A PRESENTATION ON STRUCTURAL AND FUNCTIONAL PROPERTIES OF

HEART

Who Discovered Heart?

WILLIAM HARVEY (1 April 1578 – 3 June 1657) Discovered heart in the 17th century

What is the heart?

The heart is the organ that supplies blood and oxygen to all parts of the body. It is about the size of a clenched fist, weighs about 10.5 ounces and is shaped like a cone. The heart is located in the chest cavity just posterior to the breastbone, between the lungs and superior to the diaphragm. 

The Heart lies in the thoracic cavity medianstinum & a little more to the left than the right. It presents a base and an apex below. The apex is about 9 cm to the left of the midline at the level of the 5 th intecostal space.

The heart has two vena cava one is superior and other one is inferior.

The heart has also a pulmonary vein and pulmonary

artery.

Anatomy of Heart

Anatomy of Heart (continue) THE HEART IS COMPOSED OF THREE LAYERS OF TISSUE

• Pericardium is a triple-layered fluid-filled sac that surrounds the heart:o Visceral pericardium or epicardium (inner wall of pericardium)o Parietal pericardium (outer wall of pericardium)o Fibrous pericardium (outside parietal pericardium)

• Myocardium is the muscular wall of the heart and consists mainly of cardiac muscle.

• Endocardium is the innermost, thin, smooth layer of epithelial tissue. It is in contact with the blood that the heart pumps.

Anatomy of Heart (continue) THE HEART HAS FOUR CHAMBERS

• The right atrium receives deoxygenated blood from the venae cavae and pumps it through the tricuspid valve to the right ventricle.

• The right ventricle receives blood from the right atrium and pumps it to the lungs, where it is loaded with oxygen.

• The left atrium receives oxygenated blood from the lungs and pumps it through the mitral valve to the left ventricle.

• The left ventricle, the strongest chamber, pumps oxygen-rich blood to the rest of the body. The left ventricle’s vigorous contractions create our blood pressure.

Anatomy of Heart (continue) Heart valves Tricuspid Valve - prevents the back flow of blood as it is

pumped from the right atrium to the right ventricle.

Pulmonary Valve - prevents the back flow of blood as it is pumped from the right ventricle to the pulmonary artery.

Mitral Valve - prevents the back flow of blood as it is pumped from the left atrium to the left ventricle.

Aortic Valve - prevents the back flow of blood as it is pumped from the left ventricle to the aorta.

Special Junction Tissue of Heart SA node AV node Bundle of His Left & right bundle branches Purkinje fibres

Cardiac Cycle The Cardiac Cycle is the sequence of events that occurs when the heart beats. Below are the two phases of the cardiac cycle:

Diastole phase.Systole Phase.

Anatomy of Heart (continue)

Function of HeartThe heart circulates blood through two

pathways: the pulmonary circulation and the systemic circulation.

In the pulmonary circulation , The right atrium receives blood deficient in oxygen from the body and sends it into the right ventricle via the pulmonary artery and travels to the lungs, then returns as oxygenated blood to the left atrium of the heart via pulmonary vein.

Function of Heart (Continue )

In the systemic circulation , oxygenated blood leaves the body via the left ventricle to the aorta and from there enters the arteries and capillaries.

Deoxygenated blood returns via veins to the venae cavae, re-entering the heart's right atrium.

Electrical "pacemaker" cells cause the heart to contract, which happens in five stages. In the first stage (early diastole), the heart is relaxed.

Function of Heart (Continue )

Then the atrium contracts (atrial systole) to push blood into the ventricle. Next, the ventricles start contracting without changing volume.

Then the ventricles continue contracting while empty. Finally, the ventricles stop contracting and relax. Then the cycle repeats.

Valves prevent backflow, keeping the blood flowing in one direction through the heart.

Heart disease

Heart disease is a broad term used to describe a range of diseases that affect your heart. The term "heart disease" is often used interchangeably with "cardiovascular disease." Other heart conditions, such as infections and conditions that affect your heart's muscle, valves or beating rhythm, also are considered forms of heart disease.

Coronary heart disease Cardiomyopathy

Dilated cardiomyopathy Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Restrictive cardiomyopathy

Hypertensive heart diseaseHeart failureCor pulmonale

Cardiovascular disease

Cardiovascular disease treatments :

Lifestyle changes : low fat and sodium diet, 30 minutes walking, quitting smoking and limiting alcohol

Medications : aspirin therapy,statinMedical procedures or surgery : coronary

angioplasty, coronary artery bypass surgery

Treatment of the Heart disease

Heart arrhythmia treatments :

Vagalmaneuvers : Which include holding of breath and straining, dunking face in ice water, or coughing.

MedicationsMedical procedures : Pacemakers or

Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillators (ICDs)

Surgery : open-heart procedures (takes longer to recover; last resort treatment)

Cardiomyopathy treatments :

Medications : angiotensin II receptor blockers and Beta blockers

Medical devices : Special Pacemaker and ICDs

Heart transplant

SummaryThe heart is one of the most vital organs in the entire

human body.An English physician William Harvey in the 17th

century discovered heart which is a great contribution to the world of science.

Heart is composed of cardiac muscle which pumps blood throughout the body, beating approximately 72 times per minute of our lives.

The heart is divided into four main chambers.The heart pumps the blood, which carries all the vital

materials required for our body’s function and removes the waste products that we do not need.

The most common heart diseases are Cardiovascular disease, Heart Arrythmia, Cardiomyopathy and many more.