A Personal History THE BIOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA

Commission biologique du Canada

A Personal History

THE BIOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA:

H.V. Danks Biological Survey of Canada

THE BIOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA:

A PERSONAL HISTORY

H.V. Danks

Biological Survey of Canada Monograph Series No. 8 (2016)

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Published by theBIOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA©2016

All illustrations in this book are copyright by individual authors or agencies, and their unauthorized use is prohibited. For further information contact the Biological Survey of Canada.

The Biological Survey of Canada is an incorporated not-for-profit group devoted to promoting biodiversity science in Canada. It develops and coordinates national initiatives in systematics, biodiversity surveys, and publication of knowledge products.

The monograph series of the Biological Survey of Canada comprises invited, fully reviewed publications relevant to the biodiversity of Canada.

ISBN: 978-0-9689321-9-3doi: 10.3752/9780968932193

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CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION......................................................................................... 1THE GENESIS OF AN IDEA ...................................................................... 2

Background ................................................................................................. 2The Department of Agriculture ................................................................. 2The Entomological Society of Canada ...................................................... 4Elements of the original plan ..................................................................... 5

SECURING INITIAL FUNDING ............................................................... 7A steering committee .................................................................................. 7The Biological Council of Canada ............................................................ 8The Entomological Society of Canada’s proposal ................................... 9Terms of the Pilot Study contract ........................................................... 12

STAFFING THE SECRETARIAT ............................................................ 13THE PILOT STUDY, 1977–1978............................................................... 17

The Pilot Study office ............................................................................... 17The Scientific Committee for the Pilot Study ........................................ 17Conducting the Pilot Study ...................................................................... 22Completing general elements of the contract......................................... 25Developing Canada and its Insect Fauna ............................................... 28Difficulties with the Lead Department ................................................... 30

FINDING A WAY FORWARD, 1978 ........................................................ 32MAINTENANCE ON CONTRACT, 1978–1982 ..................................... 36THE SURVEY AT THE NATIONAL MUSEUM .................................... 39

The Biological Survey of Canada (Terrestrial Arthropods) ................. 39The Scientific Committee ......................................................................... 40Roles of the Secretariat ............................................................................ 52Secretariat travel ...................................................................................... 55Scientific priorities, projects and initiatives of the Biological Survey

of Canada ................................................................................................ 57The Canadian Journal of Arthropod Identification .............................. 87The Biological Survey at annual meetings of the Entomological

Society of Canada .................................................................................. 88The Biological Survey Foundation .......................................................... 89Impact of the Survey ................................................................................ 90The Head of the Secretariat retires ......................................................... 91

THE BIOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA CONTINUES ................. 95CODA: LESSONS FROM THE HISTORY OF THE BIOLOGICAL

SURVEY .................................................................................................... 96

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Appendices

Appendix 1. Chronological list of members of the Scientific Committee for the Biological Survey of Canada, 1977-2009 ....................................... 99

Appendix 2. List of entomologist members of the Scientific Committee for the Biological Survey of Canada, 1977-2009, and their affiliations... 106

Appendix 3. Selected references related to the Biological Survey concept, and to the Pilot Study and its aftermath ................................................... 109

Appendix 4. Output from the scientific projects and initiatives of the Biological Survey of Canada (by project) .................................................111

Appendix 5. References for the Canadian Journal of Arthropod Identification ............................................................................................. 134

Appendix 6. General references for the Biological Survey of Canada (by category): Scientific briefs, Resource documents, Newsletters, Reports and documentation in the Bulletin of the Entomological Society of Canada, Web site, Symposia and workshops, Official letters, Survey publicity, Other references ........................................................... 137

Appendix 7. Publications of H.V. Danks .................................................... 147Appendix 8. Glossary of selected acronyms ............................................... 154

Figures

Figures 1-14. Products of the Biological Survey of Canada: Publications from the Pilot Study, Publications from the Northern Contract, Keys to myriapods, Annotated list of workers (third edition), Leaflets about the Biological Survey and its publications, Monographs of the Biological Survey Foundation, Arthropods of Canadian grasslands, Proceedings from various symposia, Briefs on various topics, Briefs about insect collections, Briefs about the study of arthropod biodiversity, Sample issues of newsletters, Web site 2005, Canadian Journal of Arthropod Identification ............................................................................................. 155

Figures 15-21. Senior entomologists who were members of the Scientific Committee during the Pilot Study: George Ball, Ken Davey, Antony Downes, Keith Kevan, Gene Munroe, Geoff Scudder, Glenn Wiggins ... 163

Figures 22-50. Some entomologists who were members of the Scientific Committee for the Biological Survey of Canada: George Ball, Valerie Behan-Pelletier, Chris Buddle, Rob Cannings, Doug Currie, Ken Davey, Antony Downes, Kevin Floate, Terry Galloway, Donna Giberson, David Langor, David Larson, Dennis Lehmkuhl, Steve Marshall, Valin Marshall, John Matthews, David McCorquodale, Richard Ring, Rob Roughley,

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David Rosenberg, Geoff Scudder, Joe Shorthouse, John Spence, Felix Sperling, Jon Sweeney, Terry Wheeler, Glenn Wiggins, Dudley Williams, Neville Winchester ...................................................... 164Figures 51-57. Groups of members of the Scientific Committee for the

Biological Survey of Canada (identified in the captions)......................... 172

Figures 58-67. The Head of the Secretariat at different times during his career ........................................................................................................ 176

Credits for photographs ............................................................................. 179

1The Biological Survey of Canada: a personal history

INTRODUCTION

The history of the Biological Survey of Canada launched for insects in 1977 reflects not only scientific ideas but also personal and political dynamics, especially during the first few years. These general aspects of the development of the Survey, together with its purpose and achievements, are emphasized here.

The great success of the Survey depended on its many cooperators across the country and on members of the advisory committee, who contributed both active study of the fauna and guidance to the project as a whole. Therefore, I report here not just what was done but also who did it, extending the length of the text but showing more accurately how the Survey was able to move forward. The aims and opinions of those who helped to launch the program coincided to a remarkable degree.

The scientific results of the Survey are available in a very large number of publications. However, the focus here is not on what these discoveries tell us about the fauna of insects and related groups in Canada, but on how the Survey came into being, how it operated, and why it was effective. Therefore, specific scientific content is dealt with in only enough detail to support the narrative, and no attempt is made to summarize the Survey’s many interesting findings. For the same reason, there are no summaries of the Survey’s recommendations about procedures for study and other needs. However, several detailed appendices list scientific publications and other products that provide those specifics.

This treatment includes my personal perspectives and recollections as head of the Survey from 1977 until 2007. The text is nevertheless written in the third person to avoid a constant stream of personal pronouns. The period covered runs until about 2009, when the Biological Survey changed form, although the early history of the Survey is treated in the greatest detail. Later items that follow up or complete earlier themes are included, especially in the appendices.

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THE GENESIS OF AN IDEA

BackgroundTwo trends emerged in Canada as the 1960s drew to a close. First, the

economic boom of the 1950s and early 1960s faltered, and resources for the support of government operations became less easy to obtain. Second, a philosophy of management was introduced, largely by the government of Pierre E. Trudeau, leading to such trends as “management by objectives”. That scheme was a forerunner of many others over the next 20 years or more, each one purporting to overcome the problems of managing government organizations as it replaced the preceding “optimal solution”.

As a result of these changes, the administrative load on managers within scientific organizations increased considerably, so that the senior staff in charge of sections were able to carry out less and less scientific activity themselves. Therefore, career managers were hired, initially from the ranks of departmental scientists but some of the later ones with limited scientific qualifications; their main role was to organize and justify institutional operations, and to expedite administrative paperwork. Indeed, throughout the 1970s and 1980s as the number of scientists in the public service declined significantly, the management category showed a corresponding increase. At the same time, federal funding was reduced, augmenting the need to establish departmental priorities. The Department of Agriculture, one of the largest government agencies, was swept up by these changes, leading to an enhanced focus on the applied aspects of crop production.

The Department of AgricultureThe Department of Agriculture was responsible for the Entomology

Research Institute (ERI), located on the Central Experimental Farm in Ottawa. This institute was later called the Biosystematics Research Institute, the Biosystematics Research Centre, the Biological Resources Division of the Centre for Land and Biological Resources Research, and then the Eastern Cereal and Oilseed Research Centre. The name changes were driven partly by a perceived need to justify the existence of this establishment within the Department of Agriculture (which itself became Agriculture Canada, and then Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada). The Institute had responsibility for the Canadian National Collection of insects, spiders, and related organisms, and was the leading Canadian centre for research on the identity and relationships of the tens of thousands of Canadian species of insects and their relatives. The name of the collection, known throughout the world by its acronym CNC, was not changed.

The Department of Agriculture’s responsibility for this national collection had developed partly as a result of historical accident. In February 1916, the buildings of the Parliament of Canada were destroyed by fire, and a suitable public


building was sought to house the parliamentarians until a replacement could be built. Selected for this role was the Victoria Memorial Museum Building, a large, castle-like edifice relatively close to Parliament Hill, constructed in its original form between 1905 and 1910. It then housed the collections of the National Museum, some of which were moved to accommodate the parliamentarians. Because the Department of Agriculture had a growing interest at that time in the insects of the country, especially pests, the small insect collection at the Museum was transferred to Agriculture.

Diligent work over many subsequent years by Agriculture scientists made extensive additions to the collection, so that it contained millions of specimens by 1970, and a group of expert taxonomists was in place around it. In the 1950s and 1960s, for example, scientists at the Entomology Research Institute not only provided identification support for a wide range of crop- and forest-related initiatives at agriculture and forestry field stations, but also published many papers describing the fauna of Canada and North America, work essential for understanding and managing the ecosystems of the continent. Moreover, with the support of the Department of National Defence, CNC scientists carried out a Northern Insect Survey and other studies to explore the insects of arctic and subarctic Canada.

The intellectual vigour of the 1960s, in the national collection of insects and in the Agriculture research stations, was severely dampened around the end of the decade as resources were reduced, sections were reorganized one or more times, staff were transferred, and management directives attempted to narrow the focus of work. For example, an internationally renowned program on cold hardiness, a characteristic feature of Canadian insects including crop pests, was led for many years by Reginald W. Salt at the Agriculture research station in Lethbridge, Alberta. That program was “de-emphasized”, and discontinued in 1970.

The Entomology Research Institute in Ottawa comprised several sections working on the taxonomy of different groups of insects, and also a section that studied wider aspects, including morphology, ecology, physiology, and behaviour. That section, initially called Experimental Biology, was led from 1959 until 1971 by the entomologist J. Antony Downes.

J.A. Downes. Antony Downes matched one popular conception of a scientist. He was somewhat absent-minded about ordinary things, but had an overwhelming fascination for insects and ideas about them. Born in Wimbledon, England, he developed an early interest in insects when he received an insect net as a gift. He later studied at Imperial College, London, and Berkeley, California, and eventually joined the University of Glasgow, Scotland, where he served as a lecturer from 1940 until 1953. His work there included studies of biting flies, and he first visited Canada in 1950 to inspect the Northern Biting Fly Survey that had just been established by C.R. Twinn. A subsequent

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summer was spent at Churchill, Manitoba, and he was later invited to join the Department of Agriculture; he moved from Scotland to Canada in 1953. At first he worked in the Veterinary and Medical Entomology unit, and then in the Experimental Biology section when the Research Branch was established in 1959. Antony Downes’ entomological interests were very broad, and he read an unusually wide range of scientific information about insects. He worked on the taxonomy of biting midges, and also made detailed observations of insect behaviour, ecology, and structure. He was especially interested in evolution and adaptation, synthesizing diverse information into coherent explanations about the swarming and feeding behaviour of flies, the nature of arctic insects, and other topics. He recognized that broad synthesis and overview were the best ways to understand the insect fauna and put the knowledge to wide use.

Therefore, Antony Downes was not impressed with ongoing developments in the late 1960s within the Department of Agriculture, and especially at the Entomology Research Institute, that seemed certain to limit the quality of work and hamper the pursuit of knowledge. His attempts to argue against some of the trends implemented by managers such as William B. Mountain (Director of the Institute from 1969 until 1973) caused him to become unpopular with management, especially when he failed to deliver some of his comments through what his superiors deemed to be the proper channels. His leadership of the Experimental Biology section ended in 1971.

As the focus of the department narrowed, Antony Downes could see that the real work of characterizing the insect fauna of the country—the proper role of an organization associated with the Canadian National Collection—was being devalued and fragmented. He began to formulate the idea of a biological survey of the insects of Canada, an organization to fill the necessary role of learning more about the whole fauna of the country.

The Entomological Society of CanadaAt the same time, fortuitous developments were taking place in the

Entomological Society of Canada, the national professional organization for entomologists. Originating in 1863, and first established as the Entomological Society of Ontario, the main aims of the Society in the early years were to publish a scientific journal, The Canadian Entomologist (the oldest scientific publication in Canada still being published), and to organize annual meetings in order to encourage entomology. In later years, however, the Society developed wider perspectives, and in the 1970s, encouraged by Philip S. Corbet and other Presidents, began to emphasize its contemporary responsibilities. The Society believed that it should play a more active role in the identification and attainment of relevant national objectives, and in the promotion of entomology in the country. So it was that at a meeting of the Governing Board of the Society in March 1973, ways were discussed to use commentaries and ideas then being


developed by the Society about chemical controls for insects. The Board also expressed the hope that additional position papers on important topics would be forthcoming. Antony Downes was a member of the Board at that time, and he offered to prepare an appropriate paper. It would outline the concept of a biological survey. The Board readily charged him with this task.

Antony Downes drafted and revised a brief about the biological survey concept, obtaining additional information about the species of the country and the needs for taxonomic work from his colleagues at the CNC and elsewhere, and also enlisting the particular help of Eugene G. Munroe, a research scientist at the CNC, and D. Keith McE. Kevan, curator of the Lyman Entomological Museum at Macdonald College, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec. Approved by the Entomological Society’s Governing Board in February 1974, the brief entitled “A Biological Survey of the Insects of Canada” was published as a supplement to the Society’s Bulletin in March 1974. This brief pointed out the pervasive roles of insects and their relatives, and the national value of a proposed effort to explore both taxonomic and ecological aspects of the fauna of the country.

Elements of the original planThe 1974 brief offered a lengthy rationale for a biological survey of the

insects of Canada based on their importance and diversity, whilst noting that a report by the Science Council of Canada in 1972 had identified neglected inventory studies as a priority for action. The brief recommended that the Survey be implemented as a sustained cooperative undertaking founded on existing objectives and resources, rather than as an extensive new agency.

The brief pointed out that the basic results of a proper inventory of the species of the country would have broad value in many fields of national significance: education and appreciation of nature; the inventory of natural resources, with links to museums and national parks; the application of biology to human welfare (agriculture, animal husbandry, forestry, medicine, conservation, water quality, monitoring and protection of the environment); and the promotion of basic biological knowledge as well as its long-range applications, including research in ecology, evolution, adaptation to the environment, genetics, population dynamics, and resource management.

The great diversity and ecological importance of insects and their relatives were reviewed in some detail. Elements of a survey plan necessary in this context were explained as requiring coordination, additional support for selected agencies and field stations, and a defined publication series aimed at covering all groups of the fauna. Related faunistic and other studies were to be supported by regional centres of specialization, including the study of ranges, life zones, and adaptive modes and processes, especially those of particular significance under Canadian conditions, such as cold hardiness and adaptations to aquatic habitats.

The brief contained a request from the Entomological Society of Canada that

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the Government of Canada declare the initiation and support of a Biological Survey of the Insects of Canada to be a national priority; this request was to be developed through the Ministry of State for Science and Technology (MOSST), responsible at that time for formulating and coordinating federal policies in science. Some preliminary notes were given about costs for publications, staff, general support, and laboratories, but the brief concluded that these additional costs were not likely to be large in relation to expenditures already committed to this area of activity.

Revisiting the detailed requirements identified in the main text, the brief concluded with lengthy recommendations that can be summarized as follows:• That a cooperative endeavour should be implemented among all of the

existing bodies with relevant interests, including government agencies, university departments, and professional societies, which would be represented on a coordinating and advisory committee with strong scientific credentials.

• That this group should undertake to establish the basic inventory and natural history of the Canadian insect fauna, through collection and research on a comprehensive geographical scale and a publication program for a series of identification and reference volumes.

• That to support this work, the Biosystematics Research Institute and other centres of research and teaching in systematics should be strengthened by increases in scientific personnel as well as support services and travel funds. In addition, personnel should be exchanged, and field stations developed and established to cover relevant life-zones and other places of special interest.

• That centres of specialization should be established too, building where possible on existing interests, to address experimental systematics (approaches in cytotaxonomy, genetics, ecology, and behaviour), origin and history of the fauna, and the integration of the fauna with its environment (including the themes of life cycles, dormancy, cold hardiness and overwintering, freshwater fauna, and patterns of plant pollination).


SECURING INITIAL FUNDING

A steering committeeObtaining the funding to test the Biological Survey concept took far longer

and involved far more effort than anyone would have anticipated. The 1974 brief proposing the Survey was well received by entomologists, and the ESC agreed to promote the idea further and to seek resources to support it. A steering committee led by Antony Downes and supported by Eugene Munroe and Keith Kevan was established to pursue avenues for a Survey project.

E.G. Munroe. Gene Munroe was born in Detroit, but came to Montreal with his parents several years later. He studied at McGill University and then at Cornell University, receiving his doctorate for work on the biogeography of West Indian butterflies in 1948. From 1950 he was employed as a research scientist at the CNC, where in due course he undertook worldwide taxonomic studies of pyralid moths. He also had very broad interests in biogeography, ecology, and other topics. He had great synthetic ability, and in addition to seminal works on these subjects, he prepared a background paper on “Canada as an environment for insect life” for the 10th International Congress of Entomology held in Montreal in 1956, an important congress for which Antony Downes was the General Secretary. Gene Munroe was involved in administrative activities, and was chief of the Systematic Entomology unit of the ERI from 1959 until 1965, when he decided to return to research. He also participated very widely in scientific affairs, advising the federal government on science, serving as a member of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, and participating in many scientific societies. For example, he was editor of The Canadian Entomologist and President of the ESC. Consequently, he had an outstanding grasp of scientific and political reality, and an ability to summarize diverse themes into a coherent position. That skill was especially useful in considering how to overcome the difficulties met with in launching the Biological Survey.

D.K.McE. Kevan. Keith Kevan spent his childhood near Edinburgh, Scotland. Both his parents were interested in natural history, and he began collecting insects at the age of five. He graduated from the University of Edinburgh in 1941. Instead of then sending him to join the armed forces, the government enrolled him as a specialist cadet of the Colonial Agricultural Service to take a two-year course on tropical agriculture in Trinidad, and in 1943 he was awarded a degree equivalent to MSc. He was posted to Kenya and worked on control of the desert locust and other pests in Kenya, Ethiopia, and Somalia. He moved to the University of Nottingham, England, in 1948, developing undergraduate and graduate programs as head of a new section of Zoology in the Department of Agriculture. In 1956, he earned a doctorate, based

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on taxonomic work on grasshoppers. He also studied soil zoology, organized an international conference, and later wrote the book Soil animals. He came to Canada in 1958 as chair of the Department of Entomology, Macdonald College of McGill University, where he continued to promote soil zoology and to work on grasshoppers. He established as a separate entity the Lyman Museum and its insect collection, the second largest in Canada, and helped to make its collection of grasshoppers and related insects one of the best in North America. Keith Kevan pursued a wide range of interests in entomology and outside it; his interest in Chinese poetry about crickets neatly combined the two spheres. He also had great energy, although a heart attack in 1976 slowed him down. During the development of the Survey, therefore, Keith Kevan provided valuable energy, experience, and—like his colleagues on the steering committee—an overwhelming belief in the importance of taxonomic work.

In 1974, the steering committee considered how to move the Survey forward.

The Biological Council of CanadaEarly in this process, the Society sought the support of the Biological Council

of Canada (BCC). The BCC was an umbrella organization that represented the collective interests of various sorts of biologists. It drew its membership from societies of professional biologists such as the Canadian Botanical Association, the Canadian Society of Zoologists, the Canadian Phytopathological Society, the Canadian Genetics Society, and the Entomological Society of Canada. At the annual meeting of the BCC held in Halifax in March 1974, Antony Downes presented the Biological Survey idea and sought the endorsement of this umbrella group. The concept met with unanimous approval, and the BCC named a member (J. Aldous, then Vice-president) to the existing Entomological Society committee, and also established a BCC committee to promote a broader biological survey that would encompass all organisms and not just the insects.

The Biological Council of Canada drew its membership widely through the various societies, but in fact was staffed entirely by a small number of volunteers in the executive, so that its initiatives and energy derived chiefly from the personalities of the President and other officers. Consequently, periods of energetic lobbying with respect to policy matters alternated with years when little was achieved. In fact, the ESC left the BCC from 1975 until 1977, partly citing a lack of meaningful action. Later, after a period of relative inactivity, the BCC executive recognized the need to increase the level of activity through major additional funding; however, constituent members were reluctant to provide increases of the amount required, so the BCC was disbanded in 1990. (Its members joined another umbrella organization with a wider constituency, the Canadian Federation of Biological Societies, even though many of them left that federation too, citing the much greater cost.)

In 1974, the President of the BCC was the botanist Roy L. Taylor. He


recognized the value to the BCC and its officers of a biological survey project, and he became chair of the BCC committee considering the possibility of a broader survey. He asked the Entomological Society to defer its proposal until a more comprehensive one could be developed through the BCC. The BCC did prepare a proposal for a national biological survey, to be submitted to the Ministry of State for Science and Technology and the Science Council of Canada, but no comprehensive project was realized.

The Entomological Society of Canada’s proposalThe Entomological Society of Canada, including then-President John J.R.

McLintock, was not convinced that a broader proposal, involving biologists from many other disciplines and societies, could be set up in a timely way. The ESC also feared that the BCC would take credit for the Society’s effort. Moreover, impetus for an insect survey could easily be lost. The Society decided that its project should go forward as soon as possible, and accordingly C. Ron Harris, who had just succeeded John McLintock as President, wrote to C.M. Drury, Minister of State for Science and Technology, on 22 October 1974. In a letter drafted by the steering committee, he outlined the proposal for a biological survey of insects, and linked it with the government’s stated aim to establish national goals in science. This theme, together with a call to the scientific societies to help establish national priorities, had been emphasized by the Ministry as well as the Science Council of Canada in its 1972 report.

The ESC, citing the support of its members and of the Biological Council of Canada, urged the Minister to declare the Biological Survey of the Insects of Canada a national goal in science to focus attention and effort. The letter reiterated the value of the work and summarized the proposals made in the brief, explaining the need for a coordinating mechanism and selected additional funding. The letter promised a more detailed proposal to follow in about a month.

Despite the stated policy that societies were encouraged to help set national priorities in science, the Minister, replying on 22 November before receiving the more detailed proposal, declined to recognize the Survey as a national goal. He stated his belief that the Ministry was thinking of “research programs which relate directly to major national objectives and where there is a sense of urgency for the completion of the research”, such as research on alternative sources of energy.

Meanwhile, Antony Downes had been accumulating information as the basis for a definitive proposal that might follow up the letter to MOSST if a favourable response was received. During 1974 and subsequently, he sent letters and questionnaires to many of the entomologists in the country, seeking information on the resources of personnel available for a national biological survey and on their interests and current projects, and asking for comments about the value of systematics and for other ideas. In anticipation of a concrete proposal, a larger Scientific Committee was established by adding entomologists

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from various locations, institutions, and jurisdictions to the original steering committee of Antony Downes, Gene Munroe and Keith Kevan.

Discussions by that committee and with other colleagues and officials continued through 1975, until at last, after many discouragements, a possible route for funding the Survey for an initial period was identified. The Department of Supply and Services (DSS) had a program of Unsolicited Proposals, designed to test new ideas submitted from outside the government (the Unsolicited Proposals program was discontinued, to save funds, in 1989). DSS would pay most of the costs of a project, which if successful would normally be taken over by the department most interested in the work, and that had agreed to act as Lead Department for the proposal. A submission could be made by an institution like a university, but also by a professional society.

Accordingly, a proposal conforming to detailed DSS guidelines was prepared, chiefly by Antony Downes with Gene Munroe, and revised several times with input from the members of the Survey committee and officers of the ESC. The proposal called for a small full-time Secretariat (staffed by an Entomologist-in-charge, an Associate Entomologist, and a secretary) to run the Survey, which would be steered by a larger advisory Scientific Committee. The concept of cooperation would be assessed by a pilot study of 2½ years’ duration. The proposal was accompanied by a long and detailed appendix based on the responses to enquiries and the questionnaires that had been returned over the previous two years. The appendix outlined available resources, for example, and thus established the feasibility of the project. This proposal for a “Pilot Study for a Biological Survey of the Insects of Canada” was submitted to DSS on 10 May 1976 by then-ESC-President George S. Cooper.

G.S. Cooper. George Cooper was born in Medicine Hat, Alberta. His education in Alberta led him to a master’s degree in psychology, and later an MSc in agriculture and a doctorate in entomology at the University of Illinois. He was manager of technical services and development in the Agricultural Products department of Cyanamid Canada from 1952 onwards. He had great organizational ability as well as enthusiasm, and participated in many high-level committees deliberating the development and use of pesticides. His membership and role as chair of these committees, as well as his employment in private industry, reinforced his astuteness and energy with valuable experience. The informed tenacity that he developed would later be used to help initiate the biological survey.

To ensure that the proposal for a Pilot Study would be given full consideration, it was not simply submitted unannounced to DSS. Before submission it was widely introduced in person by members of the Survey Committee, and in a few cases by letter, to key people in potentially interested departments. In turn, the submission itself cited the many departments that had expressed interest in


the Survey idea, and identified the contacts in each agency who had responded favourably to an approach. These were the people to whom DSS would send the proposal for comment. It was also essential that some departments contribute seed money for the proposal—largely as a token to DSS of their genuine interest—a commitment that could only be made if they were familiar with the advantages to be gained from the work that was planned.

DSS convened a meeting of interested government parties on 28 June 1976. There, the proposal was approved in principle, subject to a number of amendments that would be worked out with the Entomological Society. In particular, the cost and duration of the project were substantially reduced, eliminating a major component intended to develop a data storage and retrieval system (reducing this aspect to an evaluation only), and proposing a term of 1½ rather than 2½ years, in part because it was difficult for DSS and other departments to make long-term commitments across multiple fiscal years.

The proposal contained a provision to evaluate the role of National Parks as potential survey sites, and the National Parks service agreed to contribute funds. Also funding the Pilot Study in addition to DSS was the National Museum of Natural Sciences, with its general interest in the biota of the country. The Department of Agriculture would act as Lead Department because of its national responsibilities in entomology, but—in the Pilot Study as in later contracts—would provide no funds towards the Survey.

The reduced and revised proposal led to the offer by DSS, on 13 August 1976, of a contract that was expected to come into force on 1 October. It seemed certain that it would soon be signed.

Some delays were then experienced, as might have been anticipated because substantial paperwork was required for the body of the contract, which emphasized lengthy legal and financial requirements rather than any refinement of the general outline of work already agreed to. However, delay succeeded delay. ESC President Cooper began to make enquiries, at first low key, and then increasingly persistent, as time passed without a government signature on the contract. The reason for these delays was never made explicit, although information received later suggested that DSS officials felt no urgency to complete a contract that was so small relative to other procurements costing millions of dollars.

George Cooper came regularly to Ottawa from Toronto on business, and he took these opportunities to follow up on the status of the contract, visiting the relevant officials on more than one occasion. His efforts to secure the final signature, on a contract originally expected to start on 1 October, persisted throughout 1976.

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Terms of the Pilot Study contractDespite the lengthy legal and administrative sections, the statement of work

in the Pilot Study contract was relatively concise. It called for the following tasks, all of them to be completed within 18 months:• To establish an interim co-ordinating centre for the Survey, consisting of

a Secretariat and an Advisory Scientific Committee.• To assess the resources of manpower, programs, and facilities required

to conduct a biological survey of the insects of Canada, and to enlist voluntary participation during the trial period.

• To give special attention to the feasibility and desirability of considering National Parks of Canada as survey sites.

• To give guidance, with appropriate consultation, on the advisability of making a biological survey all inclusive, i.e., to include plants, animals, insects, and fungi.

• To assess the present state of knowledge of the insect fauna, the important deficiencies, and relevant priorities.

• To initiate cooperative programs of exploration, research, and publication, and to test procedures, objectives, and limits of cooperative effort over one field season.

• To report and make recommendations on the organization, sponsorship, location, responsibilities, scope, management, staffing, facilities, and funding of a continuing survey organization.

• To evaluate existing systems for the storage of biological information (e.g., Selgem, System 2000, etc.).

The Scientific Authority from the Lead Department, who was charged with tracking and approving the contract work on behalf of DSS, was David F. Hardwick, Director of the Biosystematics Research Institute. As required by the contract, his assessments were to be based mainly on brief monthly reports from the Secretariat, prior to a Final Report.


STAFFING THE SECRETARIAT

When agreement on a Pilot Study contract seemed likely, members of the Scientific Committee were canvassed to discover possible candidates for an Entomologist-in-charge and an Associate Entomologist, and these candidates were invited to apply. Most of the candidates had graduated more or less recently. It was deemed best to employ someone relatively young, who would have energy and was less likely to be hindered by the frictions that sometimes occur between long-standing contemporaries.

A leading candidate on the shortlist prepared after all applications had been received was Hugh V. Danks, then at Brock University in St. Catharines, Ontario. His energy and commitment to entomology were known to Antony Downes through their previous cooperation, and he would eventually be offered the job of Entomologist-in-charge of the Pilot Study.

H.V. Danks. Hugh Danks was born in Farnham, England, and became interested in insects as a boy when he borrowed a book about British butterflies from the local library. He collected insects, especially butterflies and moths, reared silk moths, and joined the Amateur Entomologists’ Society (AES). He would later become editor of its national publication, The Bulletin of the Amateur Entomologists’ Society. A book on insect ecology published soon after he began his university studies at Imperial College, London, steered his interests into ecology, because he was intrigued with the complexity of ecological relationships and the challenge of synthesizing information into coherent patterns. He decided that he would seek work in Canada after his doctorate, and at the suggestion of his supervisor, O.W. Richards, he wrote to another former student at Imperial College then in Canada, Antony Downes, who was able to meet with him in London early in 1968. Consequently, he came to Canada immediately after completing his doctorate in 1968 to take up a 2-year postdoctoral fellowship at the Entomology Research Institute, to work on ecological aspects of a program on insect cold hardiness then being promoted by Antony Downes.

As it happened, Hugh Danks’ move to Canada came only one week after the first of a series of freezes on appointments to the public service, announced by the federal government in an attempt to manage the budget; a government appointment might otherwise have been a logical development, and even the usual progression, from a postdoctoral fellowship. Hopes for the completion of a new team at ERI to study cold hardiness—the cytologist J.R. (Bob) Byers and the physiologist Chris F. Hinks had already been hired—were thereby hindered, and the program was denied in any case by Agriculture’s de-emphasis of insect cold hardiness as the new management philosophies were implemented. Moreover, the weakening of the economy that had prompted the initial hiring freeze

14 H.V. Danks

intensified. Specialized jobs were difficult to find. Hugh Danks had no job for a few months in 1970–71, then held a few months’ research associateship working on the life cycles of high-arctic chironomid midges with the entomologist Don R. Oliver at ERI, and he also participated under another contract in some lake sampling near Ottawa.

Jobs continued to be scarce, but just as funds for one job ended, another became available, albeit usually at short notice. The work in Ottawa was followed by a research associateship with Philip Corbet at the University of Waterloo, Ontario, studying mosquitoes and data about them collected in the high arctic. Departure from Ottawa was delayed for a few weeks as Hugh and his fiancée Thelma Ivers arranged their marriage, and Thelma gave suitable notice to the Ottawa Civic Hospital where she worked as a registered nurse in the intensive care unit. After an abbreviated honeymoon in Montreal, they moved to Waterloo.

As the Waterloo funds expired, after about eight months, nothing was available in Canada, but an opportunity arose in Raleigh, North Carolina, for an assignment of two years to teach insect pest management and insect ecology at the MSc level, and to study crop pests and their parasites. This project was supported by a grant to Robert L. Rabb at North Carolina State University in Raleigh. As the end of both grant-supported employment and visa eligibility drew near in the middle of 1974, a few opportunities began to open up in Canada, and Hugh Danks obtained the temporary position of Assistant Professor at Brock University as a two-year replacement for a faculty member seconded elsewhere, an appointment later extended to three years when that secondment was extended.

Several courses on a variety of subjects were already committed by the seconded faculty member, the mammalogist A.W. Frank Banfield, and it was appropriate too for some courses in entomology to be given by the new member of faculty. These responsibilities widened still further Hugh Danks’ experience. With capabilities acquired in earlier postdoctoral jobs (including taxonomic work on mosquito pupae and the eggs of parasitic flies, and exposure to several agricultural systems) they would later prove valuable for his understanding of the range of disciplines required to run the Biological Survey.

Four events that would decide Hugh Danks’ future coincided in 1976. First, he was approached by Antony Downes to ascertain his possible interest in the post of Entomologist-in-charge of the Pilot Study for the Biological Survey. Second, one of the ecologist members of the Brock University biology faculty, Ralph D. Morris, decided to take his sabbatical leave the next year. Third, Frank Banfield, the faculty member being replaced by Hugh Danks, made his secondment elsewhere a permanent one. And fourth, another faculty member, the cell biologist Mark Nwagwu, suddenly tendered his resignation.

At first Hugh Danks was not very interested in the possible Survey job. He had not been in touch from the United States with the Entomological Society


of Canada nor with Antony Downes during the development of the Survey ideas, and therefore had not considered the proposal in any detail. Moreover, the position of Entomologist-in-charge was yet another temporary one, and he was hoping to consolidate his research program at the university.

Circumstances would nevertheless dictate otherwise. At a full departmental meeting of Brock University’s Department of Biological Sciences on 1 October 1976, two especially significant questions were decided. First, after an in-camera session, the department agreed to recommend that the position vacated by Frank Banfield not be advertised, but instead be offered to Hugh Danks, who had filled the position effectively for more than two years, and who had already passed a hiring process. A permanent, tenure-track, position was in prospect after eight years of temporary jobs.

The department then considered the second question: what area of biology should be covered by the replacement for Mark Nwagwu? The first chair of the department when Brock University was established in 1964 was a biophysicist, and a distinct bias towards biophysics, biochemistry, and cell biology persisted; but the core curriculum had been rebalanced (especially during 1974–76) to give students equal exposure to the ecological and cellular/molecular aspects of biology. As a result, the three ecologists on staff, including Hugh Danks, had almost twice the teaching load of the six faculty with “suborganismic” interests. Moreover, the Dean had declined to provide a temporary sabbatical replacement for the ecologist Ralph Morris. Therefore, equal course loads the next year would be shared by two rather than three ecologists and by five rather than six suborganismic biologists, but modified according to the orientation of the prospective new member of faculty. The ecologists, led by Ralph Morris, argued that an ecologist should be hired, especially in view of the balanced curriculum.

Nevertheless, with only three opposing votes (the ecologists), the department decided to recommend that someone with a suborganismic orientation should be hired. At that moment, Hugh Danks, realizing that there would be even heavier teaching loads and virtually no time for research, determined that he would take the Biological Survey job if it became available. He knew that the Pilot Study was temporary, but had become convinced of its national importance. Moreover, he reasoned that even if the Survey did not continue, the job would allow him to meet many Canadian entomologists, and so enhance the possibility of future employment.

Fortunately, taking the job would be feasible because of the way that course responsibilities were arranged in 1976–77. In addition to 5 departmental committee and other roles, and membership on 13 student supervisory and advisory committees, Hugh Danks during 1976–77 taught some or all of no less than 8 courses. However, several coincidences had concentrated these responsibilities into the fall term, including an error by the branch responsible for scheduling, which listed a course in zoogeography for the fall rather than the

16 H.V. Danks

spring term. Hugh Danks’ teaching load in the fall term of 1976 was therefore about 26 hours of student contact during courses per week, but virtually none in spring, rather than the usual 9–17 hours per week in each term, or than the 6¼ contact hours per week quoted during the hiring process in 1974. These factors meant that his lectures and nearly all other involvements in courses finished before the end of January 1977. Therefore, his departure would cause little disruption to departmental teaching.

In any event, because a period of notice had to be given to the university, a resignation would have to be tendered by 1 December 1976 if the Pilot Study was to begin in time to be effective. As this date approached, the contract between DSS and the ESC had not yet been signed. Its signature seemed imminent and likely, but no one could guarantee that this would happen. Nevertheless, with the contract still unsigned, a letter of resignation was submitted to the University President, Alan J. Earp, on 1 December 1976; a copy of the letter and a detailed listing of implications went to Donald J. Ursino, chair of the department. For example, Hugh had undertaken to be present for the thesis defences of students for which he was a committee member, even after his employment ended.

The President, prompted by a proposal made by the chair without consulting Hugh Danks, moved the leaving date (which reflected the required period of notice) forward by two weeks, apparently because this change would save the university from paying a salary for that period. Attempts to discuss with the President the date imposed met with weeks of stonewalling and secretarial screening, even after a requested written submission had been sent, and the decision was not reversed. So Hugh Danks was happy to leave Brock University with no regrets, and ready to begin the challenge of the Pilot Study ... provided the contract would come into force.

During the same period, whenever George Cooper visited Ottawa he continued his attempts to obtain the final signature on the Pilot Study contract. A meeting also took place there between Hugh Danks and the core of the Survey Committee, Antony Downes and Gene Munroe (Keith Kevan was in hospital after his heart attack in late 1976), and plans were made to start the Pilot Study process. It was decided that when the contract was signed, the prospective Associate Entomologist Andrew P. Nimmo, then in Alberta, would come to Ottawa as soon as possible in order to rent an office and acquire office furniture for the Pilot Study. Hugh Danks would join him in early February, bringing Thelma and their three young children despite the family’s concern about the temporary and unsettled nature of the employment.

These uncertainties were reduced on 5 January 1977 when the contract was signed, with an official starting date of 1 January. At last, nearly three years after the brief that proposed it, the Biological Survey could begin.


THE PILOT STUDY, 1977–1978

The Pilot Study office Associate Entomologist Andy Nimmo, an aquatic entomologist who

specialized in the taxonomy of adult caddisflies, duly arrived in Ottawa and started to set up the Survey office in a rented one-bedroom apartment in a high-rise building relatively close to the Central Experimental Farm, home to the Canadian National Collection of insects. He continued to work on the Pilot Study until the end of January 1978, involved especially with the detailed questionnaires that were distributed to many individual entomologists and organizations.

After Hugh Danks moved to Ottawa, the office sought a secretary, and Margaret Ridewood was hired. She had experience as a legal secretary and in other roles, and proved to be an excellent and effective office organizer, secretary, and typist. Margaret Ridewood would stay with the Survey until her retirement in 1990.

The Scientific Committee for the Pilot StudyThe Survey’s steering committee, with input from many others, had

assembled a list of experienced and able people from different provinces, and with a broad range of relevant expertise, who were interested in Survey themes. They were recommended to the ESC for appointment to the Scientific Committee. The Committee for the Pilot Study therefore comprised a widely representative group of entomologists from across the country. There were people from universities and governments; those interested in taxonomy and in ecology; researchers who studied many different major groups of insects; people in charge of insect collections as well as those with other interests; and students of arthropods from various habitats, including agricultural lands, forests and aquatic systems. Members of the Committee during the Pilot Study, and those appointed in subsequent years, are tabulated by year of membership in Appendix 1 and listed alphabetically, together with their places of employment, in Appendix 2.

The chair of the Committee would oversee the meetings, deal with government officials, compose critical correspondence, and adjudicate any issues that arose. George E. Ball was appointed chair of the Scientific Committee, an excellent choice in view of the demands that would be placed on the person in that role, one of them being the unforeseen need to deal with some less than friendly departmental representatives.

G.E. Ball. George Ball had interrupted his college studies to serve in the United States Marine Corps during the Second World War (receiving the Purple Heart), and after earning his doctorate from Cornell University in 1954 took up an appointment at the University of Alberta in Edmonton. He was

18 H.V. Danks

an expert on ground beetles, producing major taxonomic revisions and other volumes, and collecting widely in Mexico and elsewhere. In Edmonton he trained a very large number of graduate students, and curated and developed the important insect collection in the Strickland Museum of the Department of Entomology (that department was later incorporated into the Department of Biological Sciences). Among other roles, he was chair of the department for many years. George Ball had a keen sense for claptrap and other nonsense, whether from an official or from a student, and could be counted on to point it out when required, but although he demanded excellence he was an engaged and supportive supervisor at multiple levels, and the people who earned degrees under his tutelage took up influential positions in universities, museums, and other organizations throughout North America and beyond. He cooperated in entomological endeavours and interacted at conferences and on other occasions with the many colleagues who appreciated his hard work and personality. He contributed steady guidance and solid advice to the Scientific Committee throughout the Pilot Study. He proved to be an ideal chair, and was again appointed chair for a prolonged period later in the Survey.

George Ball, Antony Downes, and Keith Kevan continued to contribute scientific ideas to the Scientific Committee throughout the Pilot Study and beyond. Gene Munroe participated in the early work of the Pilot Study, but then resigned from the Committee to focus on research demands. With a few necessary replacements, the other members of the Scientific Committee not yet introduced were as follows during the Pilot Study.

E.L. Bousfield. Ed Bousfield worked for many years at the National Museum of Natural Sciences. He studied the taxonomy and distribution of marine invertebrates through collecting expeditions across Canada and elsewhere, and was an expert on amphipod crustaceans, describing dozens of new species. He wrote a chapter on crayfish for the Survey’s first major book, Canada and its insect fauna (described in a later section). Interested in the principles of the Biological Survey, he helped to make connections with the wider biological community.

A. Comeau. André Comeau, added to the Committee by the ESC, attended early in the Pilot Study. He was well known for his work as a germplasm developer with Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada in Quebec City for many years, specializing in disease-resistant cereals.

K.G. Davey. Ken Davey was born in Chatham, Ontario. After studies at the University of Western Ontario, he took his doctorate at the University of Cambridge, England, and worked there subsequently for five years. He returned to Canada as Director of the Institute of Parasitology at McGill University


for 11 years, and then joined the Department of Biology at York University. In the scientific arena, his key research findings in biology, entomology and physiology, with emphasis on the hormonal control of growth and development, were widely recognized. In addition, he held high-profile editorial and administrative positions, including chair of the department at York. These scientific and wider achievements were recognized by many prestigious awards. Ken Davey made great efforts to advance biology, exerting his influence in academic and government circles for the good of science. As a member of the Scientific Committee, he put this experience to good use in promoting the Biological Survey and providing advice for a dozen years during its initiation and development.

D.C. Eidt. Doug Eidt began his entomological career at the Canadian Field Crop Insect Laboratory in Saskatoon, and obtained his doctorate at the University of Saskatchewan in 1955. He was soon transferred to the Canadian Forestry Service Laboratory in Fredericton, New Brunswick, where he studied the taxonomy, morphology, life history, and management of forest insect pests, and the impact on aquatic systems of the insecticides used for their control. Among other roles in the ESC, he was editor of the Bulletin and of The Canadian Entomologist, and President. During the Pilot Study he joined the subcommittee evaluating potential survey publications, bringing extensive experience of publishing from time spent working at the Kentville Publishing Company while he was a student.

A. Francoeur. André Francoeur completed an MSc in forest science at l’Université Laval, but in 1969, before completing his doctorate on ants, moved to the newly established l’Université du Québec à Chicoutimi. For many years there he conducted basic research on ants, carrying out taxonomic revisions as well as ecological investigations. He was instrumental in establishing a database for the invertebrate fauna of Quebec (BADIQ, Banque de données sur les invertébrés du Québec), organized through a corporation he founded with colleagues and others (la Corporation Entomofaune du Québec). He participated in the Committee during the Pilot Study and the Northern Contract, and contributed chapters on ants to both Canada and its insect fauna and the later Biological Survey volume Insects of the Yukon.

J.J.R. McLintock. John McLintock worked in entomology as an agricultural assistant in Brandon, a mosquito control field manager in Winnipeg, and an entomologist with the Manitoba Department of Health, and in 1954 became director of a program on livestock insects in Lethbridge, Alberta, where he worked on horn flies. In the 1950s, he moved to the Veterinary and Medical Entomology unit in Ottawa, primarily studying mosquitoes. He transferred to Saskatoon in 1965, and—until he retired in 1977— headed an investigation of

20 H.V. Danks

the biology of mosquitoes in relation to Western Equine Encephalitis. He was involved in promoting the Biological Survey concept while ESC President, and during the Pilot Study brought his long experience in entomology to the work of the Scientific Committee.

J.V. Matthews, Jr. John Matthews worked at the Terrain Sciences division of the Geological Survey of Canada, with special interest in ice-age fossil insects, possible glacial refugia, post-glacial dispersal of the fauna, and related issues. He provided very useful perspectives in this arena for the Survey, and participated in subcommittees and other initiatives, as well as promoting the Biological Survey idea within the Geological Survey. He also wrote valuable chapters for Canada and its insect fauna and for Insects of the Yukon.

R.F. Morris. Ray Morris graduated from the Ontario Agricultural College in 1950 and received his MSc in Entomology from the University of Maine in 1955. He then spent his whole career at the Agriculture Canada research station in St. John’s, Newfoundland, where he studied many aspects of agricultural entomology including vegetable and berry insects, blow flies, plant nematodes, and the microbial degradation of soil insecticides. He built an extensive reference collection of insects at the research station. Ray Morris was also active in extension work, interacting with growers across Newfoundland to address problems of insect control. During the Pilot Study he contributed his wide experience and particular knowledge about the problems of regional insect collections.

D.M. Rosenberg. David Rosenberg joined the staff of the Freshwater Institute in Winnipeg in 1971, subsequently completing his doctorate from the University of Alberta in 1973. He studied the environmental impact on aquatic systems of disturbances caused by pipelines, river diversions, flooding, and acidification. This work included the identification of the larvae of chironomid midges, confirming his conviction that in-depth knowledge of the fauna was needed to make such assessments. He later co-edited a book on the ecology of aquatic insects. His useful contributions to discussions of the Scientific Committee helped to move the Pilot Study forward, and later he emphasized the value of long-term research. He was involved especially in producing Survey publications on environmental appraisal, and he led the project on insects of freshwater wetlands, co-organizing and co-editing a symposium and its proceedings.

O.A. Saether. Ole Saether worked in the department of Limnology at the University of Oslo before coming to the Freshwater Institute in Winnipeg in 1967. He stayed there for 10 years, and was an expert in the taxonomy of chironomid midges, especially in the context of pollution of aquatic systems.


In 1977, he returned to Oslo and was replaced on the Scientific Committee by David Rosenberg (see above).

