A Power Supply
-
Upload
channing-massey -
Category
Documents
-
view
54 -
download
0
description
Transcript of A Power Supply
Wires from the power supply to the motherboard
and drives
Wires from the power supply to the motherboard
and drives
A Power Supply
Internal view
External view
FanFan
Voltage switchVoltage switch
Socket for power cordSocket for power cord
Power switchPower switch
Power Supply Wire Color Conventions
Color or Component Voltage
Yellow Wire +12
Blue Wire -12
Red Wire +5
White Wire -5
Motor +/- 12
Circuitry +/- 5
System Board Power Supply Connectors
A pair of connectors
A single keyed connector
Notch for keyed connector
Notch for keyed connector
P8P8
P9P9
Drive Power Connectors
Berg connector for floppy disk drive
Berg connector for floppy disk drive
Molex connectors for IDE and SCSI drives
Molex connectors for IDE and SCSI drives
Common Power Problem Symptoms
From the Power Supply Local Machine
Line noise System does not come on
Power sag No fan noise
Power undervoltage or brownout No power light
Frequency variation No beeps
OvervoltageContinuously repeating beep pattern
Power failurePOST errors between 020 and 029
Parity error messages
Unexpected shutdowns or spontaneous reboots
How Surge Protectors Protect Computer Equipment
Extra voltage is diverted to the unit’s ground or neutral wire.
Extra voltage is diverted to the unit’s ground or neutral wire.
Electrical current that is within tolerance limits for the current flows into the unit and powers
its components.
Electrical current that is within tolerance limits for the current flows into the unit and powers
its components.
Electrical current flows from the outlet to the surge protector.
Electrical current flows from the outlet to the surge protector.
BIOS
The Basic Input Output System (BIOS) is the set of instruction commands stored on a ROM chip that is used to start the most basic services of a system.
CMOS
CMOS is an area of memory with battery backup that is used to store the system configuration settings that the ROM BIOS accesses during the startup sequence.
BIOS Settings
BIOS settings are the low-level hardware configuration settings that are stored in the CMOS on every computer.
Accessing the System BIOS
BIOS ManufacturerKey Combination to Access System Settings
Compaq F10 or F12
ALR F2 or Ctrl+Alt+Esc
AMD F1
AMI Delete
PhoenixCtrl+Alt+Esc, Ctrl+Alt+S, or Ctrl+Alt+Insert
The Boot Process
Power supply initializes and sends
signal to CPU.
Power supply initializes and sends
signal to CPU.
CPU checks for BIOS.CPU checks for BIOS.
BIOS
Devices identified in CMOS are detected, configured, and tested. PnP devices are
detected and configured. BIOS checks CMOS to locate the disk
drive to boot.
Devices identified in CMOS are detected, configured, and tested. PnP devices are
detected and configured. BIOS checks CMOS to locate the disk
drive to boot.
Hardware BIOS located, loaded, and run.BIOS information is displayed on screen and runs system tests, including a memory test.
Hardware BIOS located, loaded, and run.BIOS information is displayed on screen and runs system tests, including a memory test.
POST is run by the BIOS.
POST is run by the BIOS.
POST Results
Two short beeps
Audio Output
None
None
None
One short, one long beep
One or more short beeps
Two short beeps
Repeating short beeps
Continuous tone
One long, one short beep
One long, two short beeps
One long, three short beeps
Error code number
Video Output
None
Cursor
DOS prompt
None
DOS prompt
None or incorrect display (garbage)
Probably none
Probably none
Probably none
Probably none
Probably none
Problem
Power
Power
None
Display
None (normal startup beep)
Display
Power
Power
Motherboard
Display
Display
See the next table for a list of error codes and their interpretations.
Solution
Check power cords, wall voltage, PC’s power supply.
Check the PC’s power supply; check for sufficient wall voltage.
May be a defective speaker.
Check for monitor power; check video cable; check display adapter.
None.
Check for monitor power; check video cable; check display adapter.
Check the PC’s power supply; check for sufficient wall voltage.
Check the PC’s power supply; check for sufficient wall voltage.
Check to see that all adapters, SIMMs, and chips are seated firmly; check for proper power connections to the motherboard; use diagnostic software or hardware to further troubleshoot the motherboard.
Check for monitor power; check video cable; check display adapter.
Check for monitor power; check video cable; check display adapter.
