A PRACTICAL GUIDE TO THE USE OF NICKEL-CONTAINING … · AISI and ACI Standard Composition Ranges...

AUSTENITIC CHROMIUM-

NICKEL STAINLESS STEELS AT SUBZERO

TEMPERATURES — MECHANICAL

AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

A PRACTICAL GUIDE TO THE USE OF NICKEL-CONTAINING ALLOYS

NO 313

Distributed byNICKEL

INSTITUTEProduced byINCO

AUSTENITIC CHROMIUM-NICKEL STAINLESS STEELS AT SUBZERO TEMPERATURES — MECHANICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

A PRACTICAL GUIDE TO THE USE OF NICKEL-CONTAINING ALLOYSNO 313

Originally, this handbook was published in 1975 by INCO, The International Nickel Company Inc. Today this company is part of Vale S.A.The Nickel Institute republished the handbook in 2021. Despite the age of this publication the information herein is considered to be generally valid.Material presented in the handbook has been prepared for the general information of the reader and should not be used or relied on for specific applications without first securing competent advice.The Nickel Institute, INCO, their members, staff and consultants do not represent or warrant its suitability for any general or specific use and assume no liability or responsibility of any kind in connection with the information herein.

Nickel Institute

[email protected]

AISI and ACI Standard Composition Ranges for Wrought and Cast Chromium-Nickel Stainless Steels American Iron and Steel Institute Classification of Chromium-Nickel Stainless Steels

AISI Composition, %

Type C Mn p s Si

max max max max max Cr NI Mo Other

201 0.15 5.50-7.50 .060 .030 1.00 16.00-18.00 3.50-5.50 - N 0.25 max 202 0.15 7.50-10.00 .060 .030 1.00 17.00-19.00 4.00-6.00 - N 0.25 max301 0.15 2.00 .D45 .030 1.00 16.00-18.00 6.00-8.00 - -302 0.15 2.00 .045 .030 1.00 17.00-19.00 8.00-10.00 - -302B 0.15 2.00 .045 .030 2.00-3.00 17.00-19.00 8.00-10.00 - -303 0.15 2.00 0.20 0.15 min 1.00 17.00-19.00 8.00-10.00 0.60 max -303Se 0.15 2.00 0.20 .06 1.00 17.00-19.00 8.00-10.00 - Se 0.15 min 304 .08 2.00 .045 .030 1.00 18.00-20.00 8.00-12.00 - -_304L .03 2.00 .045 .030 1.00 18.00-20.00 8.00-12.00 - -305 0.12 2.00 .045 .030 1.00 17.00-19.00 10.00-13.00 - -308 .08 2.00 .045 .030 1.00 19.00-21.00 10.00-12.00 - -309 0.20 2.00 .045 .030 1.00 22.00-24.00 12.00-15.00 - -309S .08 2.00 .045 .030 1.00 22.00-24.00 12.00-15.00 - -310 0.25 2.00 .045 .030 1.50 24.00-26.00 19.00-22.00 - -310S .08 2.00 .045 .030 1.50 24.00-26.00 19.00-22.00 - -314 0.25 2.00 .045 .030 1.50-3.00 23.00-26.00 19.00-22.00 - -316 .08 2.00 .045 .030 1.00 16.00-18.00 10.00-14.00 2.00-3.00 -316L .03 2.00 .045 .030 1.00 16.00·-18.00 10.00-14.00 2.00-3.00 -317 .08 2.00 .045 .030 1.00 18.00-20.00 11.00-15.00 3.00-4.00 -D319 .07 2.00 .045 .030 1.00 17.50-19.50 11.00-15.00 2.25-3.00 -321 .08 2.00 .045 .030 1.00 17.00-19.00 9.00-12.00 - Ti 5 x C min 347 .08 2.00 .045 .030 1.00 17.00-19.00 9.00-13.00 - Cb-Ta 10 x C min 348 .08 2.00 .045 .030 1.00 17.00-19.00 9.00-13.00 - Cb-Ta 10 x C min; Ta

0.10 max; Co 0.20 max384 .08 2.00 .045 .030 1.00 15.00-17.00 17.00-19.00 - -385 .08 2.00 .045 .030 1.00 11.50-13.50 14.00-16.00 - -

Alloy Casting Institute Division (SFSA) Classification of Chromium-Nickel Stainless Steel Castings

Cast Alloy Wrought Designation Alloy

p Type1 C Mn max max max

CA-6NM - .06 1.00 .04 CD-4MCu - .04 1.00 .04 CE-30 - 0.30 1.50 .04 CF-3 304L .03 1.50 .04 CF-8 304 .08 1.50 .04 CF-20 302 0.20 1.50 .04 CF-3M 316L .03 1.50 .04 CF-8M 316 .08 1.50 .04 CF-12M 316 0.12 1.50 .04 CF-SC 347 .08 1.50 .04

CF-16F 303 0.16 1.50 0.17 CG-8M 317 .08 1.50 .04 CH-20 309 0.20 1.50 .04 CK-20 310 0.20 1.50 .04 CN-7M - .07 1.50 .04

Composition, %

s Si max max Cr Ni

.04 1.00 11.5-14 3.5-4.5 .04 1.00 25-26.5 4.75-6.00.04 2.00 26-30 8-11 .04 2.00 17-21 8-12.04 2.00 18-21 8-11 .04 2.00 18-21 8-11.04 1.50 17-21 9-13.04 1.50 18-21 9-12.04 1.50 18-21 9-12.04 2.00 18-21 9-12

.04 2.00 18-21 9-12

.04 1.50 18-21 9-13

.04 2.00 22-26 12-15

.04 2.00 23-27 19-22

.04 1.50 18-22 27.5-30.5

Mo

0.40-1.0 1. 75-2.25

----

2.0-3.0 2.0-3.0 2.0-3.0 -

1.5 max 3.0-4.0 -

-2.0-3.0

Other

-Cu 2.75-3.25------

-C b 8 x C m i n , l.Omax or Cb-Ta 10 x C min, 1.35 max Se 0.20-0.35---Cu 3-4

1Wrought alloy type numbers are included only for the convenience of those who wish to determine corresponding wrought and cast grades. The chemical composition ranges of the wrought materials differ from those of the cast grades.

Mechanical and Physical Properties of the Austenitic Chromium-Nickel Stainless Steels at Subzero Temperatures

IN general, as the temperature is reduced, thestrength and hardness of metals increase, the

magnitude depending on the material. However, ductility may or may not decrease markedly. Metals having a face-centered cubic structure, such as nickel and the austenitic stainless steels, remain tough and ductile to very low temperatures where-as metals having a body centered cubic structure, such as iron and the constructional steels, undergo a marked decrease in ductility in some temper-ature range which varies with the material and the testing conditions.

This bulletin is a compilation of the effects of sub-zero temperatures on the properties of the chromium-nickel stainless steels. The data have been collected from various sources and are presented in graphical and tabular form. Since low temperature properties are sensitive to variations in composition and treat-ment, these graphs are merely representative of the properties to be expected.

The Kelvin temperatures, given at the top of the graphs, indicate the boiling points of various liquids and frequently are the temperatures selected for low temperature testing. These temperatures and their Fahrenheit equivalents are listed in the following table:

TENSILE PROPERTIES

The tensile strengths of chromium-nickel stainless steels increase markedly with decreasing temper-

Temperature Fixed

Environment Point F K

Helium B P -452 4

Hydrogen B P -423 20

Nitrogen B P -321 77

Methane B P -258 112

Carbon Dioxide Sublimation -108 195

Freon 22 (CHCIF2) B P - 40 233

Water M P 32 273

3

tures; yield strengths also increase but to a lesser de-gree. There is some reduction in ductility as measured by the elongation and reduction of area. However, the ductility remains sufficiently high to justify the as-sumption that the austenitic chromium-nickel stain-less steels remain ductile to the lowest temperature for which data are available.

