281

A P P E A L

Dear Sir/Madam, Research in Education helps us to find out various suitable solutions to our day to day challenges and problems in the class room. My humble attempt here is to find out the possible solutions for the problems of English Language Teachers of the Secondary Schools in this Doctoral level research. So, I anticipate your esteemed co-operation in this honest endeavour. I assure you that the ideas, thoughts and beliefs etc., expressed here would be used exclusively for my research and will be kept confidential. Therefore, I beseech you to register your sincere and prompt responses in this booklet provided with you. The instructions required for answering are given at the beginning of each test module and the booklet is divided into Four different Heads and under each Head (i.e., MAT, TATB, TCS and ELTA) there are different parts, you are requested to register the responses in the booklet itself which may please be returned after completion. Yours sincerely, (K. PRASAD) RESEARCH SCHOLAR REGIONAL INSTITUTE OF EDUCATION, (NCERT) MYSORE 50 006

282

PERSONAL INFORMATION BLANK (PIB) 1) Name (in Capital letters) : 2) Postal Address (with Phone and email address if any) 3) Age and Date of Birth : 4) Sex : Male/Female 5) Educational Qualifications : a) Professional : B. Ed/M. Ed b) Academic : M.A./M.Sc/M.Com/Others c) Subjects Handling : d) Whether English offered : as one of the methods in : B. Ed : YES/NO 6) Designation : TEACHER/HEAD 7) Special Training in English : YES/NO 8) Martial Status : MARRIED/UNMARRIED 9) Type of School : GOVT/PVT/ZP/MUNICIPAL 10) Type of Family : JOINT/NUCLEAR 11) Domicile : RURAL/URBAN 12) Caste : FC/BC/SC/ST/OTHERS 13) Experience in Teaching : (including Present place of working) 14) Hobbies : 15) Other fields of Interest :

283

APPENDIX—I M A T

The purpose of this test is to let people tell something about their own thoughts and interests. There are two Sections in this booklet. Each begins with instructions and examples, which you will go through before starting. Remember mark your answers in this booklet itself.

U S E S In this test you are asked what seems to you to be the better use to make of a given amount of time, money, etc., under given circumstances. For example;

If I had all the money I needed, I’d use it better by:

A Just enjoying myself

B Studying in another country To the person whose answers are marked on your sheet, you’ll notice that studying in

another country seemed better. Fill in the upper or lower box, whichever corresponds to the answer you choose. Work and mark each answer freely and frankly, according to what YOU think. Sometimes it might be hard to choose between the two answers, but always choose one (and only one). If you have any questions, please ask them. 1) A person with time to read could use it better: A learning how smart people protect themselves from contagious diseases. B Finding how to do still better at work 2) Young people should spend time: A doing well in educational courses B understanding themselves better 3) One advantage of knowing your boss better is that: A you feel more secure in your job B it improves your chances of promotion 4) If I could talk to one of these historical characters, I’d like it to be: A John Dillinger, the notorious murderer B Henry Ford, designer of automobiles 5) I’d prefer to learn from a wise person more about the basics of: A Job success B courtship 6) A good subject for students to write about would be:

A “The Benefits of Sleeping Late” B “What I Owe to My Parents” 7) If work were cut to a thirty hour week, it would be good to spend the extra time: A seeing old neighbourhood friends and relatives B attending a course on emotional adjustment and poise 8) Knowing more about your parent’s early life would help, by: A teaching you what counts in a good home life B revealing things about your own mental growth 9) If I got a raise, I’d spend money on: A taking a course in the psychology of personal development B improving my home and its neighbourhood

284

10) If someone left me a lot of money, I might first spend some of it: A helping my parents for their retirement B giving my sweetheart the finer things he or she often deserves 11) A cash bonus from work could better be spent on: A building a bomb shelter in the back yard B charity 12) More news paper articles should stress: A self-control in facing sexual distractions B gaining happiness by being socially useful 13) I’d like to know more about myself in order to: A do well in my job B correct my bad habits 14) I’d like to study psychology because it would: A give me a better understanding of myself B give me the tools for helping others 15) I would prefer to hear a prominent lecturer speak on: A overcoming self-indulgence B effective treatment of enemy prisoners in wartime 16) An extra hour added to each day could: A allow more time for necessary duties B give you more time with your sweetheart 17) A vacation is an opportunity to: A lie around and regain your strength B examine your ideals and goals 18) I enjoy do-it-yourself tasks because I like: A to keep busy and get work done B to improve my own house 19) Someone with free time could well spend it: A learning how to control unruly emotions B thinking about ways of helping others 20) If I joined in a panel discussion, I’d like the subject to be: A gangsters in combat B jobs needing trust and dependability 21) In a good magazine article, I’d prefer to see explained: A what things make people fall in love B how nuclear weapons can be stopped 22) Having a good and steady job is important because it gives: A a security and possibly, luxury for the future B a chance to give presents to a nice person of the opposite sex 23) If I were to attend a lecture, I’d like to hear a talk on: A famous romances in history B making a success of your marriage 24) Talking with old friends is fun because you can: A discuss childhood love affairs B remember the important things your family stood for

