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A PREMIER INSTITUTE OF CIVIL SERVICES

MPPSC (Pre)

Madhya Pradesh

IN ENGLISH

By- C.M. MISHRA

Rudra’s IAS

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Madhya Pradesh at a Glance

State Animal Bara Singha

State Bird Dudharaj

State Flower Lili

State Tree Banyan

State Sport Mallakhamba

State Dance Rai

State Theater Mach

State Date of Establishment 1 Nov

Geographycal Location 21006’ North to 26

030’ North and 74

009’ East to

82048’ East

Regional Extension 870 Km East to West and 605 Km North to South

Nick Name of State Heart land, Tiger State, Soya State

Prime Meridian Line Passes through Singrouli district

Tropic of Cancer Passes through 14 Districts – Bhopal, Vidisha,

Raisen, Rajgarh, Ujjain, Ratlam, Sagar, Damoh,

Katni, Shahdol, Umaria, Sihore, Agar Malwa, and

Jabalpur

Longest Boundary Line Uttar Pradesh

Smallest Boundary Line Gujarat

MP is connected how many states of Rajasthan 10

MP is connected how many states of UP 13

Population wise rank of MP 5th

Population wise four bigger states UP, Maharashtra, Bihar and West Bengal

Total District 52

Total No of Tehsil 362

Total Municipal corporation 16

Total Nagar Palika 98

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Gram Panchayat 23006

Lok Sabha Seats 29

Rajya Sabha Seats 11

Vidhan Sabha Seats 230 + 1

Development Block 313

Nagar Panchayat 263

Tribal Development Blocks 89

First University of State Harisingh Gour Universtiy, Sagar

First Municipality of States Datia in 1907

First Municipal Corporation of State Jabalpur in 1864

Highest Peak of Madhya Pradesh Dhoopgarh (1350 m) in Pachmadhi

Longest National Highway of State NH -3 From Agra to Mumbai

Smallest National Highway of State NH -339 From Bamitha to Khajuraho

Only Reptile park of State Panna National Park

Only MilitarySchool of State Rewa

First Mobile Bank Khargone

Total Population of State 72626809

Male population 37612306

Female population 35014503

Population of Madhya Pradesh in total

population of country

6 percent

Population wise largest district Indore

Population wise Smallest district Niwari (4.01 Lacs)

Decadal Population Growth rate of State 20.3

High-test Decadal Growth rate Indore 32.9

Lowest Decadal Growth rate Anuppur 12.3

Population density of State 236/km2

Highest Density Bhopal (855)

Lowest population Density Dindori (94)

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Sex ratio 931/1000

Total Literacy of MP 69.3

Highest Literacy 81.1 Jabalpur

Lowest Literacy 36.1 Alirajpur

Literacy of Women 59.2

Literacy of Man 78.7

Highest Women literacy 74.9 Bhopal

Highest Man literacy 87.3 Indore

Highest Decadal growth district Indore

Lowest Decadal growth district Anuppur

Highest Literacy rate in Division Narmadapuram

Highest rural population district Rewa

Highest Urban population district Indore

Highest sex ratio in district 1021 Balaghat

Lowest sex ratio in district 837 Bhind

Highest schedule tribe district in Population Dhar

Highest schedule tribe district in percentage Alirajpur

Lowest schedule tribe district in Percentage Bhind

Highest schedule Caste district in Percentage Ujjain

Lowest schedule Caste district in Percentage Jhabua

Highest schedule Caste district in population Indore

Lowest schedule Caste district in population Jhabua

Highest population in division Indore

Lowest population in division Shahdol

MP Highest division in Area wise Jabalpur

MP Lowest division in Area wise Narmadapuram

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1. Location of Madhya Pradesh

Madhya Pradesh is located in the center of India. Due to its geographical position it got its nickname as

"Heart of India". Area wise it is the second largest state of India after Rajasthan. On Indian map it lies

between 21°6' N to 26°30' N Latitude and 74°9' E to 82°48' E Longitude. The length of Madhya Pradesh

from east to west is 870 km and from North to South is 605 km.

Madhya Pradesh is among the few landlocked states of India. Landlocked states are those states which

are surrounded by land from all the sides. Madhya Pradesh is surrounded by 5 states and they are: Uttar

Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Rajasthan, Gujarat and Maharashtra

Formation of Madhya Pradesh

Madhya Pradesh during British rule

Previously Madhya Pradesh was divided into several big and small princely states and British provinces:

Central Province and Berar (CP and Berar) was the main province with capital its Nagpur.Along with

CP and Berar Bundelkhand,Chhattisgarh, Mahakaushal, Vindhya Pradesh, Bhopal, and Madhya Bharat

Were other states.