The tensile properties of standard grades of chro-mium-nickel stainless steels, in the annealed and cold worked conditions, are given in Figures 1 to 17, in-clusive. Tensile strengths of weldments also increase as shown in Figure 18. Tensile strength of standard cast Type CF-8 is given in Figure 19.

MODULUS OF ELASTICITY

There is a definite increase in the modulus of elas-ticity with falling temperature although the effect is not so marked as the increase in tensile strength. Data on the modulus of elasticity in tension for several stainless steels are given in Table I.

NOTE : The room temperature moduli of elasticity values reported in Table I are low and should not be used for design purposes. The reader is referred to an-other bulletin* for more representative values.

*Bulletin I-A: "Mechanical and Physical Properties of Austenitic Chro-mium-Nickel Steels at Ambient Temperatures."

TABLE I

Effect of Temperature on Young's Modulus of Elasticity of Cold-Worked Stainless Steels

Tenslle Modulus of Elasticity (psi)

in Tension at AISI Strength at Type Room

Temper!'ture; Room psi Temperature -320 F

301 189,000 25.4 X 106 28.6 X 106

301 231,000 25.8 27.8

302 162,000 26.2 27.2

304 192,000 24.4 26.2

347 155,000 25.0 27.0

347 169,000 23.3 27.6

Krivobok

He H2

300 4 20 I I

280

260

240

220

200 ·1

I 180

i 160

j 140

1 120

!

"' ...,. .E !::!. g .. ~ I!

"' .. I!!

C

i; .. .2 't; .. !

100

60

40

20

0

70

60

50

40

30

20

90

80

70

60

50

40

I I

I I

-459.4 -400

Temperature, K

N2 77

CH4 CO2 CHCIF2 233 112 195

I I I I

1 ~

~ ~ '

"" "' ~ '\

Yield Strength -r---.

l I I I

./

--L,...-/

I I I I

------

I I

\

\ \

' ~

I I

I I

/

I I

• /

-300 -200 -100 0 Temperature, F

100

FIG. 1-Tensile properties of annealed Type 301 stainless ateell, 2, 8

4

Temperature, K

He H2 N2 CH4 CO2 CHCIF2 H20

360 4 20 77 112 195 233 273 300

340

320

300

280

'i 260 C> C> 5:! .c 240 b'. .. a 220 .!! ·;;; .. ~ 200 "Cl .. "' :s! 180 cu

►

160

140

120

100

80

60

50

40

"" ~ 30 ~ .. :! 20 "' ... .. tl5

10

0

80 I I I I 1 I I I

70 ~ .. ll 60 i; .. Q

50 ·:.:: <>

-----------~ .. "Cl .. a:

40

30 -459.4 -400 -300 -200 -100 0 100

Temperature, F FIG. 2-Tensile properties of cold worked Type 301 stainless steell, 2, a, 89

·;; C>.

c::, c::,

~ ,: bl) = ~ ;:;; .. =;; = .. .... -= = ... -= .:; ►

I!<: --:-.5 !::!. C

~ ... ... = .. i:iJ

I!<: .... ~ cc 'S = .. :;:, u ::,

il cc:

He H2

320 4 20 I I

280

' 240

200

160

120

80

40

0

90 I I

BO

70

60

50

40

30

20

100 I I

90

80

70

60

50

40

'

-459.4 -400

Nz 77 I

"'

Temperature, K CH4 CO2 112 195 I I

~q.,,~

' ~,

CHCIF2 233

I I I

~ ~

"' Yield Strength

--------I I I I I I

/

,,/ _;/

L,..---1,....,,,-""

I I I I I I

~ v--

~ -------300 -200 -100 0 100

Temperature, F FIG. 3 - Tensile properties of annealed Type 302 stainless steel 1, 2, a, 4

5

'a.

He H2

380 4 20

340

300 ----~

N2 77

g $! 280 l----+----4- .

Temperature, K CH4 CO2

112 195 CHCIF2

233

i 260 t--+----H.->--:-c.o.-+-----t----+-----t ..!! ~-$ ~ 240 ~ ;:. ~..,. -g ~~ "'· 220 -----------_..,' "t1--+-----,f-----l J ·~ ,... ~

200

~

140 t----t---i-----t----+---+----1

120 .____. _____ ...._ __ _._ __ ........ __ __. __ ___,

0 .___,__ __ _,_ __ __. ___ .._ __ __,_ __ __J

90

80

70

60

50

I I

459.4 400

I I

300 200 Temperature, F

I I I I

full Hard ----100 0 100

FIG. 4-Tensile properties of cold worked Type 302 stainless stee12, s, as

.;; =-c:, c:,

~ .d t:. C: .. .t::

"' .!! ·;;; r: .. ... ... C: .. J5! .. ►

~

i ~ C 0 :;:, .. ba C 0 ;:;:J

II'-<a .. .:c 'S C

!fl = ... .. D:

He H2 4 20

260 II I

240

220

200

180

160

140

120

100

80

60

40

20

0

80 II I

70

60

50

40

30

20

80 II I

70

60

50

40

30

20 -459.4 -400

N2 77 I

'

I

....

I

I\.


112 195 I I

~ ~ "1

CHCIF2

233 I

~ Jl ~,?.

~

I

'\, '\

Yield Strength

I I I I

/ ~

/ /"

~

I I I I

I

\

I

'

I

-____... ~

---------

-300 -200 -100 0 100 Temperature, F

FIG. 5-Tensile properties of annealed Type 303 stainless steel1

6

.;; =-c:, C> ~ .d t:. r: e cii

~ C:

~ ... C: .. J5! ~

lie.

i ~

:! i a

lie.

ca .. ,li! 'S C

~ = ... .. D:

He H2 280 4 20

II I

260

240

220

200

180

160

140

120

100

80 '\.

60

40

20

0

90 II I

80

70

60

50

40

.........


112 195 I I I

--.... ~

" "'~

CHCIF2

233 I

"~i> '\ ~

" ----- Yield Strength

Cold Drawn 10% I

I I I I

Cold Drawn 10%

/ ~

I I

"' '\.

I I

/ V

30 ------20

90 11 I I I I I I I

80

70

60

50

Cold Drawn 10% ./

___.,, V --~

40

30

20 -459.4 -400 -300 -200 -100 0 100

Temperature, F FIG. 6-Tensile properties of cold worked Type 303 stainless steel 5

·;;; ... c:, c:,

5:! -= ti, C

i .!! ·;;; C {!!. ... C ., ii ►

lo'-...,. .5 !::!. C

:! ., ... C .. i:i:i

l>'1. .;

!ii 'Ii C .. :.:; .. = ... .. "'

He H2

280 4 20 I I

260

I

240 , ...

220 "' ', 200 ', ', ... 180

160

140

120

100

80

-


112 195 I I

--304

CHCIF2 233

I

---- 304 L

~ ii'~

~ ~4]

r, ~ ',

" , .. ' ~ ' 'L

H2D 273 300

I I

·, r--, "r-.. ',,

'"' ,, .

' ' 60 -r---

~~ 40 -----------,.... ____ --------~-----20

0

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

90

80

70

60

50

40 -459.4 -400 -300 -200 -100 D 100

Temperature, F

FIG. 7 - Tensile properties of annealed Types 304 and 304L stainless steel 1, 2, 6, 7, 41

7

He H2

360 4 20

340

320

300

·;;; 280 ... 0 0

s 260 .l: t'. C

I!! in

240

.!! ·;;; 220 C

{!!. ... :;;; :i:

200

~ 180

160

140

120

100

50

40

ll'?. 30

.5 ~

a 20 1 ~ ~ ... ,,

C 10 ~ , 'I

0

80 I I

70

60 ll'?. .; I!!