285

25) A good movie should deal with: A a lively love affair B war and shooting 26) More research money should be spent on: A dressing people in newer styles and fabrics B finding cures for radiation sickness 27) A small cash present could better be spent: A getting some fashionable clothes B treating yourself to a really good meal with the trimming 28) One advantage of having a lot to do with people that you: A get a chance to show leadership qualities B learn respect and trust one another 29) It would be more interesting to read a small book on: A making your home look more modern B preventing mental disorder 30) A job with shorter hours and more pay would allow you: A to enjoy more time with your sweet heart B to become a more influential person

P A I R E D W O R D S Instructions: Here you will find groups of three words like this: Birthday Policeman 1. PARTY 2. TRAFFIC Political Accident First read the “key” word in Big letters, next to the number. Then decide which of the other two words, above and below, it makes you think of. For example, after PARTY the word that comes to your mind might be “birth day” or “political”. To the person whose answers are checked on your booklet you’ll notice that “political” went better with PARTY, and that on example II, “Policeman” seemed to go better with TRAFFIC. A fire alarm A diner’s club 1. HOME 2. MEMBER B of learning B Labour Union

A employment A production 3. SECURE 4. TECHNIQUES B reputation B romantic A position A parents 5. PERMANENT 6. OBEY B wave B traffic laws A old home parental 7. ENJOY 8. A GUIDANCE B yourself B self A self-knowledge A club 9. RESERVES 10 COUNTRY B family funds B cottage A disease A personality

286

11 PROTECTION 12 PERFECT A civil defence B dinner B natured A at rest 13 GOOD 14 MIND A citizen A sound B fashionable B donor 15 SMART 16 BLOOD A faultless A transfusion B image A repute 17 SELF 18 GOOD A control A habit B self B neighbour 19 KNOW 20 LOVE A facts A passion B rest B country 21 MOVIES 22 SAVE A murder A peace of mind B enemy B will 23 INJURE 24 STRONG A self A dose B sex shyness B sentimental 25 OVERCOME 26 FEELING A country’s enemies A serene B renown B thoughtful 27 HONOR 28 WISDOM A love vows A divine B passion B fashion 29 LOVE 30 GOOD A courtship A husband

287

APPENDIX—II

T A T B 1. In this booklet there are five-sub-parts and in every sub-part there are many questions. You have to answer all the questions.

2. Please remember to read the necessary instructions given at the beginning of

every sub-part.

3. Write the answers of each question on the booklet itself.

4. Choose one (and only one) answer for each question which YOU think correct.

P A R T – I

(A) Fill in the blanks of list ‘A’ by appropriate word from the words given in list ‘B’ on the booklet itself.

Example: List ‘A’ List ‘B’ Big : Small : High: Himalaya, Sea, Low, Pit 1 Pan : Green Milk : Cow, Goat, Light, Sweet 2 Mountain : Stone Sea: Milk, Pearl, Water, Foam 3 Cotton : Spinning wheel Cloth: Cotton Plant, Yarn,Rail, Weaver’s loom 4 Birth : Death Rise: Start, Sun, Name, Sets 5 Wood : Chair Iron : Axis, Mine, Tatanagar, Durganagar (B) Fill in the blanks in the following number series by the proper number to

complete appropriate number series. Example: 12, 10, 8, 6, 4 (2) 6 70, 60, 51, 43, 36, 30, _____________

7 15, 12, 9, 6, _____________________

8 1, 1/2, 1/4, 1/8, __________________

9 1/10: : 1 : : 1/20 : _________________

10 16 : 4 : : 4 : __________________

11 1, 9/10, 8/10, 7/10, _______________

288

(C) Write logical answer of the following on the booklet against proper question number:

12 Brother of a doctor of Patna, resides in Calcutta who is a lawyer. But there is no brother of that lawyer in Patna. What relation he is having with Doctor. 13 Three relatives are going on road. Two younger were daughter and son of the

third. But the third one was not his son. Tell the relation of the children with the third.