G.G.E. Scudder. Geoff Scudder completed his doctorate at Oxford University, England in 1958, and at once moved to Canada to take up a position at the University of British Columbia in Vancouver. He became a world authority on the systematics, taxonomy, evolution, zoogeography, and ecology of many groups of true bugs, including seed bugs, plant bugs, and aquatic families, and published an extraordinary number of papers, books, and book chapters. He was a tireless field worker, sampling bugs across the world and especially in Canada. He visited most major world and Canadian museums to study relevant material in their collections. He greatly expanded the major insect collection at the University. Geoff Scudder also taught courses on entomology and other subjects, winning multiple awards for excellence in teaching as well as in research, and training many students. He held important administrative roles in the University, and was head of the Department of Zoology. Field studies in the dry interior of British Columbia inspired his interest in the conservation of biodiversity, so he documented rare and potentially threatened species and habitats, and pursued political action on their behalf. In recognition of these efforts in addition to his work on biodiversity he was appointed to the Order of Canada in 2002. Geoff Scudder was a dynamic and engaged member of the Scientific Committee throughout its existence. He wrote a major introductory chapter and other contributions for Canada and its insect fauna. He participated in major projects to characterize the fauna of the Yukon and of the grasslands, as well as in a large number of other activities. For example, he organized the initial Yukon field trips and prepared key chapters for Insects of the Yukon, and spearheaded development of keys to families of insects. He served as an energetic and effective chair of the Scientific Committee for more than five years.

I.M. Smith. Ian Smith studied at the University of Western Ontario, then earned his doctorate at the University of Toronto, working with the Royal Ontario Museum until 1973. He then took up a research scientist position at the Canadian National Collection in Ottawa. His research over many years dealt with the systematics and ecology of the world fauna of water mites, and he published extensive taxonomic treatments. Later he was involved in studies of Canadian biodiversity, especially in liaison with the Federal Biosystematics Partnership, the Biodiversity Forum, the Ecological Monitoring and Assessment Network, and other agencies. He attended the Committee from early 1978 (when he took the place created by the resignation of Gene Munroe) until 1981, and then returned from 1982 until 2002 as Agriculture Canada’s representative for the CNC. Early in the Survey he led the subcommittees considering potential scientific projects and special habitats. He also helped to launch the project on springs.

22 H.V. Danks

A.D. Tomlin. Al Tomlin was employed for many years at the Agriculture Canada research station in London, Ontario, where in particular he studied soil organisms, including earthworms as well as arthropods, researching their roles in the structure, quality, and conservation of soils, and the impact of pesticides and other disturbances on them. He was active on the Scientific Committee and its subcommittees in a number of ways during the Pilot Study, wrote chapters on soil arthropods for Canada and its insect fauna, and contributed to the development of the Survey’s brief on arthropods of the soil.

G.B. Wiggins. Glenn Wiggins studied at the University of Toronto, and then worked for a short time with the Fisheries Research Board of Canada. From 1952 until retirement, he was curator of entomology and invertebrate zoology at the Royal Ontario Museum in Toronto, building an extensive collection of aquatic insects. He was an international authority on the biosystematics of caddisflies, and his meticulous laboratory work, extensive fieldwork across North America and elsewhere, and many research papers culminated in the publication of masterful books on the larval stages. He contributed chapters on caddisflies to both Canada and its insect fauna and Insects of the Yukon, his characteristic attention to detail reflected by the fact that those manuscripts required almost no editing before publication. He was also involved in a wide array of leadership roles in entomology and, as an adjunct professor at the University, in student education. Glenn Wiggins brought to the Committee quiet influence, thoughtful analysis, and fluent commentary that were particularly valuable during the Pilot Study, as well as in the later establishment of the Biological Survey Foundation. He participated not only in the Yukon project but also in concerns about insect collections, long-term research, and other topics.

Conducting the Pilot Study The full Scientific Committee met for the first time on 17–18 February

1977. Subsequent meetings were on 22–23 September 1977 and 16–17 March 1978. In addition, an informal planning meeting with 9 participants, including the Secretariat entomologist, took place the day after the final meeting of the full Committee.

Representatives of all interested government departments were invited to attend for the second afternoon of each formal meeting. At that time, the chair presented appropriate results from the preceding working sessions, summarized progress, and encouraged discussion. Present at these afternoon sessions were representatives from Agriculture, Environment, National Museums, Indian and Northern Affairs (National Parks), and the Ministry of State for Science and Technology. Participants then attended an informal Conversazione in late afternoon, to which all local entomologists were also invited. In subsequent phases of the Survey, this gathering was held at 8 p.m. as the Social Evening. In addition to its original role of informing and potentially engaging both


the government representatives and the entomological community, the event gradually became a powerful forum for further discussion, problem solving, exchange of information and specimens, and enhanced cooperation among entomologists interested in the Survey’s work.

Fulfilling the Pilot Study requirements involved a number of challenges. The first challenge was to find a way to convert the general and ambitious ideas of the original Survey brief written by Antony Downes, and the concise terms of the Pilot Study contract, into some sort of finite action. Hugh Danks launched this process in two ways. First, he analyzed what tasks were needed to fulfil the requirements of the contract, and for each topic prepared a lengthy memorandum with ideas and suggested procedures, for discussion at the early meetings of the Scientific Committee. Second, whilst still in St. Catharines preparing for the new job, he concluded that just an internal report to the Lead Department, as called for in the contract, would not be sufficient. A worthwhile scientific volume should also be produced to document the entomological findings of the project. He conceived the idea of a publication that would describe the current state of knowledge of the fauna and its setting in the country. In initial memoranda, this prospective publication was called “the scientific baseline”, pending an appropriate title. Because it would deal with Canada as a habitat for insects, with faunal distributions, and with the taxonomic and ecological nature of the fauna, it eventually bore the title “Canada and its insect fauna”.

Another challenge stemmed from the number of tasks required, given that the contract work was restricted to only 18 months. As already noted, the Pilot Study contract called for the coordinating centre to inventory expertise and facilities, assess the present state of knowledge, consider National Parks as potential survey sites, investigate the possibility of an all-inclusive biological survey, establish and test cooperative efforts, recommend multiple features of a continuing survey organization, and evaluate data-storage systems. However, as might have been expected, the Scientific Committee took on the Pilot Study tasks with great energy and skill, ratifying and improving the detailed suggestions for how to proceed in order to fulfil the various elements of the contract. They also strongly endorsed the concept of the scientific baseline, and many members agreed to contribute manuscripts for the volume. Study groups (subcommittees) were also established to move selected elements forward. Hugh Danks undertook to work with these subcommittees and on the clearing-house, coordination, and other roles of the Survey, as well as finalizing the content of the baseline volume, deciding on a suitable title, preparing necessary general chapters, and editing the contributions.

A final challenge was the relatively limited funding available for these many tasks, which included not only the mailing and analysis of lengthy questionnaires and dissemination of results but also extensive travel to entomological institutions across the country to inform people about the Survey, gather information, and encourage cooperative work. Limited resources were

24 H.V. Danks

a particular problem too because the idea of Canada and its insect fauna was not in the original contract, so no funds had been earmarked for its publication. Nevertheless, the intention to publish that book was referred to regularly in briefings to departmental representatives and in monthly reports required by the contract, just as if it had been part of the original terms.

The funding deficiency was met in several ways. For example, the Scientific Committee undertook to limit expenses by keeping travel costs to a minimum and by eating as cheaply as possible during the meetings. Meetings were held in a relatively modest hotel, the Embassy West in Ottawa (since converted to Embassy West Senior Living). Margaret Ridewood ensured that the office ran economically and efficiently. Other office-related expenses were saved by having the office cleaned not by a commercial service, but rather by the Entomologist-in-charge of the Secretariat. Even so, under the terms of the contract, any funds saved in a given fiscal year could not be carried over into the next fiscal year. Fortunately, a legal way existed to put these funds to use: printing services could not be paid for in advance, but products could be bought and stored. So on behalf of the Survey, Tyrell Press, the printing company that produced The Canadian Entomologist and the Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Canada for the Society, and that would print Canada and its insect fauna in the Memoir series, was able to invoice in the first fiscal year for paper stock, film, ink, and other requirements for the eventual printing.

The Entomological Society of Canada administered the contract, and a small overhead was paid through the contract for this purpose. The Society provided salaries to the staff of the Secretariat (including a modest supplement in lieu of typical employee benefits). It advanced petty cash for needs like office supplies, but paid hotel costs, printing, and other major invoices directly. Claims by members of the Scientific Committee for travel expenses were submitted to the Secretariat after each meeting, supported by receipts for air fares, meals while travelling, and other qualified items, under a policy that chiefly mirrored the guidelines for federal government employees. Approved expenses were then reimbursed by the ESC.

The constraints of time and funds in the Pilot Study led to some unusual scenes. Hugh Danks commonly worked over lunch and coffee at a local restaurant (The Dill Pickle, since transformed and renamed). In his top pocket he carried a pen and a set of 3” x 5” file cards, one of which bore a closely written list of current tasks. While waiting for his meal, and over coffee, he would consider current issues and make notes on the cards, as well as drafting necessary correspondence. In the office, Margaret Ridewood diligently typed up these letters despite their occasional coffee stain or odour of smoked meat.

Again, cleaning the office without a commercial service was a particular problem after the Conversazione that followed each Scientific Committee meeting. To save funds, that informal meeting with government representatives and local entomologists was held in the Survey office, which was close to the


hotel. Cleaning the rented apartment afterwards taxed the non-commercial vacuum cleaner as it encountered peanuts, cigarette ash, and other items that had been dropped everywhere by a few of the participants whilst engaged in more or less animated discussion with others at the event. As society changed, smoking was later banned (and so were peanuts) at the Social Evening as well as at meetings of the Committee.

Completing general elements of the contractOnce the interim coordinating centre of a Secretariat and an advisory

Scientific Committee had been established, along with the Committee’s terms of reference, other elements of the contract were addressed.

Resources of manpower, programs, and facilities potentially available to conduct a survey were evaluated especially by means of four types of questionnaires distributed by the Secretariat. One questionnaire was directed to individual entomologists. It requested detailed information on interests and current projects, especially taxonomic, ecological, and other work directed at characterizing or understanding the fauna. It asked about the state of knowledge of individual taxonomic and ecological groups with which recipients were familiar, and about perceived needs for taxonomic and ecological studies in Canada.

A second questionnaire was sent to users of entomological information, such as resource managers, to survey their needs and ideas. A third questionnaire requested general information from institutions about their facilities, program goals, and foreseen needs. The fourth questionnaire was addressed to the curators of museum collections in Canada and elsewhere, asking for a summary of their holdings of Canadian arthropod specimens.

Address lists for mailing the questionnaires were compiled from the membership lists of national and provincial entomological societies, available data about university faculty, and the staff lists of government agencies and research stations. The mailing list was supplemented especially through a request on each questionnaire to list other colleagues and cooperators, and by information received from personal contacts during travel by the Secretariat.

The Entomologist-in-charge endeavoured to visit as many institutions across the country as possible during the Pilot Study, including museums, federal and provincial departments of Agriculture, Environment, Fisheries, and Forestry, and university departments of Biology, Entomology and Zoology from St. John’s, Newfoundland to Victoria, British Columbia. These visits proved very useful to familiarize entomologists and others with the Survey concept, even though an initial presentation introducing the operation dealt chiefly with planned or hoped-for activities rather than any reportable results. The visits were also essential to view facilities and learn about current research, to receive ideas about the needs for systematic and faunistic studies, to obtain background information, and to draw together individuals who might cooperate in a significant project

26 H.V. Danks

promoted by the Survey. The Biological Survey was also introduced to entomologists at the 1977 annual meetings of several provincial entomological societies through presentations made by members of the Scientific Committee.

Information from the questionnaires was consolidated by the publication of two documents. An indexed Annotated list of workers on systematics and faunistics of Canadian insects and certain related groups, published by the Pilot Study in 1977, listed 436 individuals with their detailed interests; a small supplement that could be inserted into the list, with 14 additional names, was issued in 1978. The booklet Collections of Canadian insects and certain related groups, enumerating the holdings of more than 120 collections containing significant Canadian arthropod material, was published in 1978 as a supplement to the Bulletin of the Entomological Society of Canada. Questionnaire responses also helped to address some more general questions asked by the contract.

The feasibility and desirability of considering National Parks of Canada as survey sites was analysed by reviewing the current distribution of National Parks, in consultation with Parks Canada (which provided substantial background material), in relation to ecogeographic subdivisions and other schemes for classifying different habitats that would be expected to sustain different sets of insect species. An additional frame of reference was a long chapter in Canada and its insect fauna, written by Geoff Scudder, reviewing present patterns in the fauna and flora of the country.

Information about the current state and important deficiencies of knowledge of the insect fauna was assembled from the responses to questionnaires and from various other sources. Knowledge of adults and early stages was estimated both for taxonomic groups and under broad ecological groups of interest (such as forest-inhabiting, aquatic, arctic, and soil forms, and biting flies). The taxonomic assessments in particular profited from the many expert scientific contributions to Canada and its insect fauna, so that the analysis was more complete and more rigorous than would have been the case for a typical contracted assessment.

The contract called for cooperative programs to be initiated during the trial period, enlisting voluntary participation to test procedures, objectives, and limits of cooperative effort over one field season. This requirement was hindered by the later-than-anticipated start of the study; by then, many potential cooperators were already committed to their plans for the summer field season of 1977. Nevertheless, the concept was tested successfully in a preliminary way through three cooperative projects: collecting, identification, and analysis of Newfoundland click beetles and mayflies; studies of British Columbia ground beetles especially from inadequately explored locations and in the context of species introduced through western ports; and cooperative collection and exchange of specimens of aphids, tiger beetles, gall wasps, ants, noctuid moths, and sawflies, for which Canada-wide or regional revisions were in progress at Agriculture or Forestry establishments, or in universities.

The responsibility for generating ideas about other requirements of the


contract was assigned to subcommittees of the Scientific Committee. Glenn Wiggins (chair), Ed Bousfield, and André Comeau addressed the feasibility of making a Biological Survey all-inclusive. They began a process of consultation with other biologists by writing to professional societies and other organizations potentially interested in the idea of a biological survey.

Glenn Wiggins (chair), Ed Bousfield, Ken Davey, John McLintock, and Gene Munroe considered the operation and structure of a continuing Survey organization (Keith Kevan was chair of this group for the first few months). Their analysis included the logical future home for the Survey, which was linked at the time to the Lead Department of Agriculture.

Gene Munroe was appointed as chair of a working group to which members would be added to help evaluate existing systems for the handling and storage of biological information. Later, Ian Smith took over the role of chair. Doug Eidt (chair), Al Tomlin, André Francoeur, and David Rosenberg were charged with developing recommendations for possible future Survey publications.

Finally, Geoff Scudder, Keith Kevan, and Ed Bousfield undertook to decide on the ranking of higher taxa—incorporating recent advances in higher-level classification—which would be needed especially to organize information about the diversity of the fauna. In addition, they investigated the possibility of preparing keys to the superfamilies or families of Canadian arthropods.

The results of the work of the subcommittees and of the Secretariat were reviewed at subsequent meetings of the full Committee. Some items were more complex than others and took more discussion to reach consensus, but eventually every issue was resolved.

Conclusions and information were then organized by the Secretariat under each term of the Pilot Study contract, buttressed where appropriate by tables, maps, and appendices summarizing data collected during the study. In its completed form, the Final Report approved by the Scientific Committee and submitted at the end of the Pilot Study occupied 249 pages. Appended to it were the publications produced by the Pilot Study, the Annotated list of workers and the booklet Collections of Canadian insects. The Final Report also confirmed that the manuscript for a publication assessing the state of knowledge had been prepared, to be published later (as Canada and its insect fauna). These and other reference materials about the Pilot Study are listed in Appendix 3.

The conclusions of the Final Report were summarized near the beginning of the document and provided a detailed footing for the establishment of a Biological Survey. Twenty-eight recommendations covered the basis and aims of a continuing Biological Survey, possibilities for a wider biological survey encompassing all organisms, the necessary organization, funding, roles, and resources for the operation, potential survey sites (notably National Parks), and data systems. Support for a core organization consisting of a Secretariat and Scientific Committee was recommended. This core organization was set up in due course (see below), albeit with only a single entomologist rather

28 H.V. Danks

than the two that were recommended. However, implementing most of the other recommendations required additional resources, and these would not be forthcoming.

Fifteen copies of the Final Report were submitted to the Lead Department as required by the contract. Other government departments were advised about the existence of the report on behalf of the ESC by Freeman L. McEwen. After a 3-month holding period required by the contract, copies were also sent to a number of relevant national agencies in other countries. By that time, the two initial products of the Pilot Study, the Annotated list of workers and the Collections booklet, had been widely disseminated to appropriate institutions as well as to individuals.

Developing Canada and its Insect FaunaOnce a decision to proceed with Canada and its insect fauna was confirmed

at the first meeting of the Scientific Committee, little more than 16 months remained to deliver the final manuscript of what would prove to be a 573-page book with 50 chapters prepared by 60 different authors.

Fortunately, Hugh Danks had edited the Bulletin of the Amateur Entomologists’ Society for six years during his time at university, giving him the experience of liaison with multiple authors of different backgrounds. Producing that bulletin had also required substantial cooperation with the printer, including not just copy editing and proofreading, but also making detailed layouts that entailed pagination and line-fraction spacing, for example.

Even so, there was no time to be lost, so as quickly as possible the outline of chapters was finalized, and detailed letters went out to authors to try to ensure as much consistency as possible. These letters from the editor contained official invitations to contribute, and in addition requested that authors follow a variety of guidelines, both to make the work cohesive and to enhance the value of certain summary chapters. The guidelines ranged from a favoured format for data in similarly organized chapters dealing with the various groups of arthropods to general text and reference standards. The maximum length of each chapter was also specified, to make treatments of different insect groups comparable despite differences in diversity, and to ensure that publication of the whole would be feasible.

The response to these invitations from the entire scientific community, not just the previously committed members of the Scientific Committee (whose participation is marked in Appendix 2), was extraordinarily positive, making this ambitious project possible. Only one of the original authors withdrew, and an alternative author immediately agreed to prepare that chapter on short notice. Entomologists in general believed that a baseline of information about the fauna would be valuable, and were happy to contribute. Indeed, J.R. (Dick) Vockeroth, a contributor and CNC staff member, stated in a talk about the history of Canadian entomology (subsequently published in the Canadian Field-Naturalist)


that the initial work of the Survey “has resulted in the publication last month of what I think will probably be the most useful work on the Canadian insect fauna that has yet appeared. It is called Canada and its insect fauna, and apart from having extensive sections on Canada as an environment for insects and on the geological history of insects in Canada, it has a lengthy section, order by order and family by family, on the Canadian insect fauna.”

Assembling, editing, reviewing, and publishing the manuscripts was not trouble free. Hugh Danks wrote several contributions himself, especially those of overview and synthesis as well as ecological elements, but some of those chapters could not be drafted until data from other chapters became available. Moreover, he barely knew many of the authors, among them well known senior entomologists, yet had to suggest editorial adjustments to the first drafts of chapters. One senior contributor submitted a manuscript (about a small group of insects) that was more than eight times longer than the maximum limit suggested. Hugh Danks rewrote it to the required length, mailed that revised version to the contributor, and waited with trepidation for a response ... the spirit of cooperation was intact as the author willingly concurred with the changes.

Taxonomic accounts of the larger Orders of insects were assembled by individuals who coordinated information from other contributors, greatly easing the work of the editor. Even so, it was especially difficult to persuade some entomologists to complete the difficult task of defining the numbers of species in Canada for the summary tables, especially the estimates for further species expected but not yet discovered or described. As deadlines approached, Hugh Danks took to visiting CNC offices, sometimes with a partly completed table in hand, to encourage contributors to complete the data.

Because the ESC had agreed to publish the book as part of its Memoir series, copy editing was carried out by ESC managing editor Margaret McBride. Hugh Danks’ earlier editing experience, and the specific guidelines provided for authors, meant that the final manuscripts were thoroughly standardized and so could be readied for the printer relatively rapidly. Margaret McBride’s office was adjacent to the apartment block in which the Survey office was situated, allowing ready liaison as sets of chapters went through the press. Hugh’s experience as a proofreader for the AES Bulletin proved useful too as the work passed through proof stages.

Margaret McBride had decided during 1978 that the colour of the covers of the ESC Memoirs should change from pale grey to dark red. Canada and its insect fauna was the first issue of the Memoirs to be produced with this colour of cover, and hence became known among members of the Scientific Committee as “the red book”. The same colour was therefore used not only for ESC Memoirs but also for scientific books that were produced subsequently by the Biological Survey, such as Arctic arthropods, Insect dormancy, and Insects of the Yukon.

Thanks to the efforts of Tyrell Press manager Derek Hoar, working with Margaret McBride, Canada and its insect fauna was finally printed a few days

30 H.V. Danks

before the end of March 1979. The truck load of printed material was shipped to Toronto for binding, a job that would take about two weeks. However, under the terms of the Pilot Study contract, the final invoice to cover printing costs had to be submitted to the Lead Department (for approval and transmission to DSS) no later than Friday 30 March, the last weekday of the government fiscal year. Therefore, the printer held back a few copies of the book and arranged for them to be urgently hand-bound in Ottawa; they were transmitted by hand to the Survey office on 30 March. One of these copies was delivered to the Department of Agriculture later that day with the final invoice, which was thereby validated for payment.

Given the unusual arrangements for production of the memoir, no date was printed in the book. After the volumes had been bound and were packed for mailing, the ESC Memoir Canada and its insect fauna was sent out to members of the Society, libraries and other recipients—and hence officially published—on 12 April 1979.

Difficulties with the Lead DepartmentRepresentatives of the Department of Agriculture who attended the

information sessions that concluded meetings of the Scientific Committee seemed seldom to favour the Survey’s point of view. The negative stance of these and some other departmental representatives made the job of the chair even more difficult in deciding how to present the Committee’s review of progress, and it proved to be a portent of future problems. Commenting on a long-term plan being developed by the Survey to solve one of the deficiencies in knowledge of the fauna, for example, Agriculture representative Douglas C. Miller declared that the plan was flawed because “my managers want to see a dollar back next year for every dollar spent this year”. After one negative statement from a representative of Agriculture, Committee member Glenn Wiggins, once characterized by another member of the Committee as someone who spoke in paragraphs, delivered a long and elegant but devastating rebuttal, much to the mainly hidden amusement of every Committee member. However, the representative continued to smile happily as Glenn spoke, failing to grasp the force of the response because it had been delivered in such a polished way.

As instances of difficulties with the Lead Department multiplied, the acumen of Survey members was put to good use in providing advice, especially from senior members Ken Davey, Gene Munroe, Geoff Scudder, and Glenn Wiggins, as well as chair George Ball. For example, relationships became tense with Scientific Authority David Hardwick after an item about the Survey was published in a local newspaper, following an interview the newspaper had sought with Hugh Danks after learning about the Pilot Study contract. The article contained some errors made by the reporter, and David Hardwick wrote a strongly worded complaint directing the Secretariat to allow him to review news items before publication, which of course would have been impossible.


Subsequent correspondence between George Ball and David Hardwick led to the policy that all communications between the Secretariat and the Scientific Authority should henceforth go only through the chair of the Scientific Committee. Later, Agriculture responded in a negative way to the reports from the Pilot Study (see below).

As publication of Canada and its insect fauna approached, Agriculture managers even came up with the idea of giving no credit to CNC authors for chapters in the book, because their work was “not authorized”. Fortunately, the policy was not applied, but it would prove difficult to address that sort of persistent attitude in trying to extend a Biological Survey of Canada beyond the Pilot Study.

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FINDING A WAY FORWARD, 1978

A report summarizing progress up to 30 November was submitted to Agriculture in early December 1977. This interim report also foreshadowed the Final Report by proposing a way for the Survey to carry on after the Pilot Study ended. The Survey had concluded that a cooperative endeavour of similar pattern to the Pilot Study should continue, to be run by a small Secretariat or clearing-house and a larger advisory expert committee. The core operation should be supported by a federal department, but would continue to draw on entomological expertise across the country to promote scientific projects of national interest. The interim report was accompanied by an Interim Proposal for contract funding to support the project into early 1980, allowing existing initiatives to be maintained while the government responded to the recommendations of the Final Report.

Some time passed, but no official response to the idea of continuing the Survey was received despite several attempts at follow up. For example, a few members of the Scientific Committee and the Entomologist-in-charge met with officials from Agriculture, including David Hardwick (in his capacity as Director of the Biosystematics Research Institute), to discuss the Interim Proposal. At one point, the most senior manager present turned to the Director and declared “If you think the Biological Survey has merit, then the cost should come out of your budget”, an assertion that did not seem to be welcome.

On 4 January 1978, a panel discussion about the Biological Survey project was organized by Ed Bousfield at the National Museum of Natural Sciences, sponsored by the Museum and the Canadian Society of Zoologists, on the occasion of the annual meetings of the Canadian Society of Environmental Biologists and the Canadian Council on Freshwater Fisheries Research. It was attended by nearly 150 people. Biologists with diverse interests as well as local members of the scientific community were able to listen to an introduction to the Biological Survey from Ed Bousfield, learn the rationale for a Survey from Antony Downes, and hear from Hugh Danks how the Pilot Study was being conducted. Louis Lemieux, Director of the NMNS, then spoke, hoping that the Survey could be expanded to include all Canadian biota, and that the Government of Canada would want to lead this endeavour; he pointed out that the Museum would be well placed to house a coordinating centre of the sort proposed. The final talk was by Ron M. Prentice, representing Agriculture as Lead Department for the Pilot Study. These presentations were to be followed by a general discussion.

The Scientific Committee hoped that this discussion would move matters forward. It would also inform other biologists and agencies about the Survey’s potential. Here at last for the first time—and in public—a response to the Survey’s Interim Proposal was delivered by Ron Prentice on behalf of Agriculture. Though recognizing the achievements of the Pilot Study, the


response pointed out the financial difficulties and concluded that the Survey would not be going forward. Moreover, later in the same meeting an Agriculture representative took Hugh Danks aside privately with the message:“Well, this Biological Survey idea clearly is not going anywhere, but we can find you a job with Agriculture”. This possibility was not even considered by Hugh Danks, although it occurred to him only very much later that the managers who must have authorized the offer might equally be capable of using it as a short-term ploy to disable the Survey, rather than making the genuine offer of long-term employment that was implied.

A more widely based meeting with other potentially interested departments was arranged on 27 February 1978, chaired by Ron Prentice on behalf of the Lead Department of Agriculture. Individuals from the Entomological Society of Canada, the Pilot Study’s Scientific Committee and Secretariat, and the Biological Council of Canada attended, together with representatives from Agriculture Canada, the Biosystematics Research Institute, the Ministry of State for Science and Technology, the National Museum of Natural Sciences, Parks Canada, and the Department of Supply and Services, as well as the Scientific Authority for the Pilot Study contract. Environment Canada submitted a letter for use at the meeting. Many representatives expressed interest and confirmed the value of having the Survey continue, but recognized too that within each of their individual departments many other potential projects had higher priority. Moreover, whenever a plausible solution or positive development arose, with the possibility of combining these individually low priorities into an overall scheme that could be supported, the chair seemed to move the discussion out of focus and dissipate potential progress.

In due course, the Final Report of the Pilot Study, submitted on 28 May 1978, drew negative comments from John R. Barron, who was Acting Scientific Authority during the temporary absence of David Hardwick. Accepting the report with qualifications, John Barron’s response to the Secretariat on 1 June 1978 claimed that several aspects of the work had not been done adequately. For example, the databasing elements were criticised because only a general evaluation had been made (although, after the contract was shortened from 2½ years to only 18 months, only an evaluation had been asked for). Also deemed deficient were recommendations for how a continuing Survey would function, conclusions relating to National Parks, and assessments of the state of knowledge because Canada and its insect fauna was not yet published.

On 9 June, George Ball, in his role as chair of the Scientific Committee and on behalf of the ESC, sent a response (drafted by Hugh Danks with input from Antony Downes) rebutting these claims with detailed evidence. For example, the state of knowledge was summarized in many detailed tables in the Final Report. George Ball also pointed out that any concerns could have been expressed earlier: a draft very similar to the Final Report had been circulated before the March meeting of the Scientific Committee and discussed there in

34 H.V. Danks

detail. The Acting Scientific Authority was present at that meeting, but—even when asked directly by the chair—stated that he had no comments on the draft recommendations. In contrast, Parks Canada representative Doug Heyland took the opportunity to indicate that the section about National Parks was very interesting, and fully satisfied Parks’ contractual expectations.

Meanwhile, the Scientific Committee was considering all possible ways to support a continuing Biological Survey. One model for funding a secretariat, adopted by the recently established Biting Fly Centre at the University of Manitoba, was to accept contracts for specific projects. However, this model would require so much effort in seeking and executing contracts that it would be very difficult to do the essential broader work of setting scientific priorities and encouraging needed research. The Committee concluded that the Survey should either be supported properly with core funding, or discontinued. The permanent core organization recommended by the Pilot Study would in fact be necessary. Indeed, the Biting Fly Centre eventually proved to be unsustainable in the absence of core funding.

In any event, it was now very clear that Agriculture had no interest in supporting the continuation of the Biological Survey. The best hope for funding lay with the National Museum of Natural Sciences, because the idea was strongly supported by Museum Director Louis Lemieux. Moreover, the NMNS had contributed funds to the Pilot Study even though it had deferred to Agriculture as Lead Department. In discussing the future of the Survey, too, the Scientific Committee had concluded, as explained in the Final Report, that the National Museum instead of Agriculture was the logical permanent government home for a Biological Survey, because that organization alone had the broad mandate for acquisition and dissemination of knowledge on the fauna and flora of the country, rather than a more narrow mission. However, Museum support for the Survey was not available immediately, because operating funds were already committed for several future fiscal years. Also, the stance of representatives from the Department of Agriculture suggested that they might block a continuation of the Survey, at least for entomology.

In light of the funding difficulties within the Museum and the attitude of the Department of Agriculture, the Scientific Committee decided that another Unsolicited Proposal should be developed to serve as a bridge until longer-term support for the continuing Survey might be arranged. Given the significance of northern and arctic faunas in Canada, and Hugh Danks’ established interest in them, the ESC sought a Northern Contract to produce a comprehensive review and bibliography of arctic insects. This proposal was submitted to DSS on 18 April 1978. In the preceding weeks, of course, Survey representatives visited officials in relevant departments to promote the proposal and inform them about it. These approaches were made mainly by Freeman McEwen (on behalf of the ESC) and Ken Davey. Both of these people were very astute and eloquent advocates for the proposal; they were usually accompanied by Hugh Danks. The


proposal was also promoted by John Matthews within the Geological Survey of Canada, and by Olaf Loken within the Department of Indian and Northern Affairs. Lewis Slotin of the Ministry of State for Science and Technology was especially influential in support of the project because he talked persuasively with the Department of Agriculture, which stepped aside so that the NMNS could act as Lead Department. In the end, the Northern Contract, for a “Review and Synthesis of Knowledge on Northern and Arctic Insects”, would be funded by DSS, NMNS, the Department of National Defence, the Department of Indian and Northern Affairs, and the Geological Survey of Canada (Energy, Mines and Resources). The Scientific Authority was Charles (Chuck) G. Gruchy of the NMNS.

36 H.V. Danks

MAINTENANCE ON CONTRACT, 1978–1982

There would be no smooth transition between the Pilot Study and the Northern Contract. Developing a contract with DSS proceeded slowly once again, and so it would not be in force until well after the end of the Pilot Study on 30 June 1978. Instead, an interim 3-month contract (1 July–30 September 1978) was signed by the ESC with the NMNS. The contract called for preparation of a lengthy paper about the terrestrial arthropods of Polar Bear Pass on Bathurst Island in the high arctic, where a Museum field station had been established for some years. Although the Museum’s work there had been mainly on vertebrates, the location was of particular entomological interest too. The whole area is unusually cloudy, so that typical insect habitats normally warmed by the sun are cool in summer, leading to a fauna as well as flora that is even more impoverished than usual for the high arctic. That pattern was first discovered for insects in 1969 when Hugh Danks and Bob Byers collected insects whilst carrying out fieldwork on adaptations to cold as part of the original ERI project on cold hardiness—and their base was the NMNS field station at Polar Bear Pass. A completed manuscript with additional documentation, analysis and ecological information about the area and its arthropod fauna was submitted at the end of the contract. Also highlighted was the long-term value of the Museum’s research station and the desirability of preserving adjacent habitats, including rich marshes, from environmental damage. The document appeared in the Museum’s publication series Syllogeus in 1980. Following efforts by the Museum, both before and after the arthropod report, the area of Polar Bear Pass was conserved as a Ramsar Wetland site in 1982, and designated as a National Wildlife Area in 1985.

When the Bathurst Island contract ended, the Northern Contract was reportedly close to being signed, so the review of arctic insects was started on 1 October 1978. Obtaining the final DSS signature took until 7 November 1978, but the contract covered the 21-month period from 1 October 1978 until 30 June 1980, providing support for an entomologist, secretarial assistance, and a steering committee. Funds were also included for such necessities as travel outside Ottawa to libraries with key holdings of arctic literature, translations of some key references (especially from Russian), and preparation of distribution maps and other figures for the review. Unfortunately, the delayed start of the Northern Contract, after the Pilot Study ended, meant that publication funds originally proposed were deleted, and so a subcommittee (Ken Davey, Freeman McEwen, and Glenn Wiggins) was charged with investigating ways to publish the work. Ultimately, the ESC agreed to publish (and sell at cost) the book produced through the contract.

The steering committee for the Northern Contract continued with only a few changes from the membership of the Scientific Committee for the Pilot Study. The Committee received and commented on reports of the arctic work, and the


first meeting also included three guest consultants with particular expertise in northern arthropods. However, each meeting was followed by a general meeting to address overall Survey activities and priorities. Therefore, the general work of the Survey could continue throughout the Northern Contract. The meetings took place in Ottawa on 14–15 December 1978, 25–26 October 1979, and 13–14 March 1980. Prior to the initial meeting, an informal planning session with 6 participants, including the Secretariat entomologist, was held on 22 August 1978 during the joint annual meeting of the ESC in Ottawa.

The contract itself called for manuscripts to be produced for a bibliography and for a major book. These were completed by Hugh Danks before the end of the contract; both were published in 1981. An indexed Bibliography of the arctic arthropods of the Nearctic Region cited 1382 titles. The book Arctic arthropods: a review of systematics and ecology with particular reference to the North American fauna summarized the geography, climate, soils, flora, and fauna of the arctic, and characterized the taxonomic composition and ecological relationships of the terrestrial arthropods in detail, chronicling more than 2100 species then known from arctic North America.

Because Arctic arthropods was published by the ESC, Margaret McBride again acted as copy editor, and the printer was Tyrell Press. Printing and proofreading were especially taxing because of an extensive table listing arctic species, in which multiple columns showed the recorded range of each species in different latitudinal and geographic zones. Despite the relatively small font size used for tables, the large number of columns made this table impossible to typeset in the ordinary way; plus signs marking the presence of species in each zone had to be set in by hand. This requirement increased the possibility of typesetting errors, so Hugh Danks designed a template for the time-consuming task of checking both entries and column alignments in the proofs. The final table exceeded 150 printed pages, occupying one quarter of the book.

Soon after the books had been delivered from the press, the ESC office staff (including Margaret McBride), Tyrell Press manager Derek Hoar, and author Hugh Danks went out for a celebratory lunch. To Hugh’s surprise, Derek Hoar declared in the ESC offices beforehand that he already knew the title of Hugh’s next book. “Table 1” he announced, in reference to the difficulties with the long table in Arctic arthropods.

As the Northern Contract ended in 1980, the Museum was still unable to staff the Survey directly, and so proposed to maintain the operation by means of further contracts. A series of contracts between the NMNS and the ESC followed, for three months to one year in duration, providing salaries for Secretariat entomologist Hugh Danks and secretary Margaret Ridewood, and expenses for the Scientific Committee under guidelines similar to those of the Pilot Study. The Secretariat moved into premises in the Museum on 1 July 1980, although the space initially available for the entomologist was a

38 H.V. Danks

partitioned-off section of the shipping room. (This situation led to an interesting juxtaposition between Hugh Danks’ concentration as he searched for the best word to use in a manuscript, and the distinctive ripping sound of shipping tape being suddenly pulled from the roll just beyond the nearby partition.) Some of the contracts involved long delays in getting final signatures, even though the work continued. One contract was delayed for months; on that occasion the Entomological Society helped by advancing living expenses to Hugh until the contract was officially signed and payments could be authorized by the Museum.

Given these continuing uncertainties, in 1982 the ESC sought yet further bridge funding for the Survey through an Unsolicited Proposal to DSS, this time for preparation of a book on insect dormancy, which was another particular interest of Hugh Danks. However, late in 1982 Hugh was told that the Museum had a staff position available for him, effective in December. Therefore, the contract proposal was withdrawn.

Permanent staffing for the Biological Survey was a most welcome development, six years after the start of the Pilot Study, although it did increase the burden of paperwork. Reporting and other internal documentation had been streamlined during periods on contract that had concentrated chiefly on getting things done. For example, when the staff position became available Hugh Danks was asked to prepare a job description. He obtained a few samples to help in drafting. The most striking element of these potential templates was the use of grand words. Simple words like “do”, “start”, “plan”, and “make” were never used; instead, for example, incumbents “actualized”, “synthesized”, “strategized”, “orchestrated”, or even “eventuated” “impactful initiatives”.

Therefore, Hugh first prepared a lengthy list of verbs, nouns, and adjectives that seemed suitable for the grandiose format of the samples; then he wrote the job description in plain English, a relatively simple task after carrying out the work for some time; and finally he exchanged all of the simple words in that text for the grander ones from the list. This version was gratefully accepted with only a single change: the term used in recent contracts, “Director” of the Survey, was replaced with “Head” because there could be only one Director in the organization. Following this exercise, Hugh Danks approached the Acting Section Head, who he knew quite well, and noted that he had prepared a list of salient verbs, nouns, and adjectives useful for job descriptions. With tongue firmly in cheek he asked if the Head would like a copy. Rather than eliciting the expected laugh or counter-tease, the offer was met with “Oh yes, please. That would be most useful”! This mindset did not appear to diminish amongst government administrators in subsequent years.


THE SURVEY AT THE NATIONAL MUSEUM

The Biological Survey of Canada (Terrestrial Arthropods)A stable plateau for the Survey had finally been reached, as confirmed by the

fact that the Board of Trustees of the Museums Corporation formally ratified the establishment of the Biological Survey of Canada within the NMNS in 1981. This ratification was documented by a statement prepared by the Museum for publication in the ESC Bulletin in 1982. Agreement for the advice of an expert committee appointed by the ESC was also formalized by a Memorandum of Understanding between the NMNS and the ESC established at the same time.

From December 1982, the Head of the Secretariat was a regular member of Museum staff. Secretarial services and expenses for the meetings of the Scientific Committee were maintained under an annual service contract with the ESC. This format continued until 1990, when the position of office secretary for the Survey was changed to one filled by a staff member of the Museum, while annual contracts for the services of the Scientific Committee continued. These contracts allowed the travel expenses of Committee members to be reimbursed, as in the Pilot Study and later agreements, although no consultant fees were ever paid for their expert advice.

The Secretariat profited greatly not only from the continuity supplied by Hugh Danks’ ongoing role as Head but also because (apart from two short-term replacements) effective and capable office staff stayed for a substantial period: Margaret Ridewood continued from the Pilot Study until 1990, Melinda Stickney then worked for about two years, and Susan Goods served as Survey secretary from 1993 onwards, playing a major role in ensuring the quality of the newsletters, the web site, and other Survey products, in addition to general office administration.

Once the Secretariat was housed in the Museum, the Secretariat entomologist and the Scientific Committee could focus on the overall operation of the Survey, even during the periods on contract. The organization was named the Biological Survey of Canada (Terrestrial Arthropods). This name reflected the fact that terrestrial arthropods included mites and spiders and other groups of interest in addition to insects, but excluded the many species of fully aquatic crustaceans that lay outside the orientation and expertise of the Committee. Also, although the successor of the Pilot Study focussed on insects and their relatives, it was hoped that similar modules could be developed for other groups of organisms, each module with a secretariat and an advisory committee of experts in the group. Eventually no parenthetical qualifiers would be necessary, because all groups would be covered. However, to cooperating entomologists across the country, the Biological Survey of Canada (Terrestrial Arthropods) was already known simply as the BSC. The continuing BSC allowed more extensive initiatives than had been possible during the Pilot Study, and its model of guidance and cooperation enhanced the efforts of many Canadian entomologists.

40 H.V. Danks

The scientists who cooperated in Survey projects were supported primarily by funds from their own employers and grants. Recommendations in the Final Report of the Pilot Study that modest funds for direct research support, as well as for the support of regional collections, be allocated through the Survey—in addition to the needs of the coordinating centre—were never acted upon. Consequently, although the BSC coordinated and encouraged projects, and initiated some of them, major projects were feasible and successful only because they built upon the existing research interests and funding of cooperators. The BSC did organize and finance publications, including those produced through the Biological Survey Foundation (see below). Some of the books and symposium proceedings were financed through page charges in addition to funds provided by the Foundation, although these charges were waived for individual authors when appropriate.

During a long period of relative stability for the BSC, the Museum underwent a number of changes in resources and upper management, and also changed its name to the Canadian Museum of Nature (CMN) in 1990. The Survey’s administrative placement within the organization changed a number of times. However, apart from the constant need to re-justify the annual budgets of the BSC to the head of a different administrative section, this had little initial impact on its operations. Successive Museum Directors (or acting Directors or Presidents), Louis Lemieux, Hugh Schultz, Chuck Gruchy, Alan Emery, and Joanne DiCosimo (at least initially), appreciated not only the Survey’s productivity but also its role in national coordination, a theme favoured by the governments of the day.

The Scientific CommitteeThe Scientific Committee adopted the pattern of holding a two-day meeting

in Ottawa every six months, in April and October. In its continuing form, the Committee was expanded beyond the original individual entomologists. Added to those 15 members were the President of the Entomological Society of Canada; the Director or their delegate and one scientific representative from the National Museum; and the Director or their delegate and one other representative from the organization within Agriculture responsible for the Canadian National Collection of insects.

Also invited to attend, though not members of the Committee, were representatives from many other government agencies potentially interested in faunal work, in order to encourage their input and learn about issues of concern, as well as to inform them about the Survey. Invited too was the representative of the Parasitology group of the Canadian Society of Zoologists, the group of biologists most interested even during the Pilot Study in the idea of a wider biological survey that encompassed organisms in addition to terrestrial arthropods. Indeed, although most societies had either shown little initiative towards a wider Survey, or—like the Canadian Botanical Association, for


example—had decided to wait and see what developed, the Parasitology group even set up an unfunded module partly modelled on the operation of the BSC, to pursue cooperative ventures in the study of parasites.

A rotation of 3-year terms was instituted for the regular members, who were appointed by the ESC following recommendations made by the chair of the Committee. Those suggestions derived from discussions among members at the meetings and elsewhere, taking into account regional representation and responsibilities, interest areas, and scientific project leadership. On average, about half of the members retiring by rotation each year would be replaced by new members rather than reappointed. No less than 75 different individuals were regular members of the Scientific Committee up to 2009, constituting an impressive array of national entomological expertise (members are listed in Appendix 2). ESC Presidents almost invariably attended the meetings. Some of the scientist representatives from the Museum (especially the ichthyologist Don E. McAllister and the botanists George W. Argus and Susan G. Aiken) also participated in Committee discussions, although starting in 1996 the second CMN representatives were Mark S. Graham and then Roger C. Baird, managers of the Museum’s research and collections. Directors of the CMN and the CNC came less regularly and for only part of the meeting; typically that was an agenda section devoted to reports from various agencies, when the directors might deliver useful information or moral support. David J. Marcogliese attended regularly as a representative of the Parasitology module of the Canadian Society of Zoologists. After a number of years, a few now-retired members (Antony Downes, George Ball, and Geoff Scudder) were designated as “founding members”, a status that would allow their attendance when possible as well as the addition of a new member to the Committee.

The post of chair of the Scientific Committee, after George Ball (1977–79), was held by Antony Downes (1979–81), Geoff Scudder (1981–86), George Ball again (1986–95), and Joseph D. Shorthouse (1995 onwards).

J.D. Shorthouse. As a boy, Joe Shorthouse was a member of the Junior Science Club of Lethbridge, where he developed a life-long interest in insect galls. As a teenager in 1964, he released tagged monarch butterflies at Lethbridge that had been sent from Toronto by monarch scientist Fred Urquhart of the University of Toronto. The experience led him to pursue a career in entomology, at the University of Alberta (MSc) and the University of Saskatchewan (PhD). After a postdoctoral fellowship with Agriculture Canada at Regina researching the potential biological control of weeds by gall-inducing insects, he accepted a position at Laurentian University in Sudbury, Ontario, in 1975. There he taught courses in entomology and environmental biology over many years, and developed a research program on the galls found on wild and introduced roses, exploring the identity, ecology, and distribution of the gall makers as well as the detailed interaction between gall former and plant. He travelled

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extensively throughout Canada sampling galls and taking photographs for his courses and research, and undertook responsibilities such as chair of the Department of Biology and informing the Sudbury community about insects. Joe Shorthouse joined the Scientific Committee in 1993. He took over as chair within a couple of years, and led the Committee calmly and fairly during nearly 30 meetings, as well as making the wider contacts called for on behalf of the BSC. Among other activities, he contributed major chapters and editorial work to the grasslands project.

All of the Committee chairs allowed members to deliver their ideas fully, at the same time as moving the meeting along. In this setting, the expertise and cooperative mindset of Committee members worked remarkably well to advance the work of the Survey. For example, an idea would be offered, it would be nurtured, and ways to move forward suggested. The Head of the Secretariat often asked what the intended end product would be, to focus effort in the most useful direction. By the end of the discussion an effective plan would be in place that no-one could have hoped for in advance. A meeting of the Scientific Committee was therefore much more enjoyable than a typical meeting because of the positive demeanour of members, the achievement of real progress, and a not-infrequent leavening of humour. Nevertheless, the Committee broke punctually for coffee (brought into the meeting room) and lunch (at a reserved table in the hotel restaurant), a welcome change of pace from the structured sessions. Even so, small groups standing around at coffee, and members sitting together at lunch, usually continued the discussions informally. Often these led to the resolution of some difficult issue that had arisen, or to an idea for a joint project, results that would be consolidated during the next session of the meeting.

A section of the meeting devoted to reports from government agencies, societies, and other organizations has already been noted; eventually these presentations were placed near the beginning of each meeting to facilitate scheduling by the representatives who attended. Another section encouraged members to report current information of potential interest from each region of the country. For a number of years, regional representatives were appointed to stimulate contributions to this section. Other agenda items included the previous minutes and matters arising, the annual report to the CMN, the Biological Survey Foundation, and general operations of the Secretariat. However, the majority of the work of the Committee focussed on scientific projects and initiatives. Those key undertakings are described in detail in a later section, but now this account of the Scientific Committee introduces additional members who took responsibility for one or more specific projects.