50 .. '!i C 0

40 ~ :,

il a:

30

I I

/ I

I 20

10 -459.4 -400

Temperature, K • CH4 CO2 112 195

I I I

CHCIF2 233

I

H20 273 300

I I

told Drawn to 210,000 Psi (J04 / -~ //

/

-300 -200 -·100 0 100 Temperature, F

FIG. 8-Tensile properties of cold worked Types 304 and 304L stainless steel3, s, 9, 89

'i.

He Hz

240 4 20 II I

220

200

180

' g 160 ~

~ 140 r: a 120 .!! ill r: ~ 100 'g ' "' :51 80 .. ►

60

40

20

0

110 'I I

100

90

r"...

i'...

Nz 77 I

"' ~

I

,,-

/ 80

"" .. 70

/~

I 60 .. tiJ

50

40

30

20

100 11 I I

90

"" 80 .; s 70 'S r:

~ 60

,_ V

/ :::I

11 - 50

40

30

Temperature, K CH4 CO2 CHCIF2

233 112 195 I I I

}", r--.:._eh,tqe

Stre, 11lt_f ~

'-...... r--...... ............

r----...!!.efdst renltb

~ !-,,,._ --I I I

--" ' .......... '--....

H20 273 300

I I

............_

-

r----

I I

'~

I I I I I

-459.4 -400 -300 -200 -100 0 100 Temperature, F

Flo. 9 -Tensile properties of annealed Type 310 stainless stee110,,o

8

·;;; Cl,

c:, c:, c:,

He Hz

300 4 20

220

'":. 200 -= bl! C

~ 180 en ., =-;; C 160 .. ... ..,, C

"' 140 ~ ►

120

100

80

60

40

70

60

Nz 77

Temperature, K CH4 CO2 112 195

1.----.1.:--C,otd Dr.

CHCIFz 233

H20 273 300

50 """nt.

I---J..--.C---ll----+----"'"!,0""9$,000·-+----t Ps/

40 ~

,=-:! 30 "' bO C C,

;;:; 20

10

0

8Q I I I I I I I I ~ .; 70 l!! < 'I;

60 C

~ .. = ... 50 ...

9i~'u'u'u\\~ 11111\II '

-~ A::

40 -459.4 -400 -300 -200 -100 0 100

Temperature, F FIG. 10-Tensile Properties of cold worked Type 310 stainless steel 5 , 89

'ig_ 0 0

s .£ t'.o ~ en .!!! ·.; C: .. ,_

'C C: .,

'C .; ►

~

-~ ~ C: 0

:p ., bJ) C: 0 i:.:i

~z :.'l-~ -0

C: 0 :p <> :::,

1'l 0::

He H2

280 4 20 I I

260

240

\ '

220

200

180

160

140

120

100 .....

80

60

40

20

0

90 I I

80

70

60 -50

40

30

90 I I

80

70

60

50

40

\

N2 77 I

""


CHCIF2 233

I I

"" ~ ~~ ~

~ ..........__ 'I'---.--.

~dSt --.:::.:!._enett, ---------......

I I I I I

-------I I I I I

----------459,4 -400 -300 -200 -100 0

Temperature, F

I

I

I

100

FIG. 11-Tensile properties of annealed Type 316 stainless steeJl, 4

9

He H2

260 4 20 I I

240

220

200 --

'iii 180 c:, c:,

s 160 .£

~ e 140 en .!!! ·.; 120 :1;

I

...........

Temperature, K CH4 CO2 112 195 I l

" ~ ~d'//4,

~~ e~ ?I'~

CHCIF2

233 l

'"--.. ......

I

,_ 'C ---- ~ y·

-:!_eld Strength C: 100 .,

:5! .. ► 80 --r--- - ~

60 Cold Drawn 25%

40

20

0

90 I I I I 1 l I

80

70

~ 60

.5 ~

50 C: .5! 'ia bO

40 C: C> i:.:i ------- ----..,.,,.

30 Cold Drawn 25%

20 I

10

100 I I I I I I I

90

~ 80 ..

e 70 .. 'l:i C: 0

60 ~ :::,

1'l 0:: 50

,,,,---/

/

Cold Drawn 25% 40

30 -459.4 -400 -300 -200 -100 0

Temperature, F

I

I

I

100

FIG. 12-Tensile properties of cold worked Type 316 stainless steel 6

·;;; ... c::, c:,

~ .r= t'.o C

~ "' i C

~ "Cl C .. :5! .. ;;:;

lo'< c ~ .. ... C _g ...

lo'< ,i'

~ 'l:; C .. :;a .. = "Cl .. ""

He H2

280 4 20 I I

260

240

220 ' 200

180

160

140

120

100

80

60 '-

40

20

0

80 I I

70

60

50

40

30

20

90 I I

80

70

60

50

40

30

I

"' "

r--...

I

-

I

-


112 195 I I

"" ~ ·~ ;,s

"

CHCIF2

233 I

" " Yield Strength

-

I I I

--~ ___...,, ~

I I I

----~

,___.

-459.4 -400 -300 -200 -100 Temperature, F

I I

' ........

I I

-

I I

0 100

FIG. 13 - Tensile properties of annealed Type 34 7 stainless ■teell, 2,s

Temperature, K He H2 Nz CH4 CO2 CHCIF2 H20

280 4 20 77 112 195 233 273 300 I I I I I I I I

260

240

220

200

·;;; 180 ...

c:, c:,

~ .r= 160 t'.o C e ti 140 .!!! 'in C .. 120 ...

"Cl C .. :5! 100 .. ;;:;

80 ---r----60

Cold Drawn 10% 40

20

0

70 II I I I I I I I

60

50

lo'< c 40

- ----------.,..

0 :;a .. .,. C 30 .. Lil

20

Cold Drawn 10% 10 I

0

90 I I I I I I I I

80 ~

,i' e 70 C 'l:; C 0

60 :;a "' = "C

_,---.-.,., l,...---'"'" ..

a: 50

Cold Drawn 10% 40 I

-459.4 -400 -300 -200 -100 0 100 Temperature, F

FIG. 14-Tensile propertiea of cold worked Type 347 stainless steeF

·;;; ... c:, c:, ~ .ci ti, C

~ "' .!! ·;;; C

~ ... C

"' :5! .. ►

~

.5 ~ C

~ "' "" C 0 ;::.:;

~

.; ~ cc 'I; C 0

t; = ... .. ""

He H2

280 4 20 II I

260

240

220

\.

'~ 200

180

160

140

I

"'


112 195 I I

~ a'~ .s;,,,

e~ ~~

"'

CHCIF2 233

I

~

I I

120

100 ""' ' 80 ....... ---i---_Yie/d Strength

60

40 Cold Drawn 15%

20 I

0

90 I I I I I I I I

BO

70 ---60

50

~ --/.--/

40 / /

Cold Drawn 15% 30 I

20

100 II I I I I I I I

90

BO

70 l---- ~ ---

60

50 Cold Drawn 15%

40 I

30 -459.4 -400 -300 -200 -100 0 100

Temperature, F

FIG. 15-Tensile properties of cold worked Type 308 stainless steel'

11

-=. C) C)

~ JC

i ! .!I! ·;;; = {!!. ... C .. I

lo'-.; .. ~ 'I; C .. ;, c., = ... .. ""

He H2

280 4 20 II I

260

240

220

200

180

160

140

120

100

80

60

40

20

0

90

80

70

60

'

-

II I

I

"' "

-

I

50 ~ v-

40

30


~ ~

' ~

CHCIF2 233

I I I

'"' "' r--... ...........

~trength --- ~

I l I I I

_i,__--

L---.....

