7^c^>
ro rn ro ro ro ro fO rn rf ) ro ro ro (^ rn ro rO rO ro ro ro (^n ro rn ro ro rn ro fO
lr^oof\Ir-^^of\lOoooomoLnf^oc^.-^c^r-^o<N^-(\l•-Hcoc\l^o^oin lA t-HiA CM 0^X ir> -t ro r\j ^- 1^ o m rnoo r-^oo vo 0^ (Nif^ CO rooin>ta^>i"Ocot^rot\iro>t04Tor-f^oiri(\jNr.-ivt4->^cMO'-»coh-00ooo00000000000000000OOOoOOO000000000000000000OOOOQ000000
81
UjUJUJLUuJUJUJUjujLumLumujaiujmuJLiJLUujmujujmujujujmujuJUjmLLiujLJumuiujm
<<<r<<J<<<<<a<<<<<r<<<'Cf<r<<j<<i<i<<i<<<<<r<<<<<!<<<I-HI-I-I-J- h- (- I— h-H l-t-l-h-H-t-Hh-l— H-(- K K-l-l-l-»-|-»-l-(-Ke-l->-h-h I—
K
Z2zzzz2:zz:2:2.^zzzz22z2ziz2:«::2z:22<fzzz:zif:z:2^zz2:0000000000000000000000000000000000000000
OOQOQOOQQQOOQODQQQOOOOQOQQQQQQOQQQQOQOOQUjuJujmujmujujLULLimuJUJUiujLummLUUJLJuajmuJLuujmujmmmmLumLuaiujmm
CLCCa:oLQ:aia^.cL(X.ii:cj.cx:a:oca'(y.CL:aicta:a:a:cLC^ct.c^(yc^<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<1<<<<X<<<J.<<<<<<<<<<<<I<<<<<<OL^OOOOOOOOOOOOOOuOOoeJOOOOOCJOOOOOOOOOOOoO
>0 rH (Njm nJ- in >o r^ r\j ro >t u^ >o "-^ c\i ro >t in vO CM ro >^ (\im >4- vf u^ >0 (NJ (^ >t in vO CM rn >t iTt vO »-< (^
>0>0>ONO^>0»OOvOO^<)^^O^vOvOsO^OrornrnrnrornfOrO{^c^fnrnr^(^rnrorO(^f<^r<^(^
>0 h>- b- ^- r~- f^ I^ 03 00 (B 03 CO OD C^ O^ (> O^ CT^ O^OOO^ <-< •-< h- r^ 1^ CO CO 00 CO CO CT^ 0^ (> o^ o^oo"^ >! >t -4- <f- vt^ >1- <*• •i- <J- >J- >J- >t 4- <f sf >t >^ -^ -H --< rH^ .-I rH^ ,H .-H^ rH ,H rH r-l .-H ,H r-H ,-( rO f<l
a»o c^ --^ ro 00^ vO in ro •-•^ •-< ro (^ vO vt >^ in c^ vO c^ <? ro ^o (^ r^ cvj CO r^ CO (> .-I rH vo in (Nj 00 COovO >o rO C7" vO »t (\l «-! i^ r-- vO u^ in ro nO 4- CO >-»o 00 sO ro rH vT (Nl 00^ r- <j- ^J0o rn <-< rsio 00 vo I o f-H --H
fo rn r< > tN <^l f\i <\i f\J fH .-H i-Hoo c^ f^ r-- vo nO <) u^ in c\i r\j .-H r-Hoo o^ u^ CO 03 r-- vO 'n If^ -J-^ -^ vT <"
oooocooooocooooooocooooooor-i^r-t^t^r-r-r^r-r»-f^h-r^r^ONO^vO-OvOvO^NO-OvCvO>o
c^o^O^O^O^c^>o^o^C^'0^c^c^(^c^C7^o^Q^Q^c^o^c^c^CT^CT^c^>c^>o^o^o^o^c^c^c^>Q^c^>^^'C^o^o^O^
(*^ (<1 CO ro rf) ro rfi ro ro ro rn r^ ro <^ (<^ rn (^ ro rn c<^ (^ rn r<~i ro (^ (^ ro ro ro ro r^
f<^(>oo>^^OO^t•-^Olnor-llno^o^r-^^-,-l(>coc^JC^coN^coro-4-coo<^(^^0 4^ncoc^l-^cooc^(^JOrHC^•ro<)v^c^r-^^•-^Ln«-^a^l^r~-^coc^^CT^^^c^^oc^J^^(X)Oroc\J^oor^cor~-f<^^ococ^^-HrH rH r~-n nO o CO Nfo i-< oD ^o Nt r*" Ioo in CO 03 (Nj vo <r in CO r- vo sT vT CO 00 ro c^ i^ ro r- 00 ro vt in 00
00000000^^oooooooo0000ooooooooooo00000000000000000000000000000000oooo'w'00000000000
82
U)UJLULUllJUJUJUJmLUUJLUUJU.tLULULUUJUJUJUJUJUJUJUJLUmUJIXlUJL^
<<t<<<<<<<<L<<<<<i<K<<r<<:<r<<<<<t<:<cr<<i<<<<<i<<i<.h-»-l— h-J-t- t— t-KI— »-t-H-|— KK-I— HI-I-I-K-KI— H-Kl-t-Kt—H-KK(-I— t-H-t-l— f-
0000000aOC'OOOOOOOOOOO000OOOOCDOOOOOOC'OOOO
OOOQOOQQQQQQQQQOOQQQQOOQQQQQQQOQOQQQQQQOLULJUUJUJLUmUJllJUJIX)mLiJUJUJUJLUUJLUUJUJUJUimUJLUUJU.ILUUJmLU
000000000000000000000OLjooo0000000000cjo00
f<^yt<>'~^f^r<^-t^^\sO'-^csJcf^^^c\<)t-^c\i(f^>t^^r-^c^c<^<ti^^'-^r^r<^^^^-Or-*c^i^r\>tu^'^0'-^t
<<> ro ro CO rofO ro fO ro ro (^ {^ ro ro ro rn ro c<^ (^ ro ro ro ro ro (^^ ro fO fO c^ fO (^
OOOrH i-H rH 1-^ r-< .-H CM fM r^i ro <NJ r^J ro ro (^ ro ro ro 00 03 no 00 OD OD CT^ (> (> o^ (7< crOOOOOO >-*
rn rn ro fO ro rnn rn r^ ro rn (^ c^ ro ro ro (^ c^ (^ (^ (^ ro ro ro f^ ro ro (^ rn ro r^
O O^ i^^OO OD 00 r-- LH <> vO vO CO u^ rg »4- oj rr; i-H c^ t^ .-H .^ 00 u> CO nO rH in CNj 00 C^ ir> <> 4" cr> c^ •-• <-H