R.S. Anderson. Bob Anderson studied at the University of Toronto and Carleton University, and obtained his doctorate at the University of Alberta in 1986. After a postdoctoral fellowship in Texas, he joined the staff of the


Canadian Museum of Nature in Ottawa. An expert in the taxonomy and biology of weevils, especially the diverse species that inhabit the leaf litter of tropical forests, he was also involved in international activities related to biodiversity. He joined the Scientific Committee in 1991, and was associated with work on several different Survey initiatives, including a chapter for Insects of the Yukon.

V.M. Behan-Pelletier. Valerie Behan-Pelletier moved from Dublin, Ireland, to Macdonald College of McGill University for postgraduate work, completing her doctorate in soil zoology in 1978. After a few years at John Abbott College (CEGEP [Collège d’enseignement général et professionnel]), she worked as a research scientist at the Canadian National Collection, specializing in the taxonomy, biogeography and ecology of oribatid soil mites. She also studied mite biodiversity in arctic, aquatic, canopy, and other habitats in Canada and elsewhere, and participated in a variety of international collaborations. She joined the Committee in 1982, participating in many initiatives in addition to developing information about soil arthropods.

C.M. Buddle. After work at the University of Guelph, Chris Buddle obtained his PhD in 2001, studying the ecology of spiders at the University of Alberta. Following a year of postdoctoral work at Miami University, he became a member of the Department of Natural Resource Sciences at Macdonald College of McGill University. His research dealt with the community ecology and biodiversity of terrestrial arthropods, and he was well recognized as a teacher, both in undergraduate courses and in the training of graduate students. He joined the Committee in 2005, and was soon involved especially in renewed studies of arctic arthropods, playing a leading role in the BSC’s Northern biodiversity program.

R.A. Cannings. Rob Cannings worked as a biologist and nature interpreter, and curated the insect collection and gave lectures at the University of British Columbia in Vancouver, the site of his MSc in 1973. In 1980, he was appointed curator of entomology at the Royal British Columbia Museum in Victoria, where he helped to build the collection over many years. He had wide entomological interests in taxonomy, biogeography, and other fields, and especially in dragonflies (including a handbook he published about the BC species) and robber flies (the subject of his doctorate from the University of Guelph in 2000, as well as a chapter in Insects of the Yukon). He served one term on the Committee from 1981 until 1984, but outside that time-frame participated in fieldwork for the Yukon project and the grasslands project (including membership on the grasslands subcommittee), and worked on the keys to families. The logo used by the Biological Survey stems from his design.

http://www.mcgill.ca/nrs/

http://www.mcgill.ca/macdonald/

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D.C. Currie. Doug Currie earned his doctorate at the University of Alberta in 1988 and, after postdoctoral fellowships at the University of British Columbia and the Canadian National Collection in Ottawa, worked from 1993 as curator of entomology at the Royal Ontario Museum in Toronto. He was also a member of faculty at the University of Toronto. Interested in the systematics and comparative biology of aquatic insects, he was an expert on black flies, exploring their faunal diversity and biogeography using advanced taxonomic techniques. He wrote a comprehensive chapter for Insects of the Yukon, and later co-authored a definitive treatment of the black flies of North America. Doug Currie joined the Committee in 1994, and in particular helped to rejuvenate the arctic project by fieldwork and analysis in localities on the arctic mainland. He contributed too to the brief on standards for data labels, for example.

A.T. Finnamore. Bert Finnamore was born in New Brunswick and studied for his doctorate at Macdonald College of McGill University. In 1983, he joined the Provincial Museum of Alberta in Edmonton, focussing on systematics of wasps and on long-term biodiversity surveys in Alberta. He built an extensive collection, gathering specimens also in Central and South America, and he spearheaded the museum’s live insect exhibit. He was also responsible for collection databases, liaison with other organizations, and several broader museum initiatives. He was active on the Scientific Committee for many years after 1985, working on the faunas of grasslands and of peatlands as well as techniques for their study, and he helped to organize the peatlands symposium and edit the proceedings.

K.D. Floate. Kevin Floate earned his MSc at the University of Saskatchewan, followed by a doctorate at Northern Arizona University in 1992. He was then hired as a research scientist at the Lethbridge research station of Agriculture Canada, where he worked on the biological control of insect pests and continued his broad interests in insect community ecology, studying parasitoids, flies, beetles, and cutworms, and the inhabitants of cattle dung, as well as symbiotic bacteria in insects. He was also an adjunct professor at the University of Lethbridge. A member of the Committee since 1997, he was involved especially in moving forward the project on grasslands, helped to edit the first of the series of grasslands volumes produced by the BSC, and organized and edited the second of those volumes. He co-organized the first of the Survey’s BioBlitzes in 2001.

R.G. Foottit. Bob Foottit was born and raised in Vancouver, British Columbia. Even before completing his doctorate from Simon Fraser University in 1988, he was hired as a research scientist in 1986 at the Canadian National Collection of insects in Ottawa. There he studied the taxonomy of aphids, psyllids, thrips, plant bugs, and related groups, including the use of molecular


and morphometric methods of analysis. After joining the Committee in 1989, he participated especially in elements of the initial project on forest arthropods.

T.D. Galloway. Terry Galloway studied at the University of Guelph, then completed his doctorate in the Department of Entomology at the University of Manitoba in 1977. He joined the faculty of that department the same year. He taught many courses, added many specimens to the department’s collection, and conducted research on a range of organisms, often in association with graduate students, focussing especially on ectoparasites of birds and mammals. For example, he studied horn flies on cattle, the taxonomy of flea larvae, the biodiversity of feather mites, the incidence of ticks (vectors of borreliosis) in Manitoba, and the use of arthropods in forensic entomology. He was active in publicizing entomology in Winnipeg, answering queries and giving public lectures. His membership on the Committee from 1988 until 1991 led to production of the Survey’s brief on arthropod ectoparasites of vertebrates, as well as contributions for the faunal analysis project.

D.J. Giberson. Donna Giberson was born in British Columbia, graduated from the University of Calgary, and obtained her postgraduate degrees at the University of Manitoba, finishing in 1991. She then became a member of the Department of Biology at the University of Prince Edward Island in Charlottetown. She focussed on the ecology, life histories, and biodiversity of aquatic insects, especially through fieldwork in the Canadian maritime and arctic regions, in habitats such as streams and salt marshes, and in selected groups such as dragonflies and mayflies. She also worked on a few terrestrial groups. Donna Giberson joined the Committee in 1998, and was active especially in the arctic project, and in the grasslands initiatives, for which she co-edited the Survey’s two volumes on biodiversity and systematics in the book series Arthropods of Canadian Grasslands. From 2010 onwards she edited the BSC newsletter.

J.T. Huber. John Huber was employed by the Canadian Forest Service and seconded to work at the Canadian National Collection in Ottawa. He studied parasitic wasps, especially mymarids, a diverse family of tiny insects parasitizing insect eggs, and he produced many taxonomic publications on that group, alone and with international colleagues. He joined the Committee from 1995 until 1999, and helped to develop and test the protocol for the proposed faunal analysis project. He also contributed to the brief on standards for data labels.

D.W. Langor. David Langor was born in Newfoundland, and, after an MSc at Memorial University, obtained his doctorate at the University of Alberta in 1989. He then worked for the Canadian Forestry Service in Edmonton, responsible for pest management and studies of biodiversity. Often in cooperation with others,

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his research covered the conservation of arthropod diversity, development of monitoring methods, management and ecology of bark and wood-boring beetles, the ecology of invasive alien insects, and the taxonomy of bark weevils. He also had an adjunct professor appointment at the University of Alberta. As a member of the Committee from 1991 to 1994, and again from 2002 until 2009, he promoted and led several activities. Terrestrial arthropods of Newfoundland and Labrador, arthropods of Canadian forests, and assessment of invasive species were projects for which he was instrumental in arranging symposia and subsequent publication. He edited the newsletters on arthropods of Canadian forests, contributed to initiatives supporting arthropod collections, and organized three BSC BioBlitzes.

D.J. Larson. David Larson was born in the Yukon, but later moved to Lethbridge, Alberta, where, like Joe Shorthouse, he was a member of the Junior Science Club of Lethbridge. His doctorate from the University of Calgary in 1977 was followed immediately by appointment to the Department of Biology at the Memorial University of Newfoundland in St. John’s. He was an expert on water beetles, publishing a definitive handbook in 1991 with Yves Alarie and Rob Roughley and authoring a chapter in Insects of the Yukon, but he had broad interests too in other aquatic and terrestrial insects and the habitats supporting them. He collected insects across Newfoundland and curated and greatly enhanced the collection at the University. David Larson contributed to the Yukon and grasslands projects and books, for example, but in particular—in the years both before and after his membership on the Committee from 1982 until 2003—he spearheaded the project on terrestrial arthropods of Newfoundland and Labrador.

D.M. Lehmkuhl. Dennis Lehmkuhl was born in South Dakota and obtained his doctorate at Oregon State University in 1969 on the ecology of stream insects. He then moved to the Department of Biology at the University of Saskatchewan, and together with his teaching in entomology and other courses continued research on the diversity, distribution, ecology, and systematics of the insects of running water, especially mayflies (on which he wrote a chapter for Canada and its insect fauna). He also addressed the impact of insecticides on non-target organisms. As a member of the Committee from 1982 until 1985 he led development of the Survey’s brief about the appraisal of environmental disturbance.

S.A. Marshall. Steve Marshall studied in Ontario at the University of Guelph and at Carleton University in Ottawa, with a doctorate from Guelph in 1982. He stayed at Guelph as a member of faculty in the Department of Environmental Biology, developing a program of teaching and research in entomology over many years, with a large number of graduate students and other associates in


taxonomy, natural history, and biodiversity. He was an expert on several groups of flies, and greatly expanded the major insect collection of the department by extensive collecting in these and other groups. He joined the Committee in 1984 and participated in many Survey projects. Combining his interests in identification, keys, and insect photography, he generated easy-to-use handbooks and a major illustrated book on the insects of eastern North America, and in 2006 launched the Survey’s Canadian Journal of Arthropod Identification. By that time, reflecting his interest in a wide range of topics, he had been an active participant or leader in initiatives on peatlands, grasslands, and other habitats, collections and collections policies, biodiversity sampling, costs of identification, endangered and invasive species, and work in parks.

V.G. Marshall. Valin Marshall was born in Grenada, and completed his doctorate in soil biology at Macdonald College of McGill University in 1964. After a postdoctoral year in France, he worked for the Canadian Forestry Service in Petawawa before being transferred to Victoria in 1970. He studied the impact of forest fertilization, silvicultural practices, and environmental changes on the fauna of forest soils, through taxonomic and ecological research on micro-arthropods, such as mites and springtails, as well as earthworms and nematodes. Among other work, he produced a North American catalogue of oribatid mites. He served on the Committee from 1978 until 1981, and was instrumental in producing the Survey’s 1982 brief on soil arthropods.

D.B. McCorquodale. David McCorquodale did undergraduate work at the University of Guelph, an MSc degree at the University of Alberta, and a doctorate, completed in 1988, at the Australian National University, Canberra. After a postdoctoral fellowship at the University of Calgary he moved to Cape Breton University in Sydney, Nova Scotia, in 1990 as a member of the Department of Biology. His early work was on wasps, but in Cape Breton he emphasized insect faunistics, especially beetle distributions in eastern Canada, the influence of pasture and forest management on insect diversity, and other issues including species at risk. A member of the Committee from 2001, he participated especially in the project on invasions by non-native species, and implemented and organized the Survey’s Curation Blitzes.

G.B. Pritchard. Gordon Pritchard was born in Burton-upon-Trent, England, and received his undergraduate training at Imperial College, London. After his doctorate from the University of Alberta in 1963, he moved to Australia as a research scientist studying the biology of the Queensland fruit fly. From 1967 until his retirement in 1997 he was at the Department of Biological Sciences of the University of Calgary. There he taught courses in biology, zoology, evolution and ecology as well as entomology, and he trained numerous graduate students, examining the evolutionary ecology of aquatic insects, especially dragonflies

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and crane flies. During his membership of the Committee from 1979 until 1982 he was involved in the early stages of the Survey’s grasslands project.

R.A. Ring. Richard Ring was born in Glasgow, Scotland, and completed his doctorate there in 1965. After a year lecturing at the University of British Columbia and a postdoctoral fellowship at the Entomology Research Institute in Ottawa, he joined the University of Victoria. As the only entomologist in the Biology Department, he taught a range of courses and conducted research on a range of topics. His main interest was in the Canadian arctic, and especially insect cold hardiness, and many of his graduate students studied aspects of the biology of arctic insects. Richard Ring was also involved in the student coop program at the University. After joining the Committee in 1986, he promoted the study of arctic insects as an important endeavour in Canada, leading to a brief on arctic invertebrate biology and to the arctic newsletters published by the Survey.

R.E. Roughley. Rob Roughley was born in Ontario. After studies at the University of Guelph, he moved to the University of Alberta in 1976 for doctoral work. He was hired in the Entomology Department of the University of Manitoba in 1982, and completed his doctorate the following year. His main interest was in systematics, and he was a world authority on water beetles, working especially on North and Central American faunas. He supervised graduate students studying beetles, but also many who were interested in other subjects. He was an avid collector, making extended field trips in Europe, Asia, Australia, and Costa Rica as well as North America. His collecting and curatorial efforts added enormous numbers of specimens to the departmental collection, including major expansion and establishment of a database. He was also involved with insect conservation and endangered species; he was an effective lecturer, as recognized by an award from the University; and he answered many calls from the public that were received by the department. For some time he also participated in a weekly radio show to answer queries about insects. Rob Roughley joined the Committee from 1991 until 1994, and again from 2000 onwards. He was active especially in the grasslands project, and also contributed interest and data to projects on arthropods and fire, faunal analysis, collecting localities, and other issues. He was an eager participant in the BSC BioBlitzes and helped to organize several of them. He also brought the Survey’s flag into being.

J.R. Spence. John Spence was born in Pennsylvania. An MSc degree in Vermont was followed by doctoral studies at the University of British Columbia, completed in 1979. After a year as a postdoctoral fellow in the Department of Entomology at the University of Alberta, he joined the department as a member of faculty. Subsequently he moved to the Department of Renewable Resources.


His broad evolutionary and ecological interests included the structure and dynamics of arthropod populations, the integration of communities (especially those impacted by human activity), and the nature and evolution of arthropod species and their life histories. He studied ground beetles, water striders, and other groups; many of those studies explored forest habitats. He taught a variety of courses on entomological and ecological themes. John Spence was an active collaborator during the Pilot Study, and a member of the Committee from 1980 until 1983, when he participated in the early stages of the grasslands project and edited the first few issues of the grasslands newsletter. He convened the 1984 conference on arthropods of soils and edited the proceedings. Later, his participation in the project on arthropods of Canadian forests was reflected in the 2005 symposium and subsequent proceedings.

F.A.H. Sperling. Felix Sperling was born in Calgary, and after undergraduate work carried out extensive studies on the evolution and classification of swallowtail butterflies, first for an MSc at the University of Alberta until 1986, and then at Cornell University for his doctorate, obtained in 1991. After three years of postdoctoral studies at the University of Ottawa, he was a faculty member at the University of California at Berkeley for five years before moving back to the University of Alberta. There his research continued, supplementing basic work on taxonomy and diversity with advanced tools, combining morphological data, phylogenetic analysis, DNA sequences, and internet-accessible keys and databases to discover how species evolve and to report the results of those investigations. Moths, beetles, water striders, and other groups were studied as well as butterflies. In addition to teaching and research, he was curator of the Strickland Museum of Entomology. Felix Sperling joined the Committee in 2000, providing liaison for the BSC web site, co-organizing the 2008 BioBlitz and 2010 Curation Blitz, and bringing information to bear on databases and other topics.

J.D. Sweeney. Jon Sweeney studied biology at Simon Fraser University before completing his doctorate at the University of British Columbia in 1987. After postdoctoral work at the Pacific Forestry Centre in Victoria, he joined the Canadian Forestry Service in Fredericton, New Brunswick, in 1989. There he studied the effects of forestry practices on ground beetles, and the ecology and management of seed and cone insects and of invasive species. In particular, his later research addressed many aspects of the biology and management of the invasive brown spruce longhorn beetle, and the audiences for his extensive communications about this subject included not only other researchers but also forest managers and the general public. He participated in student training as an Adjunct Professor at the University of New Brunswick. Jon Sweeney was a member of the Committee from 2003 onwards, acting in particular as co-organizer of the 2006 symposium on the ecological impacts of non-native organisms and as co-editor of the proceedings.

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T.A. Wheeler. Terry Wheeler was born in Newfoundland, and after graduating from Memorial University did graduate work at the University of Guelph, obtaining his doctorate in 1991. After a two-year postdoctoral fellowship at Carleton University in Ottawa, he became a member of the Department of Natural Resource Sciences at Macdonald College of McGill University in Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue. His research addressed the systematics of flies, particularly frit flies (Chloropidae), and the biodiversity and zoogeography of flies in several habitats in Canada, as well as in Costa Rica. He studied flies in many other families too, especially in collaboration with graduate students. This work added significantly to the already extensive collection of the Lyman Entomological Museum, of which he was Director. He joined the Committee from 1997 until 2006, and during his tenure was involved in the grasslands project, and prepared BSC documents about label data, voucher specimens, and sources of funding for work on biodiversity. More recently, he was a major participant in the Northern biodiversity program.

D.D. Williams. Dudley Williams graduated from the University of Wales, and pursued postgraduate studies at the University of Waterloo. He later acquired a DSc from the University of Wales. For many years he worked in the Division of Life Sciences of the University of Toronto at Scarborough, studying the ecology of running-water communities, seeking to understand how the distribution, formation, structure, and dynamics of those communities are controlled. Freshwater springs, estuaries, tropical rivers, temporary streams, and the zone deep in the substrate of streams were among the habitats he investigated. He was a member of the Committee from 1981 until 1990. He led preparation of the Survey’s brief on spring habitats, prepared the springs bibliography, co-organized the Survey’s 1989 symposium on springs, and co-edited the proceedings, but even before that had contributed a chapter on aquatic habitats for Canada and its insect fauna.

N.N. Winchester. Neville Winchester was born in Halifax, moved to British Columbia, and later attended the University of Victoria both for undergraduate work and an MSc completed in 1984. He worked as a member of the teaching staff in the Department of Biological Sciences before finishing his doctorate in 1997, after which he continued as senior laboratory instructor in the department as well as an Adjunct Professor in the Department of Geography. This situation allowed him to study the same habitats on Vancouver Island for many years, where his long-term research focussed on the distribution, abundance, and organization of arthropod communities in the ancient rainforest, especially in the canopy. Concerned with the conservation of these rainforests, he also studied the effects of forest practices on the maintenance of biodiversity, and explored rainforests in tropical areas. His data underpinned the Survey’s brief that he co-authored in 2000 on building a factual foundation for studies of


arthropod diversity. He was a member of the Committee from 2002 until 2005, contributing to other considerations of the arthropods of forests.

This brief review of additional members of the Scientific Committee illustrates once again the wide range of expertise and experience that was represented. It also shows that most Committee members did not move between institutions, but stayed in the same places both during and after their membership. Productive people appear to have profited from the stability that comes from establishing a research program, building specific expertise, or developing a local reference collection in one place, all of which provide a base from which to participate in the Biological Survey. By the same token, many of these people were linked through their training because so few university departments in Canada focussed on entomology. For example, doctorates were obtained by Bob Anderson, Doug Currie, Rob Roughley, and Felix Sperling, and then David Langor and Chris Buddle, at the University of Alberta (home to George Ball; and later also John Spence); John Spence, and Doug Currie as a postdoctoral fellow, had worked at the University of British Columbia (Geoff Scudder). Valerie Behan-Pelletier, Bert Finnamore, and Valin Marshall were at Macdonald College of McGill University (Keith Kevan). Rob Cannings and Terry Wheeler completed their studies at Guelph (Steve Marshall). David Larson was at the University of Calgary (Gordon Pritchard). Donna Giberson worked on the University of Manitoba campus with Terry Galloway in the Department of Entomology (also home to Rob Roughley) and with David Rosenberg at the Freshwater Institute.

The proceedings of each meeting of the Scientific Committee were tape-recorded. From the tapes and notes very detailed minutes were prepared by the Head of the Secretariat, and in later years partly by Susan Goods, and circulated to minimize unnecessary repetition at subsequent meetings. The minutes were sent to Committee members soon after each meeting, summarized every six months in the BSC newsletter, and published in still shorter form in the ESC Bulletin.

The conduct of the meetings was based on a detailed agenda prepared and provisionally timed by Hugh Danks, who discussed it with the chair the evening before the meeting. For many years, the discussion was held in an inexpensive regular hotel room, to which the Head of the Secretariat had brought necessary refreshments for the Social Evening the following day. One evening, a particularly enthusiastic group continued the planning session well after George Ball and Hugh Danks had left. The following day, George Ball gallantly replaced the supplies, intended for the Social Evening, that had already been consumed.

Hotel policies with respect to catering changed during the 1990s, and the Social Evening eventually moved to a larger and more formal setting in the Embassy West Hotel. This was just as well, because the regular room had

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become too small for the enthusiastic and noisy crowd of entomologists who spilled into the corridor, lending particular urgency to the prompt curtailment of discussions by the Secretariat at 11 p.m. in case there were guests in nearby rooms. Later, the Social Evening as well as the main meeting were held at Macies Ottawan Motor Inn in the same area of Ottawa (since rebranded as Best Western Macies Hotel). The planning meetings were then held in the hotel room occupied by the chair of the Committee. Still later, some of the fall meetings were held in conjunction with the joint annual meetings of the Entomological Society of Canada (see below).

Roles of the SecretariatThe Secretariat was responsible for general tasks such as organizing the

meetings of the Scientific Committee and following up their results, keeping in touch with the scientific community, acting as a clearing-house for information, producing newsletters, developing content for the newsletters and the web site, and drafting the Survey’s annual report that was submitted to the Museum by the Entomological Society of Canada. In addition, Hugh Danks participated in many of the scientific projects, helping to organize symposia, prepare briefs and synthetic papers, and find other ways to enhance progress.

In its role as a clearing-house, the Secretariat maintained data on entomologists working on the Canadian arthropod fauna, and on the status of insect collections across the country. The Annotated list of workers, produced during the Pilot Study and containing information about potential participants in the Survey and their detailed interests, was published in updated form from time to time. Data were acquired not only through information gathered during the annual visits of the Head of the Secretariat to the institutions where entomologists worked (see the next section), but also by a round of specific questionnaires preceding each updated publication. A second edition of the annotated list appeared in 1989, and a third edition in 1996. Subsequently, the annotated list was accessible through the BSC web site (see below). However, although information in the booklet Collections of Canadian insects produced during the Pilot Study was updated in the Survey office, no revised edition was published.

A list of Requests for Material or Information that helped to enhance cooperation among entomologists was also kept current through contacts made by the Secretariat, and through requests received. That list was published regularly in the Survey newsletter, and later added to the web site. The newsletter disseminated information to the scientific community and promoted the Survey. Additional newsletters were developed to support specific projects.

The main Newsletter of the Biological Survey of Canada (Terrestrial Arthropods), edited by Hugh Danks until his retirement, was launched in 1982 and published in spring and fall each year. An opening section provided News and Notes about Survey projects and interests. The newsletter contained a


number of regular sections in addition to the list of Requests for Material or Information, and the form to make a request. Placed just before that list, in the hope of encouraging readers to turn to it, was a page entitled Quips and Quotes, bearing comments and aphorisms—at varying levels of wit—pertaining chiefly to entomology, knowledge or science in general, as well as short excerpts from published papers that were of potential interest. A Quiz Page was prepared too, as much to impart information about Canada and its arthropod fauna as to serve for amusement; consequently, most readers regarded the quiz as very difficult. Other consistent sections included a summary of the minutes of each meeting of the Scientific Committee, a list of selected publications of the Survey, and a list of potentially relevant future conferences. Most issues had a Project Update, and intermittently there was a longer article entitled Canadian Perspectives that treated an aspect of the fauna such as cold hardiness. An Opinion Page explored ideas from occasional contributors. After a separate arctic newsletter was discontinued in 2000, the section Arctic Corner was added. Unless otherwise specified, most of the content was prepared by the editor. Beginning with the Fall 1997 issue (Vol. 16, No. 2) the entire newsletter was posted on the web site in html format. Each issue after 1998 was later made available as an Adobe Acrobat pdf file. Starting in 2003, the newsletter was distributed on request as a pdf file rather than a paper copy. It later became electronic only.

Eleven issues of the newsletter Arthropods of Canadian Grasslands, edited by John Spence (1983–85), Geoff Scudder (1987–90), and Hugh Danks (2000–05), were published to support the Survey’s major project on grasslands. Early issues helped to maintain interest prior to the active phase of the work, mainly by reporting on ongoing activities. Later issues contained extensive contributed articles about grasslands and their faunas, illustrated in colour, as well as information about the Survey’s project.

The newsletter Arctic Insect News, edited by Hugh Danks, was published annually from 1990 to 2000 to support the Survey’s aim of encouraging further work on arctic invertebrates. It contained news of activities and articles contributed by readers, but in particular included the regular sections Feature Species, Feature Locality, and History Corner. From time to time, in order to support cooperative endeavours, the mailing list was reproduced along with a questionnaire about readers’ interests in arctic insects. Given the limited resources for Canadian arctic work, the newsletter became better recognized internationally than in Canada, and much of the content came from overseas. After 2000 it was replaced by a dedicated section of the main Survey newsletter.

In addition to these newsletters produced through the Secretariat, four issues of the newsletter Arthropods of Canadian Forests, edited by David Langor, were published from 2005 until 2009, through collaboration between the Canadian Forest Service and the Survey, to encourage information exchange and cooperation and to support the forest arthropods project of the Survey. They included extensive articles, illustrated in colour, about the insects of Canadian

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forests. Typical sections were a Progress Report about the Survey’s own project, Project Updates on activities in Canada, a Graduate Student Focus outlining current student projects, News and Events, and New Publications about the arthropods of forests.

The need for a web site for the Survey was recognized in the 1990s, and an Internet liaison subcommittee was established in October 1995, led by Valerie Behan-Pelletier in consultation with the ESC’s internet committee. Her report (based partly on material prepared for the ESC by David C.A. Blades) was discussed at the Scientific Committee meeting of April 1996, attended by the President of the ESC. The BSC and ESC agreed that a home page for the Survey would logically reside on the ESC’s existing web site at the University of Alberta. Following some general analysis by the Survey’s subcommittee (Valerie Behan-Pelletier and Bob Anderson), a first version of the site was developed by the Secretariat and implemented in 1997. Through a 1998–99 internship and subsequent contract for web development (carried out by Agnes Bonk), a new searchable structure for the database of personnel was established. The site was redesigned and expanded in 1999 to include this database, as well as considerable additional and revised content prepared by Hugh Danks and Susan Goods. The extensive Web site of the Biological Survey of Canada (Terrestrial Arthropods) gave detailed information about the Survey and its projects and provided electronic access to the Survey’s publications including newsletters, briefs, and scientific monographs. A section highlighting information of value for students was included.

In 2002, the ESC switched its web site from the University of Alberta to a private supplier, without the BSC component. However, until 2014 the BSC web site remained on the University’s domain through the cooperation of Felix Sperling, with a slightly changed web-site address, and now with administrative access to the site directly rather than through the ESC webmaster. Until 2009 it was regularly updated with postings made by Survey secretary Susan Goods. In 2014, the BSC web site was redesigned and moved to a private supplier.

The topic of wider publicity for the Survey (beyond its activities in the scientific community and presentations by the Secretariat) was discussed at intervals almost from the beginning, although few specific actions were taken. However, the idea of a logo arose, especially in the context of Survey publications, and the Committee agreed that this need not represent only arthropods, given the potential expansion of the BSC to include other groups. A design prepared by Rob Cannings, showing both willow leaves and a dragonfly in silhouette, was adopted by the Survey. It was used on items published by the Survey and on leaflets advertising the Survey’s books and briefs (including those published by the ESC). After the Secretariat entomologist joined the staff of the Museum, the Canada wordmark and other federal standards superseded the Survey logo for many purposes, although the logo continued to appear on items published by the Biological Survey Foundation.


Following Committee discussions in 1996, which led to a presentation at a meeting of the Ecological Monitoring and Assessment Network (EMAN) about the BSC made by Joe Shorthouse, the topic of wider Survey publicity was added to the agenda, and in April 1997 he undertook (with Bob Anderson) to develop further ideas. Joe Shorthouse gathered slides (especially of systematists at work, for example) for a presentation that could be used to talk about the role and purpose of the Survey, and he continued to add to this slide set over subsequent years. Group photographs of the Scientific Committee were also arranged.

In 1997, the CMN helped to prepare a press release publicizing the Yukon book. This release led to an article in the Globe and Mail newspaper, radio interviews with the Head of the Secretariat, and some other coverage especially in the Yukon, although there was relatively little consideration of the Survey’s general roles. During 1997–98, the Secretariat prepared a poster about the Survey that was used at various conferences, supported by Hugh Danks or by other members of the Scientific Committee. In 2003, an updated version of that poster was made available electronically to Committee members.

Rob Roughley promoted the idea of a flag bearing the logo of the Biological Survey that could be flown during Survey field trips, for example. He was instrumental in finalizing the design and producing two copies of the flag in 2005. It was first flown at the 2005 BioBlitz (see 35. BioBlitzes below), and photographed there for potential publicity purposes.

Secretariat travelThe Secretariat entomologist travelled to entomological centres every year,

for the same purposes as in the Pilot Study: to inform people about the progress of the Survey, learn about research and other matters, obtain information about collections and other resources, receive ideas, and promote cooperative work.

An annual pattern of visits was established in the fall and early winter, after people had returned from fieldwork, comprising a two-week voyage to the west of Ottawa, and a week each in Ontario and to the east. Initially a very large number of visits was possible during each journey, but over the years not only were the numbers of entomologists interested in systematics, faunistics, and the ecology of individual species reduced significantly, especially in the research stations of Agriculture and Forestry, but also airlines reduced the number of daily flights, and it was not possible to fly at a suitable time to avoid extra weekdays occupied by travel rather than visits. Therefore, a multi-year plan was drawn up, and larger institutions with many entomologists, such as the University of Alberta, were visited every year, while those with fewer potential participants were included every two or three years, or even less frequently. In addition, Hugh Danks attended the joint annual meetings of the Entomological Society of Canada (see below), allowing him to meet people and gather information from places not visited during the year.

The focus of each visit was a series of one-on-one discussions with interested

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individuals, including graduate students, typically lasting about half an hour each, together with any group discussions that host entomologists felt would be useful. When possible, local officials were engaged too about general issues such as insect collections, libraries, and the availability of student training in systematics.

Hugh Danks also offered to present one or more seminars at each stop in recompense for his self-invitation. In some locations, as in the Department of Entomology at the University of Manitoba, these seminars were adopted as an annual component of departmental seminar series.

The seminars covered a wide range of topics, not only promoting the basic theme of the BSC and its concept and operation or its scientific projects, but also exposing the nature of the fauna of Canada, of the arctic, of the boreal zone, of the Yukon, of the Pacific Northwest, or of the Nearctic Region in general. Major range patterns in the Canadian insect fauna or in the fauna of the Yukon were also addressed. Based on discoveries made by Survey projects, the faunas of peatlands and spring habitats were characterized.

Presentations related to the wider interests of the BSC included the importance of collections, the value of taxonomy and identification in ecological work, the need for knowledge of the fauna for work in pest management, the broader values of systematics in entomology, and the necessary procedures for work on environmental disturbance or on biodiversity in general.

Finally, many seminars reflected research syntheses: about adaptations of arctic insects, or more specific components (life-cycles, relationships with plants, or possible responses to climate change); about the roles of extreme individuals in natural populations; and about seasonal adaptations. The latter dealt with aspects of insect cold hardiness, dormancy, life-cycle control, life-cycle duration, biological clocks, dehydration, appropriate methods of investigation, and seasonal responses of aquatic insects.

The program of formal seminars highlighted the existence of the Survey, and helped to encourage the graduate students who attended them to interact with the visitor. Indeed, Hugh Danks met many graduate students early in the Survey, then early in their careers as government or university scientists, and later some were members of the Scientific Committee. Students often took longer than they had anticipated to complete their graduate work. Having predicted a thesis submission date on one of Hugh’s visits, their prediction the next year would often be little reduced although 12 months had passed. One year a student disclosed that he had now heard six of these annual seminars!

Hugh Danks was always well received, another testament to the cooperative mindset of the Canadian entomological community. Many kind individuals undertook to host his visits and entertain him, and some worried about logistic or other elements. For example, on a typical western trip during November he visited places with divergent climates, including Victoria, British Columbia (mean daily November temperature about +6°C), and Edmonton, Alberta (–6°C,


with a much lower minimum). He carried a single down-filled coat with him. In Edmonton his host exclaimed “Are you going to be warm enough in that?”; in Victoria he was asked “What are you doing with that giant coat?”.

Scientific priorities, projects, and initiatives of the Biological Survey of Canada

A few scientific projects were initiated during the Pilot Study (1977–78), both as useful activities in their own right and with a view to satisfying one of the contract requirements, a test of the feasibility of cooperative field projects.

During the Pilot Study, when funds were being sought to continue the Survey concept, a few topics for potential contracts were identified by a subcommittee of John Matthews (chair), Ray Morris, Gene Munroe, and David Rosenberg. These topics were specifically focussed to interest particular departments, and included cooperative proposals on cutworms and on the insects of blueberries. Other items were of regional concept, to consider Yukon fauna along the routes of proposed pipelines, and the fauna of Newfoundland in a broad way. In the absence of government interest these proposals were not put into effect, and the Survey continued with the Northern Contract.

During that period (1978–1980), the Committee examined potential projects from a broader perspective. A subcommittee of Al Tomlin (chair), André Francoeur, and David Rosenberg identified a number of candidate projects. These, and many others contributed by the Committee, were discussed at the meeting of October 1979. Following the Committee discussions, favoured suggestions were developed by a subcommittee, chaired by Ian Smith, that reported to the March 1980 meeting. Three kinds of projects were identified: projects of a synthetic nature that the BSC itself was well equipped to undertake (e.g., keys to families, adaptations to Canadian environments); projects to collect, identify, and characterize regional faunas, in which the Survey’s role of coordination would be especially important (e.g., arthropods of the Yukon, Newfoundland, and the Prairies); and other long-term projects of broad scope, the potential importance of which justified early attention (e.g., wetlands, boreal forests).

Several projects from this list were soon initiated, usually by striking a subcommittee to develop each one further (see under individual projects below). In addition, a subcommittee chaired by Ian Smith was asked to define one or more “special habitats” that might usefully be studied.

Other themes that were entertained included how projects might relate to existing specific economic interests (e.g., agriculture, pipeline impacts, populations of pest insects), and whether some simpler projects of broad appeal orientated to the general public or linked elsewhere in the Museum were also required (e.g., butterflies of Canada, dragonflies, material of interest to fly fishermen). Most of these projects were seen to lie outside the expertise and area of concern of the BSC, especially given the limited resources for core work.

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Also considered from time to time was the possibility of smaller projects, for example to assess the fauna of a local sand dune or river; these could be joined even by individuals not associated with a current major project.

Beyond the faunal projects, from time to time the chair would make known more widely the specific concerns of the BSC through letters sent on behalf of the Committee to government officials, university administrators, or journal editors. Some of these issues were raised by information provided by Committee members; others echoed discussions between local officials and the Secretariat entomologist during his travel to entomological centres. For example, the Committee passed a resolution in October 1992 urging long-term support of appropriate infrastructures required for effective studies of biodiversity: trained personnel, biosystematics research, collections, and databases and analytical tools. The resolution was then disseminated to bodies such as federal government advisory committees on biodiversity, the National Round Table on the Environment and the Economy, and the Parliamentary Standing Committee on the Environment. Other letters drew attention to the state of local insect collections. In 1995, opinions about studies of the fauna and the disposition of insect collections generated by grant-supported projects were sent to the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC) and other bodies. In 2000, the Survey emphasized the value of publishing faunistic data in The Canadian Entomologist when the acceptance of papers of this sort seemed to be disfavoured.

A long-standing interest of the BSC was the publication of major taxonomic works, one of the elements included in the original Biological Survey concept and essential for documenting the Canadian insect fauna. Taxonomic revisions and similar products customarily require relatively long and detailed monographs rather than the relatively short papers published in typical scientific journals. Therefore, these works were accepted by very few journals, and the number of suitable outlets dwindled even more over time. For example, the long-standing series of Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Canada included many taxonomic monographs, especially those prepared by taxonomists at the CNC. This series was suspended after 1997, an outcome forced especially by Agriculture Canada’s earlier decision not to fund the page charges required to publish there. A well received series of Agriculture Canada handbooks, entitled The Insects and Arachnids of Canada and Alaska (22 volumes published in 1978–1993, and a few later ones produced by the National Research Council (NRC) Research Press in 1998, 2003, 2006, and 2008), was discontinued. The Ecological Monitoring and Assessment Network, managed by Environment Canada, organized an assessment of species diversity in the Atlantic Maritime ecozone; however, further planned ecozone publications were cancelled after EMAN was discontinued in 2010. (A prairie ecozone volume was to carry a few of the papers that instead were included in the BSC’s grasslands series.) The NRC Monograph series, another potential outlet for substantial taxonomic


works, was also eliminated in 2010, leaving several manuscripts—including the BSC’s first volume on grasslands—without the expected publisher.

The BSC produced the Canadian Journal of Arthropod Identification (see below), containing a range of identification tools; also, items in press when the Insects and Arachnids of Canada series was cancelled by NRC were to be reformatted for that journal. A few relevant items were also published through the Biological Survey Foundation (see below). However, the cancellation of other suitable outlets, and the substantial page charges levied by some of the alternatives, meant that only part of the need for taxonomic and faunistic publications on the fauna of Canada could be met.

A final set of themes addressed by the BSC pertained to ways to marshall data about the fauna, notably by developing the database included in the original Pilot Study proposal but not in the final contract. Indeed, from its earliest days the Survey realized the need for a system to store and process faunal information. A broad analysis of requirements was made for the Pilot Study. A general format of field data categories was then developed. A field test of a specific subset of categories—designed at the start of the project on the arthropods of freshwater springs—was planned, but did not go forward because key members of the Committee changed. In addition, the Survey considered specific mapping techniques for insect ranges that might facilitate analysis of barriers to dispersal, or the significance of disjunct distributions, for example. Schemes like the Australian BIOCLIM system, that maps the ranges predicted by climatic parameters, were potentially useful in a Canadian context, and Geoff Scudder initiated a test of that system for British Columbia. David Larson reviewed mapping software in the context of a possible entomological gazetteer in 1996–97. However, the Survey’s own resources were too limited to develop the powerful programs required for faunal and distributional databases, and several other North American agencies and individuals were moving forward to develop these and other digital tools (“bioinformatics”), especially for the web-based dissemination of taxonomic data. Felix Sperling examined relevant avenues on behalf of the Survey, but no direct actions were taken. Even so, Committee members continued to interact with active agencies and individuals, discussing The Encyclopedia of Life, the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF), and similar initiatives.

The main focus of the work of the Scientific Committee was the choice of which priorities to pursue. Those decisions depended on the scientific importance of a project, its feasibility, and on the particular interests of individuals (especially those on the Committee) who might be able to act as leaders, because specific leadership was required to put any project into effect. Resources were limited, so that only a few major projects could be in place at any one time. Moreover, a given venture was successful only if it enhanced the existing interests of potential cooperators, so a particular item—even one of

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high priority—could not necessarily be implemented promptly, nor even at all, until sufficient interest and resources were in place or could be developed. The mix of projects active at any given time also depended on how they evolved after establishment. Because studies of wide scope required years to complete, BSC priorities were subjected to a full review and adjustment only every six years, rather than more frequently.

Most of the effort was directed towards major long-term projects in which the Survey acted as an accelerator for additional sampling and analysis, producing a number of smaller publications or a few large synthetic works. These endeavours had national scope and impact (see below). Projects that had reached a staging point and were no longer so active continued to be monitored, but major resources could then be directed elsewhere. Some projects envisaged only a product of narrow scope, such as a brief. Field collections of material, especially in under-sampled zones or areas of particular biogeographical or ecological interest, as well as examinations of available museum collections, were associated with particular projects, but in later years more broadly based BioBlitzes and Curation Blitzes were attended by a variety of participants.

Listed below are all of the scientific projects and initiatives of the Survey from its inception, numbered in the order that each was first established. Outlined for each project are the basis of its scientific interest in a Canadian context, and the history of its development. Not all potential projects were established successfully (compare 19. Climatic change, for example), and some were of limited scope. However, these chronological accounts—as opposed to abbreviated summaries—reveal the many ways in which the Survey tried to push forward items of concern. They also demonstrate how a focus on the scientific value of the work in understanding the Canadian fauna, coupled with specific leadership and support from the Committee as well as broad cooperation with the scientific community, was harnessed by the BSC to advance a wide range of initiatives.

Appendix 4 lists the products of these projects and initiatives, using the same numbered order as the following accounts. Further information about the development of each project is available in project updates in Survey newsletters (cited in Appendix 4), in the separate newsletters supporting the arctic, grasslands, and forests projects, and in introductory material in symposium volumes (such as those published as ESC Memoirs) and monographs (such as Insects of the Yukon).

The Canadian Journal of Arthropod Identification is treated separately in the next section and its fascicles are listed in Appendix 5. Briefs, symposium proceedings, newsletters, a summary of the web site, some official letters sent by the BSC, and other general items are listed under each category in Appendix 6.


1. Terrestrial arthropods of Newfoundland and LabradorThe fauna of Newfoundland is of particular interest in a Canadian context

because most species are postglacial immigrants from the mainland, and also many species were introduced from Europe. The fauna of Labrador is of great interest too, not only for comparison with the fauna of insular Newfoundland but also because Labrador is at the eastern limit of the arctic, subarctic, and mainland boreal regions of North America. The fauna therefore holds potentially important biogeographical lessons about modes of dispersal, the history of invasions, and the influence of cool boreal habitats. Nevertheless, the fauna was not well known, so new collecting and study of existing collections and literature, as well as interest by additional people, was necessary to inventory the species and support a synthesis of information.

The project began in 1977 when the interests of the Pilot Study in the fauna of Newfoundland coincided with the arrival of David Larson at Memorial University in St. John’s. An initial focus was on aquatic habitats, which cover one third of the surface area of the island, and David Larson, with Murray H. Colbo and others, conducted a preliminary survey, which was published in 1983. Items on insects of bog pools in Newfoundland and on spring chironomids in Labrador were also published, and David Larson continued to investigate terrestrial components of the fauna too, leading to other publications.

In 1998, the work moved on to encompass a wider project led by David Larson, through involvement by David Langor and by other cooperators chiefly in Newfoundland. By April 2000, much literature had been assembled, and keys to several groups had been prepared. A summary of the project to date was distributed to the Scientific Committee by David Larson in April 2001.

Development continued with an overview of entomological work in the region, a bibliography of the entomological literature of the province, lists of species and collection localities, and photographs of insects and their habitats, building up a comprehensive database and supporting analyses to characterize the terrestrial arthropod fauna. Preliminary keys were constructed for additional groups. Further collecting was carried out in Labrador as well as on the island of Newfoundland.

The information available was posted on the Biological Survey web site, and David Langor and others continued to develop the project. By 2014 a database of Newfoundland and Labrador insects treating more than 4700 species had been generated, reflecting persistent activity in the longest-running project of the BSC.

2. Insects of the arcticThe fauna of Canada has a characteristic northern aspect. The arctic is

therefore a key region for understanding the composition and ecological relationships of the fauna in a relatively impoverished but not actually simple ecosystem. One initial need was a broad review of relevant literature on arctic arthropods; additional collecting and faunistic and ecological work were

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required too. Arctic arthropods might also provide information to address broad questions of great long-term environmental importance, such as climate change and pollution.

A project on insects of the arctic was developed in several phases, together with individual publications: a major review of arctic literature to synthesize knowledge, 1978–1980; an attempt to increase work and profile for arctic invertebrate biology, 1988–2002; a project focussed on the fauna of the northern mainland, from 2000; and continuation of the Survey’s arctic interests through a Northern biodiversity program, conceived in 2007.

A. Initial review. An initial review coincided with the requirement for a specific project to bridge the period between the Pilot Study (1977–78) and the continuing Survey (from 1980). Work by Hugh Danks to produce a book synthesizing available information, and a bibliography, was supported by a 21-month contract with the Department of Supply and Services. Additional information was published subsequently, chiefly as a result of contacts and ideas stimulated by the appearance of the synthesis.

B. Arctic invertebrate biology. A second phase of the arctic project recognized continuing wide but generally diffuse interest, and attempted to promote further studies. At the Scientific Committee meeting of October 1988, Richard Ring pointed out the virtual lack of work on invertebrates in the arctic. The ensuing discussion led to the preparation of a brief. Discussions of the draft brief convinced the Committee to establish its continuing arctic concerns as a project (rather than simply a statement of interest) in the hope of developing international cooperative field ventures, workshops, and coordination. The brief was published in 1989 and widely circulated in Canada and overseas. Workshops to expose the project and solicit ideas were held in 1990. An arctic newsletter was begun later that year, edited by Hugh Danks. Arctic field ventures were developed by Richard Ring with cooperators from various countries. Hugh Danks prepared scientific articles about arctic insects. The Committee wrote letters to relevant agencies about the lack of support for arctic entomological research. Nevertheless, these efforts failed to stimulate general support or additional resources for arctic entomology. The arctic newsletter was discontinued after 2000 (partly for this reason, and partly because the grasslands newsletter now required substantial effort) and replaced with the Arctic Corner section of the main Survey newsletter. Richard Ring emphasized the limited efforts in Canadian arctic research in a newsletter article in 2002. A 2003 symposium on the Canadian arctic organized at the meeting of the Society for Integrative and Comparative Biology—partly intended to encourage support for research—included a paper on insects, which was published in 2004.

C. Insects of the northern mainland. The third phase of the project launched activities to collect and characterize insects of arctic areas on the mainland that had not been adequately sampled. Originally titled “Insects of Keewatin and Mackenzie”, it was later broadened to “Insects of the Arctic”. Doug Currie had


suggested this project at the Scientific Committee meeting of April 1998 as a way of following up work in the Yukon, because the idea had been stimulated by his findings about Yukon black flies. The territory between the Mackenzie River and Hudson Bay was inadequately surveyed, and moreover most available arctic material was unsuitable for modern analysis (e.g., cytology, DNA sequence data). A survey of the area would be expected to generate valuable new insights about the diversity and biogeography of northern insects.