----459.4 -400 -300 -200 -100 0 100

Temperature, F FIG. 16 - Tensile properties of annealed Type 321 stainless steel 1, 10, 11, ,o

'iii ... 0 0 $! -=· 1i'o C: a :! C:

,:!!. 'Cl C: ... il ►

He H2 280 4 20

II I

260

240

220

200

180

160

140

120

100 -459.4-400

I

.....

'

-300

Temperature, K CH4 CO2 112 195 I

"' I~ '\

CHCIF2 233

I

H20 273 300 I I

\. "\

1""-" -200 -100 0 100

Temperature, F

FIG. 17 - Tensile strength of cold worked Type 321 stainless stee11z

:1 I

240

220

200

·;; 180 ... 0 0 $! 160 -= 1i'o C:

140 a .!!! 'iii 120 C:

,:!!. ... 100 C: ...

il ► 80

60

40

20

0 -459.4 -400

H2 77 I

1, 2..,

3-


"' ' '" r'\..

-~ -~

CHCIF2 233

I

H20 273 300

I I

4,... ___

~' ~------.......

~ ~,~

~

1 347 Annealed, Resistance Seam Welded -2 347 Annealed, Arc Butt Welded 3 302 ½ Hard, Resistance Seam Welded _ 4 316 Annealed, Arc Butt Welded

I I I

-300 -200 -100 0 100 Temperature, F

FIG. 18-Tensile strength of stainless steel weld joints23, z,

12

'iii ... 0 0 $! .z:: 1i'o C:

~ .!!! 'iii C: .. ...

'Cl C: ... :5! .. ►

~

.5 ~ C:

:a ... ... C:

~

He H2 4 20

180 I I

160

140

120

100

80

60

40

20

0

90 II I

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0 -459.4 -400

'

Nz 77 I

"

~


112 195 I I

"' ~ ~"'~ ~

~ I'\.

~ 'flq/1, ~

CHCIF2

233-I

"'

H20 273 300

I I

'\..

"' .............

~ r-,-.....__

I I I I I I

~/ /

V /

V /~

-300 -200 -100 0 100 Temperature, F

FIG. 19-Tensile strength of cast Type CF-8 stainless steel3 7

IMPACT PROPERTIES

The chromium-nickel stainless steels have good ductility and notch toughness down to at least -320 F. Figures 20 through 28 show that the annealed and cold worked alloys vary in their impact properties but all retain substantial toughness. In general, the cast stainless grades also retain adequate toughness, as shown in Figures 29 and 30.

Weldments of the chromium-nickel stainless steels have good properties at low temperatures. Table II shows that welded joints retain substantial toughness down to at least -320 F in the as-welded condition. The weld metal deposits vary considerably in their low temperature impact properties, as shown in Table III.

Carbide precipitation can have a pronounced effect on the low temperature impact properties. As shown in Figure 31, Type 302 is severely affected, Type 304 is affected more moderately, and Type 304L is prac-

tically unaffected. Carbide precipitation has little effect on the low temperature impact properties of low carbon Type 316 or Type 347 as shown in Figure 32.

Sigma phase markedly reduces the impact properties of austenitic stainless steels at ambient and low temperatures. Data on Types 316, 318 and 347 are presented graphically in Figure 33.

COMPRESSION PROPERTIES

Compressive strengths, like tensile strengths, increase with decrease in temperature. Compressive yield strengths and elastic limits are given in Figure 34 for Types 303 and 304.

FATIGUE PROPERTIES

Only limited data are available on the fatigue properties of the chromium-nickel stainless steels at low temperatures. Data indicate that the endurance limit

TABLE II

Charpy Impact Properties of Stainless Steel Weld Joints

(Values in ft-lb)

Notch in Weld Notch in Heat Affected Zone Notch in Unaffected Zone AISI Type Condition

85 F -320 F -440F 85 F -320 F -440F 85 F -320 F -440F

304 As welded 33 21 - - - - - - -

304 As welded 59 20 - - - - - - -

304 Annealed 61 31 - - - - - - -304 As welded 16* 16* - 50* 53* - - - -304 L As welded 32 16 19 70 65 60 76 71 70

304 L As welded - - 25 - - 69 - - 109

309 As welded 33 18 - - - - - - -

310 As welded 34 21 - - - - - - -

310 As welded 25 28 - - - - - - -

316 As welded 26 26 - - - - - - -316 As welded 43 22 - - - - - - -

316 L As welded 31 23 - 45 37 - 54 51 -

347 As welded 28 16 - - - - - - -347 Annealed 30 21 - - - - - - -

* Subsize Specimens-0.200 in. thick.

Charpy Specimen

Keyhole

V-notch

V-notch

Keyhole

Keyhole

V-notch

Keyhole

Keyhole

Keyhole

Keyhole

Keyhole

Keyhole

Keyhole

Keyhole

Krivobok2; McClintock and GibbonslO; Henke 15; Armstrong and Miller19; Mounce, Crossett, and Armstrong2 1; Watertown Arsenal22; J. Am. Welding Soc23,

13

TABLE Ill

Impact Properties of Weld Metal

Test Type of Type of Heat Per Cent** No. Plate Electrode Treatment* Ferrite

1 301 301 As welded -Annealed





6 316 316 As welded 0.5% Stress relieved Stabilized Annealed


8 317 317 As welded 2.0% Annealed

9 317 317 As welded 5.5% Annealed

10 318 318 As welded None Stress relieved Stabilized Annealed

11 318 318 As welded 0.5% Stress relieved Stabilized None Annealed

12 321 347 As welded *** Annealed

13 347 347 As welded None Stress relieved Stabilized Annealed


15 347 347a As welded -Annealed

* Heat treatments were as follows: As welded Stress relieved 1200 F 2 hr Stabilized 1550 F 2 hr Annealed 1950 F ½ hr water quenched

Charpy Impact (Keyhole Notch), ft-lb

Room Temp -105 F -320 F

35-39 20-22 5-6 41-42 30-31 24

32-34 26-28 9-10 37-40 31-35 25-28

32-37 24-28 18-23 41-49 39-42 32-42

31-33 21-25 14-20 36-38 30 30-31

35-38 26-32 24 30-34 28-29 18-20

27-35 25-28 14-21 30-34 25-27 13-14 26-30 21-22 11-15 32-36 28-30 22

31-32 28-29 18-20 25-27 17-18 7-8 11-12 7-8 3 32-41 28-33 24-28

21-23 16-17 9-14 21 16-17 11-17

10-15 7-8 4-4 10-12 5-7 3

28 23 9-18 23-30 23-26 9-18 21-22 15-16 13 30-33 21-30 19-22

15-23 15-18 11-12 17-22 14-16 7-10 8-10 6-9 5-6

25-26 19-23 10-18

32 24-27 18-26 29-32 28-36 23-27

26-29 19-27 18-20 25-27 20 13-14 22 14-17 14-16 24-26 25-26 16-20

27-33 21-29 16-22 24-27 15-16 9-13 19-22 15-18 7-20 25-27 20-30 23-26

25-28 18-23 13-27 28-31 20-27 21-23

** Ferrite was determined by use of an Aminco-Brenner Magne-Gage, as outlined in "Detection of Ferrite by its Magnetism," by T. V, Simpkinson & .M. J. Lagne, METAL PROGRESS, Feb. 1949, p 164.

*** Not measured but probably the same as test No. 14 since the same electrode was used. • Titania type coating. All other electrodes had lime type coating.