{^(r> (Nj CNJ cNj f-Hoo o^ TO CO CO CD <) in <f Nt ^t" >^ rn (^g CNj r\j (Nj 1-^ .-H rHoo (^ o^ u^ 0^ c^ CO t^ r^ r^
>0o <) vO vO -o vO <> iTi in in u^ u^ in u^ in in "^ in in in u^ in u^ ir> in in in in >^ >?• <• ^4"^ «3- >3" >^ ^1" >} vj-
o^CT^o^o^o^o^Q^^o^c^c^c>c^c^o^c^c^c^c^'C^o^c^c^c^o^c^c7^c^c7^c^c^>o^o^c^CJ^o^cpo^c^>c^
rofO fO ro fO rn ro ro f^ ro (^ {^ ro ro ro ro fo ro ro ro ro ro ro ro (^ (^ ro r<~i ro ro ro^
iH r^ c^ i-H cNj lr^ .-^ ro in !^o ^- --H f^ ro (>o r^ in vOo roo f^o r^ 00o <-< r-- <> -t -^ 0^ <xi --^ ro t^ (NJ r~^ (\j rH r-4o ^- •>} ^ cr 00 r<^^ fvi r\)o •-< I \J CO cc i-H >o rHo rH h- «^ vt" 00o in (^ r^ (^ <) a,i CO a^o c\j CO
COo LA u^ ro in >^o in .-H vtoo t^ a^ <f r^ p~-o 04 o'^ (\i (\i vf CO r-t .-H in r- CO -H o3o 00 c\i voo vt" -t vO
ooooQOoooooo0000ooooo0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000oooooocooooooooo
83
u i|i III HI III II
1III m Ml II
I -11 )i' M M" "] 111 II) II 1 II] II
I111 III 111 II 1 II ] iiii II II I II
1III III i| I HI ill Hill 1 1(1 |i I HI iHj
<<<<•<<<<< <<<a<<<i<<j:<<<<<i<<<r<'<^<<<<<i<i<x<<<i<<<»-f- »~»-f-i-h-h-t->-i-i-»-i-i-H-i-»-i— i-Ki-i-i-i-h- i-t-h-i- (-!-»- ^-^-^-^-l-^-^-2222222222222222222222222222222222222222ooooooooooooooooooocoooooo00000000000000OOOOOOOLJOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOUOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOQQDQQQOOQOOQQQQQQQOQQOQOOOOQQOOQQQQOQUjmLUUJujuimmujuJmuJuimLumuJUJmujmmmujLumujmaiLULuujujmmmiiJLuujLU
cccCa alctccaicccCcL(x.cCLx.cLaLcLalctcCcLCLa'cC(jLCL(^CL-<xcCci^cLai<^a.c^
<<<<<:<<<<<<<<<i'<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<
e^Kri^\rssO,-ic^(<>t^\r\sOr-ic^^<t\r\<>r-*c\i^<t-\s\yOr-\(\it^-^\r\^'t\i\<)r^^-t-^<>^c<^-i-\r\
<^ fO (^(^ rO ro ro ro ro (^ (^ f<^ f^ ro rn f<^ rnn t^n r<^ c^ ro ro ro ron ro ro in in
.-^ f-^ rH r-< .-^ ^o^ <) -o <5 nO r~- ^- r^ r^ r^ r^ ro CO CO (X) 05 CO c> o^ o^ (7^ (> o^ o^ o^ c^oooo •-< •-I •-< f-i
CT^ nO in cN in 1^ 00o rvj .-H f^o r^ r\j ^o r-^ c^ >3" CO vf voo CO ro i-H ino ro rno in f\j v^ -oon <-< vo in ro0^ vf (^ c^ •-< CO >3" r--O< f\lO C^ C^ CO u^ cNjo c^ vOo r\j .-H c^ rn c\i r-H r-- •-• »-H ino CO CO 00 >4" 4" f-t CO <)n r<^ ro rn (^ c\j r\j .-H .-Ho c->O CO CO a:/ p~ r- r^ vO vO sO in in vT >^ vt ni r\j r-j (Nj .-^ .-Ho CO CO CO 00 03 vO v^
^ >J-^ «^< vT -^ vt vt vf ^r -t f^ ro n^ rn ro rn ro rn ro (T^n (T^ ro ro ro ro ro (^ (^ ro rn (Nj f^
C^cr>o^cr>o^^o^(>^0><7^cr>c^cr>CT>o^o^o^o^crc^c^o^o^o>o^^o^o^o^cra>C7^o^o^o^o>o^cr>(7^
<^(*^rOc<^(^(^c*^roc<lfnrororoc<^rnronr^rnrnrnrnrO(<if<^f<^rO(^fO^
•;f C^ f^ 00 <\J c<^ ^j- vi" in vto c\j f^ cj xOO r^ in r^ .-^ u^ vO in r<^ sO o^ (^ roo roo CO vO ro in fo a-o '-<t(<^o vO^ >o c\j c^ ir\ (\ioo r>- ro iTi sfo o^ (^ c^ vo u^ nOooo >o vO <) in r- in -o r-o 00 o^ (\i >j- >-< --H
^^f^Jc<^t^f^(^J^s0^^lnr^cOr-^^-•t-^rnf<1Nf inc\ir<~)or^h-coOt--4ininin.-Hxtf^f^J^K)f^ -Ovt'-J'0000000000000000000000000 -/ooo0000000000000000000000000000000000000000ooooooooooo
84
Lu uj UJ u I ixim u I ujm uj uJm Lu uj uj uj ujmm u I uj Lu Lu uj Lu u J uJ uj u J ujm u. I uj uu uj uj uj Lu Lu UJ
<<r<<.<i<.<<<<i<<<<;<i<<r<<<<<i<<i<j<i<r<<<<<j<r<r<<i<r<<<
22222222222222222222222222222222222222220000000000000000000000000000000000000000oooijoo000(_jooo00000000000000000uoooo00 «-)UO
OOOQOQQOQQOOQOQOQOOQQQQQOOQQQQOQQQQCQQQQUJUJijjujLuujLuujUJUJUjmLuaimujujLuujujm'xiujmmujuJUJujmujLummm'XJm