This initiative was supported by the Committee, led by Doug Currie, and soon joined especially by Committee member Donna Giberson, resulting in several years of sampling from representative areas throughout the region. Expeditions were organized to the Horton River (2000), the Northwest Territories (2001), the Thelon River (2002), northwestern Hudson Bay (2003), Norman Wells (2005), and elsewhere. Preliminary results were reported in the Survey newsletter. In 2004, a symposium was held to expose some significant results.

D. Northern biodiversity program. A fourth phase of the work followed discussions in the Scientific Committee about support for arctic studies. In April 2006, Chris Buddle, who was working in arctic areas, pointed out that it would be especially advantageous to pool expertise and resources in applying for grants for northern work because of the large amounts of money needed. He and Terry Wheeler (working on some of the material from the collecting trips to the arctic mainland) concurred that significant resources, and not just Committee support, were required to push forward knowledge. In 2007, the Committee supported the idea of a large northern insect survey, intended to document changes in Canada’s arthropod fauna in relation to environmental change by resampling sites from the Northern Insect Survey. That original Survey, carried out from 1947–1962, sampled diversity at many arctic and subarctic localities at a time when climate change was not yet a global concern. (Note that the Committee had earlier been unable to develop its interest in the effects of climate change into a suitable program; see 19. Climatic Change, which included a paper on Arctic insects as indicators of environmental change.)

Eventually, a broad initiative was planned to inventory diversity at numerous sites, to generate curated and databased collections for major institutions as the basis for future monitoring, and to publish a range of products through the Survey. This proposal was entitled the Northern biodiversity program and was launched in 2009, spearheaded by Chris Buddle, Doug Currie, Donna Giberson, and Terrry Wheeler, with many collaborators (the BSC, the CNC, the CMN, the Canadian Centre for DNA Barcoding, Natural Resources Canada, and northern partners).

3. Arthropod fauna of the YukonThe Yukon Territory has many diverse habitats, but the extensive arthropod

fauna was inadequately understood. Moreover, part of the region was unglaciated during Pleistocene time, so the Yukon was a key area for interpreting the nature

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and development of the Canadian fauna. The project was intended to assemble information on selected groups and publish and interpret the results together.

Scattered interests in insects of the Yukon were focussed by a project begun in 1978–79. Geoff Scudder, Glenn Wiggins, and associates cooperated in fieldwork, and subsequently received a cooperative grant from the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council (1981–83) that allowed substantial further collecting in the area.

Partly to support the Yukon interests, a broader Beringian project was initiated in 1979 and underpinned by a report written by John Matthews in 1980. However, personnel were too few to support more than scattered initiatives, and these interests were chiefly combined into the Yukon project. Although approaches to entomologists in the Soviet Union were later made in the context of a wider unglaciated area around the Bering Strait, response was limited. [Because the current insect fauna of Canada is derived from several areas that were ice-free during the Pleistocene, the current and fossil faunas of glacial refugia in addition to the Yukon were considered too, including northern Quebec and the Queen Charlotte Islands (see 23. Arthropods of the Queen Charlotte Islands).]

In 1980, Antony Downes prepared a position paper to orientate the Yukon work, and subsequently chaired a subcommittee that produced a project outline and the prospectus of a book on the Yukon fauna. These activities sensitized others to the great interest of that area, and parties from the University of British Columbia, the Royal Ontario Museum, the University of Alberta, the Biosystematics Research Institute, and elsewhere carried out further fieldwork. A rather limited synthesis of information originally planned was delayed in view of these activities to allow a later, major, synthesis. For the same reason, publication of an introduction to the project begun by Antony Downes and John Matthews during 1982 was deferred.

Geoff Scudder took over leadership of the project, and additional contributions were assembled into a draft list of contents in 1985. Later, he prepared standardized maps as well as ideas for the nature of chapters. An initial deadline of December 1986 was set for contributions, but the addition of several contributors still working on the material that had been collected, and various delays, postponed this several times until a final deadline of December 1991. The draft of an introductory chapter by Antony Downes and the outline of a background chapter by John Matthews were circulated during 1991 to help guide the work of contributors.

To push the development of chapters forward, the Yukon subcommittee was reactivated and expanded in 1991, to include Geoff Scudder, Antony Downes, George Ball, Steve Marshall, and John Matthews. However, soon afterwards Geoff Scudder had a serious heart attack and was unable to continue as an editor. In order to keep the project moving, Antony Downes undertook to work on developing the taxonomic chapters. He received and reviewed a series of


chapters from 1991 until early 1996, assisted from time to time by Bob Anderson and by David Larson. Nevertheless, progress had slowed, working against the timely appearance of the book.

In 1996, at the request of the Scientific Committee, Hugh Danks agreed to take over the major editing of the whole book and so complete the project. These tasks involved standardizing the format and terminology of existing chapters to the extent possible, ensuring the submission and review of remaining chapters, and preparing introductory material and the concluding synthesis, as well as editing and liaisons with the printer. The book was published by the Biological Survey Foundation in 1997. Its 1034 pages contained contributions by 35 authors (participating members of the Scientific Committee are shown in Appendix 2). Two chapters introduced the volume, two chapters provided context about the current and past environments of the region, and one gave a summary of available fossil material. The diversity and ecology of many major groups of insects were reported in 23 taxonomic chapters, listing more than 2700 Yukon species in these groups. The book concluded with a lengthy synthesis.

Work by the scientific community continued to build on these results, producing a number of individual scientific publications about Yukon insects. Other more general items included a brief article prepared for the Wildlife Management Advisory Council for the North Slope, one of the many sponsors of the book. Some other Yukon interests continued in the project on insects of the northern mainland (see 2. Insects of the arctic, part C).

4. Temporal and spatial changes in the Canadian insect faunaMany diverse processes have contributed to the present-day insect fauna

of Canada. A symposium to explore this theme and provide context for the faunistic work of the Survey was organized—at the joint annual meeting of the Entomological Society of Canada held in Ottawa in 1978—by Antony Downes on behalf of the Scientific Committee. He subsequently edited the proceedings, which were published as a single issue of The Canadian Entomologist in 1981.

5. Arthropod fauna of Canadian grasslandsThe arthropods of Canadian grasslands were surprisingly inadequately

known. This deficiency hindered the understanding of the fauna of the centre of the continent, and in particular an understanding of the origin and setting of the faunas of present-day agricultural lands. Initially, the project aimed to identify sites that represent “undisturbed” grassland habitats, and to characterize their faunas in selected groups for comparison with the faunas of modified range and crop habitats. Eventually, the project allowed a much wider characterization of grassland arthropods.

The project was initiated for the “Prairies” in 1979. Gordon Pritchard prepared a list of undisturbed prairie sites (1980). Interest was generated by a special interest group at the joint annual meeting of the Entomological Society

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of Canada in Banff (1981), organized by John Spence and Gordon Pritchard. Subsequent efforts by John Spence (with Rob Cannings) led to the production of a grasslands newsletter, which commented on current field activities. Proposals for a published scientific prospectus on the project were made, but not put into effect at that time. Some preliminary work was also carried out to prepare a format in which to characterize selected grassland sites, and the work of characterization started by Rob Cannings among others.

Geoff Scudder took over leadership of the project in 1986, and interest was then kept alive (pending completion of the Yukon Project to which many of the potential contributors to a grasslands project were committed) by occasional issues of the grasslands newsletter.

Subsequently, Bert Finnamore initiated several projects on grasslands, studying sites in Canadian Forces Base Suffield (1994–) and Grasslands National Park (1996–). Geoff Scudder continued with his long-standing studies of grassland arthropods in British Columbia, and Rob Roughley and students studied sites in Manitoba (1994–). In 1995, Bert Finnamore became chair of the Survey’s Grasslands subcommittee. At about the same time, he prepared a brief published by the Survey about the use of arthropods in ecosystem management. He pursued funding for his projects on grasslands in Canada and elsewhere. He also cooperated with the Ecological Monitoring and Assessment Network (EMAN), helping to develop detailed sampling protocols and carrying out work related to the prairie ecozone.

Some limited Scientific Committee discussions of the grasslands project were held during this period, but in 1999 a major effort was made to move the project forward. The newsletter was rejuvenated in 2000, and future activities were planned. Information was also posted on the Survey’s web site. A new and larger subcommittee was established, co-chaired by Kevin Floate and Terry Wheeler, and supported by entomologists with a range of expertise, including Valerie Behan-Pelletier, Rob Cannings, Jeff Cumming, Hugh Danks, Jean-François Landry, David Larson, Rob Roughley, Geoff Scudder, Joe Shorthouse, and Felix Sperling. This subcommittee, with other interested members, met every six months immediately following each main Scientific Committee meeting. The project was stimulated in several ways, supported by the new issues of the grasslands newsletter. An informal conference (2000), group field-collecting trips (see 35. BioBlitzes), a set of relevant references prepared by Rob Roughley and made available on the internet (2002), and a lengthy formal prospectus prepared by Joe Shorthouse and Terry Wheeler (2002) were arranged. A symposium organized by Terry Wheeler took place at the 2002 joint annual meeting of the ESC. A synthetic publication on the arthropods of grasslands was envisaged, based on the symposium content, and in 2003 invitations were issued to authors to contribute to what would prove to be the first of four volumes.

As with other major projects, assembling synthetic publications took


considerable time, but in due course four books were produced in the Arthropods of Canadian grasslands series. Arrangements were being made for the first volume to be published in the National Research Council of Canada Monograph Series when that series was discontinued. Therefore, the grasslands volumes were published in electronic form by the BSC. That route was made feasible partly through electronic print-on-demand methods that had developed over the past several years, avoiding the more time-consuming and costly printing phase of earlier books produced by the Survey.

The first two volumes defined the history, geography, and general biological makeup of Canadian grasslands. Ecology and interactions in grassland habitats, edited by Joe Shorthouse and Kevin Floate, was published in 2010; Inhabitants of a changing landscape, edited by Kevin Floate, followed in 2011. Two later volumes on Biodiversity and systematics, edited by Héctor A. Cárcamo and Donna Giberson, and Giberson and Cárcamo respectively, contained 24 chapters covering groups of arthropods inhabiting the grasslands, introduced by a brief chapter on the biogeography of arthropods of the grasslands regions of Canada. The publication of those volumes in 2014 brought the total number of published pages to 1621, consolidating a major phase of the Survey’s grasslands project.

6. Illustrated keys to the families of arthropods in CanadaThe lack of an up-to-date and readily usable key to families of insects and

their relatives found or expected to be found in Canada seriously hindered laboratory and field studies, and teaching. A series of fascicles was planned to meet this need, to be inexpensively produced in sturdy spiral bindings, and profusely illustrated—unlike some other keys—to make them easy to use.

Preliminary keys to insect families had already been drafted by Geoff Scudder for British Columbia. Developing the keys further, broadening them for Canada as a whole, and fully illustrating them were the aims of a project begun in 1979. In 1982, a fascicle on myriapods (and introduction to the arthropods) was begun by Keith Kevan and produced with Geoff Scudder. The completed fascicle was offered to the NMNS for publication, but the Museum’s response showed that production would be expensive, difficult, and delayed. Therefore, the Survey eventually published the work in 1989 in its own publication series, under the auspices of the Biological Survey Foundation.

Work on a fascicle covering some of the insects began, but resources to complete it were not available. Some keys would be feasible only if problems in the most diverse groups could be addressed by involving other taxonomists, and input was encouraged through a Coleoptera workshop in 1995, for example. Eventually, intermittent funding was secured to work on keys to the families of BC insects, from which the Canadian key could be developed.

Geoff Scudder and Rob Cannings worked on the keys over a prolonged period, preparing many illustrations for a publication to be entitled The insect families of British Columbia. In the meantime, keys to insect families were

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made available in final form on the internet as part of the E-Fauna BC project, a biogeographic atlas of the wildlife of British Columbia intended as a centralized source of scientifically accurate information. Because few Canadian families of arthropods do not occur in British Columbia, the keys now available can be used much more widely.

7. Arthropod fauna of Canadian soilsThe very inadequately known soil fauna of Canada is of great importance

in maintaining the fertility of soils. The Survey wished to encourage activities in this area, although taxonomic resources were too limited to support a major project to remedy deficiencies in knowledge. However, in 1979 the Survey called for a brief to outline the ecological roles of the arthropod fauna of the soil and the current state of knowledge of Canadian soil arthropods. Led by Valin Marshall, with assistance from Keith Kevan, John Matthews, and Al Tomlin, the brief was brought to final form and published in 1982. Wide distribution of the brief, and other activities, helped to stimulate an international conference in 1984 organized by John Spence. It established contact between pedologists and soil zoologists, and led to plans for further relevant research. The proceedings were edited by John Spence and published in 1986.

Since that time, the Survey followed developments in soil biology and individual research work (especially through information from Valerie Behan-Pelletier), and when possible emphasized the importance of soil arthropods. For example, information about the arthropods of soils was included in leaflets describing the Survey and its work that were produced in several colour editions, especially from 1989 onwards (made available during Secretariat travel, for example), as well as in the 1990 symposium and 1992 published proceedings on systematics (see 24. Systematics and entomology). In lieu of a new brief, background information was updated with extensive recent references through an article by Valerie Behan-Pelletier published in the BSC newsletter in 2001. Subsequently, the Survey undertook no new initiatives because it was engaged in other active projects.

8. Arthropod fauna of aquatic habitatsAquatic habitats of all kinds are very well represented in Canada, and

contain diverse faunas of characteristic species. The Survey identified several habitats for priority attention, and completed projects on freshwater wetlands, peatlands, and springs (see 10. Aquatic insects of freshwater wetlands in Canada, 13. Arthropod fauna of freshwater springs in Canada, and 21. Arthropods of peatlands). The Survey also attempted to develop interest in the insect fauna of large rivers because, although Canada contains many of these habitats, typical studies of river faunas have been governed by environmental rather than faunal concerns, and so were piecemeal or imperfect. A project to rationalize and systematize research and information on large rivers would interface with


interests in environment, fisheries, wildlife, and other concerns, but major problems included the identification of immature insects and the expense and difficulty of sampling. Nevertheless, in 1991 the Committee accepted a proposal from David Rosenberg that he regularly bring forward information of interest to the Committee, although resources remained too limited to launch an active project.

9. Seasonal adaptations in insectsThe ways in which insects survive the winter and control their life cycles in

response to seasonal events are especially important in a northern country like Canada. The project was initiated by Hugh Danks as a planned series of papers on modes of seasonal adaptation in insects. It was adopted by the Survey in 1979 and expanded in scope. An unsolicited proposal to fund rapid completion of a book on insect dormancy (which had been under development by Hugh Danks for some time) was prepared in 1981–82. However, the proposal was withdrawn when Hugh was appointed to Museum staff. He completed the manuscript anyway in 1985, although funding to print it was not available at that time. After funds were secured and the Biological Survey Foundation was being established, the work was updated and published by the Survey in 1987. Key concepts developed in the book (which emphasized ecological perspectives, in contrast to existing preoccupations with physiology) were exposed in subsequent papers.

As it happened, Insect dormancy: an ecological perspective appeared in the same year as The bug book and bottle, an activity book for young children also written by Hugh Danks. The 64-page illustrated children’s book took considerable effort, of course, but much less than the dormancy review, conducted over many years and resulting in a technical treatise of 439 pages with many complex tables and more than 2750 cited references. The response of non-entomologists to Insect dormancy was “Oh no! Not another of these big red books we can’t understand” ... “but this Bug book is great!” Relatively few copies of Insect dormancy were printed and the book was out of print within a few years, although the volume was then made available in electronic form on the BSC web site. Conversely, about two million copies of The bug book and bottle, now in a greatly expanded second edition, have been sold.

Hugh Danks continued his primary responsibility for the seasonal project through the years, allowing him to maintain a parallel research career in that field as well as participate in faunistic analyses in the context of the BSC. The work on seasonal adaptations led to a large number of scientific reviews about insect life cycles, cold hardiness and related themes, and international presentations based on them. Some experimental work was also undertaken with cooperators elsewhere in Canada (including Richard Ring), and in Japan during a work transfer during 2004–05. In the years before retirement, he published a number of major reviews synthesizing his earlier contributions. The two final reviews, and presentations based on them at international conferences, revisited the topic

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of cold hardiness in aquatic insects, the subject of his first research in Canada as a postdoctoral fellow at the Entomology Research Institute nearly 40 years earlier. For a complete list of Hugh Danks’ publications, see Appendix 7.

10. Aquatic insects of freshwater wetlands in CanadaWetlands cover a substantial area of the surface of Canada, but the identity

and ecological characteristics of their insect faunas, including prolonged larval stages, were largely unknown. However, wetlands are important reservoirs that buffer the effects of variations in rainfall on the lands that surround them, and they serve as breeding and staging grounds for water birds, many of which depend on arthropod food especially while young.

The project was initiated in 1979. A position paper was prepared by David Rosenberg and Dale Wrubleski, and an article by the former introducing the project was published in 1981. This led to a short list of potential cooperators, but activities remained scattered. To help focus the project, a conference on the aquatic insects of peatlands (bogs and fens) and marshes was held. Peatlands are the wetlands of greatest extent in Canada, and marshes are particularly important to waterfowl. David Rosenberg and Hugh Danks organized the conference at the joint annual meeting of the ESC in St. Andrews (1984), and edited the proceedings published in 1987.

The project was then supplanted by another (see 21. Arthropods of peatlands). However, much later, and partly as a result of his involvement in the wetlands project, Hugh Danks was asked to participate in a review paper about the insects of bog habitats that was published in 2006.

11. Collections and collections policiesThe importance of insect collections, with their essential reference material

for exploring and characterizing the fauna, was recognized from the beginning of the Pilot Study. At the Scientific Committee meeting of October 1980, the Committee agreed that a summary of the Pilot Study recommendations about collections, and notably the concept of regional centres, should be prepared for publication. Hugh Danks drafted a document covering this subject. Originally intended for the Bulletin of the Entomological Society of Canada, the material was presented, when the opportunity arose, at the 1981 meeting of the Society for the Preservation of Natural History Collections, which was held at the NMNS, in a workshop on the care and maintenance of natural history collections. The proceedings of that meeting, containing the paper on regional centres, were published in 1983.

In October 1989, the Committee discussed recent problems related to collections, especially the disposition of materials collected with federal funds. A subcommittee was asked to prepare a statement pointing out the importance of collections, intended as a basis for specific policy suggestions with respect to orphaned collections, guidelines for grants by the Natural Sciences and


Engineering Research Council, and other concerns. A document was prepared by Glenn Wiggins, with Steve Marshall, and discussed at the meeting of April 1990; a revised version with input from Antony Downes was completed in October 1990. Final revisions of this document necessitated approval of some ideas by the Canadian Museum of Nature, and after approval and final Committee consultations the document was published in 1991. The brief was then widely disseminated, through individual mailings to key officials and through various newsletters.

In addition, the brief and its message were exposed at talks given by Hugh Danks during his travels to entomological centres. He was also invited to make a keynote presentation about the value of collections and other themes to the 1991 meeting of the Society for the Preservation of Natural History Collections. This analysis was published in 1993.

Some years later, in response to developing interest from the federal government in biodiversity issues, a subcommittee (David Langor, Hugh Danks, and George Ball) prepared briefs pointing out the need for collection infrastructures. These documents were directed to both NSERC and the Biodiversity Convention Office.

In April 1999, stimulated by a discussion about geographic standards for data labels started by Antony Downes at the previous meeting, Terry Wheeler proposed the preparation of a brief that would give standards not only for geographic information but also for label preparation. This was agreed to, and a brief was developed and published. During consideration of the draft brief at the Committee meeting of April 2001, Terry Wheeler also emphasized the importance of depositing voucher specimens in collections as a reference for entomological work of all kinds, and suggested that a commentary on this subject by the Survey would be desirable. A brief was drafted and published in 2003 (see also 18. Long-term research).

Subsequently, the 2001 and 2003 briefs were translated into French through the Secretariat and made available on the BSC web site. The French-language versions were also distributed with an issue of Antennae, the bulletin of the Société d’entomologie du Québec.

Some years later, the Committee learned that Greg R. Pohl, as president of the Alberta Lepidopterists’ Guild, had responded to a campaign against bug collecting by a well-meaning but misguided local naturalists group. He had explained to the naturalists how insects differ from vertebrates and why insect collecting is important, a response that resulted in better understanding by the naturalists, and engagement of entomologists in issues of local habitat protection. The Scientific Committee agreed in 2007 that these explanations about the importance of insect collecting should be expanded for a wider audience, and Greg Pohl prepared a document that later was published in the BSC newsletter.

For other collections-related issues see 36. Collecting localities and 37. Curation Blitzes.

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12. Arthropods of special habitatsInsects unique to special habitats within a geographical area increase

faunal diversity in that region as a whole. Studies of special habitats that are characteristic or widespread in Canada also provide taxonomic and ecological information of great interest.Their discrete focus makes research feasible with limited resources, and results can be summarized relatively quickly. In 1980–81, a subcommittee chaired by Ian Smith, with Valin Marshall, David Rosenberg, and Geoff Scudder, assessed habitats worthy of particular attention in this context. Their assessment led to the development of the Springs project (see 13. Arthropod fauna of freshwater springs in Canada).

In 1991, a subcommittee—again chaired by Ian Smith—considered the scientific rationale and potential for projects on additional special habitats. Thereafter the subject was regularly included as an agenda item for the Scientific Committee, in due course generating a shortlist of potential candidates for study. Sand dunes, alpine meadows, saltmarshes, alvars, tree holes, nutrient islands, and birds’ nests were included in the list (compare 39. Other topics). Individual reports were generated through collecting and analysis in a few of these habitats, including alvars. However, the Survey directed attention mostly to its larger cooperative projects.

13. Arthropod fauna of freshwater springs in CanadaSprings are discrete habitats that can be relatively easily sampled. They

are particularly interesting zoogeographically because some contain endemic species and can indicate the presence or absence of recent glaciation. Moreover, their faunas would be expected to provide an index of groundwater quality.

The springs project was defined in early 1981 under the concept of “special habitats” (see 12. Arthropods of special habitats) and initiated by Ian Smith, but when he resigned from the Committee the project was taken over by Dudley Williams. An article was published to introduce the project (1983), and individual research contributions and other activities were summarized in reports to the Scientific Committee. The Survey made representations to the 1984 Commission of Inquiry on Federal Water Policy about the need for an inventory of springs, to facilitate the analysis of their faunas.

As the project developed, with work on caddisflies among other groups, Dudley Williams and Hugh Danks organized a symposium at the 1989 joint annual meeting of the ESC in St. John’s, Newfoundland, to focus available information further. During this same period, a brief pointing out the values of springs, and making salient recommendations, was developed by Dudley Williams, Hugh Danks, and others and distributed as a supplement to the ESC Bulletin. A bibliography of spring faunas and their habitats, initiated by Dudley Williams, was published in 1990 after some delays. The proceedings of the 1989 symposium, together with additional papers, appeared in 1991 as an ESC Memoir edited by the organizers.


An article in the Survey Newsletter in 2015 revisited the subject with a view to stimulating further studies, reporting the relatively limited progress made in implementing the recommendations of the BSC’s brief, as well as the relatively few investigations carried out in Canada since spring arthropods were characterized in the 1991 memoir.

14. Endangered speciesThe topic of endangered species was raised briefly in the early 1980s, but

no focus on how to deal with it in relation to insects emerged because the information on insect species was so limited that it was not known if most of the species that had rarely been collected were truly rare and threatened, or simply inadequately collected. An article on the subject in the BSC newsletter in 1983 elicited no response from entomologists. The Survey developed contacts at that time with the Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada (COSEWIC) and the Canadian Council on Ecological Areas (CCEA). The ESC also became interested in the topic for several years in liaison with the Scientific Committee, but its interest lapsed.

Steve Marshall undertook to provide relevant information to the Committee, and the topic was briefly revisited at each meeting. In particular, the Committee monitored relevant provincial and federal legislation, notably the Species At Risk Act, and its likely impact. The Survey made no specific intervention, although from time to time a representative of the Canadian Wildlife Service with responsibilities in this area attended the meetings of the Scientific Committee.

The assessment and documentation of potentially rare species was contemplated too, but met with significant resistance from a few members of the entomological community, who feared that making information on endangered species more widely available would increase the danger to those species. More recently, Steve Marshall and David McCorquodale of the Committee, and other entomologists, stayed in touch with the Committee on the Status of Species at Risk in Ontario (COSSARO), and participated in the subgroup of COSEWIC considering insects. A detailed article about COSEWIC insect assessments was published in the BSC newsletter in 2009.

15. Origins of the North American insect faunaContinuing the themes addressed in an earlier symposium (see 4. Temporal

and spatial changes in the Canadian insect fauna), and to document further the complex history and diverse origins of the North American insect fauna, Antony Downes organized a symposium at the joint annual meeting of the Entomological Societies of Canada, Ontario, and America that was held in Toronto in 1982. These papers, many of them substantially expanded from their original form, were collected into an ESC Memoir edited by Antony Downes and David H. Kavanaugh that was published in 1988.

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16. Environmental appraisalIn April 1983, ideas introduced by Dennis Lehmkuhl, especially the lack of

knowledge about insect diversity among people responsible for environmental impact assessments, led to the suggestion that a brief on the subject be developed. With others, he prepared a preliminary draft for the meeting of October 1983. Subsequent discussions led by David Rosenberg clarified the target of the brief, and it was retitled to refer to the appraisal of environmental disturbance, to show that it was aimed at those generally concerned with the environment and entomology, rather than with formal Environmental Impact Assessments. The brief emphasized procedures by which scientifically effective appraisals could be carried out. After revisions, especially by Dennis Lehmkuhl and Hugh Danks, the brief was published in 1984.

At the same time, David Rosenberg addressed the value of insects in the more formal process of Environmental Impact Assessment, initially in a draft endorsed by the Committee (April 1984) and culminating in a paper published in 1986. In subsequent years, Hugh Danks presented seminars based on the conclusions of these two publications to many audiences, including wildlife managers and others outside entomology. Unfortunately, despite the availability of this information, some environmental appraisals still provide no information of value (for example, because identifications are inadequate), a conclusion similar to that made about some studies of biodiversity (see 27. Study of biodiversity).

17. Taxonomy of Canadian mayfliesMayflies and their larvae are difficult to identify, yet they are important

in aquatic systems. For example, mayflies provide food for fish and other organisms, and are potential indicators of water quality. A project to produce a taxonomic treatment of the mayflies of Canada, including larvae in so far as possible, was therefore initiated in 1983, with preliminary work by Dennis Lehmkuhl, Pierre (Peter) P. Harper, and Françoise Harper. However, Canadian expertise in this group was so limited that when Dennis Lehmkuhl left the Committee and suspended work on the project it was no longer viable, so the project was discontinued in October 1987.

18. Long-term researchInsects are potentially valuable to assess long-term natural variability. In

1984, David Rosenberg emphasized that key trends and effects in ecosystems could be detected only by long-term projects based on research of high quality, and he suggested that a brief might be prepared to promote these ideas. The concept was discussed by the Committee on several occasions, partly in the context of climatic change. For the April 1986 meeting, David Rosenberg and Hugh Danks prepared a background document, which recognized three possible avenues for action: recommending a long-term viewpoint in individual research initiatives; incorporating a long-term component into existing projects


using appropriate techniques; and approaching selected agencies to enhance appreciation of the need for long-term funding.

Subsequent discussions led to the idea of a document about the long-term value of collections, and this was prepared by Hugh Danks and Glenn Wiggins in 1986. The Committee proposed that the document be published, and in 1987 it was included in the Bulletin of the Canadian Society of Zoologists as well as that of the Entomological Society of Canada.

Elements of these ideas were reflected in several other initiatives: concerns about the adequacy of biological components in environmental work (see 16. Environmental appraisal); climate change (see 19. Climatic change); discussions with the Canadian Parks Service about long-term entomological research in Parks (see 26. Fauna of selected National Parks); BioBlitzes in National Parks that might lead to longer-term research (see 35. BioBlitzes); and broader statements about the importance of collections and the role of voucher specimens (see 11. Collections and collection policies).

19. Climatic changeIn 1984, Antony Downes prepared a report to the Committee noting the

changes expected in climate, and pointing out that faunal information should be gathered to assess the influence of these changes. A subcommittee of John Matthews, Antony Downes, and George Argus prepared a report later that year suggesting possible actions. The Survey lacked the resources to pursue the sorts of major, long-term proposals that were made, but the BSC informed the Entomological Society of Canada and the Climate Planning Board of their interest in this matter, and urged that it not be neglected.

The Climate Planning Board (and the Atmospheric Environment Service) responded by suggesting that a workshop be convened to allow climatologists and biologists to exchange ideas. The BSC realized that the workshop should involve all biologists, not just entomologists, and it addressed this question to other biologists at the 1985 Biological Council of Canada’s Canadian Congress of Biology. There, the President of the BCC accepted the Survey’s proposal that it was the BCC’s role to take these ideas forward by means of a workshop involving a wide spectrum of biologists. However, the BCC did not pursue these ideas vigorously, and nothing developed from other societies. Moreover, interest in the workshop idea was not forthcoming from Agriculture and other government departments, so that a workshop never took place, although Geoff Scudder and Ian Smith continued to discuss the idea intermittently with interested officials and entomologists.

When the Royal Society of Canada was charged with developing the Canadian Global Change Program, the Survey kept aware of these developments. Through the National Research Council, the Climate Planning Board, and the Royal Society of Canada (RSC), it tried to foster a biological component to the program. For example, Geoff Scudder attended an RSC meeting on the subject in

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April 1990. A widely based Survey group then developed ideas for a proposal to the Royal Society, on the basis of a subcommittee meeting held in May 1990, to try to establish a suitable component of program funding. However, the leaders of that program wanted very large-scale modelling endeavours that would test particular hypotheses, and appeared to have no interest in the sort of baseline work needed to underpin the global biological component.

Therefore, the BSC considered other avenues, attempting to make connections with long-term monitoring (notably through the Canadian Federation of Biological Societies and Environment Canada, based on possible Green Plan funding for a Canadian long-term ecosystem research program), with projects to map faunas in relation to climates, and through NSERC strategic grant proposals (e.g., by Geoff Scudder and Bob Foottit). A workshop at the 1990 joint annual meeting of the ESC in Banff aimed to identify wider entomological interest. Subsequently, information and contacts with the RSC were monitored chiefly by Geoff Scudder, although considerations at this level continued to be towards very large-scale, and chiefly climatological, studies. Hugh Danks prepared a specific funding proposal in this context for studies on arctic insects, underpinned by a scientific paper entitled “Arctic insects as indicators of environmental change” published in 1992, but the CMN declined to fund that project.

Some more limited projects in this arena were subsequently developed by Geoff Scudder and Bob Foottit as well as other Canadian entomologists and other biologists, but the Survey was unable to coordinate a broader project because it would require such substantial funding. However, a brief newsletter article in 2007 revisited the subject.

20. Insects of CanadaIn 1985, Hugh Danks suggested to the organizers of the 1988 International

Congress of Entomology in Vancouver that a synopsis of the Canadian insect fauna should be prepared and published for the information of delegates. This was agreed to by the Congress steering committee, the Entomological Society of Canada, and the Scientific Committee (at its meeting of October 1985), and Hugh Danks undertook to prepare the synopsis. The booklet was reviewed by representatives of the Congress steering committee and the Survey in 1987, and published on behalf of the Congress, funded by the Canadian Forestry Service. Additional copies remained after the Congress, in both official languages, and were made available especially to faculty members teaching courses on Canadian entomology.

In 2000, as part of an expansion of the web site of the Canadian Museum of Nature, the content of the booklet was abridged, photographs were added, and the material posted online.


21. Arthropods of peatlandsPeatlands cover a substantial part of Canada’s land mass, and although

the habitat supports a distinctive fauna—some species of which are “bog specialists”—surprisingly little was known about peatland arthropods. Early in 1985, Steve Marshall suggested that a project on the arthropod fauna of peatlands, which might include both terrestrial and aquatic species (and even consider the flora), might be feasible, perhaps as a follow up to the first stage of the wetlands project that had already established the ecological importance of these habitats. If the Survey could focus the interest of various people on to peatlands, specimens from a representative range of habitats and additional work on species identification would allow useful generalizations about the biology and relationships of peatland arthropods. At about the same time, Bert Finnamore began extensive sampling of the Wagner Bog, Alberta, and later sampled the area of Bistcho Lake.

A peatlands project was initiated with an article by Steve Marshall in the BSC newsletter in 1986. Bert Finnamore prepared newsletter and other articles about sampling methods in peatlands, and findings about their arthropod faunas. Several specialists agreed to contribute towards a symposium, which took place in 1991. The proceedings, edited by Bert Finnamore and Steve Marshall and published in 1994, established a baseline of faunal information. Exploration of peatlands by individual entomologists continued after the symposium.

22. Forest arthropodsForest habitats dominate many life zones in Canada to the extent that their

study is basic to understanding the arthropod fauna of the country. The Survey was interested for many years in developing a project on boreal arthropods, but had difficulty defining a feasible project in this vast zone. It was clear that more specialized collecting would be required, and several circumscribed initiatives were undertaken in the initial phases. Subsequently, there was interest in old-growth forests, and finally a more cohesive initiative entitled Arthropods of Canadian forests was implemented.

A. Initial phases. In the 1980s, two ideas received particular interest: a project related to the effects and ecology of fire in relation to forest arthropods [see 32. Arthropods and fire]; and study of the fauna of a well distributed and economically significant species or group of trees, combining forestry interests with the broader concerns of the Survey. Following contacts between the Survey and other North American entomologists, Bob Foottit developed additional ideas for the October 1985 Scientific Committee meeting; he proposed a project on the herbivore fauna associated with jack pine, lodgepole pine, and their hybrids. This project was launched with an article in the BSC newsletter in 1986. Geoff Scudder and Bob Foottit assessed the guild of sucking insects on jack pine and lodgepole pine, with an evaluation of existing collections and new field collecting. At about the same time, Hugh Danks began a broad

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review of the insects of the boreal zone, which was published, with input from Bob Foottit, in 1989.

B. Arthropods of old-growth forests. As the project proceeded, interest in old-growth or ancient forests was shown by several Committee members. Richard Ring prepared a report for the October 1991 meeting, and a subcommittee of Steve Marshall (chair), Richard Ring, Geoff Scudder, and Valerie Behan-Pelletier considered the possibilities further. Relevant projects were summarized in the BSC newsletter, although no major coordinated project evolved. A wider summary of forest projects was also prepared. During a 2003 review of Survey priorities, David Langor and Neville Winchester prepared a wider plan for a potential future Survey project in old-growth forest habitats.

C. Arthropods of Canadian forests. In 2003–04, “Arthropods of Canadian forests” was launched from a new perspective, led by David Langor, aiming to coordinate research that would inventory and understand the ecological roles of forest arthropods. The project would prepare an updated list of proj-ects, publish a newsletter, sponsor and organize symposia and workshops, and increase the presence of this area of interest on the Survey’s web site. All of these aims were achieved. An updated list of relevant projects was prepared and made available on the Survey web site. Arthropods of Canadian Forests newsletters, edited by David Langor, were published in 2004, 2006, 2007, and 2009, through collaboration between the Survey and the Canadian Forest Service. They included articles on forest arthropods, recent publications, and a variety of other relevant information. In 2005 a symposium on “Maintaining arthropods in northern forest ecosystems” was held at the joint annual meeting of the ESC in Canmore, Alberta, and the proceedings, edited by David Langor and John Spence, were published in 2008.

The study of forests was favoured by several BSC BioBlitzes, which had a significant component of collecting in those habitats. Locations included Wa-terton Lakes National Park, Alberta, Gros Morne National Park, Newfoundland, and Riding Mountain National Park, Manitoba (see 35. Bioblitzes). Studies of introduced and invasive species in forests were included in another project (28. Invasions and reductions).

Work to produce a handbook on longhorn beetles, a significant component of the forest fauna, was also undertaken through collaboration between the Canadian Forest Service, the US Department of Agriculture Forest Service, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, the University of Cape Breton, and the BSC. For example, material in collections was reviewed and keys drafted. In 2016, the handbook was prepared for publication.

23. Arthropods of the Queen Charlotte Islands (Haida Gwaii)The arthropods of the Queen Charlotte Islands are potentially instructive for

three reasons: parts of the islands may have been unglaciated during Pleistocene time; the islands are separated significantly from the mainland; and the islands


have unique ecological characteristics. Moreover, the flora has been studied extensively.

The Survey noted its interest in the islands in 1979, but insufficient information was available to launch a project. Following new collecting by personnel from the Biosystematics Research Institute, the University of Alberta, the University of British Columbia, the Royal British Columbia Museum, and elsewhere, a general conference about the islands was held during 1984 in Vancouver, and the project was formalized in 1985 with Milt Campbell as chair of a subcommittee. However, only individual studies rather than a more cohesive project developed.

In 1990, following publication of the proceedings of the 1984 general conference, Geoff Scudder made an unsuccessful attempt to revive the project through an article in the BSC newsletter. Nevertheless, the topic was considered routinely at meetings of the Scientific Committee until 2002.

24. Systematics and entomologyThe Survey’s interest in the roles and value of systematics have been

promoted in several ways. A review article by Hugh Danks about the roles of systematics in support of entomology was published in 1988.

In 1989, a workshop entitled “Future challenges for systematic entomology in Canada”, organized by Ian Smith, was convened by the BSC, the Biosystematics Research Centre, and the ESC, aimed at developing recommendations broadly endorsed by Canadian entomologists to assist the ESC in promoting renewed support for systematics and allied areas of research. The workshop took place in Ottawa immediately after the April meeting of the Scientific Committee, and was attended by many members of the Committee, as well as other Canadian entomologists.

In 1990, George Ball and Hugh Danks organized a symposium on systematics and entomology for the joint annual meeting of the ESC in Banff. They edited the proceedings that were published as an ESC Memoir in 1993.

Other more limited initiatives included discussions with the Commission of Inquiry on Canadian University Education about systematics in universities, undertaken by Hugh Danks and Ian Smith on behalf of the Survey in 1991. Allied initiatives focussed on the importance of collections that underpin faunistic research (see 11. Collections and collections policies) and on procedures for the assessment of biodiversity (see 27. Study of biodiversity).

25. Arthropod ectoparasites of vertebrates (including biting flies)Arthropod ectoparasites are a diverse element of the Canadian fauna, and

frequently impinge upon the performance and wellbeing of man, domestic animals, and wildlife. The fauna was not well known (with research directed chiefly to economically important species or disease vectors), and its study would be expected to deliver instructive findings about the ecological,

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physiological and systematic relationships of the ectoparasites and their hosts.At the Scientific Committee meeting of April 1989, Terry Galloway outlined

the inadequacies of knowledge of these ectoparasites in groups such as lice and mites. In 1990, he presented a document explaining the situation and the importance of these species. The document was redrafted into the form of a brief during 1990, reviewed and approved by the Committee, and published in 1991. The brief outlined the diversity of Canadian arthropod ectoparasites. It called for additional resources aimed at long-term objectives, and for increased awareness among a variety of biological disciplines to improve the state of knowledge. Fruitful avenues for future research were identified. Individual Committee members were asked to promote these ideas; Terry Galloway presented some of them at a meeting of the Canadian Society of Zoologists, for example.

Later, the issue of West Nile virus (especially after 2002) drew attention to the mosquitoes that vector the virus. Donna Giberson reported to the Committee about the situation in Canada.

26. Fauna of selected National ParksThe Biological Survey and the National Parks branch were in touch at the

beginning of the Pilot Study, which was supported by Parks in the context of whether the Parks network at that time properly represented the natural areas of the country. The Survey maintained its interest in Parks, with their diversity of protected habitats of great faunal interest.

In 1991, the Survey and Parks Canada endorsed a 5-year Memorandum of Understanding, which led especially to recommendations to Parks Canada from the BSC about Long-term research on the insect fauna in Parks (1991) and about Guidelines for research in Parks (1992). There was little response to these suggestions because they would have required funding or other support, or a change in procedures. Nevertheless, individual entomologists had valuable liaisons with some individual parks.

Other attempts by the Survey to interest Parks Canada headquarters in entomological research were not successful. However, regional contacts led to fieldwork at a number of National Parks including Cape Breton (Nova Scotia) and Prince Edward Island, as well as during the Biological Survey BioBlitzes at Waterton Lakes in Alberta, Gros Morne in Newfoundland, Riding Mountain in Manitoba, and Bruce Peninsula in Ontario (see 35. BioBlitzes). The 2005 BioBlitz at Waterton Lakes National Park was followed by a survey, led by David Langor, that continued to focus on terrestrial arthropods for several years; it supported a biodiversity database for the Park maintained by Parks Canada. A workshop at the 2001 joint annual meeting of the Entomological Society of Canada, organized by Steve Marshall (though not under the auspices of the BSC), discussed Entomology in Parks and Protected Places.


27. Study of biodiversityIncreasing interests in biodiversity have not always been matched by

knowledge of what is required for proper study of the arthropod components. In particular, species identification, taxonomic expertise, and proper planning and sampling are required. In 1991, Steve Marshall proposed that the Survey prepare a brief on biodiversity sampling. After work by a subcommittee led by Steve Marshall (with Bob Anderson, Valerie Behan-Pelletier, and Hugh Danks), this document emphasizing sampling methods was published in 1994. During this period, Scientific Committee members Geoff Scudder and Ian Smith were active on the Biodiversity Convention Advisory Group, providing advice to the Biodiversity Convention Office—in the context of the Canadian Biodiversity Strategy—as to the importance of systematics and of inventories of the fauna. A widely circulated resolution from the Committee in 1992, about the need for infrastructures for biodiversity, has already been referred to in the introduction to this section about the Survey’s scientific projects and initiatives.

At about the same time, Hugh Danks was receiving many requests from officials charged with “biodiversity studies” who stated their intention to include insects, but in fact had no idea about arthropod diversity, the costs of sampling, or what was required to make their efforts useful. Moreover, some of them had no biological training whatsoever, making it likely that resources would be wasted. He therefore prepared a document entitled “How to assess insect biodiversity without wasting your time”, emphasizing the steps required to plan and execute a proper study of biodiversity. The text was reviewed by the Committee and published as a Survey brief in 1996. The content of the brief was also condensed into a more popular form for the CMN publication Global Biodiversity. In 2000, a further brief was produced, based chiefly on work carried out in west-coast forests by Neville Winchester, confirming the validity of the 1996 procedures.

In 1999, in cooperation with the Ecological Monitoring and Assessment Network (EMAN), the Survey organized a workshop, attended by invited experts, to consider which groups of arthropods would be best for biodiversity monitoring. This resulted in a report for use by EMAN.

After a number of years, the Survey envisaged an updated version of the 1994 brief on planning a biodiversity study and recommended sampling techniques. However, given the ready availability of good reference material it was decided that a revision was unnecessary, and instead a list of newer references relevant to the subject was posted on the BSC web site.

28. Invasions and reductionsIntroduced species are a conspicuous element of the fauna, associated with

ports and agricultural lands, for example, and further important changes in the fauna might be expected to result from the introduction of invasive species. A project on introduced carabid beetles contributed to the work of the Pilot

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Study, and its results were summarized in 1988 in the proceedings of the BSC symposium on origins of the North American insect fauna.

At the April 1991 meeting of the Scientific Committee, Steve Marshall reminded the Committee that entomologists working with specimens in collections see many apparent changes of range over time, justifying the importance of collections in documenting change, and also showing that monitoring should have been done in the past in order to explain what is happening today. The outline of a potential project that he brought to the next meeting led to an extensive workshop in 1993, although no specific undertaking emerged from the workshop.

Following discussions in April 2002, Michèle Roy suggested that study of the invasive Asian lady beetle might make a useful Survey project in this context. She and Steve Marshall agreed to examine whether a more general project on lady beetles in Canada might be feasible, and later that year the project was established with David McCorquodale, Steve Marshall, Rob Roughley, Michèle Roy, and other cooperators. Information from many collections was assembled to allow an overview of the fauna, the history of introductions, and evidence for reductions, although obtaining records from one or two provinces led to delays in this analysis.

Subsequent discussions suggested the additional need for wider consideration of invasions and reductions, and a symposium to address the subject was organized by David Langor and Jon Sweeney at the joint annual meeting of the ESC in 2006. This international symposium on “Ecological impacts of non-native invertebrates and fungi on terrestrial ecosystems” comprised a series of review and specific papers that examined invasions by these organisms, and their impacts on ecological processes and biological diversity. The invited symposium papers and a small number of additional titles, edited by the organizers, were published together in 2009.

During this same period, cooperation with many individuals in the Canadian Forest Service and elsewhere, led by David Langor, generated a database of non-native terrestrial arthropods that eventually documented nearly 2000 species, a number that continues to increase. Among other products, it allowed an extensive review to be published in 2014.

29. Faunal analysisA. Gap analysis. In 1993, the Committee discussed systematics and

biodiversity in the context of initiatives recommended in a recent Entomological Society of Canada Gold Medal address by Glenn Wiggins. Geoff Scudder, George Ball, and others made the point that demonstrating “gaps” in knowledge and expertise verifies the need for support of systematics.

A Survey subcommittee chaired by Rob Roughley introduced a background document in 1994. Procedures for this “gap analysis” or “faunal analysis” were discussed and developed in detail. In 1995, an extensive protocol, with a


sample analysis for the Hymenoptera, was prepared by new subcommittee chair John Huber. A final version of the protocol was made more widely available in 1996–97, and in subsequent years John Huber expressed the belief that the analysis would be accelerated, and data for more taxa supplied, if the protocol and other information were available on a web site. Data for additional groups were assembled through contacts he and Bob Anderson made, but the data were not complete enough to post on the web site until 2000.

In 2001, Rob Roughley tabulated data about known and estimated additional numbers of species in each group from Canada and its insect fauna, and contacted other experts to secure information for additional groups. The information was then posted on the Biological Survey web site.

B. Biota of Canada. The work continued in 2013 as a project entitled The Biota of Canada, envisaging multiple volumes serving to assess the biodiversity of Canada for all groups of organisms. The first volume, with a focus on terrestrial arthropods, would update most of the information in Canada and its insect fauna.

30. Damaged ecosystemsAt the Committee meeting of April 1994 and subsequently, Joe Shorthouse

reported on a potential way to obtain funds to study ecosystems impacted by man, based on interest by industry in the rehabilitation of damaged lands near smelters. This interest eventually led to funding for some projects in the vicinity of Sudbury, and the item was considered routinely until 2002. Unfortunately, by that time the interest of industry in funding studies of “biodiversity” in these sites had diminished.

31. Funding for biodiversity projectsIn April 1998, Hugh Danks reported that many university entomologists had

told him how difficult it was to secure funding for graduate students to carry out individual studies in systematics and biodiversity. Therefore, the Survey might want to share ideas about relevant sources of funds.