Krivobok and Thomas14

14

He H2 140 4 20

I I

120

:!i! 100 .::: ...,. " ., .§ 80

I


I l

CHCIF2

233 l

Annealed -- ---------- Annealed -- Half Hard

-------------;nnea\ed - -lzod

l l

------~-

60 --- V-notch --·- Keyhole Notch

40 I I

-459.4 -400 -300 -200 -100 0 Temperature, F·

Fm. 20-lmpact properties of Type 3011, 14, 1s, 18

.a

~ ...,. " ., C. .s

He H2

140 4 20 I I

120

100

80

60

I

-

--


112 195

I

---- ----

------------

CHCIF2

233

I

Annealed -----Annealed

Annealed -----

I

----

------\\alt \\atd ---...,:.;..----- -lzod

100

I

40 - --- V-notch --·- Keyhole Notch

20 -459.4-400 -300 -200 -100

Temperature, F

I

0

Fm. 21-lmpact properties of Type 3022,16,18,25

,Cl

He H2

140 4 20 I I

120

I

-


112 195

I

CHCIF2

233 I

-------~. '8

SJ ~ 100

"" ...,. " ., C. 80 .§

Annealed (0.34 % Se)

60

-- lzod 40 I

-459.4 -400 -300 -200 -100

Temperature, F

Flo. 22-lmpact properties of Type 303 1

0

I

100

I

15

Temperature, K CH4 CO2 H20 He H2

140 4 20 112 195

CHCIF2 233 273 300

I I I I I I I I

120 !

Annealed

100 ,Cl

~ Annealed - ---- ---- --..;- 80

" --~~ ., C.

.§ Cold Drawn (U. T.S. 135,900 psi) -

60

40

-- lzod I I-- -; - Charpy K Cold Drawn (U T , -- -------1-.. s. 210000 --- ~-1-is2._

20 -459.4 -400 -300 -200 -100 0

Temperature, F Fm. 23-lmpact properties of Type 3041, s, 1a, 1s, 20, 25


CHCIF2

233

100

Ho H2

160 4 20 I I I I l I .... 1--1

---.,...,~

:!i! .::: -" "' C.

.§

140

120 _,..... -

____ _,,,,.

100

80 /

60 -

40 -459.4-400

-- Charpy K

---- Charpy V

-300

.,..., -.,..., . 1,,.....

-200 -100

Temperature, F FIG. 24-lmpact properties of Type 304L21, 22

He H2

80 4 20 I I

70

:!i! 60 .::: ...,. " ., .§ 50

40

I

--

-- CharpyK

I 30 -459.4-400

I -300


I ,_- I

~ ------

-200 Temperature, F

CHCIF2 233

I

FIG. 25-lmpact properties of Type 3102, 14,111

0

0

100

I I

-

100

He H2

120 4 20 II I

100

z 80 -tf ..

N2 77 l


I I

Annealed

CHCIF2 233

I

H20 273 300 I I

-

.§ 60 ------ - Annealed

40 1---lzod

--- CharpyK

I I 20 -459.4-400 -300 -200 -100

Temperature, F

FIG. 26-Impact properties of Type 3161,2,18,18

120

: 100

I 80

60

II

Temperature, K N2 77

CH4 CO2 CHCIF2

233 112· 195 I I I I I

Annealed Annealed --..;;... ----- ---- ----

---- CharpyV 1/A \\al~__. - --..... -lzod ~-_ ....

_. .... -- --''• \\a~~ i.-----------

0 100

I I

~ --_____ _..

40 -459.4-400 -300 -200 -10D 0 100

Temperature, F

FIG. 27-Impact properties of Type 3211, u, 16

II

120

100

"" .... = ...: BO ... t-.. ... .5

60

40

2D

I I

---rzod --- Charpy K ---Charpy V


Annealed

Annealed

CHCIF2

233 I

----- ---------::::::.--- -------¼ Hard

Half-Hard - ---- ------

H20 273 300

I I

-----..___

..,_ __ -459.4 -400 -300 -2D0 0 100

Temperature, F

FIG. 2S-Impact properties of Type 34 71, 15, 18

16

Temperature, K He H2 CH4 CO2 H20

10D 4 2D

N2 77 112 195

CHCIF2 233 273 300

~ 80 ,;;f 2 .. z .!! .. 60 .c i:;' ~ - 40 <>

! >,

20 e, .. .c c.,

0 -459.4-400 -300 -200 -100 0

Temperature, F

FIG. 29-Impact properties of cast Types CF-S, CF-20 and CF-SC stainless steelss7, a8

i ,;;f

He Hz 80 4 20

N2 77


~ 60 1---e-------1------l-z .. ]! ~ 40 t;

CHCIF2 233

:i:. .5 20 r--t-----t-==::-F-''"""':::;;-+-,e:;__+---i ~ ~ o'--"'-----J.---...l..---..l----.L...---l

-459.4-400 -3D0 -200 -100 0 Temperature, F

FIG, 30-Impact properties of cast Types CF-SM, CF-12M, CH-20, and CK-20 stainless steels37, as

i .c

~ z

~ .c >, .. ~ -... .. ... .§ >,

E-.. .c c.,

He Hz 90 4 20

II I BO

70

I

304

Temperature, K CH4 CO2 112 195 I i

.... -

CHCIF2 233

I --- I

,.,.- i--- ,,, . .,,,. ~ I,

-~ -

302 / 1-=== ,, /

304 60

50

._._,__ --------3D4L ------_:.:.. i----,,

1./' >------- 304L ,,.. ,,

40 _,,

,,..,,..

30

20

.·

--Annealed 302/ ,

--- Sensitized ,,..7

10 I V

-459.4 -400 -300 -200 -100 0 Temperature, F

I

100

FIG. 31-Effect of sensitization (1200 F for 2 hr) and carbon content on impact properties of annealed Types 302 (0.14C) 304 (.07C) and 304L (.03 max C) stainless stee!s 2 ,2 5

He H2

i 90 4 20 11 I

:Ci! 80 z:

N2 77

I I I

347


CMCIF2 . 233

I

~ 70 i i!5. 60 t:

347-+ 316- ---- ---~

~ 50 .§

e 40

316 I _-- Annealed

--- Sensitized I I

~ - 459.4 -400 -300 -200 -100 Temperature, F

H20 273 300

I I

-----

0 100

FIG. 32-Effect of sensitization ( 1200 F for 2 hr) on impact properties of annealed Types 316 (.03 max C) and 347 (.03 max C) stainless steels 2

:!:! ;:: :c !:l 0 z: .. ci .c >, .. ~ t: .. Cl,

.§ >,

e .. .c ..,

Temperature, K CH4 CO2 H20 He H2

80 4 20 112 195 CHCIF2 233 273 300

I I I I I I I I

70

60 347 - -- _pcs; 316 318

50

40

----- ------ ----347 ... -----

-- Annealed ------30 --,_--- Sigmatized ---

316 ·-------- ---20

10 ---------

318 ·- - -------0

-459.4 -400 -300 -200 -100 0 100 Temperature, F

FIG. 33-Effect of sigmatizing (1350-1650 F) on impact properties of Types 316 (.02 C), 318 (.02 C) and 347 (.02 C) stainless steels 2

... Cl,

C> c::,

5:! .. "' !

He H2

140 4 20

120

100

80

60

Nz 77


112 195 CHCIF2 233

H20 273 300

40 _ _ Yield Strength 303

t----t------t-~~--i--~-~---1 -+--------<

Elastic Li;t 303 - - -20

0 -459.4 -400 -300 -200 -100 0 100

Temperature, F FIG. 34-Compressive yield strengths and elastic limits of Types 303 and 304 stainless steels26

17

increases as the temperature decreases. Figure 35 shows the fatigue properties of cold worked Type 304 at several temperatures. Both smooth and notched bars show increasing strength with falling temperatures, although the improvement in notched bars is less pronounced than in the smooth bars. Figures 36 and 37 indicate that the fatigue strengths of both annealed and cold worked Type 302 are considerably higher at -40 F than they are at room temperature.

TOUGHNESS

In addition to the other properties, notched to unnotched tensile ratios are included in Figures 38 to 42 for 301, 302, 304L, 310 and 301N as a basis for evaluation of fracture toughness.