Qia:a:ciCa:a;cr:arQ(:(xaQ-CLa:Q:a:c£:Q:QLa^QLQia:c£:QLa:Q:a:ccDCQf:^Q::a:ciLCt:a.a:a. a.cxQc;crici:Dc:ci:oLa;QLa:Q.ci'QiQ-a-u:a:Q:Q::a:(iQiQLc^
000000o00O<_JO000000OO0(_»00LJ00000U>0<->0O00 0eJ0
>0 (\J ro ^^ ir\ vO f\J ro^ u^ vO cvj ro «^ u^ vO c\J ro >i- u^ sO «-^ (NJ rn >^ u^ nO t-H CNj ro >t u^ sO --H (\J ro >t in vO
u^ u^ u^ ir> ir> u^ in iTN lr^ u^ in in in in u^ ir» in in lr^ in in ir» in Ln in u^ in u^ ir\ u^ u^ Ln in L^
tH >oo vO >o >o r^ r^ r~~ r^ r^ CO CO CO CO CD c^ c^ c^ c^ c^oooooo >-« •-• .-^ "-H >-^ <-H (\] f\j (\j (\i rg f\J roi-H f-H ,-^ t-^ rH .^ f-^ t-H f-^ t-H t-^rH ,-^ rH .-^ 1-^ .-H .-H f-H r-H rM (T^ (^ ro ro c^ f<^ CO ro ro r<i ro^
>^ n4- c^ ir» f\j ^o 0^ o^ <) f^ CO >}- c^o c^Jo t^ r^^^ >J" <r iTi so^ 00 in r-H CO rn ^^o CO CM in r-< in (\i vt inin in nJ- CO OD <-^ (^Jo a IT* ^4- vO ro 1^ (NJ --H CO cvi c\io ro vO CO in ij~\ >j- a ' c^ CO -Ho <^ roo in CO tno -o f^^OvO<)<^st^nfvJC\Jl-^.-Hl-^o^0^a^I^I^^Oln^nu^^T^O^Hr-^t-^r^ooocJO^^^-f^<Jlnlnln4-^0
(N CSl rs) r\J C\J C\l <\1 rg t\) "^ (\l --H .- 1 r-t .-< .-« i-H r- 1 r-( .-^ I i-H .-1 ,-H .-I i-H rH t-H 1-1 i-H .-H r-HOOOOoOOOO
C7^c7^c7^CT^u^c^<J>c^c^c^CT^c^c^(7^c^c^c^c^c^c^c^c^c^>o^u^C7^o^c^CJ^C^c>(7^c^c7^<J^c^cJ^c;^(J•^
f*^ (<^ ro ro fO rc^ ro rc^ CO fci CO CO CO CO CO CO ro rci ro rn rn ro CO CO ro ro CO CO ro (^ ro CO ro fc^ rn rc> fO c<1 c*^
^ococ^^t'-^^o^oco>i-c^Jc^^^oc^co^sl^-c^t^lnoo^co^oc\lcomlnc\lC^cMr~c^<^^-oovj•LnLnlnc^J^Ooolnr^Lnc^•—^^c^l0^ococvJ^-Hr-^o>^^0(>^o•^^-lrOln.—tin-—<Qor\io^cOvi-cos7^f\i^o<)<)c\j >3- CO CMo c\j .-I rH CO CO CO CO sOo >Do r- nOo vj- COo c\j CO >o ^- <) f^jo --H in ro in >o r~ i-H r^ CO oj
000000000000Oi^os-zooooooooooooooo0000000000000000000000000c0000000000000000000 0«_/00
85
CCCCCCCCCCLU LULU LULU2:2:22:2:
<<i<<r<\-\-^\- \-2:22:2200000
QQOOQLULULUUULU-<»—<•—1 1—« »—«
<<<<<
fvj fO^ in vO fo ^l- «rv >o >t u^ vO
in iTt iTNin in »t vl-^ ^t vt -t ^j-
fO ro fom fT) i-H r-t <-••-«o o> o^rom f<) ro r> -4- vj- vi-^ >t •4' -«*•
c^ r*-ooo vO in 00m in nJ- r>-
in vi"ooo vt i^ '-'•-<^ o^ •-•
fO (^ ro rom ino 00 in cr >^ CM
OOOOOONCrr^t^OvOvO
cr» cr* CT> CT' o^o CT* CT^ C7^ cr cr» c^
mfomfororororomromro
«C\|(\J(\|(NJ(\l(MfSj
NOh-inor>-ooos04-<f<7^<-«{NjCT>r-a^'^co-^o>-Hcor-o4'or\jvomO'-«oooO'-tOOOOOOOoOOOOooooooocoooof-l c-H .-I .-H r-H CM CM CNJ (M CM CNJ (\J
86
o
<oo
UJ
o •
•JLCCKUJ
^^K -«
<<
UJOz:
<oI—
<
ooLL
UJvOt-<t\).-i(\iro>trOinm^v£)'-»>Oir»(\Jro t/)Q
UJLU
l-oUJ
OOl/)UJ
CO
_JLJJ3
<x»—tcOOl(XUOO
• •• •• <ln^orO^<^<MC^J.-^0•-^l^(^JC^mc^f^^-0 Q
_J 3 LUUJOD-I
a. UJO UJ I- CQ
CL 0<I— >- r-^,HrHr-^r^^-^.-^^c^J^^»^O^^^rlnln^o^- i^_J(/> I-»-. I-Z_l xo
a. oq:< 2:uj
O -J
Q. •"<(XUJ (\i(\irof\jc\jrj<Mf\j(\4(\jc\jr\j(MrNj(\l(\ic\J
O
O vOroocOvOiAr-rni-ia3LnvOf\IOO>Of^ uj2: 4-coLncMr\vfOOcocNjomm^r<icoo 1—
I i-iOOO'-i'-HOOOOO'-<'-iO'-»0'-< oOL Ow^^v_/ooooouooooooo 2:UJ 00000000000000000</) {NjfM(Mrvjr\j(Mc\jcM(MC\Jc\if\ir\jf\jc\J{\i(\J
•
^XUJl-<cc<O-UJto cc
UJz H-l
»—
»
Kh- lyO
t/) H- 00 _JUJ UJOu. z CO»-l Qz t/J
< 0. <3:s: UJ
z a:>- t—
t
or <<. t-s: z2:3t/^
QUJ H-_l XUJCO 1—
1
< UJ
87
I/)
o
QUJQ<ro-1
2LULU a:CD LU
»—
1
h- 1-
o 00z 00 _J
ujoUJ QtO> O< OX < j:
Oh- a:<XH00Q^UJz.*-* »-
< XH oZ »-l
o LUo 3
o
in fNj •4" cr (NJ^ rH i^ r- -H tno<M »H vt fO CO f\l --H 00 in vT) su ro
nO vo >} >rm ro CM rH .-4ooo
I- Qc: rOrOrorOfOrorOrOfOfOfOrO
o
LU <\jr\jrMrg(MrNjrg(Njr\jcvj(\j(\j
Oz.