POST Error CodesPOST Error Code
02#
01##
0104
0106
0151
0162
0163
164 or 0164
199 or 0199
02##
201 or 0201
0202
03##
0301
0302
06##
0601
0602
17##
1701
1704
1707
1714
1730 - 1732
Problem
Power
Motherboard
Interrupt controller
Motherboard
Real-time clock or CMOS RAM
CMOS checksum error
Time and date (clock not updating)
System memory configuration is incorrect
User-indicated device list is incorrect
Memory
Memory error (may give memory address)
Memory address error
Keyboard
Stuck key (scan code of the key may be indicated)
Keyboard locked
Floppy disk drive or controller
Floppy disk adapter failure
Disk failure
Hard disk or adapter
Drive not ready or fails tests
Hard drive controller failure
Track 0 failure
Drive not ready
Drive adapter failure
Error Message Possible Reason
Bad or missing command interpreterNon-system disk or disk error
System can’t access the operation system.
Display Type MismatchVideo settings don’t match the monitor attached to the system.
Memory Size MismatchThe amount of RAM detected and the amount specified in CMOS don’t match.
CMOS Checksum Failure The CMOS memory is corrupted.
CMOS Error Codes
CPU
The Central Processing Unit (CPU) is the integrated circuit that controls all of the system components.
Bus Types
Internal External System (frontside) Data Address Control Backside
CPU Performance Factors Clock speed Millions of Instructions Per Second (MIPS) Amount of RAM that a processor can access Multiprocessing Cache Superscalar Superpiplining Speculative execution Branch prediction Register renaming Out-of-order completion Dual Independent Bus (DIB) Multimedia Extensions (MMX) Single Instruction Multiple Data (SIMD)
Characteristics of Popular Processors
Name Internal Bus Width (bits)
System Data Bus Width (bits)
System Address Bus Width (bits) Clock Speed
SpeedAddressable RAM
8086 16 16 20 4.77-10 1 MB
8088 16 8 20 4.77-8 1 MB
80286 16 16 24 6-12 16 MB
80386DX 32 32 32 16-40 4 GB
80386SX 32 16 24 16-33 16 MB
80486DX 32 32 32 25-50 4 GB
80486SX 32 32 32 16-33 4 GB
80486DX2 32 32 32 50-80 4 GB
80486DX4 32 32 32 75-120 4 GB
AMD 5x86 32 32 32 133 4 GB
Cyrix 5x86 32 32 32 100-200 4 GB
Pentium 32 64 32 60-200 4 GB
Pentium MMX
32 64 32 166-233 4 GB
Cyrix 6x86 32 64 32 100-150 4 GB
Characteristics of Popular Processors (Cont.)
Name Internal Bus Width (bits)
System Data Bus Width (bits)
System Address Bus Width (bits) Clock Speed
SpeedAddressable RAM
AMD K5 32 64 32 75-116 4 GB
Pentium Pro 32 64 36 150-200 64 GB
Pentium II 32 64 36 233-333 64 GB
AMD K6 32 64 32 166-266 4 GB
Cyrix 6x86 MX
32 64 32 150-187 4 GB
Celeron 32 64 32, 36 266-1300 4 or 65 GB
Pentium II Xeon
32 64 36 400-450 64 GB
Pentium III 32 64 36 450-1400 64 GB
Pentium III Xeon
32 64 36 600-1000 64 GB
Pentium 4 32 64 32 1.3-2.4 GHz 4 GB
Itanium 64 64 44 733-800 16 TB
AMD Athlon 32 64 43 500-2133 8 TB
Intel CPUs
CPU Core Speed Bus Speed
Pentium 75 – 200 MHz 50 – 66 MHz
Pentium Pro 150 – 200 MHz 60 – 66 MHz
Pentium with MMX 150 – 266 MHz 66 MHz
Pentium II 233 – 400 MHz 66 – 100 MHz
Pentium II Xeon 400 – 450 MHz 100 MHz
Celeron 266 MHz – 2 GHz 66 – 400 MHz
Pentium III 533 MHz – 2 GHz 66 – 400 MHz
Pentium III Xeon 500 MHz – 1.4 GHz 100 – 133 MHz
Pentium 4 1.38 – 8 Ghz 400 – 533 MHz
Xeon 1.42 – 8 GHz 400 MHz
Examples of CPU Sockets
Slot 1 (For SECC Packaging)
A ZIF Socket
A Heat Sink with Fan
FanFan Heat sinkHeat sink
Instruction Set Description
Complex Instruction Set Computer (CISC)
A design strategy for computer architecture that depends on hardware to perform complicated instructions.
Reduced Instruction Set Computer (RISC)
A design strategy for computer architecture that depends on a combination of hardware and software to perform complicated instructions.