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

The effect of temperature on the physical properties of the chromium-nickel stainless steels varies, depending upon the property under consideration.

... Cl,

C> c:,

5:! ,,,-"' !

300

250 r--.....

200 ·,

150

100

50

0 103

Material Tested: 18·8 Stainless Steel, Cold Worked to 210,000 psi Tensile Stren&th Unnotched o A -... I"-, Notched ••• Test Temperature -.i .. ......... ,_ o •77F

A •-320 F ...... r-,... -~ .. ........

"""' ~ •, A 1 ...... -~ ·-~

,-. 1 ....

l"n,.,

~ i-- ...

"-u. --r-,;.;:

105

Cycles

■ -423 F

r---

-- -- ~ ---. --- --- .... 106

...

FIG. 35-Reciprocating beam fatigue strength of cold worked Type 304 stainless steels 9, 1s

50

·- 45 '-......

"' C.

0

~ 40 '-,,,-"' ~ vi 35

30 103

• "'i,...

..... • ~-

"' "

o Room Temperature ---+ Specimen Unbroken • -40 F - -- Stress Raised

It ,.. __ -- • --'""':::::..~-=. =- ~

~ -- -- -- ~

104 105 106

Cycles

FIG. 36-Fatigue strength of annealed Type 302 stainless steelln

100

'jg_ 90

' 0

S 80 ti l!!

t, 10 "'o

60 !OJ

' C

~ ~ r-.,...

t---r--, -

o Room Temperature ---"►-Specimen Unbroken • -40 F ---Stress Raised

• --,_ ~--...,._ • -~ ---. --·--n

104 105 106 Cycles

FIG. 37-Fatigue strength of cold worked Type 302 stainless steel 15

As shown in Figure 43, density increases markedly as the temperature is reduced from ambient to -250 F. Thermal diffusivity varies. As shown in Figure 44, the thermal diffusivity of Types 316 and 347 increase with falling temperature; Type 301 remains relatively unaffected by changes in temperature down to -300 F.

On the other hand, specific heat, emissivity, electrical resistivity, thermal conductivity, and thermal expansion decrease with falling temperature. Data on specific heat are shown in Figures 45 and 46. The effects of surface finish and decreasing temperature

He H2

1.1 4 20


112 195

CHCiF2

233

;;;- 1.0 t---+-----~--~-"-------'----,,'---,,l~~--=--1 ui II ~

~ 0 ~

"' ~ 0.9 f---+---'=-~..:.~=--+---=--~+----,-----l ·;;; C .. ,_ il "" * § 0.8 t----t-r-----J----+----+----1------J

'--'C .. "" .s c:, :z:

0.7

% Hard.

Full Hard

Extra Full Hard

0.6 ~--'----'----.....L.----'----'------' -459.4 -400 -300 -200 -100 0 100

Temperature, F

FIG. 38-Notched/unnotched tensile ratio for Type 301 cold rolled stainless steel39

18

::l II

~

I "' .!! ·;;; C

~ 'C .. "" * C C

::::, '-.,. 'C .. .c .s 0 :z:

He H2

1.1 4 20

1.0

0.9

0.8

0.7


All Data

CHCIF2 233

Longitudinal

0.6 '---~--~---~----'---~---~ -459.4 -400 -300 -200 -100 0 100

Temperature, F

FIG. 39 - Notched/unnotched tensile ratio for Type 302 cold rolled stainless steel 3 9

Temperature, K He H2 N2 CH4 CO2 CHCIF2 H20

;;;- 1.3 rr4---.20......., __ ..,.77-,-__,11_2 _-,- ___ 19.,.5 __ 2--.3_3 ....,..._2..,.73_...,30,...0 ui II ?{ 0 ~

"' '; 1.2 f----+----t-----+-----+----+------J ~ C .. ,_ il .c ... -:;; :§ 1.1 f---:!i:-t::::::::::t::::::::::::.t::;::::::::.:t;-::::::::::~.r:=~:;~---l '--.. 'C .. .c

* z 1.0 '----'---~'------'------'----'------'

-459.4 -400 -300 -200 -100 0 100 Temperature, F

FIG. 40-Notched/unnotched tensile ratio for full hard Type 304L stainless steel3 9

on the emissivity are shown in Figure 4 7 for Types 316 and 321 stainless steels. Electrical resistivities of various grades are shown in Figure 48; thermal conductivities in Figures 49 and 50.

Thermal expansion is an important property in the design of structures for low temperature service and

;;;-u;; II

'!!: 0 :;:, "' ... .!! ·;;; C: ..

I--,:, .. .c:

* C: C:

~ -,:, .. .c: ~ 0 z

He H2

1.2 4 20 I I

N2 77 I


112 195 I I

75 % Cold Rolled

CHCIF2

233 I

H20 273 300

I I

1.1 i.---- 40 % Cold Rolled

~

/ V 60 % Cold Rolled - r--

1.0

All Data Longitudinal

0.9 I -459.4 -400 -300 -200 -100 0 100

Temperature, F

Flo. 41 - Notched/unnotched tensile ratio for Type 310 cold rolled stainless steel39

He H2 1.1 4 20

N2 77


CHCIF2

233 H20 273 300

~ 1.Df---f-----+----+---:.ol-"""---+--------l M u;; II

~ 0.9 t---+----+----::.,,C:...-+--~~==----+-----'-1 0 :;:,

~ .!! -~ 0.8 ------~---+------+----1------1 ,!: al -= * 0.7 t--+----+----+-----+---+----l C: C: ::,

':;;;-Jg 0.6 t---+,~------+-----+----+-----J

i 60 % Cold Rolled

0.5 t---#-+-----+----+-----+----+-----<

0.4 ,....__...,__ __ __._ ___ ...l.- __ ....... ___ ....1.... __ ___,

-459.4 -400 -300 -200 -100 0 100 Temperature, F

Flo. 42-Notched/unnotched tensile ratio for Type 301N cold rolled stainless stee1au

therefore data are presented in two different forms. Table IV gives the mean linear coefficient for a series of steels between 70 F and several subzero temperatures. Figures 51, and 53 to 56, inclusive, show the actual expansion that will occur between any two temperatures from -300 F to room temperature per unit of length.

19

TABLE IV

Coefficients of Thermal Expansion of Stainless Steelsa

-300F -200 F -100 F OF AISI to to to to Type 70 F 70 F 70 F 70 F

301 7,6 X lQ-6 7.8 X 1Q-G 8.2 X 1Q-6 8.7 X 1Q-6

304 7.4 7.7 8.2 8.7

316 7.1 7.4 7.8 8.2

347 7.5 8.1 8.5 8.7

310 7.0 7.5 7.8 8.0

330 5.8 6.5 7.2 7.6

Furman34 a Mean coefficients.

Of the alloys included, Type 301 is the least stable, the instability being attributed to the partial transformation of austenite to ferrite. However, the instability of Type 301 has a negligible effect on expansion characteristics.

The effects of low temperature on the magnetic permeabilities of annealed chromium-nickel stainless steels are shown in Figure 57. Since stability depends on composition, it is necessary to select a stable composition to predict the permeability at low temperatures.

Temperature, K N2 CH4 CO2 CHCIF2 H20 77 112

0.2905 195 233 273 300

8.04

316 8.03

0.2895 8.02 8.01

.5 8.00 E = 7.99

u u 0.2885 ::,

lis u

7.98 ~ ... .. :El 347

... 7.97 ...

b' 7.96 i ·;;; 0.2875 C .. C:

= 7.95 .. = 7.94

0.2865 7.93 7.92 7.91

0.2855 7.90 -400 -300 -200 -100 0 100

Temperature, F

Fm. 43-Densities of Types 301, 316, and 347 stainless steels 88

.. .s::

0.180

He H2 4 20 'I I

Temperature, K N2 CH4 CO2 CHCIF2 ff20

I I I I I I 77 112 195 233 273 300 170

"" ... ..c ..