I
ouLU1/)
<\i c\j r- f~-om osi vj- h- ino ^i»J'c\|v^rooN'-Hr^O'-<'-<int-HrHOOrHOOOOrHOOrHooooooooooooooooocoooooorsj CM (\i CXI eg cNj oj (\j (M CNj c\j cvj
o r~o 1^CC f^i< K •
o XO oLL. »—
«
CM t—
1
O:^ LU 00O 3 inK< •
cr:i- _J CM oo</) < ro CC
a. -d- -^ -J- -t >i- -J- >t <f <J- -t >t vl- »- LA LULU O cx) M
_IX 1--Jh< _Joo .-1 CM ro >t rH CM ro >} rH CM ro >1- <2 ID
U.t-t Oo>- LU
o. inq::^ •4••4^<^^4-•J4•<^vl<t•^i-N^ z. vO sLUO < i-H -(
Q<-> • LU • a:q:o z 5: CT^ h-o o t-H
>- OOOO r-i •-< •-I .-4 vO xO vO vO KH Q.0_) n ro r<^ en rn ro c<^m >t >t >j- 4- H- 1—
1
2-1 <I X<< -J to
•-H Z)ooj- o Q-WSCL _J UJoo< < 1- LUt/ja. o LL ili
LU < cnQ.O 2: o:: CT oQO •-H a CX> \-
OCX oc 1•
<< K \- O^ Ho u. oo
Q < <lULL. _J»-iO _iCl <-3 CuO 1
^ H h-
o li. LL
^. < <ID a: r-
Q <M O1-
O •
CC 00 o< CM LU3: Da: Cio <LL
aUi
<2
88
COMPUTER PROGRAM
MAIN
^^^ u.o •• LL ••
—4 •» •-H-5^ OCQ3 » *•
O 1— •-•
OC m CO <NJ
X «^ < » •> ^< UJ IQC —
»
<s Q. •-HCDLU •-^ O)•• > »- »- «_# a.
o h- 2:o< h- t-H
< h-^ XcQS: X U5: •> 00 •• e> <t•• *«^ LLK »—
1
00a: -J CO 2: UJ ••
UJ -O s Q3: O— LUSQC » •. -5O moSCQ LU -• «J •.
_J •'-O •• •• "I^ >—I o • • o
s: oroxQfNjo -. oc 00 -1» OtlrOI— CD_J_J UJ I UJ Z w (M^ <>^C) ••<2: Q. >- Q o o >*.o Q-cc-jocQ •> > o qc •-< a -»O •-•UjXcD •- h- _J->-»-5 O - _) f-4
X •"-loO -HO. >-H X<ICDO <I + +<I "•(— •-aj_jQ ..i/)*.*-..!— o Q. _jS: 0>-t2'cQ<< —. ^__i.^ X o z o•• o < -cno ^—. Z<COO O _l II • o
oi 0''.uj< r._j »^f_ <».•.—• -•q:xUJ moscQQZ Qc:z ujxxx uj q »— ol uj <•-• -»ox • •- Q^o 2:<cDo 3 uj -^-5z cq 2:I— Q-Oi/)"^~^Q. <IO X»-»-»- •-' —••.112:^-S UJrO •<o2: Q.2 ooOOO O CL | a:— 3 II
•. Q^-Q •• •» »-. ».-^-i. -<icni^ Z ID CL-5h- Z OO D- 3: IS >—' >—Ih- ^—^inin Q »••>• •—( O Q ^-3 <r
•-I •-toa.<oz— -^ II •-'-H 2u_u_u. 00 o <o •• z 2:01^ -ct< »• Qo •-•-<r\j(Nj u_<x)o <r o o~5a: 2: —O —i-hq'XXO •• —»•>•. <»». UJ _»•<—-? Z) •
a: o -c:xljZ^ cl-~oo oiaiujuj a: a. ZO •• _J f\j
i^ O— •^ •. ». II uj»-ir-^.-t Q<ICQ(_) O O >-00 O V.•• OOI— 'JJO'^^-' Qn— -II-H ^UJ CM l_J~?0—
•
I— roOU-<OUJ » Q.CX * •• I—QCQ Q 00 .-^«^_» _j•n *-»0'< • ••'—'—
••—lujroro u_<:ciDo LLI Q •—<00 UJ O
•• q: ro <r u_ u_ f— -• —< •»<»» oov— ^^ tO —
1
oct UJ.— Qc:<o5:>- -^Koo <:ooo i— to qcujj q x-> oo_jQ •• »• -3: H_«,_4^^ q;<icQ(_) z uj o oi_j Q <•> •-•o •"OJi—i_ia ^- »-u.u. Q».».».k-< oco <•— -•2!o ••c>cx<ioOa: 0^-^ •- •• -cdcdco Q -* Ol-»o s: -^•^ *— t-HOO •- ox UJ"—ilALTi Cl<CQcJ oO Q O -•f— • H--^^Z •••-'OOX< OOw— >—.— (yO •.r.^QC • <H-» II ~^<Of <—IO0~Q<O<tS: •-H_irorOCNj'-'<t<r< UJ 2 O ZO —. ""UJ UJ O••—lOO •• ••2:——^O • - •Q<aio Z O II UJ OUJ t—a: • X <M—
i
^ »-ZO^OO— •— LT.-^OOOOD .^^-. i-i I— 000 X O • "^-J-J—. H- "^U_N^0'>.0r0<00 0'—• L'^ •—<—<—<U_ LA LA LfMn < < .-^sO'^—» I— ^-^.^-^i—i » „>—» _j •
.-t-OfMroO •• •-0000 ••—-•o-H '-<—".--» H- I— 1^ •• •• ••iii *_>_,_<^*Q(:(_)w. Lu Oujo ••o-^v.iQcO'-M—1-^1—<—.,—I—<-^—<-^-jr-t 21 oi. <—i —(•—<>-^ UJ qc •—<--'.—«-' or; ~> -5 ci;uj z o«2V.OV.J— <o •• »•— >-<^«^— ».•. o Q ^ II II II -irD UJ II :2_J3:u.j >-'a:3 •-! x •
Zr-tzxz •• ••Qocoh- cow(— Ki— iTMninm o i/i < »-i-3^«i •2! t— -<ooo^oo<2: 2: <oo^ooo<<'^«—<—':s<<i<~--'—— >-< -"-< «/> qcoq;!— "JOQ.'-t qc 2:<2:o2:»-.2:<oQQ2:Q0 5:r:2:QQQQ f— _j •— —t-Hr-K^i— ^ rMi-iv-..-H^-iw_i.-.i— uj 112:2:05:uj2: •• <<!x<Q::a:ixcx<r<<< a: -i —< oz o —11 11 iio^^z i— o-»O—IO:£a>- ujojOuj—.OOOUJUJUJUJ O < Z 00000 UJ OU_Oa:i— OU-U_a UJ <u-000 Qictu-o: a.u.u_a:cicx;Q: 00 o '-• oqq_jo oc Q»-«T-3~)_j'-t»-io o 2:»~'
'if H' 'K' 'N'
o inoin » -H- "»> «o o-<-« * * »• *—1 ,-1—<—« 000 000 000 ^^<<J
89
UJ
CO00 _JUJ oa: uo
a: < 3 ^o - O K-
O ai «H- h- •- LU
3 -< 31/) O i-« •.