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Madhya Pradesh after Independence

After Independence reorganization of states took place and in this, four parts of states got formed which

are mentioned below:

• Part A: Central Province and Berar, area of Mahakaushal, Chhattisgarh and Baghelkhand was

merged together to form Part A state. Its capital was Nagpur.

• Part B: The Madhya Bharat state was defined as Part B and its capital was Gwalior for 6 months

and for other 6 months it was Indore.

• Part C: Vidhya Prant was defined as Part C and its capital was Rewa.

• Bhopal: Bhopal was created as a separate state.

Declaration of Madhya Pradesh as a new state

On 9th December 1953 a Reorganization Committee was formed, its Chairmen were: Justice Fazal Ali

Khan, Pandit Hriyadaynathkunjaru and K. M. Panikker

On 1st November 1956 on the bases of language Madhya Pradesh State came into existence due to the

recommendation of Justice Fazal Ali Khan committee. Madhya Pradesh was created by letting in all the

previous four parts, but certain changes were made within those parts, and the changes were:

Part A:

All those areas whose people speak Marathi were given to Bombay and rest of the areas was merged

with Madhya Pradesh. Total eight districts were given to Bombay, by name they are mentioned

below:Buldhana, Akola, Amravati, Yeovatmal, Vardha, Nagpur, Bhandara, Chanda,

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Part B:

Only SunelTappa area of Bhanpura Tehsil (District mandsaur) was given to Rajasthan from this part and

rests all the area was as it is.

Part C:

Vindhya Prant and Bhopal was completely merged with Madhya Pradesh along with its capital as

Bhopal.

Along with the upper changes Sironj Tehsil of Kota district of Rajasthan was incorporated with Vidisha

district of Madhya Pradesh.

Present form of Madhya Pradesh

After all the above changes, on 1st November 1956 Madhya Pradesh have 8 divisions and 43 districts in

total, but the process of reorganization were continued. In 1972 two new districts came into existence

and they were: Rajnandgao, Bhopal, Previously Bhopal was a Tehsil of Sehore. After the addition of

two new districts the total districts of Madhya Pradesh become 45.

In 1980 formation of new division i.e. Chambal Division took place & from 1980 to 1981 Hoshangabad

Division was also incorporated in the list.

On 25th May 1998 V. R. Dubey committee recommended formation of 10 new districts, but due to

some regional dispute one more committee got set up which was Singh Deo committee and on its

recommendation 6 more districts were formed. So in total 16 new districts got add up in the list and

made the count as 61. Sheopur (Separated from Morena) Katni (Separated from Jabalpur) Umaria

(Separated from Shahdol) Korea (Separated from Sarguja) Jushpur (Separated from Sarguja) Korba

(Separated from Bilaspur)Mahasamund (Separated from Bilaspur)Dindori (Separated from

Mandla)Janjgir Chapa (Separated from Bilaspur) Dhamtari (Separated from Raipur) Kanker (Separated

from Raipur) Dantewada (Separated from Bastar) Harda (Separated from Hosangabad) Barwani

(Separated from Khargon) Neemuch (Separated from Mandsaur) Kavardha (Separated from

Rajnandgao).

Separation of Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh

In the year 2000 further reorganization of states took place and it separates Chhattisgarh from Madhya

Pradesh due to which 16 districts were given to Chhattisgarh State. On 1st November 2000 Madhya

Pradesh got its new shape and on this date it had 45 districts and 9 divisions.

On 15th August 2003 three new districts got confirmed and they were: Ashok Nagar (It got separated

from Guna) Burhanpur (It got separated from Khandwa) Anuppur (It got separated from Shahdole).

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After this confirmation the number of districts raised to 48.On 17th May 2008 Alirajpur came into

existence as a new district after getting separated from Jhabua and on 24th May 2008 Singrauli got

separate from Sidhi. After these two separations the total number of districts raised to 50. On 16 August

2013 Agar Malwa was formed as 51th district of state separated from Shajapur. On 1st October 2018

Niwari was formed as 52nd

district of state separated from Tikamgarh.

Divisons of state

In 27 Aug. 2007 Bhopal division divide in to two divisions - Bhopal and Hoshangabad and on 14 June

2008 Shahdol Division was created.

1.Bhopal

2. Chambal Division

3. Gwalior Division

4. Indore Division

5. Jabalpur Division

6. Narmadapuram Division--(Hoshangabad Division)

7. Rewa Division

8. Sagar Division

9. Shahdol Division

10. Ujjain Division

History of Madhya Pradesh

1. Madhya Pradesh in Pre - Historic Period

Sites of prehistoric period Place

Bhimbaithkarocks shelter Raisen

Adhamgarh Hoshangabad

Kaytha (Birth Place of Varahmihir)an archaeological site Ujjain

Eran Sagar

Dangwala Ujjain

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Nagda Ujjain

Maheshwar Khargaon

Basenagar Vidisha

Madhya Pradesh 6th

Century BC

In 6th

century BC there were two Mahajanpads of out of 16 in Madhya Pradesh.