He H2

0.18 4 20

N2 CH4 77 112

Temperature, K CO2 CHCIF2 H20 195 233 273 300 400

0.175 Iii ... "'-. .. - 160 ~ 0.16 ~-+--1---1---+--+---t---,...-=-ir---t---i

= 0.170 ... .,, "'-.. E .. ~ 0.165 ;l ~ ,.:; 0.14 l--t---1----+----+--,'!'----t-------ir--;----1

150 I -~ 0.160 ::,

~ 0.155 Cl

'ii 0.150 E ..

..c 0.145 .... 0.140

-459.4 -400

-- 301 ... "'- Cl

--....___ _ 316 140 .;

E ., i=

-300 -200 -100 Temperature, F

-r--0

130 100

FIG. 44-Thermal diffusivity of Types 301,316 and 347 stainless steels 86

~

He H2

0.125 4·20

Temperature, K N2 CH4 CO2 CHCIF2 H20 77 112 195 233 273 300 0.125

J .0251---1--r-1-----+---+---+---1

o~-'--.._ _ _._ __ _._ __ .,__-''--~o -459.4 -400 -300 -200 -100 0 100

Temperature, F

FIG. 45-Specific heat of Type 304 stainless steel 27

... It ... Iii ... ,e Iii ... ::t ;; ..r ... .. = i .. !-

He H2

0.125 4 20 ii I

0.100

.075

. 050

.025

0

Temperature, K N2 CH4 CO2 CHCIF2 ff20 77 112 195 233 273 300 0.125 I I I I I I

__. ~

,,,,,.. ~~. 347

0.100

.075

.050

.025

-459.4 -:-400 -300 -200 -100 0 0

100 Temperature, F

:,.::

:,0 ... ... .. ... b4 ... .. ... ii .. ..r "' .. = t ., ... Cl)

FIG. 46-Specific heat of Types 301,316 and 347 stainless steels 36

20

0.12 l:' :~ -~ 0.10 E ... 'ii E C .08 z 3 C ....

.06

0 1-......L..---'----'----..J'---'----'---'----'----' -459.4-400 -300 -200 -100 0 100 200 300

Temperature; F

FIG. 47-Effect of surface finish on the total normal emissivity of Types 316 and 321 stainless steels 31


650 4 20 77 112 195 233 273 300

105

= 600 100

·e 95 E ·i3 550

.., 90 ' ... E .. 85

..c ... 500 e .,, ..,

E 80 :i ..c Cl

f i 450 75

70 'in 400 .. .,,

65 a: .. a: ii 'ii 60 -~ u 350 ti :s u 55 ~ ~

300 50 45

250 -459.4-400 -300 -200 -100 0 100

Temperature, F

FIG. 48-Electrical resistivities of various stainless steels 28 , 29 , 30

He H2

... 4 20

! 9 :t: B ~ .I: 7 li; ... 6

:::, 5 ilii

I I I

/

Temperature, K CH4 CO2 CHCIF2 112 195 233

I I

-.---l--""'"304

~,.... ..,v

H20 ..:

273 300 .040 t' ... ~ -

-

E .035 u

er "'

.030 :i -.025 !t. E

.020 i u f 4

:::, 3 ... /303 - .015 15

I 8 2 .; 1 E .

' I I/

rJ

.. 0 f= -459.4 -400 -300 -200 -100 0

Temperature, F

- .010 ::a -g

- .005 8

0 100

.; E .. .c:: ...

FIG. 49-Thermal conductivities of Types 303 and 304 stainless steels29, 32

... ... .. ... = er "' -.c:: li; ... = :::,

ilii ,.:;

i :::,

I u

9

B

7

6

5

4

3

2

He H2

4 20 !I I

/ I/

V


I I I

CHCIF2 H2D 233 273 300 i-

.040 ,.. I I I _..,,,.._ E

.035 u

347 ......-:::.. i------er "'

.030 ~ -~ 316

~ ~,,

/

-300 -200 -100 0 Temperature, F

-.025 ~ E u - .020 .; u

--

.015 ~ i .010 = -g 0 - .005 u

0 100

Fm. SO-Thermal conductivities of Types 316 and 347 stainless steels 29, 30, 32


50x 10_5 ~4~20~ __ 7~7~_1~12_~ ___ 1~95~_23~3~-2~7_3_30~0

C, .... ---:;:j -100 l---+------+----+----1->'+--+----l g-·;;;

!i -150 1---+------+----+---+f-t-----+----l 3

-300 .___.,__ __ ...._ __ __,_ ___ ..__ __ ..._ __ _,

-459.4 -400 -300 -200 -100 0

Fm. 51-Expansion characteristics of Type 301 stainless steel 34

21

He H2

4 20 350x10-5

I I

300

250

C, 200 .... --' <l c ·i 150 C .. ... "' ...

100

50

0

-50 -459.4 -400


I I I

CHCIF2 233

I I

I Iv

V V

/ V

./ V

-300 -200 -100 0 Temperature, F

I

100

FIG. 52-Mean linear thermal expansion of Type 304 stainless stee121, 34

He H2

300 X 10-5 4 20 II I

250

200 C, .... -.... <l 150 c

0 ·;;; C .. ... .:i 100

50

0 -459.4 -400


I I I

/ V

JV I/

-300 -200 -100 Temperature, F

CHCIF2 233

I

V

I

V

0

I

.

FIG. 53-Expansion characteristics of Type 310 stainless steel34

He H2

300x10-s 4 20 II I

250

.. 200 _, '-.. _, <!

150 c .9 "' C

"' ... "" 100 ...

50

0 -459.4 -400


I I I

/ /

/7 I/

-300 -200 -100

Temperature, F

CHCIF2

233 I

/

I

/

0

I

/

100

FIG. 54-Expansion characteristics of Type 316 stainless steel34

He H2

30ox10-~ 4 20 II I

250

.. 200 _, :::;-<I .,; 150 .. "Ill C ... ... ~ 100

50

0 -459.4 -400


112 195 I I I

CHCIF2

233 I I

/

// V

7 ,JI' V

-300 -200 -100 0 Temperature, F

I

FIG. 55-Expansion characteristics of Type 330 stainless steeI34

22

He H2

300 X 10-S 4 20 11 I

250

200

150

100

50

0 -459.4 -400


I I I

/ /

7 I/

-300 -200 -100

Temperature, F

CHCIF2

233 I I

/ I

~

/

0

I

100

FIG. 56-Expansion characteristics of Type 34 7 stainless stee134

i ::t

!i :s ... ., e ., ...

Temperat~re, K He H2 N2 CH4 CO2 CHCIF2 H20 4 20 77 112 195 233 273 300

5 n---,-----;--.....-----...---.----,-~

0.5

0.1

.05

308

,01

.005

-423 -.321

Brackets ( I) Indicate Sample Spread

Shaded Areas Indicate Measurln& Inaccuracy Arrows ct) Indicate (µ-1) Increase on Holdlna;

at Low Temperature and Cyclln1 Between the Low Temperature and 300 K

-10B Temperature, F

+BO

FIG. 57-Permeabilities of some austenitic stainless stee!s 81

REFERENCES

1. Hoke, J. H., Mabus, P. G., and Goller, G. N., "Mechanical Properties of Stainless Steels at Subzero Temperatures," Metal Progress, 55, May 1949, p 643.

2. Krivobok, V. N., "Properties of Austenitic Stainless Steels at Low Temperatures," Mechanical Properties of Metals at Low Temperatures Nat. Bureau Standards Circ. 520, 1952, p 112.