QC oe: *>• • ^UJ •. (/) kxZ UJ •• c^ «-
-"X K- UJ UJ• < »- UJ X 2 a.Z t- Q. O t-i >O Z 2 >-!-•< 1-
•-• 00« K-UJI— •-(
h- O 00 3 2^ I— UJ O Cj —2 O a: a. O O —
•
•-• 00>- QCUJ ^-^h- QiCLl— <0lO Ct"*/> < O >- UJ a: ctUJ OO—I I— -! <UJO Z < Qi Q. 2
U_ I—« I—
I
Q^ !_)•—•U- QuOOO a:< •'<O Z<uj (-a:o in-^h-
I f- o Q. q: <i -^2^- Q.00_|00 O LL o-^oqC q: UJ CL o ininK cl-» oO qc u. u_ O Q. inuj—
I
CL <'-hO>— ->» UJOO ooo Q— Q2 2 2 2 Q UJ t-l-OOao: UJO II < a^ •-< «^ oo -^(— -<UJ •—
<
h- Q. 2: UJ 3 oo OOO. »- orZ a; O oo o— • UJ OCJjQiO-^h- a:<-• a: q-q: csi ot:_J o tx: :^c>>—<-< <
<tQ. QO UJ X— Z Q **-«.< ^ o«/> r-izo: <i- 2 <3 I o ST-jz—or— - -^cc I -^o: o •• >-< s:o or <i • • touj—• •- —UJ Q.CL< _JX < +0CO _l UJ »— UJLUUJ •OO'— X -'
Z Q22 ZtM H- OX II 00 UJ 2222Cr'-<_J O ^KH < .^ -^—1 2: t— <cs:: -^^—.-»x o«« •Lu-^O'^sO 3< —< oi~c in •. o oc^—> o in o o t— a.o-^^-» tooo ••—
o
\— 2 _JOfx> (NJ- o 0> _jO I-• m ro vt ^ 2:2—•'-<>-'-»—<'-' in- -iQi
Z ••2 ••—fi-Hr-^O •• •-CX^O0^_J .—lO"—'O'-^ r—I f— • •^.»—'^^l—I—I ».—<+—»—15^O •-<-^+'a. •- •- U- —tOf-trxi*-! •OQi »» »» t-« » 3 r^.—iQ.uja:— ••— ••- »— >-»>-iuj
O ^11 +:iiQisO— -O— O II II II II CiGOUJOwsO-^sO—O O II II UJCLQ^3vO>— vO^XI— -^3I ->-i II Q^'— l-.-'h- _)0200ujX««-'l— »-l-wl— -» ^-<a>-<I0«-«-wt-0<II-2
Q. Q. > Ql<LU<IU< Q- —I >-<QC: •<— UJ<UJ<'JJ<LU I— Q. f— O. OiUJ 3 UJ< —<0 '-'
3 2>oclci:2i— ^^^-5: z> sOQ:vi-ct:bc:_jS5:i— si-si— sh- 2 in in •-"-<'-<>-<1-0 ^-s:uJ_J_J j-
O It 2ct:— —iQC—^OL o o o II — II II t-<a:>-<ct:—tcti-t —• ^-^•——•-Ha:'-«a:3u._j2QC ^O II <u_Qt:aa;3 a: acxoa:ctu-<_)i— (xOixaa:oc^ c^ OOU-o-u-LLcn— oio 11 11 <ioO 2Qiii2'-t3u.3U. O Qi^Qi(i->»-t->->3U-3U.3u.3 a. QQ—i^-h^-—,3 3U.3<00•» » ^f^ -<* •«• >t * "^^ # -H-
* o v\ ^ oir>o* o000 •-• —^ooo _i _» „^ 000 •-« t
90
to " UJ Z ..^
• <>0 K-1 LU Q
-1 X • LUX
X»- X 3 Q
<3 < h-UJ UJ Ul t/1 _l
•> > 1- •> \- QC"^ a: < «-« co oC LU Z•—1 UJ QC ^^ > UJ*i* «/> < «^ U. LUH UJ Q. - H COX C£. LU X Q h-O 00 UJ Ul 3 1-t-i Z l-H h- 5«:
UJ NH z UJ < X z2 ^-) jC -I LU f-•> •> oe: X K-i LU^ UJ t- «^ CL 3 >
»>4 s •-4 <*-• z ^*" CC UJ Q XUl h- . UJ <x CQ LUQ. (/) </l a a. Q h->- a:: > < <r <- >- LU t- -J X»-« z H4 tu :d _j 1—» z »-H •> CO
•^ < *-» X z 00• •-^ UJ »— •—
•
1- 00 LU a:to "•* a: z •^ UJ LUCC a: < -^0 0£. z CD zUJ OC - CC «-« t—t
z < X ^ <£ I-- CL 1- <>—
1
Q. OOQ a. X • <r h-< 1^ »—
<
ILILU ••H Ooo z ZH' » X U.-J r»- • •-hZZ «o <—
»
3 i-iLU "^ so Q LUo vO >—
(
ZCO 0^ 1—4 LU >o o «— CO <r< »-^ h-h- -1 < u.Ot- o CL— q: Z-J r- a.— l-l< LU X
3: sO 1— UJi-< UJ OUJ—
«
COLU oo Q^ z >-u_ <-^ OOQ— < H- f-z t-oo o CLo: »-4 0:0 _J J- Q.QC u -J < OO
-^h- o •—<LU < < «^ —.K-iLU X l-H
a' oo. «k»—
1
t- s:i- TC 00 ••—
<
• • UJ z h- _1O oa:o —
^
-»H- z 2:00 O"-"-"!— LUOO •U- txo —
»
•-4>—
4
Z5— QC q:>-'« 1-0 to-^< <—
1