Mahajanpad Capital Region

Avanti Mahishmati, Ujjaini Malwa

Chedi Suktimati Bundelkhand

Madhya Pradesh in Maurya Period

In Mourya Period Madhya Pradesh was part of Magadh Mahajanpad ruled by king Ashoka. According

to a myth Vidisha (Basenagar) was home of the queen of Ashoka. He constructed the stupa of Sanchi in

Raisen district at the bank of Betwa river and stupa of Bharhut in Satna district. After the end of

Mauryan dynasty Pushyamitra sung was became the king of Magadh. He transferred is capital from

Patliputra to Vidisha. He constructed railing of Sanchi Stupa. In Post modern period Indo - Greek rulers

made diplomatic relations with Shunga rulers during the reign of Pushya Mitra Shunga Heliodorous. He

was an Indo Greek scholarcoming in court of king Bhag Bhadra of Vidisha. He built Garun Stambha.

Shaka rulers ruled in Madhya Pradesh for some times

Madhya Pradesh in Gupta Period

In Gupta period Madhya Pradesh reached on the highs. Ujjain was second capital of Gupta ruler

Chandra Gupta Vikramaditya. In Gupta period Vishnu Temple in Tigwa Jabalpur, Parwati temple in

Panna and Udiyagiri Caves Vidisha devoted to the lord Vishnu were constructed.Kalidas was one

among the NauRatna of Vikrmaditya lived in Ujjain. Eran inscript of sagar was constructed by the

Gupta ruler Bhanugupta. It is the first written evidence of Sati Pratha in India.

Post Gupta Period

In Post Gupta period the court poet of Harsh Vardhan was Ban Bhatta. He was a great scholar of

Sanskrit. Pulakesin defeated to the Harshvardhan at the bank of Narmada river.

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Rajput period

Bundelkhand in Rajput Period

The ancient name of the Bundelkhand is Jejakabhukti, which corresponds to the old mahajanapada of

Chedi. In medieval period, these countries had two dynasties named Chandelas and Kalachuris. Both of

them had marital relations and were constantly in touch with each other as foes or friends. The

Chandelas came into notice for the first time in 9th century when a Chandela called Nanuka overthrew

the Parihara Chieften and established the dynasty of Chandals of Jejakabhukti.

This dynasty built the famous Khaujraho temples. The first king who started construction in Khajuraho

was Harsha who built the 64 Yogini Temples. The most notable prince of this dynasty was King Dhanga

whose time is known for building the most beautiful Khaujraho Temples of Parsvanath and

Vishwavanath. His grandson Vidyadhara built the Kandariya Mahadev Temple. Dhanga was one of the

Kings who joined the Rajput Confederacy against Subuktgeen and shared the disastrous defeat in

Peshawar. When Mahamud Ghaznavi threatened to overrun rest of India, his son Ganda (1002–1017)

joined a new confederacy organized by Anangpala of Lahore, which again failed to check Mahmud.

In due course of time, the king of Kannauj made terms with Mahmud. Ganda attacked Kannauj and

killed the king, and was in turn compelled to surrender to Mahmud. The fort of Kalinjar was surrendered

to Mahmud by Ganda. The last notable King of this dynasty was Paradidev (Parmadi) who fought

Prithviraj Chauhan-III in 1182 AD. The battle was Battle of Mahoba. His generals Alha and Udal were

great fighters, still sung in the folk songs of Bundelkhand. The story goes in the famous book Allah

Khand or Parmal Raso.

Parmar of Malwa

The Parmaras established themselves rulers of Malwa in central India in 9th century, ruling from their

capital Dhar. They were able to rule till 1305 when Malwa was conquered finally by Alauddin Khilji.

The Parmaras are one of the 4 Agnikula clans of Rajputs. Their origin is uncertain. Various scholars

have various views about the origin of the Parmaras. The territory under them was the region north of

Narmada and was known as “Kingdom of Ujjain “. The Paramara Dynasty was founded by a chief

called Upendra (Krishanaraja) at the beginning of the 9th century.