Explicitly Parallel Instruction Computing (EPI)
A design strategy for computer architecture that is meant to simplify and streamline CPU operation by taking advantage of advancements in compiler technology and by combining CISC and RISC design strategies.
Instruction Sets
A System Board Without a Daughter Board
Expansion slotsExpansion slots
RAMRAM
CPUCPU
AGP slotAGP slot PortsPorts
Drive interfacesDrive interfaces
Clock Speed
Clock speed refers to the number of cycles per second or frequency at which the CPU operates (e.g. 800 MHz).
Full-Size AT System Board
AT socket 7 motherboard
ChipsetChipset
ZIF socketZIF socket
Keyboard connectorKeyboard connector
AGP slotAGP slot
PCI slotPCI slot
ISA slotISA slot
Power connector (ATX)Power connector (ATX)
BIOS chipBIOS chip
SDRAM slotsSDRAM slots
Baby AT System Board
REAR
FRONT
Keyboard connector
Power connector
Peripheral connectors
Memory slots
PCI/ISA slots
CPU
LPX System Board
REAR
FRONT
PCI/ISA slots on riser
Memory slots
Peripheral connectors
CPU
ATX System Board
REAR
FRONT
I/O connector
Power connector
Peripheral connectors
Memory slots
PCI/ISA slots
CPU
NLX System Board
Peripheralconnectors
Power connector
Memory slots
PCI/ISA slots
AGP port
FRONT
REAR
CPU
System Case Enclosure Styles
Full-size towerFull-size tower Mid-size tower
Mid-size tower
Micro-size tower
Micro-size tower DesktopDesktop
A Generic ATX System Board
Lithium backup battery
Lithium backup battery
UltraDMA EIDE connectorUltraDMA EIDE connector Floppy disk drive connectorFloppy disk drive connector
PS/2 mouse and keyboard connectors
PS/2 mouse and keyboard connectors
CPUCPU
AGP portAGP port
ATX power supply connector
ATX power supply connector
PCI expansion slotsPCI expansion slots
DIMM socketsDIMM sockets
9-pin serial port connector9-pin serial port connector25-pin parallel port connector25-pin parallel port connector
USB connectorUSB connector
DIP Switches and Jumpers
Closed, or On
Open, or Off
Jumper blockJumper block
Switch or switch blockSwitch or switch block
Open, or OffClosed, or On
Common Sources of System Board Problems
Computer viruses infecting the system, including the BIOS. Loose connections between system components and the system
board. Out-of-date BIOS. CMOS battery is not holding the BIOS information. Damage to the CPU due to overheating or electrical damage. Electrical shorts on the system board due to improperly seated
components, power surges, or ESD. Physical damage to the system board.
Memory
Memory Type Volatile/Stable Use
CMOS Stable – it is maintained by a battery even when the system is off.
Holding the system configuration information.
ROM (Read Only Memory)
Stable – information is permanently stored on the chip.
Holding system or card startup information.
RAM (Random Access Memory)
Volatile – temporary while the system is in use.
Holding program instructions and data so they can be processed by the CPU.
SAM (Sequential Access Memory)
Volatile – often used for a memory buffer.
Holding data in a sequential order.
A ROM Chip
A PROM Chip
An EPROM Chip
An EEPROM Chip
RAM
RAM Type Description
FPMFast Page Mode memory is faster than previous RAM types because it reads an entire row rather than reading a row and column address at a time.
EDOExtended Data Output memory is faster than FPM memory because it doesn’t require the wait states necessary for FPM.
SRAM Static RAM is used for cache memory.
DRAM Dynamic RAM is used on single and dual in-line memory modules (SIMMs and DIMMs).
RDRAMRambus DRAM is implemented on a RIMM memory module.
SDRAM and DDR SDRAMSynchronous DRAM runs at high clock speeds and is synchronized with the CPU bus.Double Data Rate SDRAM is a replacement for SDRAM.
VRAM Video RAM is a special type of DRAM used on video cards.
WRAM Windows RAM is a special type of video memory.
A SIMM
A DIMM
A RIMM
Parity
8 data bits8 data bits 1 parity bit1 parity bit
Adding RAM to a System
20 pins20 pins 88 pins88 pins60 pins60 pins
LockLock
Symptoms of Memory Problems Computer crashes or reboots itself periodically. Application data is corrupted. Memory errors are displayed on the screen. Computer appears to boot, but the screen remains blank. Computer does not boot; POST beep codes are heard. Newly installed memory is not recognized.