«^ •> 00 _j X —C— ox 00 oC00 _iZ— 4> or-^ *^ w » < -ifYCC^ Zh- LU UJLU • •o q: UJi—
>
*— Q •^ •» s: • i«iLU>—
'
w _l z •»
00 1— UJUJ • LU OOw 1—
1
LU XX + H-LU •oO~- ••1— »—
)
XOO ZZZuu V«4 >-«_) ^» —1 ino OZZaj-H_j x< QC <UJ O • tZ 1— -'O s LU *— ("O (NJ—•— »~ «-• ^C1 •j'^O — un - .•^ 1— — (Ma: o • s: t—oo -^c CQ •• Lninoo CC<^1— .00 LTV "-OOO •• zQ "Z*-**—*-* ~-oa:-o^>—|^a: < 0- * cx3m>j-—
(
0^0 2'"—1—,_^1—
t
0. a^ox —i r---Q *ww_«lh- •-J—) II —<
•••«^>—
*
:^ -J in -H •—'•—< —^ —* ».a; •>»^)—<r-( »> r-fO'-'-'CNJin f—> -10< ^LUCdwiL/IC? II II
'-i. «-<^lK«^ >—(IXI — , ,. ^o -t^^ —ilJJ^^ •.—.LU ••• z •>~^»—. » •*•
zo
II Q-Ui-iOlU—.— --.0-' xi-a:r)cixri— 2:
LL xO^^vOsOsOO II II II 11
LU^-^TtXlULIUJUJ'—1 —
1
sO u_
LU<*~^ ^^ "^J. V
—
) '
l-Q-nr h-^^ CXLU^T'1^ LJ~^*^^h- a: LUIS'—' Lu<i— Lu<a:LU
>-H \0*—"—<—< _l -3 —1 3: LU h-O LL) _J _J 1— >— M 2C s: f- 1— »- 1- Qi r^ lX r-• •-< —11- 1- h- 5: -^ 1— 5: 'JU 1- 1— H-2
CO 'W^,.*''—',-J—OO—•—.q:; SLi. -IZ 00 1—<cr;cx: >—i>-ii-Hi—iQ w^^^lXZ—(xo—0:2'»—
«
00 -HQt:<•) ou-u.u.<u_oa:(— o:.-. II II <o 1—
I
ctooctQiQroccxocxOLLLLar'-'oaiaoixa-HiCt •—
•
0:0< Q>-<»—t*.^!\^t-*t—K—t H-.3: 3<00 _J scu-u, 3:2 3: 3: :^Qi^ Qi'-hmjs oi£u_ 3ll<:s _J su.* »-< •«• <—
•
r-^ ^H1 •K-
-a- * f- ^<-
« * M-•« « OiT* in ** * 000 a* # r'-
oo ^jij)*^ in^ r-4 (M 000 -H
91
—
.
<>0
o OJr-4 00r-* CO•» OJvO oc>^ aUJ Q— <•-H
a: o3 LU—
»
•—
t
o Q.h- • 3^o O
~'-'->Ouj '-o Oinooo • o oro«d--<2:-—'>•—
4
2r~t,-Ar-t f—i^-i^^ Z3
X X00 t/>
Q. Q.UJ UJUJ UJ^ i«f
_J o o— <x. on a:• h- UJ UJ
o »--* q: _j -j"» < < <UJ COQ- U. UJ UJ> o•- 3: s:•-• >— z •-* •-•
•. ac <. cc a:—« O UJ K t~
«-" •• CL a.cc _ji^ _ i_a: -Jo< << —Q. 0>- «J•-" oo "»•- u. •-* OUJ -^-> X«-» OCt— ».4
O. UJ w^UJ QO OQ a:2r o»—< >. •>
QQ. ^— Z3 ••
-0 <o •-«
«- o ••
a: ooo -9
LU UJ ««00 oo>- oi-i • 00_l 00
UJ_J »Hcc<. ••
Ot- '-'
<; UJ< V-
Qq. •-«
LU Q^-•O 3EQ-CJ —3q: oo<i •
OO _JCO cso o>-«q: lu~zu. ooiuj ttn
—«-^-»- • — <ra:v- :sivt-«OLr\vo »• ..osiifis:—' »• •ooin »-o ••
—<r~-f^xx—< •• •• ••+—5X—<—lO- .-H" '"•CM- >— uu« • • »I—( .^—(O f*- -H—I »-i .—• n: •.O—I—hcmOojO- f\lOO_)0 "O ••
•. »• •.,—(»^_ ». •> * ••(xifsj •. II II II LLji—'-j- •> •» ••• •—I— ••• • »m rri» ro
<i<i-0 W '3i\—-0 LL vO ,0^--'~-'0'—t"^:^!?^--— ^vDsD^-^O^— X'-0«-'h-.l— ^^ •>— •
*^w^-50x— o ww^h-t~w oot—'-^^^-— (— Owi—sis:!—oH-oUJUJLU QiOUJ LJJLJJLlJ<<UJ--<i-H^_)Q^UJLiJUJ<'.JJ<'—'LU<00<—<<^4t—»—H-o •->-»- I— t— I— H-s:^:!—•—<—«:£: _j2rj_(_(_ ^th-sljj 1—5: SISsu_^ LL•—<<—I'-H —^LU'—< CO -« >—I •—< iX ol •—
' II—'Qt^i-Hi—1>—(Qii—<1X IS"-<iji^^—'Ot^ "U. ••Q
ccccaiCi\s.:s-cc ,-<. Q;a:ct:ooaioaa_Ju.OQL(xa:aa:a ixou-llo- o- 2:jC23:0»-« 3: _J :2:£ jCa.U.:SQQQ-5>-HLL 3:^3U.SLL_jSU..-.h-iLLOLi.OUJ
* lAso o in o o o o•«• r^r~ 00 o —• fM -^ (M
000 .-4-H i-l C\J fM fM in LTV
<oc 1— KQ
1 ^- -t— Q. 00 00u. 00 < <
—
.