One of the successors of Upendra named Munja was a patron of the poets & scholars and a great poet

himself. Munja was able to defeat Chalukya King Taila II for 16 times but was defeated, captured and

executed in the 17th attack. His nephew Bhoja who is famous as “Raja Bhoj of Dhar” was philosopher

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king and a polymath of the Central India. He ascended the throne of Dhar in around 1000 AD and

reigned gloriously for more than 45 years. His path was similar to other Rajas, indulging in wasteful

struggles with the neighbors. Bhoja is honored as a Model King. Works on astronomy, architecture,

poetry, mathematics etc. are attributed to Bhoja.

Many scholars compare Bhoja with Samudragupta. Some important works of Bhoja are as follows:

Saraswatikantabharna: A treatise on Sanskrit Grammar Rajmartanda: a major commentary on Patanjali’s

yoga sutra Samarangana Sutradhara: A Treatise on Civil Engineering TattvaPrakasha: A treatise on

Tantras Rasarajamriganka: A treatise on chemistry (ores) and drugs. The Bhojeshwar temple at Bhojpur

near Bhopal was established by him. The temple is incomplete and is dedicated to Shiva. The Bhojpur

Lake, a beautiful water body neat Bhopal was built during his time by massive embankment closing the

outlets in a circle of mountains was one of the greatest work of Raja Bhoj.

The dam was later destroyed by Hoshang Shah. It was probably the fear of Bhoja’s organized army that

Mahmud Ghaznavi returned via Thar Desert. He was able to defeat the Chauhans of Shkambhari. The

enmity with Chandelas took his life as well as glory of his dynasty. The Chalukyas had made an alliance

with the Rastrakutas and Kachhchawahas and defeated him. His death in 1053 AD (some sources say

1060-62 AD)) reduced his dynasty as a local power until Malwa was sacked and annexed by the Tomara

Clan. Tomaras were defeated by Chauhans and from whom the crown passed to Mohammedan Kings in

1401. Akbar suppressed the local dynasty and incorporated Malwa in Mughal Empire in 1569.

Chedy Dynesty

The name Kalachuri is used for two dynasties. One of them ruled in Central India in Madhya Pradesh

and Parts of Rajasthan and other ruled in Karnataka. The one that ruled in North India were called

“Northern Kalachuris” or “Kalachuris of Chedi”.

The important ruler of this dynasty named Gangeya Deva (1015-1040) was contemporary of the

Chandela king Ganda. He tried to establish the paramount power in Northern India. His suzerainty was

accepted up to Tirhut. His son Karnadeva (1040-1070AD) joined Bhima, the King of Gujarat to crush

Bhoja, the Paramara King of Malwa in 1053 AD. The Chandelas lingered as local chiefs up till the 16th

century but none of them has a general importance. The Kalachuris of Chedi disappeared by the end of

12th century.

Tomar Dynesty of Gwalior

Raja Mansingh Tomar of Gwalior (1486-1516 AD) was the driving force behind introducing and

consolidating Dhrupad. He is also known to have related the Indian music to the common and laymen

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by replacing many of the the traditional Sanskrit songs by Hindi songs. Man, Singh Tomar is credited

with composing three volumes of songs viz. Vishnupadas (songs in praise of lord Vishnu), Dhrupads,

and Hori and Dhamar songs associated with Holi. Mansingh’s support gave pride of place to both the

Hindu and Muslim musicians. Mankutuhal was the name of a treatise created under the patronage of

Raja Man Singh Tomar.

Scindhia Dynasty

The Scindia dynasty was founded by Ranoji Scindia, who was the son of Jankojirao Scindia, the

Deshmukh of Kanherkhed, a village in Satara District, Maharashtra. Peshwa Baji Rao's career saw the

strengthening of the Maratha Empire. Ranoji was in charge of the Maratha conquests in Malwa in 1726.

Ranoji established his capital at Ujjain in 1731.

His successors included Jayajirao, Jyotibarao, Dattajirao, Jankojirao, Mahadji Shinde and Daulatrao

Scindia. The Scindhia state of Gwalior became a major regional power in the latter half of the 18th

century and figured prominently in the three Anglo-Maratha Wars. They held sway over many of the

Rajput states, and conquered north India.

Revolt of 1857 in MP

Revolt of 1857 was started in MP from Neemach Cant. From Mhow Cant it was leaded by Saadat Khan.

In Gondwana it was leaded by Rani Awanti Bai She was the queen of Ramgarh Mandla which is also

known as Garh mandla. In Bundelkhand it was leaded by Rani Laxmibai. Tatya Tope one among the

Heros of Revolution was hanged in Shivpuri.