14 An electric train is going from Poona to Bombay. If the wind is blowing towards west to east then in which direction the smoke blow?

15 An insect was climbing up a 16 ft. high pillar. It climbs 3 feet in 1 min, and comes down 2 feet. In how many minutes it will reach the top of the pillar.

16 How much half of two and two will be equal to?

PART II In this part there are 10 statements, every statement is to be adjusted by five ideas on the booklet. No statement is right or wrong, you have to decide on your own personal feelings and ideas that how you feel the statement. Tick (√√ ) your choice against the statement:

Totally agree with the statement (5) : Agree (4) : If neutral (3) : Disagree (2) : Totally disagree (1) : TA

A

N

DA

TD

17 Children feel togetherness if they are given affection

18 Children gets spoiled due to the affection shown by teacher

19 Behaviour of the teacher should be such that students are afraid of him/her

20 Students listen to those teachers carefully to whom they are afraid

21 The teachers who beat their students could maintain discipline of that Section

22 Students should be punished physically for coming late

23 Children are unable to take decisions

24 Quarrelsome students should be expelled from the school

25 Children will get spoiled if not beaten 26 Students should not speak more than the required

289

P A R T - III In the following some incomplete suggestions are given and to complete these some alternative suggestions are given. Write any one of the suggestions, a, b, c or d which you feel the best among the given choices on the booklet against the appropriate question number. Please encircle the best answer against the proper question number. 27 You are travelling by a train. One person is smoking a cigarette and you hate that.

Will you: (a) ask him not to smoke?

(b) go away for a short while? (c) show him the law that is written on the compartment? (d) throw the cigarettee after snatching it away from him? 28 Suppose a teacher of your school is suspended. Will you (a) suggest him to induce the students (b) suggest him to appeal (c) suggest him to go on a fast unto death?

(d) suggest him to go some where for the service 29 You are a Physical Instructor. There is no material for games in the school. Will

you (a) ask the HM for purchase of the material? (b) close the physical training programme? (c) Induce the students against the school authorities? (d) inform higher authorities? 30 Suppose a teacher comes late regularly, will you (a) suggest him to come on time? (b) inform the Head of the institution? (c) make him ashamed of in the presence of other teachers? (d) make it an issue among the students and parents? 31 A student comes late daily. Will you (a) beat him? (b) inform his/her parents? (c) inquire into the reasons (d) make him ashamed of? 32 Inspector has arrived in your School. A parent is complaining against you. Will

you (a) get angry with the parent?

(b) satisfy the parent calmly? (c) decide to take revenge against their children? (d) justify yourself to the inspector? 33 A teacher is having enmity with you. Will you (a) also have enmity with him? (b) conspire against him? (c) don’t care of him? (d) try to make him your friend? 34 Two persons are quarrelling for an accommodation in a train. Will you (a) help the weaker? (b) watch the scene? (c) call upon the stronger? (d) mediate?

290

35 Your friend asked you to loan some money. You were unable to loan. He felt ill of it. Will you

(a) try to wipe out his doubt? (b) hate him? (c) get worry for him? (d) criticize him? 36 You do not like humour, but people do not leave humour. Will you (a) quarrel with them? (b) blow up in humour? (c) not like to meet him? (d) stop talking to them? 37 Who made the grand-trunk road, with this problem two students approach you.

Will you (a) send them after scolding? (b) try to tell the correct answer? (c) suggest them to ask the History teacher (d) assure him to tell in the class?

38 Your friend requests you for a false evidence in the court. Will you (a) give false evidence?

(b) refuse to give false evidence? (c) ask your friend to withdraw the case? (d) give-up your friendship? 39 You are a Principal. One of the teachers regularly makes a complaint against

another teacher. Will you (a) not give importance to his complaints (b) ask him not to give complaints? (c) show anger with him? (d) call and ask the teacher against whom the complaint is made? 40 You have been appointed in Santhal area. You do not know Santhali language.

Will you (a) try to get transfer? (b) try to learn Santhali language? (c) tender resignation? (d) go on long leave?