3. International Nickel Company Research Laboratory, Unpublished Data.

4. Baughman, R. A, "Gas Atmosphere Effects on Materials," WADC Tech. Report No. 59-511, May 1960.

5. Kropschot, R. H., ''The Mechanical Properties Testing Program at the NBS-AEC Cryogenic Engineering Laboratory," (Nat. Bureau Standards) Proc. of 1954 Cryogenic Eng. Conf., Boulder, Colorado, Feb. 1955, p 164.

6. Metals Handbook, Am. Soc. Metals, Cleveland, Ohio, 1948,p211.

7. Kropschot, R.H., McClintock, R. M., and Van Grundy, D. A, "Mechanical Properties of Some Engineering Materials Between 20 K and 300 K," Proceedings of 1956 Cryogenic Eng. Conf., Nat. Bureau Standards, 1956, p 93.

8. Zambrow, J. L., and Fontana, M. G., "Mechanical Properties, Including Fatigue, of Aircraft Alloys at Very Low Temperatures," Trans. Am. Soc. Metals 41, 1949, p. 480.

9. Fontana, M. G., Bishop, S. M., and Spretnak, J. W., "Investigation of Mechanical Properties and Physical Metallurgy of Aircraft Alloys at Very Low Temperatures. Pt 5-Mechanical Properties of Metals and a Plastic Laminate at Low Temperatures," W ADC AF Tech. Rept. No. 5'662 (Pt 5) Dec. 1953.

10. McClintock, R. M. and Gibbons, H. P., "Mechanical Properties of Structural Materials at Low Temperatures, A Compilation from the Literature," Nat. Bureau Standards Monograph 13, June 1, 1960.

11. Uzhik, G. V., "Strength and Ductility at Low Temperatures," lzvestiya, Akad. Nauk SSSR, ONT, No. 1, 1955, p 57 (Brutcher Trans. No. 3537).

12. McAdams, D. J., Geil, G. W., and Cromwell, F. J., "Influence of Low Temperatures on the Mechanical Properties of 18-8 Chromium-Nickel Steel," J. Research Nat. Bureau Standards, 40, 1948, p 375, RP1882.

13. Spretnak, J. W., Fontana, M. G., and Brooks, H. E., "Notched and Unnotched Tensile and Fatigue Properties of Ten Engineering Alloys at 25 C and -196 C," Trans. Am. Soc. Metals, 43, 1951, p 547.

14. Krivobok, V. N., and Thomas, R. D., Jr., "Impact Tests of Welded Austenitic Stainless Steels," Welding J., 29, 1950, p 493s.

15. Henke, R. H., "Low Temperature Properties of Austenitic Stainless Steels," Product Engineering, 20, April, 1949, p 104.

16. Rosenberg, S. J., "Effect of Low Temperatures on the Properties of Aircraft Metals," J. Research Nat. Bureau Standards, 25, 1940, p 673, RP1347.

23

17. Gillett, H. W., "Impact Resistance and Tensile Properties of Metals at Subatmospheric Temperatures," ASTM Spec. Tech. Pub. No. 47, 1941.

18. "Stainless Steel Handbook" Allegheny Ludlum Steel Corp. (1956).

19. Armstrong, T. N., Miller, A. J., "Impact Properties of Stainless Steel and 9 Per Cent Nickel Steel after Exposure Under Stress to Liquid Nitrogen," ASTM Bull. No. 177, Oct. 1951, p 35.

20. Data from Union Carbide & Carbon Research Laboratory, as quoted in Metals Handbook, 1948, p 210.

21. Mounce, W. S., Crossett, J. W., and Armstrong, T. N., "Steels for the Containment of Liquefied Gas Cargoes," Trans. Soc. Naval Architects and Marine Engineers, 67, 1959, p 423.

22. Work done for International Nickel Company by Watertown Arsenal.

23. "Mechanical Properties of Arc-Welded ChromiumNickel Steel at Low Temperatures," J. Am. Welding Soc., 22, Sept. 1943, p 437s.

24. ''Properties of Various Alloys at Sub-Zero Temperatures," Iron Age, 158, Nov. 14, 1946, p 75.

25. Schmidt, E. H., ''Low Temperature Impact of Annealed and Sensitized 18-8," Metal Progress, 54, Nov. 1948, p698.

26. Swenson, C. A., ''The Compressive Strengths of Some Technical Metals Between 4.2° and 300°K," Proc. of 1954 Cryogenic Conf., Boulder, Colorado (Nat. Bureau Standards) Feb. 1955, p 179.

27. Corruccini, R. J., ''Properties of Materials at Low Temperatures," Chem. Eng. Progress, 53, J1,1ne 1957, p 262, July, p 342, August, p 397.

28. Park, 0. E., Fulk, M. M., and Reynolds, M. M., "Low Temperature Electrical Resistance of Fifteen Commercial Conductors," (Nat. Bureau Standards) Proc. of 1954 Cryogenic Eng. Conf., Boulder Colorado, Feb. 1955, p 101.

29. Estermann, I. and Zimmerman, J. E., "Heat Conduction in Alloys at Low Temperatures," J. Applied Physics, 23, 1952, p 578.

30. Tyler, W. W., Nesbitt, L. B., and Wilson, A C., Jr., "Some Low Temperature Properties of Titanium Alloy RC-130-B and Stainless Steel," Trans. AIME, 197, 1953, p 1104.

31. Betz, H. T., Olson, 0. H., Schurin, B. D., and Morris, J. C., "Determination of Emissivity and Reflective Data on Aircraft Structural Materials. Pt. 11 : Techniques for Measurement of Total Normal Emissivity, Solar Absorptivity and Presentation of Results," WADC Tech. Rept. 56-222, Pt. 11, Oct. 1958.

32. Powell, R. L., Blanpied, W. A., "Thermal Conductivity of Metals and Alloys at Low Temperatures-A Review of the Literature," Nat. Bureau Standards Circ. 556, Sept. 1, '1954,

33. Campbell, J. B., ''Low Carbon Stainless Steels Make Possible Savings in Welded Fabrication," Materials lll Methods, 31, Apr. 1950, p 63.

( Continued on nezt page)

REFERENCES-(ContinuedJ

34. Furman, D. E., "Thermal Expansion Characteristics ofStainless Steel Between -300 and 1000 F," Trans.AIME, 188, 1950, p 688.

35. Birmingham, B. W., Chelton, D. B., Mann, D. B., andHernandez, H. P., "Cryogenic Engineering of HydrogenBubble Chambers," ASTM Bull., No. 240, Sept. 1959,p 34.

3·6. Lucks, C. F., and Deem, H. W., "Thermal Properties

of Thirteen Metals," ASTM Spee. Tech. Pub. No. 227,

1958.

37. Juppenlatz, J. W., "Austenitic Cast Stainless Good forLow Temperature Applications-BUT," Iron Age, 170,

Sept. 4, 1952, p 147.

38. Alloy Casting Inst. Data Sheets on Corrosion ResistantAlloys, June, 1954.

39. Watson, J. F., and Christian, J. L., "Low Temperature

Properties of Cold-Rolled AISI Types 301, 302, 304ELC and 310 Stainless Steel Sheets," Symposium on "Low-Temperature Properties of High-Strength Aircraft and Missile Materials," ASTM Spee. Tech. Pub.No. 287, 1961, p 170.

40. Kropschot, R. H., and Graham, W. F., Cryogenic Eng,Lab., Nat. Bureau Standards, unpublished results.

41. McConnell, J. H., and Brady, R. R., "Austenitic Stainless Steels: Thousands of Tons in -300 tu -425 FService," Chem. Eng. 67, July 11, 1960, p 125.

A PRACTICAL GUIDE TO THE USE OF NICKEL-CONTAINING … · AISI and ACI Standard Composition Ranges...

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