Jabalpur Jhanda Satyagraha

Time – 1923

Leader – Subhadra Kumari Chouhan and her Husband - Lakshman SinghChauhan along with Pandit

Sundar lal

Namak Satyagrah Jabalpur

Time – April 1913

Leader – Pt Dwarka Prashad Mishra and Govind lal ji

Charan Paduka massacre – Chhatarpur

Time – 1931

It is also known as Jaliawala Bag Massacre of MP

JangleSatyagraha– Seoni

Time – 1930 leader Ganjan singh Korku. it is also known as Turia Satyagrah.

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Geographical status of Madhya Pradesh

1. Madhya Pradesh is a state of central India. It is connected with the boundary of 5 Other states –

Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan, Gujarat, Maharashtra and Chattishgarh. Madhya Pradesh makes

longest boundary with Uttar Pradesh while least boundary with Gujarat State. It is a land locked

state of India. Undivided state (Before 1 Nov 2000) was connected with 7 states - Uttar Pradesh,

Rajasthan, Gujarat, Maharashtra, Bihar, Andhra Pradesh and Orissa.

2. Tropic of Cancer passes through the mid of Madhya Pradesh state. It passes through the 14

districts of State. Their names are Bhopal, Vidisha, Raisen, Rajgarh, Ujjain, Ratlam, Sagar,

Damoh, Katni, Shahdol, Umaria, Sehore, Agar Malwa and Jabalpur.

3. Indian standard time (IST) line that is 82.50 East Longitude passes through the only Singrauli

district of state.

4. Area wise Madhya Pradesh is the second largest state of country after Rajasthan. It shares 9.38

percent total area of country.

5. Population wise it is the fifth largest state of country after Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, Bihar, and

West Bengal.

6. Madhya Pradesh has a tropical climate.

7. Madhya Pradesh state is extended 870 km East to West and 605 km North to South.

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8. It is extended between 2106’ North to 26

030’ North Latitude and 74

009’ East to 82

048’ East

Longitude.

9. Geographically Madhya Pradesh is the part of Gondwana Land.

Geographical divisions of Madhya Pradesh

Geographically Madhya Pradesh may be divide into 7 Geographical divisions. Their short description is

mentioned as follows.

1. Malwa Plateau

Malwa Plateau is located in the western part of Madhya Pradesh. Malwa Plateau lies 300 to 600 meter

high above the sea level. It consists 16 districts namely Indore, Jhabua, Alirajpur, Ratlam, Ujjain,

Sajapur, Agar Malwa, Dewas, Bhopal, Dhar, Rajgarh, Sehore, Vidisha, Guna, Ashok Nagar and

Shivpuri. It is made up with the Basalt Rocks of Deccan Trap which is famous for its fertile black soil. It

comprises 28.62 percent area of state. The reason behind the presence of Black soil on this plateau is

that this plateau is made up of Basalt rocks of Deccan trap. Black soil is the result of the erosion of

basalt rocks. The highest peak of Malwa Plateau is Sigar top which is 881 meter high. Sigar top is

situated in south of Mhow. The second highest peak of this plateau is Janapav 854-meter-high and the

third highest peak is Ghajari 810 meter high.

There are various rivers which egresses from this plateau and they are: Mahi, Chambal, Gambhir,

Kshipra, Kalisindh, Parvati, Dhasan, Sonar, Betwa etc.Due to the presence of black soil the main crops

of Malwa are: Soyabean, Cotton, Wheat, Jwar, Groundnut etc. Madhya Pradesh produces maximum

Soya bean due to the presence of black soil and that's the reason that Madhya Pradesh is also known as

"Soya beanState”. In western part of Malwa there is almost negligible forest but "Tropical Dry

Deciduous Forest" is found in the eastern part of Malwa. Due to these forests the main trees are of:

Sagon, Salwood, Tendupatta etc.

2. Madhya Bharat Plateau

The plateau of Madhya Bharat is situated on the north-western border of Madhya Pradesh. This part is

also addressed as the internal part or UP-ADRI part of Chambal. On map its position is 24° N to

26°10'N latitude and 74°50' E to 79°10' E longitude. The height of this plateau is 150-300 meters above

the sea level. Below mentioned districts comes under this plateau either completely or partially. Morena,

Bhind, Gwalior, Shivpuri, Guna, Neemuch, Bhanpura tehsil of Mandsaur district.

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This plateau came into existence due to the prolongation of Vindhyanchal mountain range and by the

soil brought by river Chambal. Due to these reasons the soil found here is Alluvial. The climate of this

region is of extreme type. This region experiences extreme heat during summer and extreme coldness

during winter. The average temperature of this plateau in summer use to be 40°C to 45.5°C and in

winter it uses to be 10° to 8°C. This area receives minimum rainfall during rainy season. On an average

it receives 55 to 75 cm rainfall. Following are the rivers which flows from this plateau and they are:

Chambal, Sindh, Kaweree, Parvati, Kanu etc.