Terry Wheeler suggested that an electronic directory of funding sources would be useful, and he drafted a list during 1998, adding to it subsequently and sending out paper copies on request. He also prepared a document about the process of applying for grants, which was completed in 2000 following feedback from Committee members and others. This document, to which the list of funding sources was later added, was posted on the BSC web site.

32. Arthropods and fireThe subject of arthropods and fire was addressed at the meeting of April

2000, especially in the context of grasslands and forests, so an agenda item was included thereafter to see if enough interest could be generated to organize a formal project. Following discussions at subsequent meetings, Rob Roughley

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agreed in 2002 to develop an appropriate symposium and synthesis. He also posted relevant references on the BSC web site.

A symposium on “Arthropods and fire” was held at the ESC meeting in Canmore, Alberta, in 2005, and Chris Buddle later agreed to pursue the possibility of publishing the contributions from the symposium. The Journal of Insect Conservation was envisaged as a suitable outlet for a series of papers on the topic of arthropod conservation and fire. However, a lack of commitment from several authors meant that the planned publication had to be cancelled in 2007.

33. Costs of insect identificationsIn April 2001, Hugh Danks raised the matter of appropriate costs for

identifications, wondering if the Survey might prepare a short document pointing out and substantiating the time and expertise involved in identifying insects to various taxonomic levels, and hence the fair costs of the work. The document would be intended to raise consciousness about the real costs, both in a university setting and for those in charge of biodiversity studies elsewhere.

A subcommittee of Valerie Behan-Pelletier (chair), Steve Marshall, Donna Giberson, and Hugh Danks investigated this possibility. Some progress was made, and eventually Steve Marshall prepared an opinion piece on the subject for the BSC newsletter in 2003. Donna Giberson sought wider information about costs, but at the Committee meeting of April 2003 the topic was deemed too complex to make a more formal document feasible, and action was deferred.

In 2012, Steve Marshall revisited the topic in another thoughtful article for the BSC newsletter. His general conclusion was the same, that the costs of arthropod identifications can be lowered if taxonomists make it a priority to prepare and publish digital keys and reviews (as in the Canadian Journal of Arthropod Identification, introduced below), but he was able to note new tools and possibilities.

34. Naturalist publicationsIn April 2001, Steve Marshall reported that he was developing a series of

naturalist guides to Ontario insects, given the growing interest in biodiversity among naturalists. He suggested that the Survey might want to follow up the popular guides by publishing more technical treatments. Steve Marshall, Doug Currie, and Felix Sperling undertook to consider how to coordinate publications of this type, and what might be the role of the BSC. Delays were introduced when the prospective publisher of the popular guides went out of business after considerable work had been done on the first fascicle. However, a new publisher was found and several guides appeared. Steve Marshall later developed an extensive and profusely illustrated popular guide to the insects of eastern North America, and this was published in 2006 to great general acclaim.

He continued to develop ideas for well illustrated and readily available


treatments of the fauna, culminating in the establishment, under the auspices of the BSC, of the Canadian Journal of Arthropod Identification, which is introduced under the next main heading below.

35. BioBlitzesBeginning in 2001, the subcommittee for the project on Arthropods of

Canadian grasslands planned a series of field trips to collect arthropods in selected prairie habitats to document the faunas of different prairie ecozones. These joint ventures were also expected to lead to the exchange of information about various techniques and taxonomic groups. They visited Onefour (2001) and the Peace River grasslands (2003) in Alberta. (Inclement weather led to cancellation of an intervening trip to tallgrass prairie in southeastern Manitoba.) In 2004, a similar gathering in Aweme, Manitoba, was dubbed a BioBlitz, and included biologists collecting molluscs, plants, lichens, and other organisms, although subsequent BioBlitzes continued to focus on arthropods.

In 2005, the BioBlitz included participants in the forest arthropods project and was held in Waterton Lakes National Park, an area with both prairie and forest (as well as alpine) habitats. Subsequent BioBlitzes aimed to increase faunal knowledge in a particular area, with no specific project association. The collections made, the collected material exchanged, and the interactions among participants favoured progress in several of the Survey’s faunal projects.

The visit to Waterton Lakes and several subsequent events were organized at National Parks especially by David Langor, who arranged too for BioBlitz collecting permits, some of which were extended for several years. Gros Morne, Newfoundland, was visited in 2006, Riding Mountain, Manitoba, in 2007, and Bruce Peninsula, Ontario, in 2008.

The BioBlitz program continued at Sudbury, Ontario (2010), Bay of Islands, Newfoundland (2012), Peace River valley, British Columbia (2015), and Carmacks, Yukon (2016).

36. Collecting localitiesLabels associated with specimens of insects and other arthropods in

collections contain data useful in many different ways and for many different purposes, including the mapping of ranges and their analysis by various software programs. However, analysis is compromised if the basic localities are not accurate, yet experience shows that a single locality might be referred to in several different ways, location names given in the literature might not correspond with expected gazetteer entries, and geographic coordinates given by labels for the same locality might vary.

To overcome these problems, Rob Roughley proposed development of a database to verify and standardize the coordinates of Canadian localities commonly cited on specimen labels, including historical collecting sites. The Committee endorsed this idea, and in 2002–03 he began to develop the database

http://biologicalsurvey.ca/assets/file/35


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in earnest. However, the need for consistency and standardization, and the diversity and variable quality of existing records, created difficulties and delays. Nevertheless, in 2008 the database was completed by Rob Roughley and Michael A. Alperyn, with input from other Canadian entomologists, incorporating data for common localities from the United States National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency’s world locality database. It was then made available on the BSC web site, where it could be updated with new data submitted by users.

37. Curation BlitzesIn 2006, David McCorquodale suggested the value of bringing together

members of the entomological community with a range of taxonomic expertise to help assess and identify material in an insect collection that was potentially in need of curation. The gathering not only would provide some curatorial assistance to the collection but also reveal what it had to offer, allow participants to exchange ideas about identification and approaches to studying insect systematics and faunistics, and bring into view other important regional collections.

This idea was endorsed by the Scientific Committee, and “Curation Blitzes” were subsequently organized, chiefly by David McCorquodale. They were held in association with the joint annual meetings of the ESC, with good attendance and great success, at various university and government collections: the University of Saskatchewan in Saskatoon (2007); the Canadian Museum of Nature in Gatineau, Québec (2008); the J.B. Wallis Museum of the Department of Entomology at the University of Manitoba in Winnipeg (2009); the Spencer Entomological Collection of the University of British Columbia in Vancouver (2010); the Nova Scotia Museum in Halifax (2011); and the Royal Alberta Museum in Edmonton (2012).

38. Annual symposia of the Biological Survey of CanadaBefore 2008, symposia at the joint annual meetings of the ESC were

organized at irregular intervals in support of individual projects. Starting in 2008, a specific BSC symposium was implemented for every annual meeting. Although the appearance of the books on grasslands arthropods was highlighted by a 2010 symposium on Arthropods of Canadian grasslands, most of the annual Survey symposia treated wider themes: the BSC as well as aspects of Canadian biodiversity (2008); Terrestrial arthropod surveys in Canada (2009); How to complete a Biological Survey of Canada (2011); The biota of Canada (2012); 150 years of discovery and change in Ontario’s insect fauna (2013); Ancient and recent changes in insect diversity (2014); and Canada and its insect fauna: 35 years later (2015).

39. Other topicsMany other topics for potential action could not be pursued, except for



work by individual entomologists, because resources were too limited or scattered, or were committed elsewhere. Topics discussed in more or less detail included areas of particular biogeographical interest (e.g., the Cordillera as well as mountains in general, islands), understudied areas (e.g., northern Quebec, Magdalen Islands), groups that were especially inadequately known (e.g., parasitoid wasps), widespread habitats with interesting faunas (e.g., alpine meadows, saltmarshes), special restricted habitats (e.g., tree holes, nutrient islands, birds’ nests), arthropod interactions (e.g., insect pollination, wildlife-arthropod relationships), and some more general topics (e.g., insects as bioindicators, faunistic methods, common names, and cooperation with amateur groups).

The Canadian Journal of Arthropod IdentificationIn October 2004, Steve Marshall proposed that the Survey should initiate

a national electronic journal to publish works contributing significantly to the recognition and documentation of Canada’s arthropod fauna. The journal would provide taxonomic treatments and keys at various levels. He pointed out that digital technology for publication and for creating images had advanced so much in recent years that it was now relatively easy and cheap to produce online publications as well as good digital images of whole insects and their specific characters. An e-journal would bring together many Survey aims, including family keys (6. Illustrated keys to the families of arthropods), publications for naturalists (34. Naturalist publications), and other broad initiatives.

The Scientific Committee strongly endorsed the proposed journal. The Survey agreed that the journal should be modular, allowing treatments at a range of scales and complexity depending on what was currently achievable. The proposed system of electronic production was cost-effective and would make the taxonomic reviews and associated digital identification tools universally available; their utility would be extended by rendering contributions in a format that could also be printed out by the user if desired. The taxonomic treatments could be prepared by experts at whatever scale (province, region, country) was currently feasible. A regional focus would eliminate much of the complexity and make keys easier to use, although such online resources could then be extended when appropriate. The material would be fully peer-reviewed, assuring quality and validating the credit assigned to authors. However, the format of the identification products would not be artificially constrained, provided that they were richly illustrated, practical, and printable. An important feature of the journal would be its ready availability online without cost to users, helping all students of the fauna and favouring further work on the arthropods of Canada.

Steve Marshall, with some Committee members and assistants in his laboratory, therefore developed appropriate submission and review procedures, an editorial board, and digital production standards for the new e-journal. The Biological Survey of Canada’s Canadian Journal of Arthropod Identification

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was launched with an article in the BSC newsletter in 2005, and the first fascicle published online on 28 June 2006. Ancillary information on the journal site served to assist authors and extend the reach of the journal.

The Canadian Journal of Arthropod Identification, with Steve Marshall as editor, was very successful. Within the first 10 years after its establishment about 30 modules had been published, many of them very extensive (listed in Appendix 5). In 2010, the journal was included in the set of core publications of the Entomological Society of Canada, which thereby undertook to act as necessary to ensure the journal’s continuity.

The Biological Survey at annual meetings of the Entomological Society of Canada

The Entomological Society of Canada held a joint annual meeting with the local provincial or regional society every year. At many of these meetings the BSC organized a symposium, typically to promote or consolidate a particular scientific project, and many of the proceedings were subsequently developed for publication. In 2008 and thereafter, the BSC symposium was formalized as an annual event at every joint annual meeting (see 38. Annual symposia of the Biological Survey of Canada above). The symposia are listed in Appendix 6, and shown in more detail under project headings in Appendix 4. Also associated with the annual meetings, beginning in 2007, were Curation Blitzes in local collections (see 37. Curation Blitzes).

The Secretariat entomologist, Hugh Danks, regularly attended the joint annual meetings and was able to exchange information with others. He also attended presentations about work relevant to the Survey, including talks and posters by regular and student members from places not visited during his annual travel.

In 2003–07, the fall meeting of the Scientific Committee was held not in Ottawa as usual but at the ESC joint annual meeting venue elsewhere (Kelowna 2003, Charlottetown 2004, Canmore 2005, Montreal 2006, Saskatoon 2007). This change was made partly to favour attendance by members who could not afford the time to go to two meetings in the fall, and also because CMN budgets for Committee travel were reduced. Therefore, members who were travelling to the ESC meeting anyway could attend the Scientific Committee there without the expense of separate travel. However, not all members were able to arrange or to fund attendance in these circumstances, and consequently some of the Committee meetings were abbreviated, notably in Canmore in 2005.

An ESC student scholarship, to be awarded at the annual meeting every two years, was established by the Survey to support and encourage work on the fauna. Studies of the biodiversity of terrestrial arthropods in Canada were eligible for the scholarship. The first Biological Survey of Canada Scholarship was awarded in Charlottetown in 2004. The future of the award was secured in 2004 through donations from the H.V. Danks Trust Fund at the CMN, derived from royalties for The bug book and bottle.


The Biological Survey FoundationThe Biological Survey Foundation was established to support certain

publications of the BSC. It was a registered charitable organization (recognized by Revenue Canada in May 1988) with a mandate “to support the preparation, publication and dissemination of materials that serve the advancement of knowledge, comprising items relevant to projects supported by the Biological Survey of Canada that enhance understanding of the organisms of Canada.” The Foundation therefore could acquire and disburse funds for that purpose and issue charitable receipts for qualifying donations.

The Foundation operated on the principle that funds from government agencies and other organizations as well as individual donors could be assembled to finance a specific Survey publication that was difficult to produce through other channels, especially because the cost of publishing books in the normal way was so high. Expenditures were recouped by sales, and this revenue could be invested. These funds, together with donations and grants, could then be used as seed money for subsequent publications. The Entomological Society of Canada acted as the Foundation’s sales agent through its office in Ottawa.

This mechanism was used to support publication of Insect Dormancy (1987), Illustrated keys to the families of terrestrial arthropods of Canada 1. Myriapods (1988), An introductory bibliography of spring habitats and their faunas (1990), and Insects of the Yukon (1997). Other volumes were also considered, including a checklist of prairie spiders, a second fascicle of the illustrated keys to families, and books stemming from the grasslands project. It was feasible to fund publications because their cost was confined to printing only. Smaller publications (family keys, springs bibliography) were prepared as camera-ready copy by authors. Larger and more complex publications (Insect Dormancy, Insects of the Yukon) were produced without the usual outside expenses for selecting and contracting with a printer, editing, standardizing manuscript formats, preparing the material for typesetting, dealing with multiple proof stages, and compiling an index, because these tasks could be undertaken by Hugh Danks because of his earlier editing experience.

Five directors were responsible for running the Foundation: the President at first was George Ball and later Joe Shorthouse, the chairs of the Scientific Committee. Hugh Danks acted as Secretary-Treasurer until his retirement, when Patrice Bouchard took that role. The other directors during 1988–2007 included Valerie Behan-Pelletier, Patrice Bouchard, Jeff Cumming, Ken Davey, Donna Giberson, Steve Marshall, Geoff Scudder, and Glenn Wiggins. The directors met annually to discuss the work of the Foundation. Typically that meeting was held in Ottawa the evening before the meeting of the full Scientific Committee.

The full membership of the Foundation encompassed all of the members of the Scientific Committee. The Annual General Meeting therefore took place annually during a regular meeting of that Committee. At that time, operations were reviewed and an auditor approved. For many years the role of auditor was

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carried out by Evert E. Lindquist.An application to revoke the charitable status of the Foundation with the

Canada Revenue Agency was submitted on 26 June 2014, and the charity’s registration was officially revoked on 20 December 2014. Its funds were transferred to the continuing Biological Survey of Canada not-for-profit organization, now with charitable status, for use under the same mandate as the Foundation.

Impact of the SurveyThe Survey had a very positive influence on Canadian entomology, because

it identified gaps in knowledge and established scientific priorities. Its ranking of priorities relied on in-depth scientific evaluations of what would be needed to characterize the fauna (within the constraints of feasibility) as well as collaboration among experts. Considerations prevalent in some other agencies, such as public profile, jurisdiction, and managerial control, did not distort the decisions. Therefore, the major impact of the BSC came at the production rather than the administrative level.

The Survey’s cooperative group efforts added value to ongoing studies. As more participants were drawn in, projects of wider scope were possible: compare the development of the Yukon project described above. Although individual entomologists and organizations have limited geographic, taxonomic or programmatic terms of reference, the BSC encouraged a much wider approach, resulting in integrated products that were especially valuable for understanding the fauna of the country. In this way, the Survey influenced the direction of work not only by established scientists but also by graduate students participating in BSC projects, many of whom continued their interests subsequently. Canadian entomology was stimulated too because authoritative synthetic publications were made available to serve as baselines for future work, as shown by how widely they were cited by later studies.

The Survey’s wide impact was mirrored by the range of its products: in addition to The Canadian Journal of Arthropod Identification (Appendix 5), it produced many major books, a very large number of specific papers attributable to its projects (apart from the individual papers it stimulated or contributed to), numerous workshops and symposia, multiple briefs on issues of concern, lists of personnel and other resource documents, dozens of extensive newsletters, and a web site with wide reach, as well as sundry reports and official letters (see Appendix 6 for details). Indeed, so productive had the Survey been that the Head of the Secretariat found it difficult to convince some individuals and agencies in the United States that the BSC was not a multi-million-dollar organization with many employees. This belief was in evidence, for example, during his participation at a meeting of the Association of Systematics Collections and at a workshop on the study of biodiversity in Hawaii, and in discussions with some entomologists at the United States National Museum. By the same token, the


Survey had a very wide reach beyond Canada: Arctic Insect News drew specific praise from scientists around the world; Scandinavian scientists among others praised the Survey’s web site for its content and its generosity in making major scientific publications available electronically without charge.

The impact of scientific products depends on their quality. One guiding principle of the Survey was to ensure that treatments were as consistent as possible and of a very high standard even when there were many different cooperators or authors. The BSC therefore became renowned for its publications, drawing international acclaim. Reviews of Insects of the Yukon in primary scientific journals included the comments “What began as a relatively small project has evolved into the latest in an impressive list of accomplishments by the Survey.” “To their credit, the Canadian entomologists have developed an ability to work cooperatively to accomplish projects of substantial magnitude; they are a group to be studied and imitated.” “…this book is a model of the value of long-term projects organized around a strong theme and thoughtfully synthesized.” “This monumental volume is a prodigious achievement in welding the work of 35 authors into a coherent whole …” “The book can be used as a source of comparative and thought-provoking information for those contemplating virtually any type of study of the Yukon or Beringian fauna.” “I was impressed by the overall quality of each of the chapters…”

In summary, the Survey helped to guide the direction and sustain the quality of Canadian entomology and to enhance its scientific focus and productivity. Beyond the effects of scientific projects and publications, the setting and execution of work were influenced by authoritative briefs on collections procedures, biodiversity and other themes; the briefs were widely used both inside and outside the entomological community. Moreover, many of the Survey’s products remained freely available online, including major books, the Canadian Journal of Arthropod Identification, newsletters and briefs, as well as databases about faunas, collecting localities and other subjects. Even recently published individual chapters of the grasslands volumes could be downloaded without cost by students of the fauna.

In its setting at the Museum, therefore, the BSC had established a striking record of achievement over many years. Active members of the Scientific Committee and cooperators across the country continued to support major projects and deliver excellent products. But change was on the horizon.

The Head of the Secretariat retiresAfter many years in charge of the Secretariat, Hugh Danks envisaged his

eventual retirement. Five years before his probable departure, he started to consider how the future of the BSC could be assured. The Scientific Committee discussed what the future operation of the Survey should be, and how an effective transition might be made upon Hugh’s retirement. A detailed succession plan was developed and submitted to the Canadian Museum of Nature in November

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2003. That plan confirmed that the current proven and effective format should be continued, with a small Secretariat and larger advisory committee working cooperatively with the scientific community. Succession of the Head of the Secretariat should be planned to minimize disruption to the Survey’s operations and projects, suggesting that a successor be appointed in time to allow a period of overlap with the incumbent. Among other suggestions, the plan recommended the qualities that should be sought in candidates.

No immediate response was received to the plan, although Mark Graham, Director of Research, sought individual opinions on the BSC from a number of entomologists not on the Scientific Committee. He found only positive views about the Survey. The Committee also formulated responses to a number of questions that he asked about the value of the operation.

On 26 October 2005, largely in response to the succession plan, Mark Graham (his title now Director of Research Services) arranged an all-day workshop at the CMN entitled “Strategic Planning for a Biological Survey of Canada”. More than 20 people attended. They included CMN President Joanne DiCosimo and other managers, the Museum’s scientific program heads, several people from the Canadian Collections Alliance (present in Ottawa for another meeting), representatives of scientific societies including the ESC, and government representatives from Parks Canada, Agriculture Canada, and three branches of Environment Canada, the Biodiversity Convention Office (BCO), the Ecological Monitoring and Assessment Network (EMAN), and the Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada (COSEWIC).

Mark Graham advised the group that he was seeking wider input about the future of the BSC because the Survey’s own succession plan favoured the status quo. The CMN hoped to develop a much broader Survey, with other partners and possible new operations. A strategic plan could subsequently be developed with potential partners identified here. After this concept had been introduced, Hugh Danks provided a full overview of the history, rationale and operation of the Biological Survey. His account included reference to the bottom-up nature of the organization, an approach that favoured the wide cooperative efforts instrumental in its scientific validity and operational success. Break-out groups then considered and reported on prospective needs, functions, approaches, and features of a future BSC (which proved essentially consistent with current practice), followed by an open discussion.

Most of the scientists thought that science and the need for understanding should drive the priorities, as in the present Survey. In contrast, senior government representatives believed that government strategic priorities should drive everything, as in the current exclusively top-down model for line departments. This tension between line authority and scientific expertise echoed some of the difficulties with Agriculture Canada in the Pilot Study. Indeed, Stephen Woodley of Parks Canada declared forcefully that he would never authorize or fund such an operation if it was outside his own direct control.


Consequently, there would be no second CMN meeting with potential strategic partners; the core operation of the Survey would have to be funded by the Museum, with its broader responsibility for knowledge of the biota.

This was not the outcome hoped for by the CMN. That was cause for concern, especially because for some time Mark Graham had been expressing reservations about the costs of the BSC and had sought to reduce its annual budgets. Moreover, he had also expressed disappointment that the Survey did not participate in the various discussions about related matters that took place among government agencies. The CMN sent management representatives to many of these meetings, purportedly to “position” the Museum in developments of potential value to the organization.

The Head of the Secretariat had attended a few meetings of this sort on behalf of the CMN or the Survey, but little progress was made when departmental representatives declined the additional work that would be required to advance a particular issue, particularly one without major advantages for their departments. Members of the Scientific Committee did contribute to protocols for biodiversity work sponsored by the Ecological Monitoring and Assessment Network, and in 1999 the Survey organized and ran a workshop on behalf of EMAN to discuss procedures for monitoring biodiversity, but these contributions were at a scientific level and not direct participation in discussions about how to implement the necessary work. Indeed, the Survey’s earlier attempts to influence studies of climate change at an administrative level were not successful (see 19. Climatic change above).

A sizeable government workshop, attended by the Head of the Secretariat, was held in 2003 to seek consensus on criteria and actions for biodiversity science and information, pursuant to the Canadian Biodiversity Strategy. It aimed to develop proposals to be taken forward to a preparatory meeting with Deputy Ministers, followed by a conference of Ministers. However, the tone of the workshop was set in introductory remarks by a principal member of Environment Canada. He declared that there would be no new money, necessitating focus on a few high-profile and easily delivered items that would impress the government decision makers. The same theme was echoed by most later participants, who concentrated on short-term projects that might serve as “low-hanging fruit”, to use the jargon of the day. This emphasis pre-empted the sort of overall planning, broad scientific approach to building knowledge, and provision of infrastructures that would be needed for an effective long-term Biodiversity Strategy. In this setting, dominated by political and economic considerations, Survey ideas about the best way to ensure the scientific validity of a long-term plan were not even relevant. The Survey therefore could exert little potential influence on federal policies about biodiversity science. Instead it continued to concentrate on the best way to ensure that information of scientific and practical value was acquired and made available through its faunal projects, scientific publications, briefs about biodiversity data and procedures, and other

94 H.V. Danks

entomological activities.Given these perspectives, it was possible that there were reservations within

the Museum about the BSC: the cost of the Secretariat and Scientific Committee; the lack of Survey representation in high-level government discussions; the unwillingness of other agencies to provide support; and possibly the fact that the work of the Survey as a whole was not under direct management control. These potential concerns coincided with significant reductions in operating funds provided to the CMN by the Government of Canada. The Survey might therefore be threatened when the Head retired, despite its ability to foster faunal projects of national value and bring resources to bear on them with great efficiency, and even though these tasks to identify and understand the fauna of the country still lay within the mandate of the CMN, as clearly recognized in the 1970s by Museum Director Louis Lemieux when he supported the Biological Survey.

On 27 July 2006, Hugh Danks provided notice of his intention to retire at the end of August 2007. Mark Graham responded informally that he was excited about the possibilities now opened up. On 8 November 2006, Museum President Joanne DiCosimo informed the Survey that the CMN could not commit to the BSC until a forthcoming strategic review of Museum operations had been completed, an exercise driven in large measure by current budgetary pressures. However, eventually the entomologist Andrew B.T. Smith, then working in the CMN as a postdoctoral fellow, was hired for a limited period as Head of the Secretariat. This appointment allowed Hugh Danks to brief Andrew Smith about the operations of the BSC before he retired.

In April 2008, the Museum informed the Scientific Committee and the Entomological Society of Canada that Survey support would be reduced substantially in 2009, and that the CMN would make no financial commitment to the BSC after March 2010.


THE BIOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA CONTINUES

In 2008, the Scientific Committee prepared a succinct vision statement to summarize the aims of the Survey. In anticipation of funding being withdrawn by the Museum, and after extensive consideration of possible options by the Scientific Committee, the Biological Survey of Canada became a federally incorporated not-for-profit organization on 10 February 2009. The Board of that organization replaced the Scientific Committee formerly appointed by the ESC. Joe Shorthouse was the first President of the Board until his retirement in 2011, when David Langor was elected President.

With leadership from members of the former Scientific Committee, the BSC (without the qualifier Terrestrial Arthropods) was recast and its elements reorganized to focus on a small number of key activities. These changes, made especially in liaison with the Entomological Society of Canada, were necessary because there would be no Secretariat to act as a clearing-house and to assist the Survey in other ways, nor regular working meetings except by teleconference. Nevertheless, the Survey’s impetus continued: additional papers were published in the Canadian Journal of Arthropod Identification; the existing major project on grasslands progressed with publication of multiple volumes; the BSC newsletter was produced in electronic form twice each year (from 2010 onwards in a redesigned colour format favouring online use); further BioBlitzes in key habitats were arranged; and a Survey blog and Facebook page allowed online commentary and discussion. Despite the more limited operation, new projects were implemented. For this continuing Biological Survey of Canada, the web site was modified and moved to its own domain in 2014.

In 2015, the joint annual meeting of the ESC—attended by Hugh Danks for the first time since his retirement—included the Biological Survey symposium entitled “Canada and its insect fauna: 35 years later”, revealing how much progress had been made in learning about the fauna since the Pilot Study. Another symposium dealt with “Arctic entomology: past, present and future”. Also discussed at that meeting was the Survey’s new project on the Biota of Canada, which had been explained in recent issues of the BSC newsletter.

The BSC continued to be productive in its new form, thanks once again to the commitment of the scientific community. This account of the history of the Biological Survey of Canada therefore ends by referring readers to the many details available on the current web site at biologicalsurvey.ca.

96 H.V. Danks

CODA: LESSONS FROM THE HISTORY OF THE BIOLOGICAL SURVEY

This history of the Biological Survey of the insects of Canada shows how it was able to advance knowledge of the fauna. I draw the following general lessons about why it was valuable and how it was effective:• An organization of truly national scope and wide perspective is needed

to harness the country’s limited scientific expertise in this arena.• The fauna must be studied from the broad viewpoint of both taxonomy

and ecology. Understanding the fauna in its geographical and ecological setting encourages wide interest and allows diverse problems to be addressed.

• Establishing priorities through scientific expertise is effective for characterizing the fauna. The “bottom-up” approach to develop a relatively small number of carefully considered projects ensures scientific validity and acceptance by cooperators. In contrast, “strategic” initiatives favoured by many other organizations, and “top-down” projects controlled by senior officials, tend to be distorted away from the most effective scientific approach by short-term economic and other considerations, concern for the control of narrow empires, and attempts to impress political masters who do not understand the science.

• A Biological Survey is most effective when it is supported by a full-time Secretariat. This body acts as a clearing-house for information, helps in general organization, and is able to keep initiatives moving forward. However, only a few people are needed for these tasks, because the Survey acts chiefly as a catalyst and coordinator to assist the work of a wide range of interested parties, and does not compete with existing organizations.

• A Biological Survey requires scientific, logistic, and administrative focus. Selection and development of key priorities gives scientific focus. Knowing potential participants and integrating and coordinating their interests increases operational efficiency. A small Secretariat for day-to-day work, a larger expert advisory Scientific Committee, and regular contacts with the scientific community administer these requirements in a streamlined way.

• Coordination works by cooperation, not by decree, because the basis of cooperation is enlightened self-interest. Properly organized cooperators attain more than they would when working alone.

• Cooperative effort is efficient. Group ventures towards a common goal profit from the ideas, interest and information of the others who are involved, generate additional specimens for study, expand the scope of work, allow results to be enhanced by discussion with other scientists before they are published, add synthesis, and provide avenues for


publication and other outputs that focus similar work in one place so that they are not scattered and out of context. Therefore, bringing together a range of individual resources produces more than if they were expended independently, generating products worth many times the value of a coordinating centre such as the Secretariat.

• The integrity of cooperators is important. Canadian cooperators in the Survey wanted to advance the science and were not simply seeking personal or project funds. Indeed, during the Survey’s presentation of its brief to the Pearse Commission of Inquiry on Federal Water Policy, one of the Commissioners declared that the Survey’s submission, about the need for an inventory of springs to support work on the fauna, was the only one among the very many they had received for which the proponents wanted nothing for themselves. Over a period of more than 30 years, the only significant friction in the Scientific Committee was with a single member thought to be using the Survey’s initiatives for his own exclusive advantage.

• The cooperative approach contrasts with a different or more competitive setting in some other countries. For example, after the Annotated list of workers was published for Canada, the Secretariat was approached about participating in a summary of North American or world entomologists and their expertise. Potential organizers from the United States thought that only a limited sample of entries should be attempted initially, in order to convince people that the project was serious. When asked why the full list should not simply be prepared, the response was “but how do you get people to trust you to bring out the list?” In Canada, that mutual trust exists between the scientific community and the BSC, because a record of delivery and integrity has been established.

• Many agencies currently operating under the umbrella of biodiversity collate existing data for electronic presentation, or develop protocols and procedures for potential use, but these activities cover only part of the necessary work. The BSC has emphasized the continuing need for primary scientific research to generate new basic data on Canada’s fauna, and for thoughtful scientific analysis to answer relevant questions about these species.

• Such a Biological Survey needs a government or department to take responsibility for a scientifically rigorous inventory of species and the pursuit of knowledge about them, which in turn provides the basis for so much else. In most developed and developing countries, this mandate is held by a National Museum.

The key conditions for a Biological Survey of the sort described here are a cooperative mindset in the scientific community, a nucleus of motivated and energetic leaders, and modest core funding from a government agency. A

98 H.V. Danks

biological survey in this format is effective only if the first two conditions are met; but it is much more effective when all of them are. Currently missing in Canada is long-term government support. Therefore, I hope that when adequate government funding and scientific leadership coincide in the Canadian Museum of Nature, the Biological Survey of Canada will once again secure a permanent base.


Appendix 1. Chronological list of members of the Scientific Committee for the Biological Survey of Canada, 1977-2009.

Pilot Study Northern Contract BSC (Terrestrial Arthropods)

Jan 1977–77 1977–78 1978–79 1979–80 1980–81

Members appointed by the Entomological Society of Canada Ball (c) Ball (c) Ball (c)* Pritchard PritchardDownes Downes* Downes Downes (c) Downes (c)*Kevan Kevan Kevan Kevan* KevanScudder Scudder Scudder Scudder {c}* ScudderWiggins Wiggins Wiggins Wiggins* Spence[Wellington] Davey* Davey Davey Davey*Munroe Munroe (R)/ Smith Smith Smith (R)/ I. Smith CampbellEidt Eidt* V. Marshall Marshall Marshall*Morris Morris Morris* Colbo ColboMcLintock McLintock Harper (R) McMullen (McMullen)Tomlin Tomlin Tomlin* Peck PeckSaether Rosenberg Rosenberg* Rosenberg RosenbergBousfield Bousfield* Bousfield Bousfield Bousfield*Francoeur Francoeur* Francoeur Francoeur Francoeur*(Comeau) (R) Matthews Matthews Matthews* Matthews

Entomological Society of Canada President [McGillivray] [Wellington] McEwen Turnock Wiggins (for Loschiavo) ____________________ NMNS Director Lemieux/ Schultz/Gruchy NMNS Representative McAllister ____________________ CNC Director Mulligan/ Campbell CNC Representative [I. Smith]

Secretariat Danks, Nimmo Danks, Nimmo Danks Danks DanksRidewood Ridewood Ridewood Ridewood Ridewood

100 H.V. Danks

1981–82 1982–83 1983–84 1984–85 1985–86

Members appointed by the Entomological Society of CanadaPritchard* Lehmkuhl Lehmkuhl Lehmkuhl* (R) MasonDownes Downes Downes* Downes + DownesKevan Kevan* Kevan Kevan Kevan*Scudder (c) Scudder (c)* Scudder (c) Scudder (c) Scudder (c)*Spence Spence* Ball Ball Ball* Davey Davey Davey* Davey DaveyCampbell Campbell* Campbell Campbell Campbell*Cannings Cannings Cannings* S. Marshall MarshallColbo* Larson Larson Larson* Larson(McMullen)* Wiggins Wiggins Wiggins* WigginsPeck* Behan-Pelletier Behan-Pelletier Behan-Pelletier* Behan-Pelletier Rosenberg* Rosenberg Rosenberg Rosenberg* FinnamoreWilliams Williams Williams* Williams WilliamsHarper Harper Harper* Harper HarperMatthews Matthews* Matthews Matthews Matthews*

Entomological Society of Canada President Wiggins Ball Morris Morris/Becker (Madsen)/ (for [McIver]) Becker

National Museum of Natural Sciences DirectorSchultz/ Gruchy Emery/ [Emery] Gruchy Gruchy Gruchy (for Emery)National Museum of Natural Sciences Representative McAllister McAllister Argus Argus Argus

Canadian National Collection Director Mulligan Mulligan Mulligan Mulligan [Mulligan]Canadian National Collection Representative Lindquist I. Smith Smith Smith Smith

Secretariat Danks Danks Danks Danks DanksRidewood Ridewood Ridewood Ridewood Ridewood


1986–87 1987–88 1988–89 1989–90 1990–91

Members appointed by the Entomological Society of Canada Mason Mason* Galloway Galloway Galloway*Downes [*] Downes Downes Sanborne SanborneKevan Kevan Kevan* Kevan Kevan [d]Ring Ring Ring* Ring Ring [then ESC]Ball (c) Ball (c) Ball (c)* Ball (c) Ball (c)Davey* Davey Davey Davey* Freitag[Francoeur] (R) Scudder Scudder* Scudder ScudderMarshall* Marshall Marshall Marshall* MarshallLarson Larson* Larson {Dixon} {Dixon}/ Larson*Wiggins Wiggins* Wiggins Wiggins Wiggins*Behan- Pelletier Behan- Pelletier*Behan-Pelletier Behan- Pelletier Behan-Pelletier*Finnamore Finnamore* Finnamore Finnamore Finnamore*Williams* Williams Williams Williams* RosenbergHarper* Harper Harper Harper* BoivinGibson Gibson Gibson* Foottit Foottit __________________________ Founding member Downes Downes

Entomological Society of Canada President Scudder Becker Eidt McNeil Laing

National Museum of Natural Sciences DirectorCumbaa Cumbaa Cumbaa Cumbaa Colgan (for Emery) (for Emery) (for Emery) (for Emery) (for Emery)National Museum of Natural Sciences Representative Argus Aiken Aiken (Gibson) Aiken Aiken

Canadian National Collection Director (Trottier) (Trottier) (Trottier) (Trottier) [Trottier]/ MarriageCanadian National Collection Representative Smith Smith Smith Smith Smith

Secretariat Danks Danks Danks Danks DanksRidewood Ridewood Ridewood Ridewood Stickney

102 H.V. Danks

1991–92 1992–93 1993–94 1994–95 1995–96

Members appointed by the Entomological Society of Canada Roughley Roughley Roughley* Currie CurrieSanborne* Raske Raske Raske* HuberLafontaine Lafontaine Lafontaine* Sharkey SharkeyLangor Langor Langor* Dosdall DosdallBall (c)* Ball (c) Ball (c) Ball (c)* Ball[Freitag] (R) Ring* Ring Ring Ring*Scudder* Scudder Scudder Scudder* ScudderMarshall Marshall* Marshall Marshall Marshall*Larson Larson Larson* Larson LarsonAnderson Anderson Anderson* Anderson AndersonBehan-Pelletier Behan-Pelletier Behan-Pelletier*Behan-Pelletier Behan-Pelletier (*) Finnamore Finnamore Finnamore* Finnamore FinnamoreRosenberg Rosenberg* Shorthouse Shorthouse Shorthouse (c)*Boivin Boivin* Coderre Coderre (R) HébertFoottit* Packer

Founding member(s) Downes Downes Downes Downes Downes

Entomological Society of Canada President Ring Reigert Gerber Safranyik Boivin

Canadian Museum of Nature DirectorFitzgerald/ Colgan (for Colgan Colgan Colgan (forPoulin(for Emery) Emery) (for Emery) (for Emery) Emery/Eades)Canadian Museum of Nature Representative Aiken Aiken Coad Coad Coad

Canadian National Collection Director Marriage Marriage Smith Surprenant Surprenant (for Marriage)Canadian National Collection Representative Smith (Smith) (Smith) Smith Smith

Secretariat Danks Danks Danks Danks DanksStickney Goods Goods Goods Goods


1996–97 1997–98 1998–99 1999–2000 2000–01

Members appointed by the Entomological Society of CanadaCurrie* Currie Currie Currie* RoughleyHuber Huber Huber* Foottit Wrubleski (R)Sharkey* Wheeler Wheeler Wheeler* SperlingDosdall* Floate Floate Floate* CurrieBall Ball* + Wrubleski Wrubleski Foottit [ESC]Ring Ring Ring* Ring RingScudder Scudder* Scudder Scudder Scudder*Cannings Cannings Cannings* Roughley MarshallLarson* Larson Larson Larson* LarsonAnderson* Anderson Anderson Anderson* FloateBehan-Pelletier Behan-Pelletier* Behan-Pelletier Behan-Pelletier Behan-Pelletier*Finnamore* Finnamore (R) [Marshall] Marshall WheelerShorthouse (c) Shorthouse (c) Shorthouse (c)* Shorthouse (c) Shorthouse (c)Hebert Hebert* Harper (R) Chiasson Chiasson (R)Packer Packer* Giberson Giberson Giberson* Marshall (S)

Founding member(s) Downes Downes Downes, Ball Downes, Ball Downes, Ball

Entomological Society of Canada President Marshall Danks Gilkeson Johnson Foottit

Canadian Museum of Nature DirectorColgan/ DiCosimo DiCosimo DiCosimo DiCosimo DiCosimo Canadian Museum of Nature RepresentativeGraham Graham Graham Graham Graham

Canadian National Collection DirectorMcKenzie McKenzie Deschenes Deschenes DwyerCanadian National Collection RepresentativeSmith Smith Smith Smith [Smith]

Secretariat Danks Danks Danks Danks DanksGoods Goods Goods Goods Goods

104 H.V. Danks

2001–02 2002–03 2003–2004 2004–2005 2005–2006

Members appointed by the Entomological Society of CanadaRoughley* Roughley Roughley Roughley* RoughleyGiberson Giberson Giberson* Giberson (R) DeClerk-FloateSperling Sperling* Sperling Sperling Sperling*Currie Currie* Currie Currie Currie*Foottit* Cumming Cumming Cumming* BouchardRing* Winchester Winchester Winchester* ProctorScudder Scudder Scudder* Scudder ScudderMarshall* Marshall Marshall Marshall* MarshallLarson Larson* Olfert Olfert Olfert*Floate Floate* Sweeney Sweeney Sweeney*Behan-Pelletier Langor Langor Langor* Langor (R) Wheeler Wheeler* Wheeler Wheeler Wheeler*Shorthouse (c)* Shorthouse (c) Shorthouse (c) Shorthouse (c)* Shorthouse (c)Roy Roy Roy* Roy (R)/Buddle BuddleMcCorquodale McCorquodale McCorquodale* McCorquodale McCorquodale

Founding member(s) Downes, Ball Downes [d], Ball Ball Ball Ball

Entomological Society of Canada President [Roitberg] S. Smith Vincent Lamb Quiring

Canadian Museum of Nature DirectorDiCosimo DiCosimo DiCosimo [DiCosimo] [DiCosimo]Canadian Museum of Nature Representative Graham Baird Baird Baird Baird

Canadian National Collection Director Dwyer (Gibson) - - [Grace]Canadian National Collection Representative [Smith] Landry Landry Landry Landry

Secretariat Danks Danks Danks Danks DanksGoods Goods Goods Goods Goods


2006–2007 2007–08 2008–2009

Members appointed by the Entomological Society of CanadaRoughley Roughley* AndersonDeClerk-Floate DeClerk-Floate* BennettSperling Sperling SperlingCurrie Currie CurrieBouchard Bouchard* BouchardProctor Proctor* KlimazcewskiScudder* Scudder ScudderMarshall Marshall* MarshallGiberson Giberson GibersonSweeney Sweeney SweeneyLangor Langor* LangorShorthouse (c) Shorthouse (c)* Shorthouse (c)Buddle* Buddle BuddleMcCorquodale* McCorquodale McCorquodale Sikes (i)

Founding member Ball Ball Ball

Entomological Society of Canada PresidentDixon Shore Fields

Canadian Museum of Nature Director DiCosimo [DiCosimo] [DiCosimo]Canadian Museum of Nature RepresentativeBaird Baird Baird

Canadian National Collection Director- [Dwyer] [Dwyer]Canadian National Collection RepresentativeLandry Landry Landry

Secretariat Danks Danks/A.Smith A.SmithGoods Goods Goods

* marks end of term; (c) chair; (R) resigned before end of term; [] never attended; + status changed to founding member (Scudder attended regularly after his status changed, and no additional member was appointed); [d] deceased; {} sabbatical or other replacement; (S) special adviser; (i) international member.

106 H.V. Danks

Appendix 2. List of entomologist members of the Scientific Committee for the Biological Survey of Canada, 1977–2009, and

their affiliations.

Anderson, R.S., Canadian Museum of Nature, Ottawa, ON. (Y,G)Ball, G.E., Department of Entomology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB. (C,Y)Behan-Pelletier, V.M., Canadian National Collection, Agriculture Canada, Ottawa,

ON. (Y,G)Bennett, A., Canadian National Collection, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa,

ON.Boivin, G., Station de recherches, Agriculture Canada, St-Jean-sur-Richelieu, QC.Bouchard, P., Canadian National Collection, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada,

Ottawa, ON. (G)Bousfield, E.L., Canadian Museum of Nature, Ottawa, ON. (C)Buddle, C.M., Department of Natural Resource Sciences, McGill University (Macdonald

campus), Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC.Campbell, J.M., Canadian National Collection, Agriculture Canada, Ottawa, ON. (C)Cannings, R.A., Royal British Columbia Museum, Victoria, BC. (Y,G)Chiasson, H., Urgel Delisle et Associés, St-Charles-sur-Richelieu, QC.Coderre, D., Département des sciences biologiques, Université du Québec à Montréal,

Montréal, QC.Colbo, M.H., Department of Biology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St.

John’s, NF.Comeau, A., Station de recherches, Agriculture Canada, Ste-Foy, QC.Cumming, J.M., Canadian National Collection, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada,

Ottawa, ON.Currie, D.C., Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Biology, Royal Ontario Museum,

Toronto, ON. (Y,G)Davey, K.G., Department of Biology, York University, Toronto, ON.DeClerk-Floate, R.A., Agriculture Canada Research Station, Lethbridge, AB. (G)Dixon, P.L., Agriculture Canada Research Station, St. John’s, NF. (sabbatical

replacement for D.J. Larson)Dosdall, L.M., Alberta Environmental Centre, Alberta Research Council, Vegreville,

AB. (G)Downes, J.A., Canadian National Collection, Agriculture Canada, Ottawa, ON. (C,Y)Eidt, D.C., Maritimes Forest Research Centre, Canadian Forestry Service, Fredericton,

NB.Finnamore, A.T., Invertebrate Zoology, Provincial Museum of Alberta, Edmonton,

AB. (C,Y)Floate, K.D., Agriculture Canada Research Station, Lethbridge, AB. (G)Foottit, R.G., Canadian National Collection, Agriculture Canada, Ottawa, ON. (Y,G)Francoeur, A., Département des sciences fondamentales, Université du Québec à

Chicoutimi, Chicoutimi, QC. (C,Y)Freitag, R., Department of Biology, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, ON.Galloway, T.G., Department of Entomology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB.

(G)Giberson, D.J., Department of Biology, University of Prince Edward Island,

Charlottetown, PE. (G)


Gibson, G.A.P., Canadian National Collection, Agriculture Canada, Ottawa, ON. (C)Harper, P.P., Département de sciences biologiques, Université de Montréal, Montréal,

QC. (C,Y)Hébert, C., Centre de foresterie des Laurentides, Service canadien des forêts, Ste-Foy,

QC.Huber, J.H., Canadian National Collection, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa,

ON.Kevan, D.K.McE., Department of Entomology and Lyman Entomological Museum

and Research Laboratory, McGill University (Macdonald campus), Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC. (C)

Klimazcewski, J., Laurentian Forestry Centre, Canadian Forest Service, Ste-Foy, QC.Lafontaine, J.D., Canadian National Collection, Agriculture Canada, Ottawa, ON. (Y,G)Landry, J.-F., Canadian National Collection, Agriculture Canada, Ottawa, ON. (G)Langor, D.W., Northern Forestry Centre, Canadian Forest Service, Edmonton, AB.Larson, D.J., Department of Biology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St.

John’s, NF. (Y,G)Lehmkuhl, D.M., Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon,

SK. (C,G)Lindquist, E.E, Canadian National Collection, Agriculture Canada, Ottawa, ON. (C)Marshall S.A., Department of Environmental Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph,

ON. (Y,G)Marshall V.G., Pacific Forest Research Centre, Canadian Forestry Service, Victoria,

BC. (C)Mason, P.G., Canadian National Collection, Agriculture Canada, Ottawa, ON.Matthews, J.V., Jr., Terrain Sciences Division, Geological Survey of Canada, Ottawa,

ON. (C,Y)McCorquodale, D.B., Department of Biology, Cape Breton University, Sydney, NS.McLintock, J.J.L., Agriculture Canada Research Station, University Campus, Saskatoon,

SK.McMullen, R.D., Agriculture Canada Research Station, Summerland, BC.Morris, R.F., Agriculture Canada Research Station, St. John’s, NF.Munroe, E.G., Canadian National Collection, Agriculture Canada, Ottawa, ON. (C)Olfert, O.O., Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Research Station, University Campus,

Saskatoon, SK.Peck, S.B., Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON.Pritchard, G.P., Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB.Proctor, H.C., Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton,

AB. (G)Raske, A.G., Newfoundland Forestry Centre, Canadian Forest Service, St. John’s, NF.Ring, R.A., Department of Biology, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC.Rosenberg, D.M., Freshwater Institute, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Winnipeg, MB.