< »—
1
—J -J« Q _> _J• *• < <z Z CO CQ
<. a:oc 1 1
»-^ LU UJUJQ t—t- 1- 2: t~h-:s U.< u. X <<U- <_l < 00--3:5
oc •»-
Q K-X 1_ t—_l u-inoo< Q < •--^(NJC) Q
a: <roinLnuj OJ< OC • • ••Q Q
2: 3C OOvOvOO Qt-* CC ^^^< <ct QU.LULU\- u. 3«-t-t-or-.ac—m • u_ir\>—<>—inj» LU-•. »> < QiCr:>-oOH-oOX X Q:x33<2r<2:00 .203:0ro---^ .—--<00- H-- h-0 - •>••*• *•
92
oooro
liJ
O.>•
oofOO—
o
a:o
oroo '-^
wOQ.O OLUfO H-O—0.12 O»-«o Oa:
o -*
oo ^wO Xc^ro OUJ-^ •—
'
00—1 UJ
•-LJ • H- -5-5-5 -^f-f— -4 I— LU X —• ,-i..— ly^—.— 1/>—-^»oo —. — -,.— 00oCt^ - z_J o ~> •-.Q_cLi-.coc:a:K-iUJLLi -j -5 -10:0:Oo—
.
o «-^>-"co— >— i>o~*ijjuj»-a^Q:~-CLQ.—.— oO'-^-ty5^.LULU</>oo o*— '-'HJUJ'—'a:cI:cLooQi<I<uJ>->--^_l_'^-l2:^3:>—«t—
I
zo o 2-)-^32wlljujujq.q-q:q-q.cli— I -aowoouji— ^-
ujn»,o-hz: ,.,^1-. II II Qi 00 00 Q>-<—'<!—"-< >->^i-i_i(_)o^o^ a: *-"—"-•
Zrom I•• -^(— X-^-- luh-o-hO. II II Q. 11 II H II 11 o^.-.c-"-<t— It II
t-HO^*!—^ »-hXO»-<~5<^ II II -«-"—«—.^H-.-^— c_j II II a: II II >-«-.— LUI—^K-Z II II C>>-<^»- >-.—.-» II
—-5 II —<~5 1; I—|-5^-»-^>_.-«-i. II _-j;^:D2XO>-i.-i-)>-Hij»— ^— II -i-3oo^>ii»oo~*^oO-»'-. II
'-'-5II K-.-5t/o.^.-,^;^
0000 + UJ3:XX'^^— Q.OLa.Q^oia:uj'-iJLuv)«-woo^^'jc:cr:ac:'-'a:ct5:»-.2,-^^-<^-?: II ooci:ci:i:t:ujujuja:a:oca.ci.a._j_j«j3:s:5LiJUJiui— Z)CQZIUU II II >-*CO^i—lUJLiJUJQQQ<<<l>->->OaOOO^-l'-•-^2^-Q3o IXoo --<o u. LU UJ LU 00 00 1/0 Q. CL Q- a. a. Q. k— I— t—o '-Jo a: IX ct (-- 1— I—o UJ3t/oo zQ«Qi-H3::5 3:^-»-H-^.-i»-t>-.—. -.-..-. i-t,-,^*^-4^-4_i-i—.1-10 q:lu
93
3:O
3OX
LU
< OQ
LU
O
o •
•» mo:-1 • -0oo LUOX •-J< _)—s: ^0•» •-« •0
a: •-• a: -JLU 1 Q •
y-* • »—>- z **Js: 1-4 <Ni •
•» «^ •lii"
o » -.o«-.t— 1-< _) LU • t-^
I/) a: .Qoo I--I2: t-OQ^a: X ^< f-
i<r 't m < 0*- •
LU •• >t *^ in s: .-^ (^02»- z. II —QO—4-^ O^tf- <<«• »- 02: • —"-^»— •. (— 3 \~ •^ • <luj 0:^•ncc 00 — 0— «i^ LU '-Z • •
0-3 Ol-(J> 0:0 o_j rv) Z-^ • OI\-a: 2: Xw '«^ ^ • a:*-. UJ_Jcoo 0— a: <3 —3 _i ^UJ_J • •
=>-> -»oo 3 SO -» 000 1-3-5 '^^^«/) "^-«a: tx (— -•Qi CC *->CC II ->a -H—* II
_J0UJ-*Q£ LU OX LU QCxo: OX -—la: »- •>««
•r~**~*K_)Ci Ot ^< —
1
o<-) 2:< ois-j ctact—^ t-<Qi 0:5: I— ocs: — 2: .-^—5 • • -5-5T^o^-si^^l^i* 0^0 ( 5: :^ 1
-^ t • + •.LUO-^ •• *_HvO • • • + O 0:0 • • oo^ _ILU a:o_J-5 ooo:o ••LULULUO: •0^:^-. LU LUi-H •tX 00 LU-J •^0"^~5-3v.oz:z2Lucy II II II di —i^_J '-<_jq;olu •—43--'f-OI— ^>-' ••
Z'-• • • •»-<1LUO2OO + • + "OLU^-iLJXO 00"^0 ooo^o>-t— ^_)a:^- • •—
<
•-.0:01-1— ccaca:. •»- -)<20-io— -jooa-3cx:SO "^ -) -:> 21 -J QC rO c£ ^ 1— -) -5 -Hi-)-}i«i_J2; II S— l-2:_J^«-'0^-J~-32:0——— II wO II II -^ II II ^ II — II II ^ 11 •wo's^ —wOl-Q
-J U- U. UL H- U. ex. (X a. 1- LL t- QC UL a: LL t- 2 UL _JLL U_ U, --U-LLOLUZ•—11—1>—I'n• '-h:«iq:^-50~>'-<~:i-J—t-3t-<-3 >—t~^>-H(_3—5>—!>—«_( ——-<>-<_JlXUJ
.-I CO ro in o
94
•> UJ9- LL o
u. CD •k
U- » Q•-<-^ LU OOCD CO «*
•> •> •» O*--< Q oCD CD ••
< • V» COxo: o o
t-HCDLU CD .(— I— • <z:o< CD oXcOS CD *»
»/)•• •• "nLLl- < <-JCDS CO ••
o ••O •• l-M
UJ5: -3 <SCO <I •<•
• » •• •» X « l^l^
XQrg 1—1 < QQ»-cD_i < •» » »O ••< •» <J> • •
_JOcQ X <s. rgrvj
XcD •• < ^ >*."»>,
CO »•'-• >. U- _»_J-CD~J C5 < fj>^ZCD< < »• •»•»•
< ..03 «. LU XXLU< - UL < »-l-srcDQ < ** ooX »• - •> Q _I-J00 -)-^ LU < XX•.<o < » 00 00o •k o 1—4
1 1
:£h-..-i Q < K <M—
<
z:u.<o < •> s: _JJ1—(^ ». •* ^ CO X <<tOCTQCXX O < t>0 cocol-Q<0 < •» "«v •^^-^^
•>•••- • < 3 V.>vuji—oo CO < »• • • 1— f—
2UL<0 < •• -»rocNj 2:2:»—i<l ». •. •> Q_ Q\v> 001—<u_u. < CO 1 t-h- 2:sZ)at:<o < ^—
4
_J 1 + II II
OQ •• •• •• o ou.u_u. cK:ci:
q: UJUJcoQ.<:o 00
»• ^ U.ULU.Q tUUJ1— 1—