Two types of forests are mainly found in this area and they are: Tropical dry deciduous forest and

Thorny deciduous forest. The main products of these forests are Khair, Babool and Karonda. The main

minerals which are found on this plateau are as follows: China Clay, Lime – Stone, Building Stone,

Marble.

The main industries of Madhya Bharat are: Kailaras and Dabra for sugar mills, Shivpuri and Bamor for

Kattha industry, Gwalior for Biscuits, synthetic fibre, china lay and leather industries. Shivpuri and

Gwalior of Madhya Bharat plateau are the main tourist place. Madhav National park, Ghati Gaon

sanctuary, Karera sanctuary and Chambal sanctuary is in Shivpuri. The main tribe of this plateau is

Sahariya.

3. Baghelkhand Plateau

Baghelkhand lies in the Eastern part of Madhya Pradesh or we can say it lies in the East of the river Son

and in the South of Son river valley. On map its location is 23°40' N to 24°35'N latitude and 80°5' E to

82°47' E longitude. The Bhaghelkhand plateau covers various districts of Madhya Pradesh and they are

mentioned below: Sidhi, Shahdol, Anuppur, Umaria, Singrauli, Rewa, Satna.

This plateau is 50% covered by forest. The forest which is found here is Tropical deciduous

forest. The main products of these forests are: Sal, Sagon, Bamboos, Tendu patta, Kusum. Various types

of soils are found in this area and they are: black, red, yellow etc. The rocks and mountain ranges in this

area are very ancient and even of Jurassic period. The Gondwana range of this region is reckoned

amongst the oldest formation of world. Various rivers use to flow from this region and the name of these

rivers are mentioned below: Son, has do, Johila, Gopad, Vanas, Rihand.

75 to 125 cm is the average rainfall received by the region of Baghelkhand. The average

temperature during summer use to be 40°C to 42°C and in winter it uses to be 12.5°C. Baghelkhand is a

part of Chhota Nagpur plateau, due to this reason various types of minerals are here. The main minerals

are mentioned below: Coal in Shahdol, Lime stone in Shahdol, Corundum in Sidhi etc.

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4. Rewa Panna Plateau

It is situated in the Vindhyan Kagar region. It comprises 10.37 percent of total area state. It consists

Rewa, Panna, Satna and Damoh District average height of this plateau is 300-450 m. It is made up with

the Kadapa Vindhyan Rocks Famous for Diamond and Lime Stone. Tamsa (Tons) and Bihad are the

main rivers of this region. Chachai Water fall is situated on the Bihad River is the highest 130 m water

fall of state.

5. Narmada Son Valley

It is situated in mid of the state. It comprises 27.92 percent of total area of state. It consists mandla,

Jabalpur, Narsinhpur, Hoshangabad, Raisen, Khandwa, Burhanpur, Khargone, Barwani, Dhar, Dewas

and Betul district of state Narmada Son Valley is the Longest Rift Valley of country. In this valley

Narmada river flows in westward direction while Son river flows in eastward direction.

6. Satpura Maikal Range

It is situated south of Narmada Son Valley. It consistsBurhanpur, Khandwa, Khargaon, Hoshangabad,

Betul, Mandla, Seoni, Balaghat, Dindori, Chindwara, Anooppur. Satpura mountain range is divided into

three parts.

1. Rajpipla Range - It is the western part of Satpura. Burhanpur pass is situated in this range. Tapti

river originated from Rajpipla range. The fort of Asirgarh situated in this range.

2. Mahadev Range– It is the main part of Satpura. This is the highest part of Satpura range. Highest

peak of Satpura range the peak of Dhoopgarh situated in this range. Tawa is the main river

originated from this range. Panchmarhi is the only hill station of Madhya Pradesh situated in

Mahadev Series.

3. Maikal Range – This is extended from Hoshangabad to Amarkantak. It shape is like a half moon.

It is a volcanic Plateau. It highest peak is situated in Amarkantak. Narmada Son Johila, Rihand,

and Tons rivers originated from Maikal Range. In Amarkantak Maikal Range meet with the

Kaimur range of Vindhyachal.

7. Bundelkhand Plateau

The Northern area of central highlands known as Bundelkhand plateau. It covers Chhatarpur, Panna,

Tikamgarh, Datia, Shivpuri and some part of Guna district. This plateau is forced by the erosion of the

old rocks.

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Soil of Madhya Pradesh

The agriculture of any state depends upon the type of Soils it has. Soils are formed due to the breakage

of rocks. The top most layer of the Soils consists of rocks and living organisms. It is the combination of

many chemical complexes.