(C)Roughley, R.E., Department of Entomology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB.

(G)Roy, M., Direction des services technologiques, Ministère de l’Agriculture, des

Pêcheries et de l’Alimentation du Québec, Ste-Foy, QC.Saether, O.A., Freshwater Institute, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Winnipeg, MB.

108 H.V. Danks

Sanborne, M., Department of Entomology, McGill University (Macdonald campus), Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC.

Scudder, G.G.E., Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC. (C,Y,G)

Sharkey, M.J., Canadian National Collection, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, ON.

Shorthouse, J.D., Department of Biology, Laurentian University, Sudbury, ON. (G)Sikes, D.S., University of Alaska Museum, University of Alaska, Fairbanks, Alaska,

USA.Smith, I.M., Canadian National Collection, Agriculture Canada, Ottawa, ON. (C)Spence, J.R., Department of Entomology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB. (G)Sperling, F.H., Department of Entomology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB. (G)Sweeney, J.D., Maritimes Forestry Centre, Canadian Forest Service, Fredericton, NB.Tomlin, A.D., Agriculture Canada Research Station, London, ON. (C)Wheeler, T.A., Department of Natural Resource Sciences and Lyman Entomological

Museum and Research Laboratory, McGill University (Macdonald campus), Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC.

Wiggins, G.B., Department of Entomology, Royal Ontario Museum, Toronto, ON. (C,Y)Williams, D.D., Division of Life Science, Scarborough College, University of Toronto,

West Hill, ON. (C)Winchester, N.N., Department of Biology, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC.Wrubleski, D.A., Institute for Wetland and Waterfowl Research, Ducks Unlimited

Canada, Stonewall, MB. (G)

Affiliations shown are those at the time of first membership.“Canadian National Collection” is used for members from the responsible institute, the

name of which changed several times during this period. The name of the department housing the institute changed in 1994 from Agriculture Canada to Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada.

For Presidents of the Entomological Society of Canada and official representatives from the Canadian National Collection of insects see Appendix 1.

(C) contributor to Canada and its insect fauna; (Y) contributor to Insects of the Yukon; (G) contributor to Arthropods of Canadian grasslands.


Appendix 3. Selected references related to the Biological Survey concept, and to the Pilot Study and its aftermath.

1974. Downes, J.A. A Biological Survey of the insects of Canada. Bulletin of the Entomological Society of Canada 6(2), Supplement. 16 pp.

1977. Downes, J.A. A Pilot Study for a Biological Survey of the insects of Canada. Bulletin of the Entomological Society of Canada 9(1), Supplement. 3 pp.

1977. Secretariat, Biological Survey project. A Pilot Study for a Biological Survey of the insects of Canada. Bulletin of the Entomological Society of Canada 9(2): 72–74.

1977. Danks, H.V. Presentations on the Pilot Study for the Biological Survey at most universities and government centres in Canada with entomological staff.

1977. Presentations on the Pilot Study or Biological Survey at scientific meetings: Acadian Entomological Society, Fredericton, 3 May (D.C. Eidt); Canadian Museums Association, Calgary, 2 June (G.E. Ball); Entomological Society of Manitoba with Entomological Society of Canada, Winnipeg, 22–24 August (H.V. Danks [poster]); Entomological Society of Ontario, Guelph, 27–29 September (A.D. Tomlin); Entomological Society of Alberta, 8 October (G.E. Ball); Société d’entomologie du Québec, Trois-Rivières, 12–14 October (A. Francoeur).

1977. Secretariat, Pilot Study for a Biological Survey of the insects of Canada, Entomological Society of Canada. Annotated list of workers on systematics and faunistics of Canadian insects and certain related groups. 107 pp. [Supplement 1978, 4 pp.]


1977. [Secretariat, Biological Survey project.] A Pilot Study for a Biological Survey of the insects of Canada. Bulletin of the Entomological Society of Canada 9(4): 141–143.

1977. Entomological Society of Canada. Pilot Study for a Biological Survey of the insects of Canada, Interim report (to November 30 1977). 102 pp. [including tables and copies of documents]. Accompanied by: Proposal for contract funding for an interim period (July 1978–March 1980). 19 pp.


1978. Bousfield, E.L. Report on a panel discussion on a proposed “Biological Survey of Canada”. Bulletin of the Entomological Society of Canada 10(1): 20–22.

1978. Secretariat, Pilot Study for a Biological Survey of the insects of Canada, Entomological Society of Canada. Collections of Canadian insects and certain related groups. Bulletin of the Entomological Society of Canada 10(1), Supplement. 21 pp.


1978. Entomological Society of Canada. Pilot Study for a Biological Survey of the insects of Canada, Final report. Prepared by the Secretariat, Ottawa. 249 pp. + pockets with booklets. [22 tables, 8 figures, 7 Appendices]

1978. Danks, H.V. Biological Survey of the insects of Canada. Bulletin of the Entomological Society of Canada 10(3): 70–73.

1978. Danks, H.V. The Biological Survey project. Display and presentation at the joint annual meeting of the Entomological Society of Canada, Ottawa.

110 H.V. Danks

1978. [Danks, H.V.] Biological Survey project. Review and synthesis of knowledge on northern and arctic insects. Bulletin of the Entomological Society of Canada 10(4): 112–113.

1979. Danks, H.V. (Ed.). Canada and its insect fauna. Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Canada 108. 573 pp.

1979. [Danks, H.V.] Biological Survey project. Bulletin of the Entomological Society of Canada 11(1): 16–17.


1979. [Danks, H.V.] Biological Survey project. Bulletin of the Entomological Society of Canada 11(3): 46.

1979. [Danks, H.V.] Biological Survey Project. Bulletin of the Entomological Society of Canada 11(4): 107–109.

1980. Scientific Committee for the Biological Survey project. Bulletin of the Entomological Society of Canada 12(1): 6–7.


1980. Danks, H.V. Arthropods of Polar Bear Pass, Bathurst Island, arctic Canada. Syllogeus 25. 68 pp.


Appendix 4. Output from the scientific projects and initiatives of the Biological Survey of Canada (by project).

For details of each numbered project, including those without specific references cited here, see pages 61-87.

Checklist of projects1. Terrestrial arthropods of Newfoundland and Labrador2. Insects of the arctic: A. Initial review; B. Arctic invertebrate biology; C. Insects of

the northern mainland; D. Northern biodiversity program3. Arthropod fauna of the Yukon4. Temporal and spatial changes in the Canadian insect fauna5. Arthropod fauna of Canadian grasslands6. Illustrated keys to the families of arthropods in Canada7. Arthropod fauna of Canadian soils8. Arthropod fauna of aquatic habitats9. Seasonal adaptations in insects10. Aquatic insects of freshwater wetlands in Canada11. Collections and collections policies12. Arthropods of special habitats13. Arthropod fauna of freshwater springs in Canada14. Endangered species15. Origins of the North American insect fauna16. Environmental appraisal17. Taxonomy of Canadian mayflies18. Long-term research19. Climatic change20. Insects of Canada21. Arthropods of peatlands22. Forest arthropods: A. Initial phases; B. Arthropods of old-growth forests; C.

Arthropods of Canadian forests23. Arthropods of the Queen Charlotte Islands (Haida Gwaii)24. Systematics and entomology25. Arthropod ectoparasites of vertebrates (including biting flies)26. Fauna of selected National Parks27. Study of biodiversity28. Invasions and reductions29. Faunal analysis: A. Gap analysis; B. Biota of Canada30. Damaged ecosystems31. Funding for biodiversity projects32. Arthropods and fire33. Costs of insect identifications34. Naturalist publications35. BioBlitzes36. Collecting localities37. Curation Blitzes38. Annual symposia of the Biological Survey of Canada39. Other topics

112 H.V. Danks

Project references1. Terrestrial arthropods of Newfoundland and Labrador1977–1978. Cooperative venture as part of the Pilot Study.1982. [Larson, D.J., and M.H. Colbo]. Biological Survey of Canada (Terrestrial

Arthropods). Aquatic insects of Newfoundland. Bulletin of the Entomological Society of Canada 14(1): 7.

1982. Marshall, J.S., and D.J. Larson. The adult caddisflies (Insecta: Trichoptera) of insular Newfoundland. Memorial University of Newfoundland Occasional Papers in Biology 6. 85 pp.

1983. Larson, D.J., and M.H. Colbo. The aquatic insects: biogeographic considerations. pp. 593–677 in R. South (Ed.), Ecology and biogeography of the island of Newfoundland. Monographiae Biologicae, vol. 48. Junk, The Hague.

1984. Project update: Aquatic insects of Newfoundland. Newsletter of the Biological Survey of Canada (Terrestrial Arthropods) 3(1): 11.

1985. Larson, D.J., and P. Genge. Checklist of the mayflies of Newfoundland and Labrador (ms).

1990. Larson, D.J., and N.L. House. Insect communities of Newfoundland bog pools with emphasis on the Odonata. Canadian Entomologist 122(5–6): 469–501.

1991. Colbo, M.H. A comparison of the spring-inhabiting genera of Chironomidae from the Holarctic with those from natural and man-made springs in Labrador, Canada. pp. 169–179 in D.D. Williams, and H.V. Danks (Eds), Arthropods of springs, with particular reference to Canada. Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Canada 155. 217 pp.

1992 onwards. Other individual publications by D.J. Larson and others; the 2009 reference below cites a few examples.

2004. Langor, D.W. Project update: Terrestrial arthropods of Newfoundland and Labrador. Newsletter of the Biological Survey of Canada (Terrestrial Arthropods) 23(1): 13–14.

2008. Pohl, G., and D. Langor. Arthropod inventory work in Labrador. Newsletter of the Biological Survey of Canada (Terrestrial Arthropods) 27(2): 61–62.

2009. Langor, D.W., and D. Larson. Project update: Terrestrial arthropods of Newfoundland and Labrador. Newsletter of the Biological Survey of Canada (Terrestrial Arthropods) 28(2): 37–40.

2011. Langor, D. Project update: Terrestrial arthropods of Newfoundland and Labrador. Biological Survey of Canada Newsletter 30(2): 6–7.

Ongoing. List of families of insects of Newfoundland and Labrador, including number of recorded species and status of species identification keys. [Accessible on Biological Survey of Canada web site]

2. Insects of the arcticA. Initial review

1980. Danks, H.V. The composition, distribution and ecology of arctic insects, with some speculations on the evolution of arctic communities. Symposium paper at the Second International Congress of Systematic and Evolutionary Biology, Vancouver.

1981. Danks, H.V. Arctic arthropods. A review of systematics and ecology with particular reference to the North American fauna. Entomological Society of Canada, Ottawa. 608 pp.


1981. Danks, H.V. Bibliography of the arctic arthropods of the Nearctic region. Entomological Society of Canada, Ottawa. 125 pp.

1981. Danks, H.V. The composition, distribution and ecology of arctic insects, with some speculations on the evolution of arctic communities. pp. 21–23 in G.G.E. Scudder, and J.L. Reveal (Eds), Evolution Today, Proceedings of the Second International Congress of Systematic and Evolutionary Biology. Vancouver, 1980.

1984. Canadian perspectives: The arctic life-zone. Newsletter of the Biological Survey of Canada (Terrestrial Arthropods) 3(2): 46–48.

1985. Danks, H.V. Les relations plantes-insectes dans les régions arctiques. Invited symposium paper at the Annual Meeting of the Societé d’entomologie du Québec, St.-Jean-sur-Richelieu, Quebec.

1986. Kevan, P.G., and H.V. Danks. Adaptations of arctic insects. pp. 55–57 in B. Sage (Ed.), The arctic and its wildlife. Croom Helm, Beckenham. 190 pp.

1986. Kevan, P.G., and H.V. Danks. Arctic insects. pp. 72–77 in B. Sage (Ed.), The arctic and its wildlife. Croom Helm, Beckenham. 190 pp.

1987. Danks, H.V. Insect-plant interactions in arctic regions. Revue d’Entomologie du Québec 31(1-2): 52–75. [1986]

1987. Danks, H.V. Arctic insects: instructive diversity. Presentation at a conference on the Canadian Arctic Islands, held at the Canadian Museum of Nature, November 1987.

1990. Danks, H.V. Arctic insects: instructive diversity. pp. 444–470 in C.R. Harington (Ed.), Canada’s missing dimension: science and history in the Canadian arctic islands. Canadian Museum of Nature. 2 vols., 855 pp.

And some subsequent more popular items.See also under 9. Seasonal adaptations, and 19. Climatic change.

B. Arctic invertebrate biology1989. Danks, H.V., and R.A. Ring. Arctic invertebrate biology: action required. A brief

prepared by the Biological Survey of Canada (Terrestrial Arthropods). Bulletin of the Entomological Society of Canada 21(3), Supplement. 7 pp.

1990. Workshop at the symposium on plant and insect cold hardiness, Binghamton, New York (led by R.A. Ring and H.V. Danks).

1990. Fieldwork by R.A. Ring and A. Dixon (United Kingdom).1990. Biological Survey of Canada Workshop on Arctic invertebrate biology. Joint

annual meeting of the Entomological Society of Canada, Banff, Alberta (led by R.A. Ring and H.V. Danks).

1990. Danks, H.V. (Ed.). Arctic Insect News No. 1. 9 pp.1991. Project update: Arctic invertebrate biology. Newsletter of the Biological Survey

of Canada (Terrestrial Arthropods) 10(1): 5.1991. [Danks, H.V.] Survey-related activities at the 1990 Entomological Societies

meeting: discussion group on arctic insects. Newsletter of the Biological Survey of Canada (Terrestrial Arthropods) 10(1): 13.

1991 onwards. Fieldwork by R.A. Ring, O. Kukal, S. Meier, W.D. Morewood, A.M.H. deBruyn, Y. Chernov (USSR), T. Rossolimo (USSR), and others.

1991. Danks, H.V. (Ed.). Arctic Insect News No. 2. 17 pp.1992. Project update: Arctic invertebrate biology. Newsletter of the Biological Survey

of Canada (Terrestrial Arthropods) 11(2): 35.

114 H.V. Danks

1992. Danks, H.V. (Ed.). Arctic Insect News No. 3. 29 pp.1993. Danks, H.V. (Ed.). Arctic Insect News No. 4. 23 pp.1994. Danks, H.V. (Ed.). Arctic Insect News No. 5. 25 pp.1995. Danks, H.V. (Ed.). Arctic Insect News No. 6. 25 pp.1996. Project update: Arctic invertebrate biology. Newsletter of the Biological Survey

of Canada (Terrestrial Arthropods) 15(1): 10–11.1996. Danks, H.V. (Ed.). Arctic Insect News No. 7. 23 pp.1997. Danks, H.V. (Ed.). Arctic Insect News No. 8. 25 pp.1998. Danks, H.V. (Ed.). Arctic Insect News No. 9. 31 pp.1999. Danks, H.V. (Ed.). Arctic Insect News No. 10. 29 pp.2000. Danks, H.V. (Ed.). Arctic Insect News No. 11. 31 pp.2001. Arctic Corner. Newsletter of the Biological Survey of Canada (Terrestrial

Arthropods) 20(1): 17–23; (2): 59.2001. Ring, R.A. Arctic insects: Global warming and the ITEX program. Newsletter of

the Biological Survey of Canada (Terrestrial Arthropods) 20(1): 17–23.2002. Arctic Corner. Newsletter of the Biological Survey of Canada (Terrestrial

Arthropods) 21(1): 22–23.2002. Ring, R.A. Canadian research in arctic entomology is out in the cold. Newsletter

of the Biological Survey of Canada (Terrestrial Arthropods) 21(2): 64–66.2003. Arctic Corner. Newsletter of the Biological Survey of Canada (Terrestrial

Arthropods) 23(1):19–21; (2): 60–65.2004 onwards. Subsequent items in Arctic Corner in Newsletter of the Biological Survey

of Canada (Terrestrial Arthropods).2004. Danks, H.V. Seasonal adaptations in arctic insects. Integrative and Comparative

Biology 44(2): 85–94.

C. Insects of the northern mainland2000. Expedition to the Horton River, 17 July–9 August: entomologists D.C. Currie,

D.J. Giberson, P.H. Adler, B.V. Brown and M.G. Butler.2000. Currie, D.C., and P.H. Adler. Update on a survey of the black flies (Diptera:

Simuliidae) from the Northwest Territories and Nunavut project. Arctic Insect News 11: 6–9.

2000. Currie, D.C., D. Giberson, and B.V. Brown. Insects of Keewatin and Mackenzie [Horton River]. Newsletter of the Biological Survey of Canada (Terrestrial Arthropods) 19(2): 48–51.

2001. Expedition to Great Slave Lake: entomologists D.C. Currie and P.H. Adler.2001 onwards. Talks about the project by D.C. Currie and D.J. Giberson.2002. Expedition to the Thelon River, 28 June–mid-July: entomologists D.C. Currie,

D.J. Giberson, P.H. Adler, A.D. Roe and L.A. Purcell.2002. Currie, D.C., D. Giberson, and P.H. Adler. Insect biodiversity in the Thelon

wildlife sanctuary. Newsletter of the Biological Survey of Canada (Terrestrial Arthropods) 21(2): 59–64.

2003. Project update: Insects of Keewatin and Mackenzie. Newsletter of the Biological Survey of Canada (Terrestrial Arthropods) 22(1): 12–13.

2003. Giberson, D.J., and H.V. Shaverdo. Update on the survey of aquatic insects from Keewatin and Mackenzie project: the predaceous water beetles (Coleoptera Adephaga: Dytiscidae and Gyrinidae). Newsletter of the Biological Survey of


Canada (Terrestrial Arthropods) 22(2): 61–65.2003. Expedition to northwestern Hudson Bay region (Rankin Inlet, Arviat, Baker

Lake): entomologists D.C. Currie, D.J. Giberson and P.H. Adler.2004. Update on the “insects of the arctic” project: field collecting in 2003 and 2004.

Newsletter of the Biological Survey of Canada (Terrestrial Arthropods) 23(2): 72–79.2004. Insects of the Canadian central barrens. Symposium. Joint annual meeting of the

Entomological Society of Canada, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island (organized by D.J. Giberson).

2005. Giberson, D.J. Mayflies and muscids: update on the Insects of the Arctic project. Newsletter of the Biological Survey of Canada (Terrestrial Arthropods) 24(2): 56–57.

2006. Currie, D.C. A preliminary assessment of subarctic black fly diversity (Diptera: Simuliidae) in Norman Wells and environs, Northwest Territories. Newsletter of the Biological Survey of Canada (Terrestrial Arthropods) 25(1): 18–21.

2007. Giberson, D. From the canoe to the microscope: new faunal information on mayflies and stoneflies from arctic Canada. Newsletter of the Biological Survey of Canada (Terrestrial Arthropods) 26(1): 19–21.

Ongoing. Other individual papers by D.C. Currie, D.J. Giberson and others on black flies and other groups.

D. Northern biodiversity program2008. Buddle, C.M., D.C. Currie, and D.J. Giberson. Northern insect survey. Newsletter

of the Biological Survey of Canada (Terrestrial Arthropods) 27(2): 63–64.2009. Buddle, C.M. Bylot island and the northern biodiversity program: ongoing studies

about arctic entomology and arachnology. Newsletter of the Biological Survey of Canada (Terrestrial Arthropods) 28(2): 63–65.

2010 onwards. Diverse items in the section “Arctic Corner” of the Newsletter of the Biological Survey of Canada.

Ongoing. Articles in the Biological Survey newsletter and on the web site.

3. Arthropod fauna of the Yukon1978 onwards. Substantial new collections and findings, from fieldwork. Some

individual findings published in the scientific literature, on Trichoptera, Lepidoptera, Orthoptera, Hemiptera, Odonata, Diptera, and other groups.

1983. Project update: Arthropod fauna of the Yukon. Newsletter of the Biological Survey of Canada (Terrestrial Arthropods) 2(1): 9.

1986. Project update: Arthropod fauna of the Yukon. Newsletter of the Biological Survey of Canada (Terrestrial Arthropods) 5(2): 50.

1996. Project update: Arthropod fauna of the Yukon. Newsletter of the Biological Survey of Canada (Terrestrial Arthropods) 15(2): 42–43.

1997. Project update: Insects of the Yukon. Newsletter of the Biological Survey of Canada (Terrestrial Arthropods) 16(2): 45–46. [Book notice and order form]

1997. Danks, H.V., and J.A. Downes (Eds). Insects of the Yukon. Biological Survey of Canada (Terrestrial Arthropods), Ottawa. Biological Survey of Canada Monograph Series No. 2. x + 1034 pp. [See the opening chapters of the book for information about its development; Publication of the book prompted press releases, newspaper articles, reviews in scientific journals, and other items]

116 H.V. Danks

1997. Currie, D.C., and H.V. Danks. Insects (Terrestrial). pp. 62–63 in Yukon North Slope Wildlife Conservation and Management Plan, Vol. 2 Section 3: Wildlife Population Status Reports. Wildlife Management Advisory Council (North Slope), Whitehorse.

1998 onwards. Papers by several individual entomologists about the Yukon fauna.

4. Temporal and spatial changes in the Canadian insect fauna1981. Downes, J.A. (Ed.). Temporal and spatial changes in the Canadian insect fauna.

Canadian Entomologist 112(11): 1089–1238. [1980]

5. Arthropod fauna of Canadian grasslands1981. Interest group for the grasslands project. Joint annual meeting of the Entomological

Society of Canada, Banff, Alberta (organized by J.R. Spence and G.P. Pritchard).1983. Spence, J.R. (Ed.). Newsletter: Arthropods of Canadian Grasslands No. 1. 6 pp.1983. Project update: Arthropods of Canadian grasslands. Newsletter of the Biological

Survey of Canada (Terrestrial Arthropods) 2(2): 41.1984. Spence, J.R. (Ed.). Newsletter: Arthropods of Canadian Grasslands No. 2. 7 pp.1985. Spence, J.R. (Ed.). Newsletter: Arthropods of Canadian Grasslands No. 3. 9 pp.1987. Scudder, G.G.E. (Ed.). Newsletter: Arthropods of Canadian Grasslands No. 4.

12 pp.1987. Project update: Arthropods of Canadian grasslands. Newsletter of the Biological

Survey of Canada (Terrestrial Arthropods) 6(1): 7–8.1990. Scudder, G.G.E. (Ed.). Newsletter: Arthropods of Canadian Grasslands No. 5.

14 pp.1993. Scudder, G.G.E. Geographic distribution and biogeography of representative

species of xeric grassland-adapted Nearctic Lygaeidae in western North America (Heteroptera: Lygaeidae). pp. 75–113 in G.E. Ball, and H.V. Danks (Eds), Systematics and entomology: diversity, distribution, adaptation and application. Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Canada 165. 272 pp.

1996. Finnamore, A.T. The advantages of using arthropods in ecosystem management. A brief from the Biological Survey of Canada (Terrestrial Arthropods). Prepared on behalf of the Biological Survey. 11 pp.

1996. Contributions in A.T. Finnamore (Ed.), the SAGE project. A workshop report on terrestrial arthropod sampling protocols for graminoid ecosystems. [Originally at http://www.cciw.ca/eman-temp/reports/publications/sage/intro.html]

1997. Contributions (especially on Heteroptera and Cicadellidae) in H.V. Danks, and J.A. Downes (Eds), Insects of the Yukon. Biological Survey of Canada (Terrestrial Arthropods), Ottawa. Biological Survey of Canada Monograph Series No. 2. 1034 pp.

1998. Project update: Arthropods of Canadian grasslands. Newsletter of the Biological Survey of Canada (Terrestrial Arthropods) 17(2): 44.

1998. Finnamore, A.T. Results from grasslands: aculeate wasps from Canadian Forces Base Suffield. Newsletter of the Biological Survey of Canada (Terrestrial Arthropods) 17(2): 44–57.

1999. Project update: Arthropods of Canadian grasslands. Newsletter of the Biological Survey of Canada (Terrestrial Arthropods) 18(2): 57–59.

1999. Finnamore, A.T., and D. Buckle. Arthropod component report [Suffield]: the


stinging wasps (Hymenoptera: Chrysidoidea, Vespoidea, Sapoidea) and spiders (Araneae). Canadian Wildlife Service. 197 pp.

2000. Danks, H.V. (Ed.). Newsletter: Arthropods of Canadian Grasslands No. 6. 29 pp.2000. Floate, K.D. Synopsis of some past and ongoing research projects on grassland

arthropods. Newsletter: Arthropods of Canadian Grasslands 6: 13–14.2000. Informal conference on grasslands arthropods. Joint annual meeting of the

Entomological Societies of Canada, America and Quebec, Montreal, Quebec (organized by T.A. Wheeler).

2001. Danks, H.V. (Ed.). Newsletter: Arthropods of Canadian Grasslands No. 7. 31 pp.2001. Wheeler, T.A. Project update: Arthropods of Canadian grasslands. Newsletter of

the Biological Survey of Canada (Terrestrial Arthropods) 20(1): 14–15.2001. Grasslands project collecting at a key site: Onefour, Alberta, 23 June–8 July

(see 35. BioBlitzes).2002. Roughley, R.E. References about prairie, tallgrass prairie, prairie arthropods and/

or fire. Maintained on the Biological Survey of Canada web site. [In 2002 at http://www.biology.ualberta.ca/bsc/english/grassrefs.htm]

2002. Danks, H.V. (Ed.). Arthropods of Canadian Grasslands No. 8. 41 pp.2002. Wheeler, T.A. Project update: Arthropods of Canadian grasslands. Newsletter of

the Biological Survey of Canada (Terrestrial Arthropods) 21(1): 14–15.2002. Shorthouse, J.D., and T.A. Wheeler. Arthropods of Canadian grasslands—An

initiative of the Biological Survey of Canada (Terrestrial Arthropods). Prospectus. 31 pp.

2002. Arthropods of Canadian grasslands: ecology and interactions in grassland habitats. Symposium. Joint annual meeting of the Entomological Society of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba (organized by T.A. Wheeler).

2003. Wheeler, T.A. Project update: Arthropods of Canadian grasslands. Newsletter of the Biological Survey of Canada (Terrestrial Arthropods) 22(2): 48–49.

2003. Danks, H.V. (Ed.). Arthropods of Canadian Grasslands No. 9. 35 pp.2003. Grasslands project collecting at a key site: Dunvegan, Alberta, 18–21 July (see

35. BioBlitzes).2004 onwards. Other BioBlitzes, see 35. BioBlitzes.2005. Danks, H.V. (Ed.). Arthropods of Canadian Grasslands No. 10. 35 pp.2006. Danks, H.V. (Ed.). Arthropods of Canadian Grasslands No. 11. 29 pp.2007. Smith, A., and K. Floate. Project update: Arthropods of Canadian grasslands.

Newsletter of the Biological Survey of Canada (Terrestrial Arthropods) 26(2): 48–49.2010. Shorthouse, J.D., and K.D. Floate (Eds). Arthropods of Canadian grasslands

Volume 1. Ecology and interactions in grassland habitats. Biological Survey of Canada Monograph Series No. 3. 358 pp.

2011. Floate, K.D. (Ed.). Arthropods of Canadian grasslands Volume 2. Inhabitants of a changing landscape. Biological Survey of Canada Monograph Series No. 4. 371 pp.

2014. Cárcamo, H.A., and D.J. Giberson (Eds). Arthropods of Canadian grasslands Volume 3. Biodiversity and systematics, Part 1. Biological Survey of Canada Monograph Series No. 5. 413 pp.

2014. Giberson, D.J., and H.A. Cárcamo (Eds). Arthropods of Canadian grasslands Volume 4. Biodiversity and systematics, Part 2. Biological Survey of Canada Monograph Series No. 6. 479 pp.

118 H.V. Danks

6. Illustrated keys to the families of arthropods in Canada1988. Project update: Family keys. Newsletter of the Biological Survey of Canada

(Terrestrial Arthropods) 7(1): 7–8.1989. Kevan, D.K.McE., and G.G.E. Scudder. Illustrated keys to the families of

terrestrial arthropods of Canada 1. Myriapods. Biological Survey of Canada (Terrestrial Arthropods), Ottawa. Biological Survey of Canada Taxonomic Series No. 1. 88 pp.

1989. Project update: Illustrated keys to the families of arthropods in Canada. Newsletter of the Biological Survey of Canada (Terrestrial Arthropods) 8(1): 10–14.

1994. Adult beetle identification workshop May 1995. Newsletter of the Biological Survey of Canada (Terrestrial Arthropods) 13(2): 38–40.

1995. Adult beetle identification workshop to help underpin the keys project for Coleoptera (organized by R.S. Anderson).

1995. Adult beetle identification workshop. Newsletter of the Biological Survey of Canada (Terrestrial Arthropods) 14(2): 31–32.

1999. Project update: Family keys. Newsletter of the Biological Survey of Canada (Terrestrial Arthropods) 18(1): 15.

Ongoing. Scudder, G.G.E., and R.A. Cannings. The Insect Families of British Columbia. efauna bc insects. http://ibis.geog.ubc.ca/biodiversity/efauna/InsectsofBritishColumbia.html in B. Klinkenberg (Ed.), E-Fauna BC: Electronic Atlas of the Fauna of British Columbia [www.efauna.bc.ca]. Laboratory for Advanced Spatial Analysis, Department of Geography, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, 2015.

7. Arthropod fauna of Canadian soils1982. Marshall, V.G., D.K.McE. Kevan, J.V. Matthews, Jr., and A.D. Tomlin. Status

and research needs of Canadian soil arthropods. A brief prepared by the Biological Survey of Canada (Terrestrial Arthropods). Bulletin of the Entomological Society of Canada 14(1), Supplement. 5 pp.

1983. Strategic Grant Proposal to NSERC for cooperative work on soil arthropods (unsuccessful).

1984. International conference on faunal influences on soil structure, Edmonton, Alberta (organized by J.R. Spence).

1984. Spence, J.R., and V. Behan-Pelletier. Project update: Arthropod fauna of soils in Canada: a conference on faunal influences on soil structure. Newsletter of the Biological Survey of Canada (Terrestrial Arthropods) 3(2): 43–45.

1985. Behan-Pelletier, V.M. Handling techniques for soil invertebrates. Newsletter of the Biological Survey of Canada (Terrestrial Arthropods) 4(2): 40–48.

1985. [Spence, J.R. (Ed.).] Faunal influences on soil structure. Quaestiones entomologicae 21(4): 371.1–700.

1987. Letter sent by the Committee to Soil Conservation Canada (Senator Sparrow).1992. Behan-Pelletier, V.M. Diversity of soil arthropods in Canada: systematic and

ecological problems. pp. 11–50 in G.E. Ball, and H.V. Danks (Eds), Systematics and entomology: diversity, distribution, adaptation and application. Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Canada 165. 272 pp.

1995. Project update: Arthropod fauna of soils. Newsletter of the Biological Survey of Canada (Terrestrial Arthropods) 14(2): 42–43.


1998. Behan-Pelletier, V.M. Project update: Arthropod fauna of soils and the database of ecology research projects. Newsletter of the Biological Survey of Canada (Terrestrial Arthropods) 17(1): 14–15.

2001. Behan-Pelletier, V.M. Project update: Arthropod fauna of soils 2001. Newsletter of the Biological Survey of Canada (Terrestrial Arthropods) 20(2): 51–57.

8. Arthropod fauna of aquatic habitatsSee 10. Aquatic insects of freshwater wetlands in Canada; 13. Arthropod fauna of

freshwater springs in Canada; 21. Arthropods of peatlands.

9. Seasonal adaptations in insects1987. Danks, H.V. Insect dormancy: an ecological perspective. Biological Survey of

Canada (Terrestrial Arthropods), Ottawa. Biological Survey of Canada Monograph Series No. 1. ix + 439 pp.

1987. Danks, H.V. Canadian perspectives: Insect dormancy. Newsletter of the Biological Survey of Canada (Terrestrial Arthropods) 6(2): 47–52.

1988. Danks, H.V. Canadian perspectives: Arthropod cold hardiness. Newsletter of the Biological Survey of Canada (Terrestrial Arthropods) 7(2): 42–44.

1990 onwards. Invited presentations by H.V. Danks at international conferences in China, Czech Republic, Denmark, Japan, Russia, and elsewhere.

1991. Danks, H.V. Life-cycle pathways and the analysis of complex life cycles in insects. Canadian Entomologist 123(1-2): 23–40.

1991. Danks, H.V. Winter habitats and ecological adaptations for winter survival. pp. 231–259 in R.E. Lee, and D.L. Denlinger (Eds), Insects at low temperature. Chapman and Hall, New York and London. 513 pp.

1992. Danks, H.V. Long life cycles in insects. Canadian Entomologist 124(1): 167–187.1993. Danks, H.V. [Seasonal adaptations in insects from the high arctic.] pp. 54–66

in M. Takeda, and S. Tanaka (Eds), [Seasonal adaptation and diapause in insects.] Bun-ichi-Sogo Publ., Ltd., Tokyo. (In Japanese).

1993. Project update: Seasonal adaptations in insects. Newsletter of the Biological Survey of Canada (Terrestrial Arthropods) 12(2): 43.

1994. Ring, R.A., and H.V. Danks. Desiccation and cryoprotection: overlapping adaptations. CryoLetters 15(2): 181–190.

1994. Danks, H.V. (Ed.). Insect life-cycle polymorphism: theory, evolution and ecologi-cal consequences for seasonality and diapause control. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, Netherlands. Series Entomologica 52. 376 pp.

1994. Danks, H.V. Diversity and integration of life-cycle controls in insects. pp. 5–40 in H.V. Danks (Ed.), Insect life-cycle polymorphism: theory, evolution and ecological consequences for seasonality and diapause control. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht. 376 pp.

1994. Danks, H.V. Insect life-cycle polymorphism: current ideas and future prospects. pp. 349–365 in H.V. Danks (Ed.), Insect life-cycle polymorphism: theory, evolution and ecological consequences for seasonality and diapause control. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht. 376 pp.

1994. Danks, H.V., O. Kukal, and R.A. Ring. Insect cold-hardiness: insights from the arctic. Arctic 47(4): 391–404.

1996. Danks, H.V. The wider integration of studies on insect cold-hardiness. Euro-pean Journal of Entomology 93(3): 383–403.

120 H.V. Danks

1998. Ring, R.A., and H.V. Danks. The role of trehalose in cold-hardiness and desic-cation. CryoLetters 19(5): 275–282.

1999. Danks, H.V. La dormance et les cycles biologiques. Antennae 6(2): 5–8.1999. Danks, H.V. Life cycles in polar arthropods—flexible or programmed? European

Journal of Entomology 96(2): 83–102.1999. Danks, H.V. The diversity and evolution of insect life cycles. Entomological

Science 2(4): 651–660.2000. Project update: Seasonal adaptations in insects. Newsletter of the Biological

Survey of Canada (Terrestrial Arthropods) 19(1): 13–14.2000. Danks, H.V. Insect cold hardiness: a Canadian perspective. Conference

presentation at Temp 2000—Insect and plant cold hardiness, a symposium. Victoria, British Columbia, 28 May–2 June 2000.

2000. Danks, H.V. Insect cold hardiness: a Canadian perspective. CryoLetters 21(5): 297–308.

2000. Danks, H.V. Measuring and reporting life-cycle duration in insects and arach-nids. European Journal of Entomology 97(3): 285–303.

2000. Danks, H.V. Dehydration in dormant insects. Journal of Insect Physiology 46(6): 837–852.

2001. Danks, H.V. The nature of dormancy responses in insects. Acta Societatis Zoologicae Bohemicae 65(3): 169–179.

2001. Danks, H.V. The range of insect dormancy responses. Abstracts pp. 24–27 in V.E. Kipyatkov (Ed.), IVth European workshop of invertebrate ecophysiology, St. Petersburg, Russia, 9–15 September 2001.

2002. Danks, H.V. Canadian perspectives: The study of insect dormancies and life cycles. Newsletter of the Biological Survey of Canada (Terrestrial Arthropods) 21(1): 15–18.

2002. Danks, H.V. The range of insect dormancy responses. European Journal of Entomology 99(2): 127–142.

2002. Project update: Seasonal adaptations in insects. Newsletter of the Biological Survey of Canada (Terrestrial Arthropods) 21(2): 51–54.

2002. Danks, H.V. Modification of adverse conditions by insects. Oikos 99(1): 10–24.2003. Danks, H.V. Seasonal adaptations in arctic insects. Paper at a symposium on The

biology of the Canadian arctic, held at the January 2003 meeting of the Society for Integrative and Comparative Biology, Toronto, Ontario.

2004. Danks, H.V. Seasonal adaptations in arctic insects. Integrative and Comparative Biology 44(2): 85–94.

2004. Danks, H.V. The roles of insect cocoons in cold conditions. European Journal of Entomology 101(3): 433–437.

2005. Danks, H.V. Key themes in the study of seasonal adaptations in insects I. Patterns of cold hardiness. Applied Entomology and Zoology 40(2): 199–211.

2005. Danks, H.V. How similar are daily and seasonal biological clocks? Journal of Insect Physiology 51(6): 609–619.

2006. Izumi, Y., S. Sonoda, H. Yoshida, H.V. Danks, and H. Tsumuki. Role of mem-brane transport of water and glycerol in the freeze tolerance of the rice stem borer, Chilo suppressalis Walker (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). Journal of Insect Physiology 52(2): 215–220.

2006. Danks, H.V. Insect adaptations to cold and changing environments. Canadian


Entomologist 138(1): 1–23.2006. Danks, H.V. Key themes in the study of seasonal adaptations in insects II. Life-

cycle patterns. Applied Entomology and Zoology 41(1): 1–13.2006. Danks, H.V. Short life cycles in insects and mites. Canadian Entomologist

138(4): 407–463.2006. Danks, H.V. Canadian perspectives: Life cycle types in the arctic. Newsletter of

the Biological Survey of Canada (Terrestrial Arthropods) 25(2): 56–58.2007. Danks, H.V. The elements of seasonal adaptations in insects. Canadian Entmolo-

gist 139(1): 1–44.2007. Danks, H.V. How aquatic insects live in cold climates. Presentation at the In-

ternational symposium on the ecophysiology of ectotherms and plants. Dunedin, New Zealand, July 2007.

2007. Danks, H.V. How aquatic insects live in cold climates. Canadian Entomolo-gist 139(4): 443–471.

2007. Danks, H.V. Aquatic insect adaptations to winter cold and ice. Presentation at the symposium of the Royal Entomological Society, Edinburgh, Scotland, August 2007.

2008. Danks, H.V. Aquatic insect adaptations to winter cold and ice. pp. 1–19 in J. Lancaster, and R.A. Briers (Eds), Aquatic insects: challenges to populations: Proceedings of the Royal Entomological Society’s 24th symposium. CAB International, Wallingford, Oxfordshire. 332 pp.

10. Aquatic insects of freshwater wetlands in Canada1981. [Rosenberg, D.M.] Biological Survey of Canada (Terrestrial Arthropods). Project

on aquatic insects of freshwater wetlands. Bulletin of the Entomological Society of Canada 13(4): 151–153.

1982. Project update: Aquatic insects of freshwater wetlands. Newsletter of the Biological Survey of Canada (Terrestrial Arthropods) 1(2): 25–26.

1983. Aquatic insects of peatlands and marshes in Canada (Conference announcement). Bulletin of the Entomological Society of Canada 15(3): 100–101.

1984. Aquatic insects of peatlands and marshes in Canada. Symposium. St. Andrews, New Brunswick (organized by D.M. Rosenberg and H.V. Danks).

1985. Project update: Aquatic insects of freshwater wetlands. Newsletter of the Biological Survey of Canada (Terrestrial Arthropods) 4(1): 8–9.

1987. Rosenberg, D.M., and H.V. Danks (Eds). Aquatic insects of peatlands and marshes in Canada. Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Canada 140. 174 pp.

2006. Spitzer, K., and H.V. Danks. Insect biodiversity of boreal peat bogs. Annual Review of Entomology 51: 137–161.

11. Collections and collections policies1982. The fate of collections. Newsletter of the Biological Survey of Canada (Terrestrial

Arthropods) 1(2): 26. [concern with orphaned collections]1983. Danks, H.V. Regional collections and the concept of regional centres. pp. 151–160

in D.J. Faber (Ed.), Proceedings of 1981 workshop on care and maintenance of natural history collections. Syllogeus 44. 196 pp.

1991. Wiggins, G.B., S.A. Marshall, and J.A. Downes. The importance of research collections of terrestrial arthropods. A brief prepared by the Biological Survey of Canada (Terrestrial Arthropods). Bulletin of the Entomological Society of Canada

122 H.V. Danks

23(2), Supplement. 16 pp.1991. Danks, H.V. Museum collections: fundamental values and modern problems.

Keynote address to the Society for the Preservation of Natural History Collections, Ottawa, Ontario.

1991. Danks, H.V. Talk on the Biological Survey, including reference to the 1991 brief. Association of Systematic Collections, College Station, Texas, USA.

1991. The importance of research collections. Newsletter of the Biological Survey of Canada (Terrestrial Arthropods) 10(2): 41–42.

1991. Danks, H.V. Museum collections: fundamental values and modern problems. Collection Forum 7(2): 95–111.

1995. Langor, D.W., H.V. Danks, and G.E. Ball. Recommendations for support of biological collections infrastructure in Canada, with special reference to terrestrial arthropods. Briefs prepared for submission to the Biodiversity Convention Office and to the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada.

2001. Wheeler, T.A., J.T. Huber, and D.C. Currie. Label data standards for terrestrial arthropods. A brief prepared by the Biological Survey of Canada (Terrestrial Arthropods). Biological Survey of Canada (Terrestrial Arthropods) Document Series No. 8. 20 pp.

2003. Wheeler, T.A., J.T. Huber, and D.C. Currie. Normes d’étiquetage pour les arthropodes terrestres. Mémoire préparé par la Commission biologique du Canada (arthropodes terrestres). Commission biologique du Canada (arthropodes terrestres) Série Documents no 8f. 20 pp. [French translation of the brief above]

2003. Wheeler, T.A. The role of voucher specimens in validating faunistic and ecological research. A brief prepared by the Biological Survey of Canada (Terrestrial Arthropods). Biological Survey of Canada (Terrestrial Arthropods) Document Series No. 9. 21 pp.

2003. Wheeler, T.A. Le rôle des spécimens de référence pour valider les recherches faunistiques et écologiques. Mémoire préparé par la Commission biologique du Canada (arthropodes terrestres). Commission biologique du Canada (arthropodes terrestres) Série Documents no 9f. 21 pp. [French translation of the brief above]

2009. Pohl, G.R. Why we kill bugs—the case for collecting insects. Newsletter of the Biological Survey of Canada (Terrestrial Arthropods) 28(1): 10–17.

12. Arthropods of special habitats1981. Establishment of springs project. (see 13. Arthropod fauna of freshwater springs

in Canada)1991. Attempts to develop a large rivers project. (see 8. Arthropod fauna of aquatic

habitats)1997. Bouchard, P., and T.A. Wheeler. Arthropods of alvar habitats. Newsletter of the

Biological Survey of Canada (Terrestrial Arthropods) 16(2): 47–51.

13. Arthropod fauna of freshwater springs in Canada1983. Williams, D.D. Biological Survey of Canada (Terrestrial Arthropods). National

survey of freshwater springs. Bulletin of the Entomological Society of Canada 15(1): 30–34.

1983. Sampling format circular (prepared for distribution to cooperators interested in the springs project).


1983. Letter sent to Inland Waters Canada pointing out the need for an inventory of springs.

1984. Brief submitted to the Pearse Commission of Inquiry on Federal Water Policy (prepared by D.D. Williams and H.V. Danks; presented by I.M. Smith and H.V. Danks).

1984. Unsolicited grant proposal to DSS/lnland Waters for research on spring arthropods, prepared by D.D. Williams. Approved in principle but greatly delayed and abandoned in 1988.

1985. Project update: Arthropod fauna of freshwater springs. Newsletter of the Biological Survey of Canada (Terrestrial Arthropods) 4(2): 40.

1988. Williams, D.D., and N.E. Williams. Trichoptera from cold freshwater springs in Canada: records and comments. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Ontario 118: 13–23.

1988. Project update: Arthropod fauna of Canadian springs. Newsletter of the Biological Survey of Canada (Terrestrial Arthropods) 7(2): 37–38.

1989. Arthropods of springs. Symposium. Joint annual meeting of the Entomological Society of Canada, St. John’s, Newfoundland (organized by D.D. Williams and H.V. Danks).

1990. Williams, D.D., H.V. Danks, I.M. Smith, R.A. Ring, and R.A. Cannings. Freshwater springs: a national heritage. A brief prepared by the Biological Survey of Canada (Terrestrial Arthropods). Bulletin of the Entomological Society of Canada 22(1), Supplement. 9 pp.

1990. Williams, D.D., and l.M. Smith. Spring habitats and their faunas: an introductory bibliography. Biological Survey of Canada (Terrestrial Arthropods), Ottawa. Biological Survey of Canada Document Series No. 4. 156 pp.

1990. Project update: Arthropod fauna of spring habitats. Newsletter of the Biological Survey of Canada (Terrestrial Arthropods) 9(2): 44–45.

1991. Williams, D.D., and H.V. Danks (Eds). Arthropods of springs, with particular reference to Canada. Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Canada 155. 217 pp.

2015. Knysh, K.M. Special feature: Spring forward (and fall in?). Research into arthropod fauna in Canadian springs. Newsletter of the Biological Survey of Canada 34(1): 7–19.

14. Endangered species1983. Endangered species. Newsletter of the Biological Survey of Canada (Terrestrial

Arthropods) 2(2): 46–48.2009. Catling, P.M., L. Packer, and M. Goit. COSEWIC insect assessment: processes,

achievements and advantages. Newsletter of the Biological Survey of Canada (Terrestrial Arthropods) 28(2): 66–84.

15. Origins of the North American insect fauna1988. Downes, J.A., and D.H. Kavanaugh (Eds.). Origins of the North American insect

fauna. Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Canada 144. 168 pp.

16. Environmental appraisal1984. Lehmkuhl, D.M., H.V. Danks, V.M. Behan-Pelletier, D.J. Larson, D.M. Rosenberg,

and I.M. Smith. Recommendations for the appraisal of environmental disturbance:

124 H.V. Danks

some general guidelines, and the value and feasibility of insect studies. A brief prepared by the Biological Survey of Canada (Terrestrial Arthropods). Bulletin of the Entomological Society of Canada 16(3), Supplement. 8 pp.

1986. Rosenberg, D.M., H.V. Danks, and D.M. Lehmkuhl. The importance of insects in Environmental Impact Assessment. Environmental Management 10(6): 773–783.

17. Taxonomy of Canadian mayfliesDiscontinued.

18. Long-term research1987. Danks, H.V., G.B. Wiggins, and D.M. Rosenberg. Ecological collections and

long-term monitoring. Bulletin of the Entomological Society of Canada 19(1): 16–18.