\~—> •QOQLLtOi-iQCl Q s:o(Ni + • + <c "-H 3 3:o<o ••—.^x •^1— Q2oi:i "^
>- -5< 00 >-'XLJ-::s< 02:00^oo :2^ CDuj^ OK- <u_[ij t X • •
ro<o+uj t-sruj "0<<-5:h-^i— LU
o •• ••cL>'-«x>x_iQrci<:xu.^<- o—
I
^COCDOOQ^CDOO(XOXQQOO<~5 • •
<0>-'3 •-I 3 •-oo II II II <Qt— t—
z -Qox^oo I v-q2:q(:<s:2:2:cj<i< 11 CO II o<LL3:<a II ooq:ZKOQ--J U I •-— <LLLU II I— SSZ)2; - oo_IOU. jU-w.<<5;-j5;«^>-t-Q0>- •--i<cD'-i<u II a:ciiXQULLU_UJ2O QO QO -H-QQi/Xi-M'-'OCUJ
95
«4-
>•
>
o ^ (\J ro -^f in vO 1*- 00>- XXXXXXXX
1 1 1 1 1 ft 1 1
0>1 1 1 1 1 T 1 1XXXXXXXX
X»» ««•-« ii--«--{{--««--»1-
COX •—tfNJro-tinvOl^co•» XXXXXXXX
r- 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
X (Niro^tinvor^ooo•> XXXXXXXXvO
X >V^>vV.-v^^^
in O —« oj rn -t in vo r»- ODX X>>>>>->>>iiiiftiiii^-t
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
X (Njm vt Ln o f^ CO CT^
X ^>>->>>->>>•> ^(.——^-.—^—
-
ro -»+-*- + + + 4. + 4-
X 0»-«r\jr0vj-in'0f*-a3^ x>>>>->- >->->-
rsj 1 II II II II II II II II
X -•>•>>->>->->>•• X .-».
•-^
X ^<\)m-4"invor^aDO^ ^XXXXXXXXo oX >-^-^-^-^-^-^-l-^-••
1 _i_i_i_j_i_j_i_jX •^•••••••c•• >-xxxxxxxx>•^^ 4- ••••••t*UJ-~0Q QO C5Q C3QO O>o>^z^z 2::?'2?:>a:>- II <i<i<<<<:<i< II
3 -> >ooo -.^-.^-^-»—.—
.
>-—.r-i(\jiT»stinsOi^co—UJ ..,-.xxxxxxxxa>zr-x ....... tx•-<>_ tUjUJUjLiJujUJUJUJ •
h- •.»—OO CDOO C3OO Ll-i
IDsOJ • 'OZ0>- tXXXXXXXX 'QCcc ».Xww—.w_—.^X 3OD in—. ^'——.^^——^ t-
Q
:3>-u.u,u.llu_llllu_llu.ujz:I/) _i_-i_>-Hfc-._ii-t>-H>-<H-4at.LU
96
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. Bureau of Naval Personnel, Loading A Mariner-ClassShip, Military Sea Transportation Service Supplement,NAVPERS 10829 B(s), 1962.
2. Bureau of Naval Personnel, Principles of Stabilityin Shiploading, NAVPERS 91076, U.S. Naval School ofCargo Handling, Naval Supply Center, Oakland, CaliforniaMarch 1949.
3. DOD Project Manager for Surface Container Systems,Draft Master Plan for Surface Container-SupportedDistribution Systems, Department of the Army, Head-quarters United States Army Materiel Command,Washington, D.C., March, 1972.
4. Maritime Administration, Challenge and Opportunity,U.S. Department of Commerce, Washington, D.C. October,1970.
5. Office of Federal Register, National Archives andRecords Services, General Service Administration, Codeof Federal Regulations-46 , Shipping, Parts 146 to 149(Revised as of January 1, 1972), U.S. GovernmentPrinting Office, Washington, 1972.
6. Saurbier, Captain Charles L. (USNR) , Marine CargoOperations , John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1956.
7. Murray A. Jeisler & Wilber A. Steger,"The Combinationof Alternative Research Techniques in Logistics SystemsAnalysis," Management Technology , May, 1963.
8. Dewey E. Beliech, Jr., A Proposed Method for EfficientPre-Loading for Containerized Cargo Ships, Naval Post-graduate School Thesis, June, 1974.
97
INITIAL DISTRIBUTION LIST
No. Copies
Defense Documentation CenterCameron StationAlexandria, VA 22314
Library, Code 55Naval Postgraduate SchoolMonterey, CA 93 94
Chairmen, ORAS DepartmentCode 55Naval Postgraduate SchoolMonterey, CA 93 9 40
Assistant Professor J. P. Hynes, Code 55Naval Postgraduate SchoolMonterey, California 93940
Assistant Professor P. W. Benediktsson, Code 55Naval Postgraduate SchoolMonterey, California 93040
Tran Quang ThieuP.O. Box BFPacific Grove, California 93940
98
266 12
/
1G13U1Thesis
J373 Thieu
J.-j^ A programmed loading
procedure for container-
ized cargo ships.
3 613ifiThesisT373 Thieu
procedure for container-ized cargo ships.
thesT373
A programmed loading procedure for conta
3 2768 002 03476 1
DUDLEY KNOX LIBRARY