Not much research has been done on the type of soils found in Madhya Pradesh, but on the basis of

minerals and are found in Madhya Pradesh, color, density, Water retention capacity, porosity etc. the

soils is divided into following types:

1) BLACK SOIL

It is also knowing as Regur (Humus) soil. Black soil is composed of Basaltic rocks mainly found in the

Deccan Trap (Malwa Plateau). It is distributed is nearly 47.6 percent of the land of Madhya Pradesh.

Such soils mainly consist of Iron and lime rocks. The presence of Iron gives it the Black color and the

presence of lime increases its moisture retention capacity therefore needs less irrigation. Cotton and

soya bean are most suitable crops to be grown in such soil. The quantity of Calcium, Magnesium,

Aluminum, Iron, Potassium and Magnesium Carbonate is more in black soil but it Nitrogen,

Phosphorous and Carbonic elements are not found in it. Soil erosion is lesser in Black soil, Black soil

are reclassified in following sub type:

Area of Black Soil- Bhopal, Betul, Barwani, Chhindwara, Damoh, Dhar, Dewas, Vidisha, Shajapur,

Jabalpur, Khandwa, Rajgarh, Mandsaur, Narsinhgpur, Raisen, Sidhi, Shivpuri, Seoni, Sehore, Sagar,

Guna, Indore, Ujjain, Ratlam, Jhabua.

Vindhyachal Mountain Range

It is situated in North of Narmada river. It is connected with Aravalli in West and Maikal range in

East. It is an old folding mountain range. Which separates peninsular India from the northern Plane

of India. It is the Origin of A number of rivers like Chambal, Kshipra, Kalisindh, Parvati, Betwa and

Ken. It is divided into four parts – 1. Jana paw hill (Indore) 2. Vidisha Highland (Vidisha and

Raisen) 3. Bhander (It is extended in Sagar, Damoh, Katni) 4. Kaimur (It is the eastern part of

Vindhyachal Range and it is extended in Sidhi, Singrauli).

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1. Normal Black Soil:This soil founded in northern Malwa plateau and Nimar regions of Madhya

Pradesh. It is the moist extensively found black soil and its fertility level is medium.

2. Layered Black Soil: It is a clay type smooth black soils found in Chhindwara, Seoni, Betul area.

The fertility level of such soil is also medium.

Dark Black Soil: found in Narmada Valley, Satpura ranges and Southern Malwa Plateau fertility status

of these soils is very low.

2) RED YELLOW SOILS

It is mostly found in Bundelkhand and Baghelkhand regions of the state. Its yellow color is due to the

presence of ferric oxide and its red color is due to the presence of compounds produced after the

oxidation of Iron. Its fertility level's low because it is poor in Nitrogen and Humus. Rice is mostly

grown in such soils. This soil covers almost 36.5 percent of the state. Rice is grown is most part of the

state on these soils. The pH level of these soils is between 5.5 to 8.5. Areas of red-yellow soils - Mandla,

Balaghat, Shahdol, Sidhi, Katni, Umaria.

3) ALLUVIAL SOILS

This soil mostly found in the North -Western Districts of Madhya Pradesh. Especially in the plains of

Bundelkhand and Chambal region or deposition of soils brought by the rivers. It is the most fertile soils.

In Madhya Pradesh this soil is found in Gwalior, Shivpuri and Bhind and Morena, brought by the river

Chambal and its auxiliary rivers. Such soils are poor in Nitrogen and Phosphorous hence need proper

use of fertilizers. Water retention capacity of such soils is also very poor.

4) LATERITE SOILS

This type of soils is found in the North-Western part of the state like Shivpuri, Gwalior, Bhind and

Morena. The amount of Nitrogen, Organic matter and Phosphorous is less. So, vegetation is less in such

soils. This soil is suitable for crops like Wheat, Sugarcane, Cotton etc. The proportion of sand, slit and

clay.

5) LOAMY SOILS

Such soils are light is texture and mostly found in the plains and river belts. Fertility level is medium

and contains sand and clay is almost equal proportion.

6) MIXED SOILS

A mixture of red, yellow and black soils is found in many parts of the state. This type of soils has very

less amount of nitrogen, phosphorous and carbonic elements. So, the soils are not fertile. As the soils is

not fertile wheat and other crops cannot be grown, so crops, which need lesser quantum of nitrogen,

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phosphorous and carbonic elements, are grown as such soils such as corn, Bajra etc.

Areas of mixed soils: Sheopur, Morena, Bhind, Gwalior, Shivpuri.