19. Climatic change1984–1991. Contacts with and suggestions made to organizations such as the

Entomological Society of Canada, Biological Council of Canada, Royal Society of Canada, National Research Council of Canada, Climate Planning Board, Atmospheric Environment Service, and Canadian Federation of Biological Societies.

1990. Workshop on climate change. Joint annual meeting of the Entomological Society of Canada, Banff, Alberta.

1992. Danks, H.V. Arctic insects as indicators of environmental change. Arctic 45(2): 159–166.

2007. Danks, H.V. Canadian perspectives: Climate change impacts on insects in northern Canada. Newsletter of the Biological Survey of Canada (Terrestrial Arthropods) 26(1): 15–18.

20. Insects of Canada1988. Danks, H.V. Insects of Canada. Biological Survey of Canada (Terrestrial

Arthropods) Document Series No. 1. 18 pp.1988. Danks, H.V. Les insectes du Canada. Commission biologique du Canada

(Arthropodes terrestres) Série Documents no 2. 18 pp.1992. Danks, H.V. Canadian perspectives: Major zones in Canada. Newsletter of the

Biological Survey of Canada (Terrestrial Arthropods) 11(2): 37–40.2000 onwards. Abridged version of Insects of Canada [Biological Survey of Canada

(Terrestrial Arthropods)]. [Originally at http://nature.ca/research/bscta_e/index.html]

21. Arthropods of peatlands1986. [Marshall, S.A.] New project on the arthropods of Canadian peatlands. Newsletter

of the Biological Survey of Canada (Terrestrial Arthropods) 5(1): 8–10.1986. Finnamore, A.T. Guidelines for sampling terrestrial arthropods in peatlands.

Newsletter of the Biological Survey of Canada (Terrestrial Arthropods) 5(2): 50–53.1987. Finnamore, A.T. Invertebrate biodiversity in north temperate peatlands. Newsletter

of the Biological Survey of Canada (Terrestrial Arthropods) 6(1): 8–15.1987. Finnamore, A.T. Project update: Arthropods of Canadian peatlands. The Wagner

peatland. Newsletter of the Biological Survey of Canada (Terrestrial Arthropods) 6(2): 42–47.


1988. Finnamore, A.T. Ecological collecting and long-term monitoring with respect to the Wagner peatland. Newsletter of the Biological Survey of Canada (Terrestrial Arthropods) 7(1): 10–14.

1988. Finnamore, A.T. Peatland Hymenoptera of Bistcho Lake, Alberta: a faunal comparison of a subarctic peatland to a midboreal continental peatland in Alberta. pp. 39–68 in W.B. McGillivray, and R.I. Hastings (Eds.), Natural history of the Bistcho Lake region, northwest Alberta. Provincial Museum of Alberta Natural History Occasional Papers 10. 106 pp.

1989. Marshall, S.A., and D.A. Blades. The Biological Survey of Canada and arthropods of peatlands. pp. 360–365 in M.J. Bardecki, and N. Patterson (Eds), Wetlands: inertia or momentum. Proceedings of the Ontario Wetlands Conference, Toronto 1988. 426 pp.

1989. [Finnamore, A.T.] Natural history of Bistcho Lake region. Newsletter of the Biological Survey of Canada (Terrestrial Arthropods) 8(1): 8.

1991. Terrestrial arthropods of peatlands. Symposium. Joint annual meeting of the Entomological Society of Canada, Montreal, Quebec (ESC, SEQ, ESO) (organized by S.A. Marshall and A.T. Finnamore).

1994. Finnamore, A.T., and S.A. Marshall (Eds). Arthropods of Canadian peatlands. Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Canada 169. 289 pp.

1995. Project update: Arthropods of peatlands. Newsletter of the Biological Survey of Canada (Terrestrial Arthropods) 14(1): 11–12.

22. Forest arthropodsA. Initial phases

1986. New project on arthropods of the boreal life zone. Newsletter of the Biological Survey of Canada (Terrestrial Arthropods) 5(1): 12.

1989. Danks, H.V., and R.G. Foottit. Insects of the boreal zone of Canada. Canadian Entomologist 121(8): 625–690.

1989. Project update: Arthropods of the boreal zone. Newsletter of the Biological Survey of Canada (Terrestrial Arthropods) 8(2): 47–52.

1989 onwards. Danks, H.V. Seminars on insects of the boreal zone presented at various entomological centres in Canada.

1990. Foottit, R.G. Presentation at a symposium on temperate biodiversity in Sacramento, California, USA.

1990. Foottit, R.G. Presentation at a symposium on the boreal zone in Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario (annual meeting of the Entomological Society of Ontario).

1990. Brown, B.V., E.R. Fuller, D.A. Pollock, and T.G. Spanton. 1990 Alberta Insect Survey. Newsletter of the Biological Survey of Canada (Terrestrial Arthropods) 9(2): 46–48.

1991. Pollock, D.A., B.V. Brown, E.R. Fuller, T.G. Spanton, and D.S. Mulyk. 1990 Alberta Insect Survey results and discussion. Newsletter of the Biological Survey of Canada (Terrestrial Arthropods) 10(1): 7–13.

B. Arthropods of old-growth forests1993. Query and questionnaire—Arthropods of old-growth forests: how many projects

are there? Newsletter of the Biological Survey of Canada (Terrestrial Arthropods) 12(2): 44.

126 H.V. Danks

1994. Projects in old-growth forests. Newsletter of the Biological Survey of Canada (Terrestrial Arthropods) 13(1): 10–14.

1994. Project update: Arthropods of old-growth forests. Newsletter of the Biological Survey of Canada (Terrestrial Arthropods) 13(2): 41.

1997. Project update: Old-growth forests. Newsletter of the Biological Survey of Canada (Terrestrial Arthropods) 16(1): 15.

1997. Applejohn, A. Forest arthropod inventory projects in Canada. Newsletter of the Biological Survey of Canada (Terrestrial Arthropods) 16(1): 17–21.

1998. Winchester, N.N., and R.A. Ring. The Carmanah canopy project: conservation of arthropod biodiversity in coastal Sitka spruce forests. Newsletter of the Biological Survey of Canada (Terrestrial Arthropods) 17(2): 40–44.

C. Arthropods of Canadian forests2004. Langor, D.W. New project: Arthropods of Canadian forests [including forest

arthropod project inventory in Canada]. Newsletter of the Biological Survey of Canada (Terrestrial Arthropods) 23(1): 15–18.

2004. Database of forest biodiversity projects in Canada. Made available on the Bio-logical Survey of Canada web site.

2004. Langor, D.W. (Ed.). (Newsletter) Arthropods of Canadian Forests No. 1. 29 pp. Canadian Forest Service and Biological Survey of Canada.

2004 onwards. Several Biological Survey BioBlitzes (see 35. BioBlitzes).2004. Langor, D.W. Project update: Forest arthropods. Newsletter of the Biological

Survey of Canada (Terrestrial Arthropods) 24(1): 9–10.2005. Maintaining arthropods in northern forest ecosystems. Symposium. Joint annual

meeting of the Entomological Society of Canada, Canmore, Alberta (organized by D.W. Langor and J.R. Spence).



2008. Langor, D.W., and J.R. Spence (Eds). Maintaining arthropods in northern forest ecosystems. Canadian Entomologist 140(4): 393–525.


Ongoing. Cooperative as well as individual research projects.

23. Arthropods of the Queen Charlotte Islands (Haida Gwaii)1982. Studies in the Queen Charlotte Islands. Newsletter of the Biological Survey of

Canada (Terrestrial Arthropods) 1(2): 26.1985. Proposed outline of a publication on the arthropod fauna of the islands prepared.1990. The insect fauna of the Queen Charlotte Islands, British Columbia. Newsletter

of the Biological Survey of Canada (Terrestrial Arthropods) 9(2): 18.

24. Systematics and entomology1988. Danks, H.V. Systematics in support of entomology. Annual Review of Entomology

33: 271–296.1989. Future challenges for systematic entomology in Canada. Joint Biosystematics


Research Centre, Entomological Society of Canada, and Biological Survey of Canada workshop, Ottawa, Ontario, 22 April (organized by I.M. Smith).

1989. Workshop on systematics held. Newsletter of the Biological Survey of Canada (Terrestrial Arthropods) 8(2): 54–55.

1989. Symposium on systematics planned for 1990. Newsletter of the Biological Survey of Canada (Terrestrial Arthropods) 8(2): 55.

1990. Systematics and entomology: diversity, distribution, adaptation and application. Symposium. Joint annual meeting of the Entomological Society of Canada, Banff, Alberta (organized by G.E. Ball and H.V. Danks).

1991. Discussions on behalf of the Survey (H.V. Danks and I.M. Smith) with the Commission of Inquiry on Canadian University Education (S. Smith).

1993. Ball, G.E., and H.V. Danks (Eds). Systematics and entomology: diversity, distribution, adaptation and application. Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Canada 165. 272 pp.

25. Arthropod ectoparasites of vertebrates (including biting flies)1991. Galloway, T.D., and H.V. Danks. Arthropod ectoparasites of vertebrates in Canada.

A brief prepared by the Biological Survey of Canada (Terrestrial Arthropods). Bulletin of the Entomological Society of Canada 23(1), Supplement. 11 pp.

1991. Galloway, T.D. Presentation on arthropod ectoparasites at a symposium on Transmission strategies of parasites in the boreal forest, at the Annual Meeting of the Canadian Society of Zoologists, Thunder Bay, Ontario.

26. Fauna of selected National Parks1991. Memorandum of Understanding with Parks Canada. [The two following items

were prepared on behalf of the Survey as follow-up to this MOU]1991. Biological Survey of Canada (Terrestrial Arthropods). Research on the insect

fauna of Parks—A long term plan (prepared by H.V. Danks and V.M. Behan-Pelletier with input from S.A. Marshall). 9 pp. + Appendices I–V.

1992. Biological Survey of Canada (Terrestrial Arthropods). Guidelines for entomological research in National Parks (prepared by H.V. Danks and others). 8 pp. + Appendices I–III.

See also 35. BioBlitzes.

27. Study of biodiversity1994. Marshall, S.A., R.S. Anderson, R.E. Roughley, V. Behan-Pelletier, and H.V.

Danks. Terrestrial arthropod biodiversity: planning a study and recommended sampling techniques. A brief prepared by the Biological Survey of Canada (Terrestrial Arthropods). Bulletin of the Entomological Society of Canada 26(1), Supplement. 33 pp.

1996. Danks, H.V. How to assess insect biodiversity without wasting your time. Biological Survey of Canada (Terrestrial Arthropods) Document Series No. 5. 20 pp.

1997. Danks, H.V. Assessing insect biodiversity—without wasting your time. Global Biodiversity 7(3): 17–21.

1997. Danks, H.V. Évaluer la diversité des insectes sans perdre son temps. La biodiversité mondiale 7(3): 17–21.

1999. Procedures for monitoring biodiversity. Workshop. Ottawa, Ontario, February

128 H.V. Danks

1999 (organized by the Biological Survey of Canada, with the Ecological Monitoring and Assessment Network, Environment Canada).

2000. Danks, H.V., and N.N. Winchester. Terrestrial arthropod biodiversity projects—building a factual foundation. A brief prepared by the Biological Survey of Canada (Terrestrial Arthropods). Biological Survey of Canada (Terrestrial Arthropods) Document Series No. 7. 38 pp.

2003. Danks, H.V. Comment évaluer la biodiversité des insectes sans perdre de temps. Commission biologique du Canada (Arthropodes terrestres) Série Documents no 5f (1996). [French translation of 1996 brief]

2009. Updated references for recommended sampling techniques (cf. 1994 brief) posted on Biological Survey of Canada web site.

28. Invasions and reductions1988. Spence, J.R., and D.H. Spence. Of ground beetles and men: introduced species

and the synanthropic fauna of western Canada. pp. 151–168 in J.A. Downes, and D.H. Kavanaugh (Eds), Origins of the North American insect fauna. Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Canada 144. 168 pp.

1993. Project update: Invasions and reductions. Newsletter of the Biological Survey of Canada (Terrestrial Arthropods) 12(1): 7.

1993. Workshop [with 11 presentations] on invasions and reductions in the Canadian insect fauna. Joint annual meeting of the Entomological Society of Canada, Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario (organized by S.A. Marshall and others).

1994. Larson, D.J., and S.A. Marshall. Project update: Invasions and reductions in the Canadian insect fauna. Newsletter of the Biological Survey of Canada (Terrestrial Arthropods) 13(1): 7–9.

2002 onwards. Project on lady beetles in Canada to analyze faunas, introduced species and their potential effects.

2006. Ecological impacts of non-native insects and fungi on terrestrial ecosystems. Symposium (sponsored by the Canadian Forest Service, the Canadian Food Inspection Agency, and the Biological Survey of Canada (Terrestrial Arthropods)). Joint annual meeting of the Entomological Society of Canada, Montreal, Quebec (organized by D.W. Langor and J.D. Sweeney).

2009. Langor, D.W., and J.D. Sweeney (Eds). Ecological impacts of non-native invertebrates and fungi on terrestrial ecosystems. Biological Invasions 11. 157 pp.

2014. Langor, D.W., E.K. Cameron, C.J.K. MacQuarrie, A. McBeath, A. McClay, B. Peter, M. Pybus, T. Ramsfield, K. Ryall, T. Scarr, D. Yemshanov, I. DeMerchant, R. Foottit, and G.R. Pohl. Non-native species in Canada’s boreal zone: diversity, impacts, and risk. Environmental Reviews 22(4): 372–420.

29. Faunal analysisA. Gap analysis

Committee and other documents developed over several years, and posted on the Biological Survey of Canada web site, including:

• Protocol (prepared by J.T.Huber and others).• Tabulated data for all groups from Canada and its insect fauna (prepared by R.E.

Roughley).


• Updates for selected groups:• Galloway, T.D. Phthiraptera (includes Mallophaga and Anoplura).• Galloway, T.D. Siphonaptera.• Huber, J.T., and others. Hymenoptera. • Vickery, V.R. Orthopteroids.

B. Biota of Canada2013. [Biota of Canada Project: why do we need it and what are the challenges? Three

articles to set the stage.] Newsletter of the Biological Survey of Canada 32(2): 8–37.2014. Re-cap of the new Biological Survey of Canada initiative. The Biota of Canada:

a census of Canadian species. Newsletter of the Biological Survey of Canada 33(1): 13–16; 33(2): 16–17.

2015. Re-cap of the new Biological Survey of Canada initiative. The biota of Canada: a census of Canadian species. Newsletter of the Biological Survey of Canada 34(1): 22–23.

2015. Langor, D. The biota of Canada project. Species richness of terrestrial arthropods in Canada. Newsletter of the Biological Survey of Canada 34(2): 9–10.

2016. Synopsis of the new Biological Survey of Canada initiative. The biota of Canada: a census of Canadian species. Newsletter of the Biological Survey of Canada 35(1): 19.

30. Damaged ecosystems

31. Funding for biodiversity projects2000 onwards. Wheeler, T.A. Information on biodiversity funding: funding sources for

graduate students in arthropod biodiversity. Available on the Biological Survey of Canada web site.

2003 onwards. Wheeler, T.A. Financement de la recherche en biodiversité: sources de fonds disponibles pour les diplômés en biodiversité des arthropodes. Available on the Biological Survey of Canada web site. [French translation of above]

32. Arthropods and fire2002. Roughley, R.E. References about prairie, tallgrass prairie, prairie arthropods and/

or fire. Maintained on the Biological Survey of Canada web site [In 2002 at http://www.biology.ualberta.ca/bsc/english/grassrefs.htm]

2005. Arthropods and fire. Symposium. Joint annual meeting of the Entomological Society of Canada, Canmore, Alberta (organized by R.E. Roughley).

33. Costs of insect identifications2003. Marshall, S.A. The real costs of insect identifications. Newsletter of the Biological

Survey of Canada (Terrestrial Arthropods) 22(1): 15–18.2012. Marshall, S.A. The real costs of insect identifications reprised: ten years later.

Newsletter of the Biological Survey of Canada 31(2): 11–14.

34. Naturalist publicationsSee especially the Canadian Journal of Arthropod Identification, Appendix 5.

35. BioBlitzes

130 H.V. Danks

2001. [Biological Survey of Canada BioBlitz], Onefour, Alberta, June–July 2001 (or-ganized by R.E. Roughley and K.D. Floate).

2001. Wheeler, T.A. Project update: Arthropods of Canadian grasslands. Newsletter of the Biological Survey of Canada (Terrestrial Arthropods) 21(1): 14–15.

2003. [Biological Survey of Canada BioBlitz], Peace River grasslands, Dunvegan, Alberta, July 2003 (organized by F.A.H. Sperling and M. Hervieux).

2004. [Biological Survey of Canada BioBlitz], Aweme, Manitoba, June 2004 (organized by R.E. Roughley).

2005. [Langor, D.W.] BioBlitz 2005. Newsletter of the Biological Survey of Canada (Terrestrial Arthropods) 24(1): 1. [Announcement]

2005 (and later). Biological Survey of Canada BioBlitz, Waterton Lakes, National Park, Alberta, July 2005 (organized by D.W. Langor).

2006. [Langor, D.W.] Report on BioBlitz 2005. Arthropods of Canadian Forests 2: 2.2006 (and later). Biological Survey of Canada BioBlitz, Gros Morne National Park,

Newfoundland, July 2006 (organized by D.W. Langor).2006. [Langor, D.W.] Report on BioBlitz 2006. Arthropods of Canadian Forests 3: 4–5.2007. Biological Survey of Canada BioBlitz, Riding Mountain National Park, Manitoba,

July 2007 (organized by R.E. Roughley and others).2007. Lamb, R.J., P.A. Mackay, and R.E. Roughley. BioBlitz 2007. Newsletter of the

Biological Survey of Canada (Terrestrial Arthropods) 26(2): 35–37.2008. Biological Survey of Canada BioBlitz, Bruce Peninsula National Park, Ontario,

June 2008 (organized by S.A. Marshall).2008. Smith, A.B.T. Project update: The Biological Survey of Canada’s BioBlitz

program. Newsletter of the Biological Survey of Canada (Terrestrial Arthropods) 27(2): 48–50.

2010. Shorthouse, J. Biological Survey of Canada Bioblitz in Sudbury, Ontario. Biological Survey of Canada Newsletter 29(1): 6–13.

2010. Biological Survey of Canada BioBlitz, Sudbury, Ontario, June 2010 (organized by J.D. Shorthouse).

2010. Shorthouse, J.D. Report on Biological Survey of Canada Bioblitz in Sudbury, Ontario. Biological Survey of Canada Newsletter 29(2): 7–13.

2012. Biological Survey of Canada BioBlitz, Corner Brook, Newfoundland, July 2012 (led by D.W. Langor, G.R. Pohl and K. Robertson).

2012. Giberson, D., and D. Langor. Bioblitz 2012 on “The Rock” held jointly with 2012 COSEWIC Arthropods Committee workshop. Newsletter of the Biological Survey of Canada 31(1): 4–5.

2015. Biological Survey of Canada BioBlitz, Peace River valley, British Columbia, June 2015 (organized by D.W. Langor and others).

2015. Langor, D., C. Copley, and T. Burkhart. Bio-Blitz 2015. Peace River valley of northeastern British Columbia. Newsletter of the Biological Survey of Canada 34(2): 11–13.

2015. Canada’s BioBlitz 2016: Carmacks, Yukon. Newsletter of the Biological Survey of Canada 34(2): 17–18.

2016. Biological Survey of Canada BioBlitz, Carmacks, Yukon, June 2016 (organized by S.G. Cannings).

Additional information on some of the early BioBlitzes appeared in the newsletter Arthropods of Canadian Grasslands; these articles are available separately on the



Biological Survey of Canada web site.

36. Collecting localities2008 and ongoing. Common and historical collecting localities within Canada.

Downloadable Excel spreadsheet available on the Biological Survey of Canada web site.

37. Curation Blitzes2007. Biological Survey of Canada Curation Blitz, University of Saskatchewan,

Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, October 2007 (organized by D.B. McCorquodale).2008. McCorquodale, D.B. The first Curation Blitz: the Biological Survey of Canada

tackles the collections in Saskatoon. Newsletter of the Biological Survey of Canada (Terrestrial Arthropods) 27(1): 3–4.

2008. Biological Survey of Canada Curation Blitz, Canadian Museum of Nature, Gatineau, Quebec, October 2008 (organized by D.B. McCorquodale).

2009. Biological Survey of Canada sponsored Curation Blitz at the Canadian Museum of Nature. Newsletter of the Biological Survey of Canada (Terrestrial Arthropods) 28(1): 3.

2009. Biological Survey of Canada Curation Blitz, J.B. Wallis Museum of Entomology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, October 2009 (organized by D.B. McCorquodale).

2009. McCorquodale, D. Curation Blitz at Wallis Museum, University of Manitoba. Biological Survey of Canada Newsletter 28(2): 35.

2010. Biological Survey of Canada. Curation Blitz at the Spencer Entomological Collection, Beaty Biodiversity Museum. Biological Survey of Canada Newsletter 29(1): 34.

2010. Curation Blitz, Spencer Entomological Collection, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (organized by F.A.H. Sperling and D.B. McCorquodale).

2010. Biological Survey of Canada Curation Blitz at the Spencer Entomological Collection, Beaty Biodiversity Museum. Biological Survey of Canada Newsletter 29(2): 38.

2011. Annual Curation Blitz at the Entomological Society of Canada meeting. Biological Survey of Canada Newsletter 30(1): 4.

2011. Biological Survey of Canada Curation Blitz, Nova Scotia Museum, Halifax (organized by A.J. Hebda and D.B. McCorquodale).

2011. McCorquodale, D. Report on the Curation Blitz at Nova Scotia Museum, Halifax, Biological Survey of Canada Newsletter 30(2): 10.

2012. Annual Curation Blitz at the Entomological Society of Canada meeting. Newsletter of the Biological Survey of Canada 31(1): 6.

2012. Biological Survey of Canada Curation Blitz, Royal Alberta Museum, Edmonton (organized by M. Buck).

38. Annual symposia of the Biological Survey of Canada2008. Annual Biological Survey of Canada symposium. Newsletter of the Biological

Survey of Canada (Terrestrial Arthropods) 27(1): 4.2008. First annual Biological Survey of Canada symposium. Symposium. Joint annual

meeting of the Entomological Society of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario (organized by

132 H.V. Danks

A.B.T. Smith). [Information about the Survey’s activities and aspects of Canadian biodiversity]

2008. BSC 2008 symposium at the Entomological Society of Canada annual meeting in Ottawa – Wednesday, October 22nd from 8:00–9:45 AM. Newsletter of the Biological Survey of Canada (Terrestrial Arthropods) 27(2): 41.

2009. Annual Biological Survey of Canada symposium. Terrestrial arthropod surveys in Canada: purpose, progress and plans. Symposium. Joint annual meeting of the Entomological Society of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba (organized by A.B.T. Smith and D.C. Currie).

2009. Biological Survey of Canada symposium at the joint annual meeting of the Entomological Society of Canada and the Entomological Society of Manitoba. Terrestrial arthropod surveys in Canada: purpose, progress and plans. Newsletter of the Biological Survey of Canada (Terrestrial Arthropods) 28(2): 32–33.

2010. Annual Biological Survey of Canada symposium. Arthropods of Canadian Grasslands. Symposium. Joint annual meeting of the Entomological Society of Canada, Vancouver, British Columbia (organized by K.D. Floate).

2010. Arthropods of Canadian Grasslands. Biological Survey of Canada Newsletter 29(2): 4–6.

2011. How to complete a Biological Survey of Canada. Annual Biological Survey of Canada symposium. Biological Survey of Canada Newsletter 30(1): 4.

2011. Annual Biological Survey of Canada symposium: How to complete a Biological Survey of Canada. Symposium. Joint annual meeting of the Entomological Society of Canada, Halifax, Nova Scotia (organized by F.A.H. Sperling and D.B. McCorquodale).

2011. Annual Biological Survey of Canada symposium at the Annual Meeting of the Entomological Society of Canada, Halifax, Nova Scotia (Tuesday, Nov. 8, 2011). Biological Survey of Canada Newsletter 30(2): 8–10.

2011. Sperling, F. Report on the Biological Survey of Canada symposium at the Annual Meeting of the Entomological Society of Canada, Halifax, Nova Scotia (Tuesday, Nov. 8, 2011). Biological Survey of Canada Newsletter 30(2): 8–10.

2012. Biological Survey of Canada symposium—2012. The Biota of Canada. Newslet-ter of the Biological Survey of Canada 31(1): 6.

2012. Annual Biological Survey of Canada symposium: The Biota of Canada. Sym-posium. Joint annual meeting of the Entomological Society of Canada, Edmonton, Alberta (organized by D.C. Currie and J.D. Shorthouse).

2012. Biological Survey of Canada symposium—2012. The Biota of Canada. The 2012 BSC symposium at the ESC (Entomological Society of Canada). Launch of the new Biota of Canada project. Newsletter of the Biological Survey of Canada 31(2): 8–10.

2013. The BSC at the 2013 ESO/ESC JAM (joint annual meeting of the Entomological Societies of Canada and Ontario). Newsletter of the Biological Survey of Canada 32(1): 6–7.

2013. Annual Biological Survey of Canada symposium: 150 years of discovery and change in Ontario’s insect fauna. Symposium. Joint annual meeting of the Entomological Society of Canada, Guelph, Ontario (organized by J.D. Shorthouse, D.C. Currie and S.A. Marshall).

2014. Update: Biological Survey of Canada symposium at the 2014 Entomological Society of Canada meetings, Saskatoon, SK. Newsletter of the Biological Survey


of Canada 33(1): 6.2014. Annual Biological Survey of Canada symposium: Opposite ends of the time

scale—ancient and recent changes in insect diversity. Symposium. Joint annual meeting of the Entomological Society of Canada, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan (organized by G.R. Pohl and C.S. Sheffield).

2014. 2014 Biological Survey of Canada symposium. 2014 Entomological Society of Canada meetings, Saskatoon, SK. Newsletter of the Biological Survey of Canada 33(2): 6.

2015. Biological Survey of Canada symposium. 2015 Joint Annual Meeting of the ESC-SEQ meetings, Montreal. Newsletter of the Biological Survey of Canada 34(1): 6.

2015. Annual Biological Survey of Canada symposium: Canada and its insect fauna: 35 years later. Symposium. Joint annual meeting of the Entomological Society of Canada, Montreal, Quebec (organized by J. Savage).

2015. Savage, J. 2015 Biological Survey of Canada symposium. 2015 Joint Annual Meeting of the ESC-SEQ meetings, Montreal: from Firebird Trans Am to DNA barcoding. Newsletter of the Biological Survey of Canada 34(2): 6.

39. Other topicsSee page 86.

134 H.V. Danks

Appendix 5. References for the Canadian Journal of Arthropod Identification.

General informationOnline at http://www.biologicalsurvey.ca/ejournal/ 2005. Marshall, S., and H. Danks. The Biological Survey of Canada Journal of Arthropod

Identification. A modular identification e-journal of the Biological Survey of Canada. Newsletter of the Biological Survey of Canada (Terrestrial Arthropods) 24(2): 47–51.

Updates in the Newsletter of the Biological Survey of Canada (Terrestrial Arthropods). For example:

2009. Project update: The Canadian Journal of Arthropod Identification. Newsletter of the Biological Survey of Canada (Terrestrial Arthropods) 28(2): 55–56.

Ongoing. Additional information on the Canadian Journal of Arthropod Identification web site.

List of articles2006. Cheung, D.K.B., S.A. Marshall, and D.W. Webb. Mecoptera of Ontario. Canadian

Journal of Arthropod Identification No. 1, 28 June 2006. [originally at http://www.biologicalsurvey.ca/cmw01/cmw_01.html]

2006. Knee, W., and H. Proctor. Keys to the families and genera of blood and tissue feeding mites associated with Albertan birds. Canadian Journal of Arthropod Identification No. 2, 28 June 2006.

2007. Packer, L., J.A. Genaro, and C.S. Sheffield. The bee genera of eastern Canada. Canadian Journal of Arthropod Identification No. 3, 25 September 2007.

2007. Thielman, A.C., and F.F. Hunter. Photographic key to the adult female mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) of Canada. Canadian Journal of Arthropod Identification No. 4, 14 December 2007.

2008. Buck, M., S.A. Marshall, and D.B. Cheung. Identification atlas of the Vespidae (Hymenoptera, Aculeata) of the northeastern Nearctic region. Canadian Journal of Arthropod Identification No. 5, 19 February 2008.

2008. Kits, J., S.A. Marshall, and N. Evenhuis. The bee flies (Diptera: Bombyliidae) of Ontario, with a key to the species of eastern Canada. Canadian Journal of Arthropod Identification No. 6, 6 March 2008.

2008. Webb, J.M., and W.P. McCafferty. Heptageniidae of the World: Part II. Canadian Journal of Arthropod Identification No. 7, 30 October 2008.

2009. Thomas, A.W., and S.A. Marshall. Tabanidae of Canada, east of the Rocky Mountains 1: a photographic key to the species of Chrysopsinae and Pangoniinae (Diptera: Tabanidae). Canadian Journal of Arthropod Identification No. 8, 25 June 2009.

2010. Knee, W., and H. Proctor. Interactive HTML-based dichotomous key to female Rhinonyssidae (Mesostigmata) from birds in Canada. Canadian Journal of Arthropod Identification No. 9, 25 January 2010.

2010. Buddle, C.M. Photographic key to the Pseudoscorpions of Canada and the adjacent USA. Canadian Journal of Arthropod Identification No. 10, 3 February 2010.

2011. Marshall, S.A., T. Whitworth, and L. Roscoe. Blow flies (Diptera; Calliphoridae) of eastern Canada with a key to Calliphoridae subfamilies and genera of eastern North America, and a key to the eastern Canadian species of Calliphorinae, Luciliinae and

http://www.biologicalsurvey.ca/ejournal/

http://www.biologicalsurvey.ca/cmw01/cmw_01.html

http://www.biologicalsurvey.ca/cmw01/cmw_01.html


Chrysomyiinae. Canadian Journal of Arthropod Identification No. 11, 11 January 2011.

2011. Brunke, A., A, Newton, J. Klimaszewski, C. Majka, and S. Marshall. Staphylinidae of eastern Canada and adjacent United States. Key to subfamilies; Staphylininae: tribes and subtribes, and species of Staphylinina. Canadian Journal of Arthropod Identification No. 12, 20 January 2011.

2011. Thomas, A. Tabanidae of Canada, east of the Rocky Mountains 2: a photographic key to the genera and species of Tabaninae (Diptera: Tabanidae). Canadian Journal of Arthropod Identification No. 13, 16 February 2011.

2011. Lonsdale, O., D.K.B. Cheung, and S.A. Marshall. Key to the world genera and North American species of Clusiidae (Diptera: Schizophora). Canadian Journal of Arthropod Identification No. 14, 3 May 2011.

2011. Jackson, M.D., S.A. Marshall, R. Hanner, and A.L. Norrbom. The fruit flies (Tephritidae) of Ontario. Canadian Journal of Arthropod Identification No. 15, 24 May 2011.

2011. Luk, S.P.L., S.A. Marshall, and M.A. Branham. The fireflies (Coleptera; Lampyridae) of Ontario. Canadian Journal of Arthropod Identification No. 16, 2 June 2011.

2011. Dombroskie, J.J.A. Matrix key to families, subfamilies and tribes of Lepidoptera of Canada. Canadian Journal of Arthropod Identification No. 17, 19 July 2011.

2011. Sheffield, C.S., C. Ratti, L. Packer, and T. Griswold. Leafcutter and mason bees of the genus Megachile Latreille (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae) in Canada and Alaska. Canadian Journal of Arthropod Identification No. 18, 29 November 2011.

2012. Jewiss-Gaines, A., S.A. Marshall, and T.L. Whitworth. Cluster flies (Calli-phoridae: Polleniinae: Pollenia) of North America. Canadian Journal of Arthropod Identification No. 19, 15 February 2012.

2012. Dumesh, S., and C.S. Sheffield. Bees of the genus Dufourea Lepeletier (Hy-menoptera: Halictidae: Rophitinae) of Canada. Canadian Journal of Arthropod Identification No. 20, 11 May 2012.

2012. Schiff, N.M., H. Goulet, D.R. Smith, C. Boudreault, A.D. Wilson, and B.E. Schef-fler. Siricidae (Hymenoptera: Symphyta: Siricoidea) of the Western Hemisphere. Canadian Journal of Arthropod Identification No. 21, 6 July 2012.

2013. Glasier, J.R.N., J.H. Acorn, S. Nielsen, and H. Proctor. Ants (Hymenoptera: For-micidae) of Alberta: a key to species based primarily on the worker caste. Canadian Journal of Arthropod Identification No. 22, 4 July 2013.

2013. Miranda, G.F.G., A.D. Young, M.M. Locke, S.A. Marshall, J.H. Skevington, and F.C. Thompson. Key to the genera of Nearctic Syrphidae. Canadian Journal of Arthropod Identification No. 23, 23 August 2013.

2013. Paiero, S.M., S.A. Marshall, J.E. McPherson, and M.-S. Ma. Stink bugs (Pen-tatomidae) and parent bugs (Acanthosomatidae) of Ontario and adjacent areas: a key to species and a review of the fauna. Canadian Journal of Arthropod Identification No. 24, 1 September 2013.

2014. Pelletier, G., and C. Hébert. The Cantharidae of eastern Canada and northeastern United States. Canadian Journal of Arthropod Identification No. 25, 28 February 2014.

2014. Weirauch, C., J.-M. Bérenger, L. Berniker, D. Forero, M. Forthman, S. Frankenberg, A. Freedman, E. Gordon, R. Hoey-Chamberlain, W.S. Hwang, S.A.

136 H.V. Danks

Marshall, A. Michael, S.M. Paiero, O. Udah, C. Watson, M. Yeo, G. Zhang, and J. Zhang. An illustrated identification key to Assassin Bug subfamilies and tribes (Hemiptera: Reduviidae). Canadian Journal of Arthropod Identification No. 26, 10 December 2014.

2015. Rochefort, S., M. Giroux, J. Savage, and T.A. Wheeler. Key to forensically important Piophilidae (Diptera) in the Nearctic Region. Canadian Journal of Arthropod Identification No. 27, 22 January 2015.

2015. Goulet, H., C. Boudreault, and N.M. Schiff. Revision of the world species of Xeris Costa (Hymenoptera: Siricidae). Canadian Journal of Arthropod Identification No. 28, 25 September 2015.

2016. Savage, J., A.-M. Fortier, F. Fournier, and V. Bellavance. Identification of Delia pest species (Diptera: Anthomyiidae) in cultivated crucifers and other vegetable crops in Canada. Canadian Journal of Arthropod Identification No. 29, 29 June 2016.


Appendix 6. General references for the Biological Survey of Canada (by category).

Scientific briefs, Resource documents, Newsletters, Reports and documentation in the Bulletin of the Entomological Society of Canada, Web site, Symposia and

workshops, Official letters, Survey publicity, Other references.

For Scientific projects and initiatives see Appendix 4.For the Canadian Journal of Arthropod Identification see Appendix 5.

Scientific briefs1974. Downes, J.A. A Biological Survey of the insects of Canada. Bulletin of the

Entomological Society of Canada 6(2), Supplement. 16 pp.1982. Marshall, V.G., D.K.McE. Kevan, J.V. Matthews, Jr., and A.D. Tomlin. Status

and research needs of Canadian soil arthropods. A brief prepared by the Biological Survey of Canada (Terrestrial Arthropods). Bulletin of the Entomological Society of Canada 14(1), Supplement. 5 pp.

1984. Lehmkuhl, D.M., H.V. Danks, V.M. Behan-Pelletier, D.J. Larson, D.M. Rosenberg, and I.M. Smith. Recommendations for the appraisal of environmental disturbance: some general guidelines, and the value and feasibility of insect studies. A brief prepared by the Biological Survey of Canada (Terrestrial Arthropods). Bulletin of the Entomological Society of Canada 16(3), Supplement. 8 pp.

1988. Danks, H.V. Insects of Canada. Biological Survey of Canada (Terrestrial Arthropods) Document Series No. 1. 18 pp.

1988. Danks, H.V. Les insectes du Canada. Commission biologique du Canada (Arthropodes terrestres) Série Documents no 2. 18 pp.

1989. Danks, H.V., and R.A. Ring. Arctic invertebrate biology: action required. A brief prepared by the Biological Survey of Canada (Terrestrial Arthropods). Bulletin of the Entomological Society of Canada 21(3), Supplement. 7 pp.

1990. Williams, D.D., H.V. Danks, I.M. Smith, R.A. Ring, and R.A. Cannings. Freshwater springs: a national heritage. A brief prepared by the Biological Survey of Canada (Terrestrial Arthropods). Bulletin of the Entomological Society of Canada 22(1), Supplement. 9 pp.

1991. Galloway, T.D., and H.V. Danks. Arthropod ectoparasites of vertebrates in Canada. A brief prepared by the Biological Survey of Canada (Terrestrial Arthropods). Bulletin of the Entomological Society of Canada 23(1), Supplement. 11 pp.

1991. Wiggins, G.B., S.A. Marshall, and J.A. Downes. The importance of research collections of terrestrial arthropods. A brief prepared by the Biological Survey of Canada (Terrestrial Arthropods). Bulletin of the Entomological Society of Canada 23(2), Supplement. 16 pp.

1994. Marshall, S.A., R.S. Anderson, R.E. Roughley, V. Behan-Pelletier, and H.V. Danks. Terrestrial arthropod biodiversity: planning a study and recommended sampling techniques. A brief prepared by the Biological Survey of Canada (Terrestrial Arthropods). Bulletin of the Entomological Society of Canada 26(1), Supplement. 33 pp.

1996. Finnamore, A.T. The advantages of using arthropods in ecosystem management. A brief from the Biological Survey of Canada (Terrestrial Arthropods). Prepared on

138 H.V. Danks

behalf of the Biological Survey. 11 pp.1996. Danks, H.V. How to assess insect biodiversity without wasting your time.

Biological Survey of Canada (Terrestrial Arthropods) Document Series No. 5. 20 pp.2000 onwards. Wheeler, T.A. Information on biodiversity funding: funding sources for

graduate students in arthropod biodiversity. Available on the Biological Survey of Canada web site.

2000. Danks, H.V., and N.N. Winchester. Terrestrial arthropod biodiversity projects—building a factual foundation. A brief prepared by the Biological Survey of Canada (Terrestrial Arthropods). Biological Survey of Canada (Terrestrial Arthropods) Document Series No. 7. 38 pp.

2001. Wheeler, T.A., J.T. Huber, and D.C. Currie. Label data standards for terrestrial arthropods. A brief prepared by the Biological Survey of Canada (Terrestrial Arthropods). Biological Survey of Canada (Terrestrial Arthropods) Document Series No. 8. 20 pp.

2002. Shorthouse, J.D., and T.A. Wheeler. Arthropods of Canadian grasslands—An initiative of the Biological Survey of Canada (Terrestrial Arthropods). Prospectus. 31 pp.

2003. Wheeler, T.A., J.T. Huber, and D.C. Currie. Normes d’étiquetage pour les arthropodes terrestres. Mémoire préparé par la Commission biologique du Canada (arthropodes terrestres). Commission biologique du Canada (arthropodes terrestres) Série Documents no 8f. 20 pp. [French translation of the brief above]

2003. Wheeler, T.A. The role of voucher specimens in validating faunistic and ecological research. A brief prepared by the Biological Survey of Canada (Terrestrial Arthropods). Biological Survey of Canada (Terrestrial Arthropods) Document Series No. 9. 21 pp.

2003. Wheeler, T.A. Le rôle des spécimens de référence pour valider les recherches faunistiques et écologiques. Mémoire préparé par la Commission biologique du Canada (arthropodes terrestres). Commission biologique du Canada (arthropodes terrestres) Série Documents no 9f. 21 pp. [French translation of the brief above]

Resource documents1977. Secretariat, Pilot Study for a Biological Survey of the insects of Canada,

Entomological Society of Canada. Annotated list of workers on systematics and faunistics of Canadian insects and certain related groups. 107 pp. [Supplement 1978, 4 pp.]

1978. Secretariat, Pilot Study for a Biological Survey of the insects of Canada, Entomological Society of Canada. Collections of Canadian insects and certain related groups. Bulletin of the Entomological Society of Canada 10(1), Supplement. 21 pp.

1980 onwards. Information leaflets about the Survey and about its publications, various editions in English and in French.

1989. Danks, H.V., and M. Ridewood. Annotated list of workers on systematics and faunistics of Canadian insects and certain related groups, second edition. / Liste des travailleurs qui s’intéressent à la systématique et à la faunistique des insectes et des certains groupes apparentés, deuxième édition. Biological Survey of Canada (Terrestrial Arthropods) Document Series No. 3. 155 pp.

1989. Leaflets about the Survey available. Newsletter of the Biological Survey of Canada


(Terrestrial Arthropods) 8(2): 39.1996. Danks, H.V., and S. Goods. Annotated list of workers on systematics and faunistics

of Canadian insects and certain related groups, third edition. / Liste des travailleurs qui s’intéressent à la systématique et à la faunistique des insectes et des certains groupes apparentés, troisième édition. Biological Survey of Canada (Terrestrial Arthropods) Document Series No. 6. 119 pp.

1997 onwards. Web access to the Annotated list of workers on systematics and faunistics of Canadian insects and certain related groups. Several web editions, searchable from 1999.

Newsletters

Newsletter of the Biological Survey of Canada (Terrestrial Arthropods)- Edited by H.V. Danks:1982. Vol. 1(1): 1–17; (2): 19–29.1983. Vol. 2(1): 1–30; (2): 31–51.1984. Vol. 3(1): 1–34; (2): 35–55.1985. Vol. 4(1): 1–34; (2): 35–55.1986. Vol. 5(1): 1–41; (2): 43–59.1987. Vol. 6(1): 1–35; (2): 37–55.1988. Vol. 7(1): 1–30; (2): 31–54.1989. Vol. 8(1): 1–38; (2): 39–62.1990. Vol. 9(1): 1–34; (2): 35–54.1991. Vol. 10(1): 1–30; (2): 31–49.1992. Vol. 11(1): 1–24; (2): 25–47.1993. Vol. 12(1): 1–25; (2): 27–51.1994. Vol. 13(1): 1–29; (2): 31–55.1995. Vol. 14(1): 1–29; (2): 31–56.1996. Vol. 15(1): 1–32; (2): 33–56.1997. Vol. 16(1): 1–34; (2): 35–66.1998. Vol. 17(1): 1–32; (2): 33–66.1999. Vol. 18(1): 1–43; (2): 45–69.2000. Vol. 19(1): 1–33; (2): 35–65.2001. Vol. 20(1): 1–38; (2): 39–69.2002. Vol. 21(1): 1–39; (2): 41–77.2003. Vol. 22(1): 1–36; (2): 37–82.2004. Vol. 23(1): 1–49; (2): 51–89.2005. Vol. 24(1): 1–36; (2): 37–62.2006. Vol. 25(1): 1–36; (2): 37–69.2007. Vol. 26(1): 1–34.- Edited by A.B.T. Smith:2007. Vol. 26(2): 35–59.2008. Vol. 27(1): 1–40; (2): 41–66.2009. Vol. 28(1): 1–26.- Edited by D.J. Giberson:2009. Vol. 28(2): 27–85.

140 H.V. Danks

Biological Survey of Canada Newsletter- Edited by D.J. Giberson:2010. Vol. 29(1): 1–34; (2): 1–39.2011. Vol. 30(1): 1–39; (2): 1–52.

Newsletter of the Biological Survey of Canada- Edited by D.J. Giberson:2012. Vol. 31(1): 1–27; (2): 1–22.2013. Vol. 32(1): 1–16; (2): 1–41.2014. Vol. 33(1): 1–21; (2): 1–22.2015. Vol. 34(1): 1–27; (2): 1–23.2016. Vol. 35(1): 1–23.

Newsletter: Arthropods of Canadian Grasslands- Edited by J.R. Spence:1983. No. 1. 6 pp.1984. No. 2. 7 pp.1985. No. 3. 9 pp.- Edited by G.G.E. Scudder:1987. No. 4. 12 pp.1990. No. 5. 14 pp.- Edited by H.V. Danks:2000. No. 6. 29 pp.2001. No. 7. 31 pp.

Arthropods of Canadian Grasslands- Edited by H.V. Danks:2002. No. 8. 41 pp.2003. No. 9. 35 pp.2004. No. 10. 33 pp.2005. No. 11. 29 pp.

Arctic Insect News- Edited by H.V. Danks:1990. No. 1. 9 pp.1991. No. 2. 17 pp.1992. No. 3. 29 pp.1993. No. 4. 23 pp.1994. No. 5. 25 pp.1995. No. 6. 25 pp.1996. No. 7. 23 pp.1997. No. 8. 25 pp.1998. No. 9. 31 pp.1999. No. 10. 29 pp.2000. No. 11. 31 pp.


Arthropods of Canadian Forests (Canadian Forest Service and Biological Survey of Canada)- Edited by D.W. Langor:2004. No. 1. 29 pp.2006. No. 2. 26 pp.2007. No. 3. 26 pp.2009. No. 4. 22 pp.

Reports and documentation in the Bulletin of the Entomological Society of Canada- Documentation concerning the Pilot Study and continuing Survey [fuller citations of

early items in Appendix 3].1974. 6(2), Supplement. 16 pp. [Survey concept]1977. 9(1), Supplement. 3 pp. [Pilot Study]1978. 10(1), Supplement. 21 pp. [List of collections]1978. 10(1): 20–22. [Panel discussion report]1982. Wiggins, G.B. From the President. 14(1): 2–3.1982. Statement by the National Museum of Natural Sciences of the natural history

survey. 14(1): 3–4.1982. Memorandum of agreement between the National Museum of Natural Sciences

and the Entomological Society of Canada. 14(1): 4–5.

- Biological Survey project [fuller citations in Appendix 3]1977. 9(2): 72–74; 9(3): 102–104; 9(4): 141–143.1978. 10(1): 18–20; 10(2): 43–44; 10(3): 70–73; 10(4): 112–113.1979. 11(1): 16–17; 11(2): 37–38; 11(3): 46; 11(4): 107–109.1980. 12(1): 6–7 [Scientific Committee]; 12(3): 48–49; 12(4): 89–91.

- News from Organizations or Committee Reports/ Biological Survey report or Biological Survey of Canada (Terrestrial Arthropods)1981. 13(1): 22; (2): 46–48; (4): 148–150.1982. 14(2): 37–39. [see also 1982 above]1983. 15(1): 28–30; (3): 101.1984. 16(1): 16–17; (3): 67.1985. 17(1): 17–18; (3): 71–72.1986. 18(1): 17–18; (3): 83.1987. 19(1): 21–22; (3): 58–59.1988. 20(1): 7–8; (3): 28–29.1989. 21(1): 14–16; (3): 28–29.1990. 22(1): 46–48; (3): 140–142.1991. 23(1): 26–28; (3): 116–118.1992. 24(1): 38–40; (3): 116–119.1993. 25(1): 28–30; (3): 116–119.1994. 26(1): 17–20; (3): 120–123.1995. 27(1): 35–38; (3): 140–143.1996. 28(1): 17–20; (3): 88–91.1997. 29(1): 22–25; (3): 91–95.

http://trove.nla.gov.au/result?q=text%3A%22Supplement+to+Bulletin%2C+Entomological+Society+of+Canada+%3B%22

http://trove.nla.gov.au/result?q=text%3A%22Supplement+to+Bulletin%2C+Entomological+Society+of+Canada+%3B%22

142 H.V. Danks

1998. 30(1): 17–21; (3): 74–77.1999. 31(1): 12–15; (3): 88–92.2000. 32(1): 14–18; (3): 58–62.2001. 33(1): 52–55; (4): 207–213.2002. 34(1): 29–33; (3): 124–128.2003. 35(1): 55–58; (3): 150–153.2004. 36(1): 37–39; (3): 130–133.2005. 37(1): 45–47; (3): 174–177.2006. 38(1): 34–35; (3): 112–115.2007. 39(1): 37–39; (3): 136–140; (4): 190–192.2008. 40(3): 147–150.2009. 41(1): 43–46; (3): 149–152.

Web siteThe web site was instituted in 1997, redesigned and expanded in 1999–2000, and expanded again on to a new platform in 2002. In that form at http://www.biology.ualberta.ca/bsc/bschome.htm it had about 1½ million words of content. Except for publications, all of the material was in both official languages.

2000. The website of the Biological Survey of Canada (Terrestrial Arthropods). Newsletter of the Biological Survey of Canada (Terrestrial Arthropods) 19(2): 52–56.

2001. Biological Survey website update. Newsletter of the Biological Survey of Canada (Terrestrial Arthropods) 20(1): 12–13.

2002. Web site notes. Newsletter of the Biological Survey of Canada (Terrestrial Arthropods) 21(2): 56.








Site map (August 2005)HOME/ Important NoticesABOUT THE BIOLOGICAL SURVEY/ Overview, Roles and responsibilities, People

(Database of entomologists, Scientific Committee, Hugh Danks)PUBLICATIONS/ Scientific monographs, Scientific briefs, NewslettersABOUT THE CANADIAN FAUNA/ Canada’s insect fauna, Numbers of species in

Canada, BSC Journal of Arthropod Identification


INFORMATION RESOURCES/ Database of entomologists, Specimens and information sought, Other sites of interest, Information for students

SCIENTIFIC PROJECTS/ Summary of all projects, Arthropods of Canadian Grasslands, Forest arthropods, Terrestrial arthropods of Newfoundland and Labrador

Summary of content (August 2005)Overview: The Survey’s web site provides general information about the roles and

structure of the Biological Survey. It also provides online access to information and documents to support the Survey’s main roles of catalysing and coordinating scientific work, acting as a coordinating office, and addressing matters of general concern to biologists.

Scientific projects: Scientific projects focus long-term and large-scale efforts of many cooperators on to subjects that are especially relevant for understanding the fauna as well as currently feasible. Information on a few major current projects is posted with additional details. For example, the Forest Arthropods project page provides a database of active forest arthropod biodiversity projects in Canada, a specific newsletter, and other elements.

Publications: Three kinds of documents are published, many of them available on the web site. Scientific publications provide authoritative syntheses of information; currently the complete text of two books are posted. Briefs and similar items provide information and make recommendations relevant to study of the fauna; nearly all are available online. Newsletters provide timely communication and foster interest about the Survey and its projects; all recent issues of newsletters are available on the web site, as well as most back issues.

Information exchange: A searchable database provides information about individuals interested in the systematics and faunistics of the terrestrial arthropods of Canada, including their scientific interests and current projects. A list of requests for cooperation encourages the exchange of information and specimens from locations across the country. More specific exchanges of information are encouraged in the sections devoted to major Survey projects.

Knowledge of the fauna: The site also includes an overview of the insect fauna in different Canadian life zones, and a more technical synopsis of the fauna including data on the numbers of species in each group.

The web site was reorganized for the current form of the Survey and is now at http://www.biologicalsurvey.ca.

Symposia and Workshops (for further details, see under projects in Appendix 4)1978. Temporal and spatial changes in the Canadian insect fauna. Symposium, Ottawa,

1978.1982. Origins of the North American insect fauna. Symposium, Toronto, Ontario.1984. Faunal influences on soil structure. Symposium, Edmonton, Alberta.1984. Aquatic insects of peatlands and marshes. Symposium, St. Andrews, New

Brunswick.1989. Arthropods of springs. Symposium, St. John’s, Newfoundland.1989. Joint BRC, ESC, BSC workshop on systematics. Workshop, Ottawa, Ontario.1990. Systematics and entomology. Symposium, Banff, Alberta.

144 H.V. Danks

1990. Climatic change. Workshop, Banff, Alberta.1990. Arctic invertebrate biology. Workshop, Banff, Alberta.1990. Arctic invertebrate biology and cold hardiness. Workshop, Binghamton, New

York, USA.1991. Terrestrial arthropods of peatlands. Symposium, Montreal, Quebec.1993. Invasions and reductions in the Canadian insect fauna. Workshop, Sault Ste.

Marie, Ontario.1995. Grasslands sampling procedures (with SAGE). Workshop, Ottawa, Ontario.1995. Adult beetle identification workshop (joint with CMN, Agriculture Canada and

Canacoll). Workshop, Ottawa, Ontario.1996. Insects of wetlands. Symposium, Fredericton, New Brunswick.1999. Procedures for monitoring biodiversity (with EMAN). Workshop, Ottawa,

Ontario.2000. Arthropods of grasslands: current status and future directions. Informal

conference, Montreal, Quebec.2002. Arthropods of Canadian grasslands: ecology and interactions in grassland habitats.

Symposium, Winnipeg, Manitoba.2004. Insects of the Canadian central barrens. Symposium, Charlottetown, Prince

Edward Island.2005. Maintaining arthropods in northern forest ecosystems. Symposium, Canmore,

Alberta.2005. Arthropods and fire. Symposium, Canmore, Alberta.2006. Ecological impacts of non-native insects and fungi on terrestrial ecosystems.

(Sponsored by the Canadian Forest Service, the Canadian Food Inspection Agency, and the Biological Survey of Canada (Terrestrial Arthropods)). Symposium, Montreal, Quebec.

2008. First annual Biological Survey of Canada symposium. Symposium, Ottawa, Ontario. [Information about the Survey’s activities and aspects of Canadian biodiversity]

2009. Annual Biological Survey of Canada symposium. Terrestrial arthropod surveys in Canada: purpose, progress and plans. Symposium, Winnipeg, Manitoba.

2010. Annual Biological Survey of Canada symposium. Arthropods of Canadian Grasslands. Symposium, Vancouver, British Columbia.

2011. Annual Biological Survey of Canada symposium. How to complete a Biological Survey of Canada. Symposium, Halifax, Nova Scotia.

2012. Annual Biological Survey of Canada symposium. The Biota of Canada. Sym-posium, Edmonton, Alberta.

2013. Annual Biological Survey of Canada symposium. 150 years of discovery and change in Ontario’s insect fauna. Symposium, Guelph, Ontario.

2014. Annual Biological Survey of Canada symposium. Opposite ends of the time scale—ancient and recent changes in insect diversity. Symposium, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan.

2015. Annual Biological Survey of Canada symposium. Canada and its insect fauna: 35 years later. Symposium, Montreal, Quebec.


Official letters, etc. (sample items)1982. Research in Parks. To Parks Canada.1985. Biological studies related to climate change. To the Entomological Society of

Canada, and the Climate Planning Board.1986. Biological information from springs and the need for an inventory. Submission

of brief and appearance at the Commission of Inquiry on Federal Water Policy. [The Pearse Commission]

1991. Memorandum of Understanding with Parks Canada. [The two following items were prepared on behalf of the Survey as follow-up to this MOU]

1991. Biological Survey of Canada (Terrestrial Arthropods). Research on the insect fauna of Parks—A long term plan (prepared by H.V. Danks and V.M. Behan-Pelletier with input from S.A. Marshall). 9 pp. + Appendices I–V.

1992. Biological Survey of Canada (Terrestrial Arthropods). Guidelines for entomological research in National Parks (prepared by H.V. Danks and others). 8 pp. + Appendices I–III.

1992–1993. Needs for systematics infrastructures for work on biodiversity. To various agencies.

1995. Potential impact for systematics of endangered species legislation. To various interest groups.

1995. Value of individual operating grants for systematics work. To the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada.

1996. Need for arctic research. To many agencies.1996. Importance of collections. [including: Danks, H.V., D.W. Langor, and G.E.

Ball. 1995. Recommendations for support of biological collections infrastructure in Canada, with special reference to terrestrial arthropods. Briefs prepared for submission to the Biodiversity Convention Office and to the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada]

2000. Publication of systematics work in journals. To The Canadian Entomologist and other key scientific journals.

2002. Need for research and resources for research in National Parks. To Members of Parliament and others.

Survey publicity1998. Annual meeting of the Ecological Monitoring and Assessment Network

(Charlevoix, Quebec). Poster: The Biological Survey of Canada (Terrestrial Arthropods)/ La Commission biologique du Canada (Arthropodes terrestres). [Accompanied by publicity materials]

1999. Annual meeting of the Ecological Monitoring and Assessment Network (Victoria, British Columbia). Poster: The Biological Survey of Canada (Terrestrial Arthropods)/ La Commission biologique du Canada (Arthropodes terrestres). [Accompanied by publicity materials]

2000. Annual meeting of the Entomological Societies of Canada, Quebec and America (Montreal, Quebec). Poster: The Biological Survey of Canada (Terrestrial Arthropods)/ La Commission biologique du Canada (Arthropodes terrestres). [Accompanied by publicity materials]

2001. Canadian Biodiversity Network Conference (Ottawa, Ontario). Poster: The Biological Survey of Canada (Terrestrial Arthropods)/ La Commission biologique

146 H.V. Danks

du Canada (Arthropodes terrestres). [Accompanied by publicity materials and biodiversity briefs]

2002. Annual meeting of the Canadian Society of Zoologists (Lethbridge, Alberta). Poster: The Biological Survey of Canada (Terrestrial Arthropods)/ La Commis-sion biologique du Canada (Arthropodes terrestres). [Accompanied by publicity materials]

2003. Set of slides made available by J.D. Shorthouse.2003. Updated poster made available electronically to Committee members by the

Secretariat.2003. Survey flag made available by R.E. Roughley and J.D. Shorthouse.2009. Marshall, S.A. The web we weave: discovering insects in this digital age. Public

lecture, Canadian Museum of Nature, Ottawa, Ontario, October 2009 (in association with the joint annual meeting of the ESC and the Entomological Society of Ontario).

Other references1991. Project update: A review of scientific priorities. Newsletter of the Biological

Survey of Canada (Terrestrial Arthropods) 10(2): 37–40.1992. Project update: Results of the review of scientific priorities. Newsletter of the

Biological Survey of Canada (Terrestrial Arthropods) 11(1): 9–10.1993. Resolution on biosystematics and biodiversity. Newsletter of the Biological

Survey of Canada (Terrestrial Arthropods) 12(1): 11.1993. Danks, H.V. The biodiversity crisis, a national initiative: the Biological Survey of

Canada (Terrestrial Arthropods). Association of Systematics Collections Newsletter 21(2): 17–23.

1993. Proposals for the expansion of the Biological Survey of Canada. Newsletter of the Biological Survey of Canada (Terrestrial Arthropods) 12(2): 35–41.

2003. Review of scientific priorities. Newsletter of the Biological Survey of Canada (Terrestrial Arthropods) 22(2): 53–54.

2003. Biological Survey of Canada (Terrestrial Arthropods). Taking stock after 25 years. Newsletter of the Biological Survey of Canada (Terrestrial Arthropods) 22(2): 54–58.

2005. Giberson, D.J. First Biological Survey of Canada Biodiversity Scholarship awarded at ESC meeting in Charlottetown. Newsletter of the Biological Survey of Canada (Terrestrial Arthropods) 24(1): 18–19. [For further details about the scholarship see the web sites of the Entomological Society of Canada and of the Biological Survey of Canada]


Appendix 7. Publications of H.V. Danks.

Scientific publicationsDanks, H.V., and A.B.T. Smith. 2009. Insect biodiversity in the Nearctic region. pp.

35–48 in R.G. Foottit, and P.H. Adler (Eds), Insect biodiversity: science and society. Wiley-Blackwell. 656 pp.

Danks, H.V. 2008. Aquatic insect adaptations to winter cold and ice. pp. 1–19 in J. Lancaster, and R.A. Briers (Eds), Aquatic insects: challenges to populations: Proceedings of the Royal Entomological Society’s 24th symposium. CAB International, Wallingford, Oxfordshire. 332 pp.

Danks, H.V. 2007. How aquatic insects live in cold climates. Canadian Entomo-logist 139(4): 443–471.

Danks, H.V. 2007. The elements of seasonal adaptations in insects. Canadian Ento-mologist 139(1): 1–44.

Danks, H.V. 2006. Short life cycles in insects and mites. Canadian Entomologist 138(4): 407–463.

Danks, H.V. 2006. Key themes in the study of seasonal adaptations in insects II. Life-cycle patterns. Applied Entomology and Zoology 41(1): 1–13.

Danks, H.V. 2006. Insect adaptations to cold and changing environments. Canadian Entomologist 138(1): 1–23.

Izumi, Y., S. Sonoda, H. Yoshida, H.V. Danks, and H. Tsumuki. 2006. Role of membrane transport of water and glycerol in the freeze tolerance of the rice stem borer, Chilo suppressalis Walker (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). Journal of Insect Physiology 52(2): 215–220.

Spitzer, K., and H.V. Danks. 2006. Insect biodiversity of boreal peat bogs. Annual Review of Entomology 51: 137–161.

Danks, H.V. 2005. How similar are daily and seasonal biological clocks? Journal of Insect Physiology 51(6): 609–619.

Danks, H.V. 2005. Key themes in the study of seasonal adaptations in insects I. Patterns of cold hardiness. Applied Entomology and Zoology 40(2): 199–211.

Danks, H.V. 2004. The roles of insect cocoons in cold conditions. European Journal of Entomology 101(3): 433–437.

Danks, H.V. 2004. Seasonal adaptations in arctic insects. Integrative and Comparative Biology 44(2): 85–94.

Danks, H.V. 2003. Studying insect photoperiodism and rhythmicity: components, approaches and lessons. European Journal of Entomology 100(2): 209–221.

Levin, D.B., H.V. Danks, and S.A. Barber. 2003. Variations in mitochondrial DNA and gene transcription in freezing-tolerant larvae of Eurosta solidaginis (Diptera: Tephritidae) and Gynaephora groenlandica (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae). Insect Molecular Biology 12(3): 281–289.

Danks, H.V. 2002. Modification of adverse conditions by insects. Oikos 99(1): 10–24.Danks, H.V. 2002. The range of insect dormancy responses. European Journal of

Entomology 99(2): 127–142.Danks, H.V. 2001. The nature of dormancy responses in insects. Acta Societatis

Zoologicae Bohemicae 65(3): 169–179.Danks, H.V. 2000. Measuring and reporting life-cycle duration in insects and arachnids.

European Journal of Entomology 97(3): 285–303.

148 H.V. Danks

Danks, H.V. 2000. Insect cold hardiness: a Canadian perspective. CryoLetters 21(5): 297–308.

Danks, H.V., and N.N. Winchester. 2000. Terrestrial arthropod biodiversity projects—building a factual foundation. A brief prepared by the Biological Survey of Canada (Terrestrial Arthropods). Biological Survey of Canada (Terrestrial Arthropods) Document Series No. 7. 38 pp.

Danks, H.V. 2000. Dehydration in dormant insects. Journal of Insect Physiology 46(6): 837–852.

Danks, H.V. 1999. The diversity and evolution of insect life cycles. Entomological Science 2(4): 651–660.

Danks, H.V. 1999. Life cycles in polar arthropods—flexible or programmed? European Journal of Entomology 96(2): 83–102.

Danks, H.V. 1999. La dormance et les cycles biologiques. Antennae 6(2): 5–8.Ring, R.A., and H.V. Danks. 1998. The role of trehalose in cold-hardiness and

desiccation. CryoLetters 19(5): 275–282.Danks, H.V., and J.A. Downes (Eds). 1997. Insects of the Yukon. Biological Survey of

Canada (Terrestrial Arthropods), Ottawa. Biological Survey of Canada Monograph Series No. 2. x + 1034 pp.

Danks, H.V. 1997. The Yukon project. pp. 1–5 in H.V. Danks, and J.A. Downes (Eds), Insects of the Yukon. Biological Survey of Canada (Terrestrial Arthropods), Ottawa. Biological Survey of Canada Monograph Series No. 2. 1034 pp.

Danks, H.V., J.A. Downes, D.J. Larson, and G.G.E. Scudder. 1997. Insects of the Yukon: characteristics and history. pp. 963–1013 in H.V. Danks, and J.A. Downes (Eds), Insects of the Yukon. Biological Survey of Canada (Terrestrial Arthropods), Ottawa. Biological Survey of Canada Monograph Series No. 2. 1034 pp.

Danks, H.V. 1996. The wider integration of studies on insect cold-hardiness. European Journal of Entomology 93(3): 383–403.

Danks, H.V. 1996. How to assess insect biodiversity without wasting your time. Biological Survey of Canada (Terrestrial Arthropods) Document Series No. 5. 20 pp.

Danks, H.V. 1995. Regional diversity of insects in the Pacific Northwest. Journal of the Entomological. Society of British Columbia 92: 57–71.

Danks, H.V., O. Kukal, and R.A. Ring. 1994. Insect cold-hardiness: insights from the arctic. Arctic 47(4): 391–404.

Danks, H.V. (Ed.). 1994. Insect life-cycle polymorphism: theory, evolution and ecological consequences for seasonality and diapause control. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, Netherlands. Series Entomologica 52. x + 376 pp.

Danks, H.V. 1994. Diversity and integration of life-cycle controls in insects. pp. 5–40 in H.V. Danks (Ed.), Insect life-cycle polymorphism: theory, evolution and ecological consequences for seasonality and diapause control. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht. 376 pp.

Danks, H.V. 1994. Insect life-cycle polymorphism: current ideas and future prospects. pp. 349–365 in H.V. Danks (Ed.), Insect life-cycle polymorphism: theory, evolution and ecological consequences for seasonality and diapause control. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht. 376 pp.

Ring, R.A., and H.V. Danks. 1994. Desiccation and cryoprotection: overlapping adaptations. CryoLetters 15(2): 181–190.

Marshall, S.A., R.S. Anderson, R.E. Roughley, V. Behan-Pelletier, and H.V. Danks.


Terrestrial arthropod biodiversity: planning a study and recommended sampling techniques. A brief prepared by the Biological Survey of Canada (Terrestrial Arthropods). Bulletin of the Entomological Society of Canada 26(1), Supplement. 33 pp.

Danks, H.V. 1994. Regional diversity of insects in North America. American Entomologist 40(1): 50–55.

Danks, H.V. 1994. La diversité des espèces d’insectes du Québec, vues dans une perspective nord-américaine. Revue d’Entomologie du Québec 37: 46–51. [1992]

Danks, H.V. 1993. [Seasonal adaptations in insects from the high arctic.] pp. 54–66 in M. Takeda, and S. Tanaka (Eds), [Seasonal adaptation and diapause in insects.] Bun-ichi-Sogo Publ., Ltd., Tokyo. (In Japanese).

Danks, H.V. 1993. The biodiversity crisis, a national initiative: the Biological Survey of Canada (Terrestrial Arthropods). Association of Systematics Collections Newsletter 21(2): 17–23.

Ball, G.E., and H.V. Danks (Eds). 1993. Systematics and entomology: diversity, distribution, adaptation and application. Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Canada 165. 272 pp.

Ball, G.E., and H.V. Danks. 1993. Introduction. pp. 3–10 in G.E. Ball, and H.V. Danks (Eds), Systematics and entomology: diversity, distribution, adaptation and application. Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Canada 165. 272 pp.

Danks, H.V. 1993. Patterns of diversity in the Canadian insect fauna. pp. 51–74 in G.E. Ball, and H.V. Danks (Eds), Systematics and entomology: diversity, distribution, adaptation and application. Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Canada 165. 272 pp.

Danks, H.V., and G.E. Ball. 1993. Systematics and entomology: some major themes. pp. 257–272 in G.E. Ball, and H.V. Danks (Eds), Systematics and entomology: diversity, distribution, adaptation and application. Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Canada 165. 272 pp.

Danks, H.V. 1992. Arctic insects as indicators of environmental change. Arctic 45(2): 159–166.

Danks, H.V. 1992. Long life cycles in insects. Canadian Entomologist 124(1): 167–187.Danks, H.V. 1991. Museum collections: fundamental values and modern problems.

Collection Forum 7(2): 95–111.Williams, D.D., and H.V. Danks (Eds). 1991. Arthropods of springs, with particular

reference to Canada. Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Canada 155. 217 pp.Williams, D.D., and H.V. Danks. 1991. Arthropods of springs: introduction. pp. 3–5

in D.D. Williams, and H.V. Danks (Eds), Arthropods of springs, with particular reference to Canada. Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Canada 155. 217 pp.

Danks, H.V., and D.D. Williams. 1991. Arthropods of springs, with particular reference to Canada: synthesis and needs for research. pp. 203–217 in D.D. Williams, and H.V. Danks (Eds), Arthropods of springs, with particular reference to Canada. Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Canada 155. 217 pp.

Galloway, T.D., and H.V. Danks. Arthropod ectoparasites of vertebrates in Canada. A brief prepared by the Biological Survey of Canada (Terrestrial Arthropods). Bulletin of the Entomological Society of Canada 23(1), Supplement. 11 pp.

Danks, H.V. 1991. Life-cycle pathways and the analysis of complex life cycles in insects. Canadian Entomologist 123(1-2): 23–40.

150 H.V. Danks

Danks, H.V. 1991. Winter habitats and ecological adaptations for winter survival. pp. 231–259 in R.E. Lee, and D.L. Denlinger (Eds), Insects at low temperature. Chapman and Hall, New York and London. 513 pp.

Williams, D.D., H.V. Danks, I.M. Smith, R.A. Ring, and R.A. Cannings. 1990. Freshwater springs: a national heritage. A brief prepared by the Biological Survey of Canada (Terrestrial Arthropods). Bulletin of the Entomological Society of Canada 22(1), Supplement. 9 pp.

Danks, H.V. 1990. Arctic insects: instructive diversity. pp. 444–470, Vol. II in C.R. Harington (Ed.), Canada’s missing dimension: science and history in the Canadian arctic islands. Canadian Museum of Nature, Ottawa. 2 vols, 855 pp.

Danks, H.V., and R.A. Ring. 1989. Arctic invertebrate biology: action required. A brief prepared by the Biological Survey of Canada (Terrestrial Arthropods). Bulletin of the Entomological Society of Canada 21(3), Supplement. 7 pp.

Danks, H.V., and R.G. Foottit. 1989. Insects of the boreal zone of Canada. Canadian Entomologist 121(8): 625–690.

Danks, H.V. 1988. Les insectes du Canada. Commission biologique du Canada (Arthropods terrestres) Série Documents no 2. 18 pp.

Danks, H.V. 1988. Insects of Canada. Biological Survey of Canada (Terrestrial Arthropods), Document Series No. 1. 18 pp.

Danks, H.V. 1988. Systematics in support of entomology. Annual Review of Entomology 33: 271–296.

Rosenberg, D.M., and H.V. Danks (Eds). 1987. Aquatic insects of peatlands and marshes in Canada. Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Canada 140. 174 pp.

Rosenberg, D.M., and H.V. Danks. 1987. Aquatic insects of peatlands and marshes in Canada: introduction. pp. 1–4 in D.M. Rosenberg, and H.V. Danks (Eds), Aquatic insects of peatlands and marshes in Canada. Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Canada 140. 174 pp.

Danks, H.V., and D.M. Rosenberg. 1987. Aquatic insects of peatlands and marshes in Canada: synthesis of information and identification of needs for research. pp. 163–174 in D.M. Rosenberg, and H.V. Danks (Eds), Aquatic insects of peatlands and marshes in Canada. Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Canada 140. 174 pp.

Danks, H.V., G.B. Wiggins, and D.M. Rosenberg. 1987. Ecological collections and long-term monitoring. Bulletin of the Entomological Society of Canada 19(1): 16–18.

Danks, H.V. 1987. Insect-plant interactions in arctic regions. Revue d’Entomologie du Québec 31(1-2): 52–75.

Danks, H.V. 1987. Insect dormancy: an ecological perspective. Biological Survey of Canada (Terrestrial Arthropods), Ottawa. Biological Survey of Canada Monograph Series No. 1. ix + 439 pp.

Kevan, P.G., and H.V. Danks. 1986. Adaptations of arctic insects. pp. 55–57 in B. Sage, The arctic and its wildlife. Croom Helm, Beckenham. 190 pp.

Kevan, P.G., and H.V. Danks. 1986. Arctic insects. pp. 72–77 in B. Sage, The arctic and its wildlife. Croom Helm, Beckenham. 190 pp.

Rosenberg, D.M., H.V. Danks, and D.M. Lehmkuhl. 1986. Importance of insects in environmental impact assessment. Environmental Management 10(6): 773–783.

Danks, H.V. 1986. Biological Survey of Canada (Terrestrial Arthropods). pp. 203–208 in K.C. Kim, and L. Knutson (Eds), Foundations for a National Biological Survey. Association of Systematics Collections, Lawrence, Kansas. 215 pp.


Lehmkuhl, D.M., H.V. Danks, V.M. Behan-Pelletier, D.J. Larson, D.M. Rosenberg, and I.M. Smith. 1984. Recommendations for the appraisal of environmental disturbance: some general guidelines, and the value and feasibility of insect studies. A brief prepared by the Biological Survey of Canada (Terrestrial Arthropods). Bulletin of the Entomological Society of Canada 16(3), Supplement. 8 pp.

Danks, H.V. 1983. Regional collections and the concept of regional centres. pp. 150–161 in D.J. Faber (Ed.), Proceedings of 1981 workshop on care and maintenance of natural history collections. Syllogeus 44. 196 pp.

Danks, H.V. 1983. Extreme individuals in natural populations. Bulletin of the Entomological Society of America 29(1): 41–46.

Danks, H.V. 1983. Differences between generations in the sex ratio of aculeate Hymenoptera. Evolution 37(2): 414–416.

Danks, H.V. 1981. Bibliography of the the arctic arthropods of the Nearctic region. Entomological Society of Canada, Ottawa. 125 pp.

Danks, H.V. 1981. Arctic arthropods. A review of systematics and ecology with particular reference to the North American fauna. Entomological Society of Canada, Ottawa. 608 pp.

Danks, H.V. 1981. The composition, distribution and ecology of arctic insects, with some speculations on the evolution of arctic communities. pp. 21–23 in G.G.E. Scudder, and J.L. Reveal (Eds), Evolution Today, Proceedings of the Second International Congress of Systematic and Evolutionary Biology. Vancouver, 1980.

Danks, H.V. 1980. Arthropods of Polar Bear Pass, Bathurst Island, arctic Canada. Syllogeus 25. 68 pp.

Danks, H.V. (Ed.). 1979. Canada and its insect fauna. Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Canada 108. 573 pp.

Danks, H.V. 1979. Physical basis for Canadian regional diversity. pp. 5–30 in H.V. Danks (Ed.), Canada and its insect fauna. Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Canada 108. 573 pp.

Danks, H.V. 1979. Terrestrial habitats and distributions of Canadian insects. pp. 195–210 in H.V. Danks (Ed.), Canada and its insect fauna. Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Canada 108. 573 pp.

Danks, H.V. 1979. Summary of the diversity of Canadian terrestrial arthropods. pp. 240–244 in H.V. Danks (Ed.), Canada and its insect fauna. Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Canada 108. 573 pp.

Masner, L., J.R. Barron, H.V. Danks, A.T. Finnamore, A. Francoeur, G.A.P. Gibson, W.R. Mason, and C.M. Yoshimoto. 1979. Hymenoptera. pp. 485–508 in H.V. Danks (Ed.), Canada and its insect fauna. Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Canada 108. 573 pp.

Rosenberg, D.M., H.V. Danks, J.A. Downes, A.P. Nimmo, and G.E. Ball. 1979. Procedures for a faunal inventory. pp. 509–532 in H.V. Danks (Ed.), Canada and its insect fauna. Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Canada 108. 573 pp.

Danks, H.V. 1979. Characteristic modes of adaptation in the Canadian insect fauna. pp. 548–566 in H.V. Danks (Ed.), Canada and its insect fauna. Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Canada 108. 573 pp.

Danks, H.V. 1979. Canada and its insect fauna: an overview. pp. 567–573 in H.V. Danks (Ed.), Canada and its insect fauna. Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Canada 108. 573 pp.

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Danks, H.V., R.L. Rabb, and P.S. Southern. 1979. Biology of insect parasites of Heliothis in North Carolina. Journal of the Georgia Entomological Society 14(1): 36–64.

Danks, H.V. 1978. Modes of seasonal adaptation in the insects. I. Winter survival. Canadian Entomologist 110(11): 1167–1205.

Danks, H.V., and J.W. Jones. 1978. Further observations on winter cocoons in Chironomidae (Diptera). Canadian Entomologist 110(6): 667–669.

Danks, H.V. 1978. Some effects of photoperiod, temperature and food on emergence in three species of Chironomidae (Diptera). Canadian Entomologist 110(3): 289–300.

Oliver, D.R., and H.V. Danks. 1975. Macrobenthos of five lakes in the Gatineau Park, Quebec. Canadian Field-Naturalist 89(4): 378–382.

Danks, H.V. 1975. Factors determining levels of parasitism by Winthemia rufopicta (Diptera: Tachinidae), with particular reference to Heliothis spp. (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) as hosts. Canadian Entomologist 107(6): 655–684.

Danks, H.V. 1975. Seasonal cycle and biology of Winthemia rufopicta (Diptera: Tachinidae) as a parasite of Heliothis spp. (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) on tobacco in North Carolina. Canadian Entomologist 107(6): 639–654.

Corbet, P.S., and H.V. Danks. 1975. Egg-laying habits of mosquitoes in the high arctic. Mosquito News 35(1): 8–14.

Danks, H.V. 1974. The macrotype eggs of Tachinidae (Diptera) on Heliothis spp. (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in North Carolina. Canadian Entomologist 106(12): 1277–1282.

Corbet, P.S., and H.V. Danks. 1974. Screen temperatures during the summers 1967 and 1968 at Hazen Camp, Ellesmere Island, N.W.T. Hazen 44. 11 pp. Defence Research Board of Canada, Ottawa.

Corbet, P.S., and H.V. Danks. 1973. Seasonal emergence and activity of mosquitoes in a high arctic locality. Canadian Entomologist 105(6): 837–872.

Danks, H.V., and P.S. Corbet. 1973. The sex ratios at emergence of two species of high arctic Aedes (Diptera: Culicidae). Canadian Entomologist 105(4): 647–651.

Danks, H.V., and P.S. Corbet. 1973. A key to all stages of Aedes impiger and A. nigripes (Diptera: Culicidae), with a description of first-instar larvae and pupae. Canadian Entomologist 105(3): 367–376.

Oliver, D.R., and H.V. Danks. 1972. Sex ratios of some high arctic Chironomidae (Diptera). Canadian Entomologist 104(9): 1413–1417.

Danks, H.V., and D.R. Oliver. 1972. Diel periodicities of emergence of some high arctic Chironomidae (Diptera). Canadian Entomologist 104(6): 903–916.

Danks, H.V., and D.R. Oliver. 1972. Seasonal emergence of some high arctic Chironomidae (Diptera). Canadian Entomologist 104(5): 661–686.

Danks, H.V., and J.R. Byers. 1972. Insects and arachnids of Bathurst Island, Canadian arctic archipelago. Canadian Entomologist 104(1): 81–88.

Danks, H.V. 1971. Overwintering of some north temperate and arctic Chironomidae. II. Chironomid biology. Canadian Entomologist 103(12): 1875–1910.

Danks, H.V. 1971. Life history and biology of Einfeldia synchrona (Diptera: Chironomidae). Canadian Entomologist 103(11): 1597–1606.

Danks, H.V. 1971. Spring and early summer temperatures in a shallow arctic pond. Arctic 24(2): 113–123.

Danks, H.V. 1971. A note on the early season food of arctic migrants. Canadian Field-Naturalist 85(1): 71–72.


Danks, H.V. 1971. Overwintering of some north temperate and arctic Chironomidae. I. The winter environment. Canadian Entomologist 103(4): 589–604.

Danks, H.V. 1971. Nest mortality factors in stem-nesting aculeate Hymenoptera. Journal of Animal Ecology 40(1): 79–82.

Danks, H.V. 1971. Populations and nesting-sites of some aculeate Hymenoptera nesting in Rubus. Journal of Animal Ecology 40(1): 63–77.

Danks. H.V. 1970. Biology of some stem-nesting aculeate Hymenoptera. Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London 122(11): 323–395. [1971]

Timbers, G.E., and H.V. Danks. 1970. A liquid nitrogen operated chamber for insect supercooling studies. Canadian Entomologist 102(1): 90–94.

Danks, H.V. 1969. A further record of Psenulus schencki (Tourn.) (Hym., Sphecidae) in Surrey. Entomologists Monthly Magazine 104: 224.

Public-interest publicationsDanks, Hugh. 1987. The bug book and bottle. General Books, Toronto; Workman, New

York. 64 pp. [Book, plastic bottle] (Also various foreign editions 1988 onwards: France, United Kingdom, Australia, Sweden, Canadian edition in French.)

Danks, Hugh. 2009. The bug book and bottle, second edition. Workman, New York. 110 pp. [Book, plastic bottle, fold-out chart, magnifier, bug journal]

For general publications related to the Biological Survey of Canada, see Appendix 3 and Appendix 6.

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Appendix 8. Glossary of selected acronyms.

Acronym Meaning Notes

BCC Biological Council of Canada Umbrella organization (until 1990) representing the various scientific societies in Canada that belonged to it BRI Biosystematics Research Institute Former name of the Agriculture Canada establishment housing the CNCI

BSC Biological Survey of Canada Acronym and name used for the Survey, during the “Pilot Study for a Biological Survey of the Insects of Canada”, when housed in the National Museum as the “Biological Survey of Canada (Terrestrial Arthropods)”, and after incorporation as the not-for-profit entity “Biological Survey of Canada”

CMN Canadian Museum of Nature Name of the natural history museum of Canada after 1990

CNC/CNCI Canadian National Collection Acronym and name used for Canada’s (of Insects, Arachnids and officially recognized national Nematodes) collection of insects and some other groups

DSS Department of Supply and Services Department responsible for the internal servicing and administration of the Government of Canada (later Supply and Services Canada; Public Works and Government Services; or Public Services and Procurement)

ERI Entomology Research Institute Former name of the Department of Agriculture establishment housing the CNCI

ESC Entomological Society of Canada Professional society for entomology in Canada

MOSST Ministry of State for Science and Government department responsible Technology during the 1970s for formulating and coordinating science policies

NMNS National Museum of Natural Sciences Name of the natural history museum of Canada before 1990


Figures 1–14. Some products of the Biological Survey of Canada.

Fig. 1. Publications from the Pilot Study, showing Canada and its insect fauna, the Annotated list of workers, and the Collections booklet.

Fig. 2. Publications from the Northern Contract, showing Arctic arthropods and the Arctic bibliography.

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Fig. 3. The keys to myriapods published through the

Biological Survey Foundation.

Fig 4. Third edition of the Annotated List of Workers.

Fig. 5. Leaflets giving information about the Biological Survey of Canada, showing earlier and later versions, and a leaflet that describes and lists BSC publications.


Fig. 6. Monographs produced through the Biological Survey Foundation, showing Insect dormancy and Insects of the Yukon.

Fig. 7. The first and third volumes of Arthropods of Canadian grasslands published by the Biological Survey of Canada.

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Fig. 8. Proceedings from some symposia of the Biological Survey of Canada, addressing systematics and entomology, and the faunas of wetlands, springs, and

peatlands.

Fig. 9. Some briefs produced by the Biological Survey of Canada, addressing the faunas of soils, springs, and the arctic, and environmental appraisal.


Fig. 10. Briefs produced by the Biological Survey of Canada, addressing insect collections.

Fig.11. Briefs produced by the Biological Survey of Canada, addressing the study of arthropod biodiversity.

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Fig. 12. Sample issues of Newsletters produced by the Biological Survey of Canada, showing the BSC Newsletter, and newsletters focussed on arthropods of grasslands,

forests, and the arctic.


Fig. 13. Home page from the web site of the Biological Survey of Canada (2005).

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Fig. 14. Title page of the first article in the Canadian Journal of Arthropod Identification (2006).


Figures 15–21. Senior entomologists who were members of the Scientific Committee for the Biological Survey of Canada during

the Pilot Study. For photo credits see page 179.

Fig. 15. George Ball, 1983. Fig. 16. Ken Davey, 1984. Fig. 17. Antony Downes, 1977.

Fig. 18. Keith Kevan, 1981. Fig. 19. Gene Munroe, Fig. 20. Geoff Scudder, 1975. about 1982.

Fig. 21. Glenn Wiggins, 1983.

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Figures. 22–50. Some entomologists who were members of the Scientific Committee for the Biological Survey of Canada. For

photo credits see page 179.

Fig. 22. George Ball, Charlottetown, 2004. Fig. 23. Valerie Behan-Pelletier, Ottawa, about 1989.

Fig. 24. Chris Buddle, Ottawa, 2007. Fig. 25. Rob Cannings, Victoria, 1996.


Fig. 26. Doug Currie, Toronto, 2006. Fig. 27. Ken Davey, Toronto, about 2005.

Fig. 28. Antony Downes, Ottawa, 1998. Fig. 29. Kevin Floate, Lethbridge, about 2000.

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Fig. 30. Terry Galloway, Winnipeg, Fig. 31. Donna Giberson, date unknown. Charlottetown, 2004.

Fig. 32. David Langor, Edmonton, Fig. 33. David Larson, St. John’s, about 2010. late 1980s.


Fig. 34. Dennis Lehmkul, Saskatchewan, Fig. 35. Steve Marshall, Guelph, 2006. date unknown.

Fig. 36. Valin Marshall, Victoria, Fig. 37. John Matthews, Queen date unknown. Charlotte Islands, 1988.

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Fig. 38. David McCorquodale, Fig. 39. Richard Ring, Victoria, 1995. Charlottetown, 2004.

Fig. 40. David Rosenberg, South Fig. 41. Rob Roughley, Winnipeg, 2005. Indian Lake, 1976.


Fig. 42. Geoff Scudder, Vancouver, 2009. Fig. 43. Joe Shorthouse, Charlottetown, 2004.

Fig. 44. John Spence, Edmonton, 1980. Fig. 45. Felix Sperling, Charlottetown, 2004.

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Fig. 46. Jon Sweeney, Charlottetown, Fig. 47. Terry Wheeler, Dunvegan, 2003. 2004.

Fig 48. Glenn Wiggins, Toronto, 1988. Fig. 49. Dudley Williams, Holetown, Barbados, 1990s.


Fig. 50. Neville Winchester, Victoria, 1995.

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Figures 51–57. Groups of members of the Scientific Committee for the Biological Survey of Canada. For photo credits see page 179.

Fig. 51. Members of the Scientific Committee, Ottawa, 2001. L to R standing: Kevin Floate, Joe Shorthouse, Felix Sperling, Valerie Behan-Pelletier, David Marcogliese (CSZ Parasitology), Helène Chiasson, Bob Foottit, Geoff Scudder, David Larson, Doug Currie, Richard Ring, Terry Wheeler; seated: Hugh Danks, Donna Giberson,

Rob Roughley, Steve Marshall.

Fig. 52. Some members of the Scientific Committee during coffee break, Ottawa, 2001. L to R, with faces visible: David Larson, Valerie Behan-Pelletier, David

Marcogliese (CSZ Parasitology), Joe Shorthouse.


Fig. 53. Members of the Scientific Committee, Kelowna, 2003. L to R standing: Roger Baird (CMN), David Langor, Sandy Smith (ESC), Felix Sperling, David McCorquodale, Kevin Floate, Rob Roughley, Steve Marshall, Donna Giberson,

Michèle Roy, Neville Winchester, Doug Currie, Terry Wheeler, Jeff Cumming; seated: Joe Shorthouse, Hugh Danks, George Ball, Geoff Scudder.

Fig. 54. The Scientific Committee during coffee break, Kelowna, 2003. L to R standing: Roger Baird (CMN), Sandy Smith (ESC), David McCorquodale, Doug

Currie, Michèle Roy, Donna Giberson, Jeff Cumming, Terry Wheeler, David Langor; seated: Steve Marshall, Neville Winchester, Geoff Scudder, Rob Roughley.

174 H.V. Danks

Fig. 55. Scientific Committee members during informal discussions, Charlottetown, 2004. L to R, and in background: Hugh Danks (Secretariat), David McCorquodale,

David Langor, Terry Wheeler, Donna Giberson, Michèle Roy, Jean-Francois Landry; foreground: Patrick Crawford (spouse of Giberson), Jeff Cumming, Rob Roughley.

Fig. 56. Some of the participants in the BioBlitz at Waterton Lakes National Park, 2005, with the flag of the Biological Survey of Canada. L to R: Joe Shorthouse, Felix

Sperling, Rob Roughley, David Langor.


Fig. 57. Past chairs of the Scientific Committee and the head of the Secretariat, Ottawa, 2007. L to R: George Ball, Hugh Danks, Geoff Scudder, Joe Shorthouse.

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Figures 58–67. The Head of the Secretariat for the Biological Survey of Canada at different times during his career. For

photo credits see pages 179-80.

Fig. 58. Hugh Danks, Bathurst Island, Fig. 59. Hugh Danks, St. Catharines, 1969. 1976.

Fig. 60. Hugh Danks, Ottawa, 1980. Fig. 61. Hugh Danks, Surbiton, England, 1984.


Fig. 62. Hugh Danks, Grundy Lake Fig. 63. Hugh Danks, Richmond Park, Provincial Park, 1987. England, 1991.

Fig. 64. Hugh Danks, Victoria, 1995. Fig. 65. Hugh Danks, Ottawa, 2001. (from earlier BSC web site)

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Fig. 66. Hugh Danks, Charlottetown, Fig. 67. Hugh Danks, Ottawa, 2007. 2004.


Credits for photographs

Fig. Subject Copyright holder © Photographer no. abbreviated if known

15 Ball Entomological Society of Canada (excerpted)16 Davey Entomological Society of Canada 17 Downes Entomological Society of Canada (excerpted)18 Kevan Entomological Society of Canada 19 Munroe Entomological Society of Canada 20 Scudder University of British Columbia 21 Wiggins Entomological Society of Canada (excerpted)22 Ball Hugh Danks Hugh Danks23 Behan-Pelletier Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada 24 Buddle Donna Giberson Donna Giberson25 Cannings Rob Cannings 26 Currie Hugh Danks Hugh Danks27 Davey Ken Davey 28 Downes Canadian Museum of Nature Susan Goods29 Floate Kevin Floate 30 Galloway Terry Galloway Carol Galloway31 Giberson Hugh Danks Hugh Danks32 Langor David Langor Yasu Hiratsuka33 Larson Memorial University of Newfoundland Roy Ficken34 Lehmkuhl University of Saskatchewan 35 Marshall, S. Hugh Danks Hugh Danks36 Marshall, V. (blackpast.org) 37 Matthews Alice Telka Alice Telka38 McCorquodale Hugh Danks Hugh Danks39 Ring Hugh Danks Hugh Danks40 Roughley Hugh Danks Hugh Danks41 Rosenberg David Rosenberg Al Wiens42 Scudder Geoff Scudder Launi Lucas43 Shorthouse Hugh Danks Hugh Danks44 Spence John Spence 45 Sperling Hugh Danks Hugh Danks46 Sweeney Hugh Danks Hugh Danks47 Wheeler Unknown 48 Wiggins Royal Ontario Museum 49 Williams Dudley Williams 50 Winchester Hugh Danks Hugh Danks51 Scientific Canadian Museum of Nature Susan Goods Committee (SC)52 SC in coffee 2001 Canadian Museum of Nature Susan Goods53 SC 2003 Hugh Danks 54 SC in coffee 2003 Hugh Danks Hugh Danks55 SC informal Hugh Danks 56 Waterton Joe Shorthouse Andrea Renelli 57 SC chairs Canadian Museum of Nature Susan Goods58 Danks Hugh Danks Bob Byers59 Danks Hugh Danks Thelma Danks

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Credits for photographs (continued)

Fig. Subject Copyright holder © Photographer no. abbreviated if known

60 Danks 1980 Entomological Society of Canada (Hewitt Award leaflet)61 Danks Hugh Danks Isobel Danks62 Danks Hugh Danks Paul Danks63 Danks Hugh Danks Leslie Danks64 Danks Hugh Danks Neville Winchester65 Danks 2001 Canadian Museum of Nature Susan Goods66 Danks Hugh Danks 67 Danks Hugh Danks

The Biological Survey of Canada:

Biological Survey of CanadaCommission biologique du Canada

Cover design by H.V. Danks and D.J. GibersonFor information on The Biological Survey of Canada, please visit http://biologicalsurvey.ca/

ISBN: 978-0-9689321-9-3doi:10.3752/9780968932193

A Personal HistoryH.V. Danks

In this book about the history of the Biological Survey of Canada, Hugh Danks combines his ability for impeccably correct reporting about Survey activities with a range of anecdotes and the inside story of the Survey’s development. His account shows how the Biological Survey came into being, how it operated, and why it was successful. The many products of the Survey are listed for reference in detailed appendices. This readable and organized analysis not only documents the Survey as a significant chapter in the history of entomology in Canada, but also provides wider lessons about the remarkable coopera-tion of the Canadian scientific community and the value of collaborative efforts.

Hugh Danks was head of the Biological Survey of Canada from its inception in 1977 until he retired in 2007. In that role he helped to coordinate studies of the arthropod fauna of Canada. He also carried out research on the composition of the Canadian fauna, including emphasis on its characteristic northern aspects. He studied the nature of faunas in the arctic and elsewhere, and key ecological themes such as insect adaptations to freezing and other seasonal events. He was an active participant in the Entomological Society of Canada, and a recipient of the Society's Gold Medal for outstanding achievement in entomology.

Front cover images: The diversity of Canadian habitats and ecozones supporting a varied and characteristic fauna. Clockwise from bottom left: Prairie grassland, West coast forest and islands, Western mountains, Arctic, Black spruce bog, Aquatic habitat, Eastern transition forest, Boreal forest. All photos by H.V. Danks.

A Personal History THE BIOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA

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