SOIL EROSION

Soils erosion is the phenomenon of continuous deterioration in the soil due to the shifting of soil through

various environmental forces, one of the main factors of soil erosion is Deforestation. Roots of the

plants and trees hold the soils in its place and they also sustain the adverse effects of atmospheric forces

and therefore prevent soils erosion. But due to extensive deforestation soil erosion is becoming a grave

danger to the human civilization, especially in the areas where soils are of light and medium texture.

The scene is no different in Madhya Pradesh, which is facing rapid soils erosion in its northern part

along the Chambal and its tributaries. Large scale gully erosion can be seen in the belt around the

districts of Gwalior, Morena and Bhind. Since the soils of this area are light and lack vegetation thus

water takes away soils with its flow and results is erosion. Soils erosion not only disturbs topographic

and ecological balance but large part of fertile sub surface land also goes waste through Run off. Thus, it

is social, environment and economical problem of the present era. The only way to center this menace is

to create a healthy nature friendly ecological environment around us.

Major crops of the State

Major crops of Madhya Pradesh that are cultivated in the region comprise of Paddy,

Wheat, Maize and Jowar among Cereals, Gram, Tur, Urad and Moong among Pulses, while Soybean,

Groundnut and Mustard among Oilseeds. The major crops grown in this state of Central India also

includes commercial crops like cotton and Sugarcane. These two significant cash crops are grown in a

considerable area in few districts of Madhya Pradesh. Horticulture crops like Potato, Onion, Garlic,

along with fruits like Papaya, Banana, Oranges, Mango and Grapes are also grown in the state of

Madhya Pradesh. In some parts of the state medicinal crops and narcotic crops are also cultivated.

Madhya Pradesh is primarily Kharif crops growing state. Kharif crops occupy about 54.25 percent

whereas Rabi crops occupy about 45.75 percent area out of the total cropped area in the state. Near

about 41 percent of the cropped area is generally occupied by cereal crops, while pulses occupy nearly

21 percent area and oilseed occupies about 27 percent of the total sown area. Vegetables, fruits, fodder

and other horticultural crops occupy rest of around 11 percent land area. Wheat is the largest cultivated

crop of Madhya Pradesh, followed by Paddy and Jowar.

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The major crops of the state are categorized into three major types and these are Food Grains, Oilseeds

and Cash Crops. Some of the major crops of Madhya Pradesh have been discussed below-

Wheat

Wheat is considered as the major crop of the state in terms of area and production. Wheat occupies the

highest area under Rabi crops. The wheat producing areas of Madhya Pradesh come under the wheat

belt of the country, where about 75 cm to 127 cm rainfall occurs. Wheat is usually grown during

October and November and harvested during February and March.The main wheat growing districts of

state - Sehore, Vidisha, Raisen, Shivpuri, Gwalior, Ujjain, Hoshangabad, Sagar, Tikamgarh, Satna,and

Indore.

Paddy

Paddy stands second after Wheat in terms of area coverage and production. Since this crop needs about

100 cm to 125 cm rainfall, it is grown only in the eastern part of Madhya Pradesh extensively. In other

parts of the state, where irrigation facilities are available, paddy is grown. Another significant crop

grown in Madhya Pradesh is rice. In this state, there are many agricultural colleges, which are working

towards the qualitative and quantitative development of rice. About 2.50 hectares’ land of the state is

irrigated for the cultivation of these major crops. The irrigated area under rice is available

in Balaghat, Jabalpur, Gwalior, and Bhind districts. In the eastern

zone, Satna, Rewa, Sidhi, Shahdol, Dindori and Mandla districts, in the southern zone Balaghat, Seoni,

in the central zone Jabalpur, Damoh district, and in the northern zone Bhind, Morena, Gwalior

and Shivpuri districts are the major rice producing areas.

Jowar

Jowar is an important crop of Madhya Pradesh. It is a crop basically grown in the dry regions. It is

grown in both Rabi and Kharif seasons. It is the main crop of the western region of the state. Jowar is

sown during the outbreak of monsoon in between June and July and harvested in September and

October. The climatic conditions are favorable for growing Jowar crops in the western part of the state.

The main Jowar growing districts are Mandsaur, Ratlam, Ujjain, Rajgarh, Shajapur, Dewas, Indore,

Khargone, Khandwa, Shivpuri, Morena, Gwalior, Guna, Bhind, etc.

Gram

Another important crop of Madhya Pradesh is Gram, which is a Rabi crop. Sown in the month of

October, it is harvested in March. The climate must be wet during the sowing period of Gram and

during the harvesting period the climate should be dry. In Madhya Pradesh, different varieties of Gram