PART IV

Following every statement is incomplete, complete the statement by choosing everyone of the two given sub-statements. Answer by encircling ‘a’ or ‘b’ on the booklet under the correct question number:

41 Examine previous knowledge of the student before I start teaching, because – (a) students would not make a noise

(b) I may know the difficulties of the student 42 Good knowledge over the subject is essential for a teacher, because –

(a) he can control the students (b) he may be able to clarify well the doubts of the students

43 Reading newspaper is a must for a teacher, because – (a) he can influence the pupils in a commendable way (b) he can provide essential information to the students 44 Teacher should read magazines and periodicals regularly, because – (a) he can entertain himself

(b) he can know the latest information

291

45 Diagrammatic representation of certain things is necessary while teaching the particular concept, because –

(a) children like diagrams (b) children can understand the concept easily

46 A brief note of the lesson should be prepared before teaching, so that (a) the inspector could understand what, how much and how the learning

process is taken place (b) teacher may be aware of What, how much and how is to be taught 47 Maximum answers should be elicited from the students, so that – (a) students may actively participate in the class room (b) students are continuously evaluated 48 Cultural programmes are necessary for students, so that – (a) Schools look active (b) development of cultural and traditional sentiments is possible 49 Mass participation in the cleanliness programme is a must, so that – (a) School remains clean (b) awareness of cleanliness could be developed among the students 50 To keep a continuous record of the work of the students is necessary because – (a) proper evaluation of the student could be done easily (b) students would work in time 51 All the students may not have equal knowledge in all the subjects, because (a) all students will not have similar interests (b) all subjects are not equally difficult 52 Students should definitely be given prizes, so that – (a) those students who do not get prizes would try to work hard (b) the student who gets prizes could be encouraged further 53 Students should be allowed to take part in social activities, because (a) Society gets developed

(b) students become sociable 54 There should be schools in the society, so that – (a) Society gets developed

(b) Children will study

292

PART - V

Following are incomplete statements. To complete them some suggestions are given below each statement. Pick up the correct suggestion by encircling either a, b, c or d in the booklet 55 Success of a teacher depends on – (a) Central Government

(b) Teachers themselves (c) State Government

(d) the local bodies 56 Have you opted teaching profession because – (a) your father was a teacher? (b) you have an interest in the profession? (c) you wanted to become a teacher?

(c) you could not get any other service? 57 You decided to become a teacher at that time when – (a) you failed to get another service?

(b) you did not get the financial assistance for further studies from your parents

(c) your studies were discontinued after being failed in the college? (d) you acquired enough qualification for becoming a teacher? 58 What would be your best choice from the following: (a) To meet parents of the students

(b) To do household work (c) To collect donations for the school building (d) To visit the district office regarding the school work. 59 Which of the following activities would you do before and after the school work? (a) go for shop keeping

(b) Medical care (c) engage tuitions

(d) teach children (own) 60 Which of the following magazines would you like to read? (a) Chandamama

(b) Arogya (c) Dharmayuga

(d) Hindustan

293

APPENDIX—III

T C S

Instructions: In this part some situations related to you are given in sentences. The following five kinds of opinions are given against each sentence. Read each sentence carefully and indicate the opinion which you agree with encircling the correct.

SA: Strongly Agree A: Agree N: Neutral DA: Disagree SDA: Strongly Disagree

SA A N DA SDA

1 I can present the selected concepts of the lesson according to psychological skills

2 I can select the objectives of lesson which are apt to the content

3 I can change my speech pattern so that the pupil’s attention may be diverted to the content of the lesson

4 I can ask supplementary questions to elicit the responses from the pupils

5 I can show adequate efficiency of language to explain the ideas and principles related to the content

6 I can give assignment to the pupil according to his/her interest

7 I can make the pupils ready to learn a new lesson.

8 I can encourage the pupils to respond properly through emotional methods

9 I can use verbal and non-verbal procedures to recognise the attending and non-attending behaviours of pupils

10 I can keep the selected content related to the objectives of the lesson

11 I will be careful of avoiding the vague sentences while explaining the ideas and principles

12 I cannot select the audio-visual materials suited to the objectives of the lesson

13 I cannot explain the lesson selected to the interests of the pupils

14 I can keep the pupils maintain discipline in the class room

15 I can create interest to obtain responses from the pupils

294

SA A N DA SDA

16 I can select the adequate audio-visual materials to achieve the objectives of the lesson

17 The evaluation of pupils can be made suitable to the objectives of the content

18 I can recognise the attending and non-attending behaviour of pupils

19 I can make contextually suitable movements and gestures to diverT the attention of pupils ready to the content

20 I can see the selected content appropriate

21 I can conceptualise the content and thereby easy to the pupils while explaining

22 I can construct the questions properly 23 I can reward the attending behaviour of the pupils 24 I can accept the ideas of the pupils

25 I can make pupils to exhibit their own ideas and opinions in my class

26 I cannot use suitable sentences while presenting the ideas and principles

27 I can consider the objectives of the lesson which can be attainable

28 I can refer the matters which relate to the content 29 I can evaluate the pupils impartially 30 I can select the objectives related to the lesson only

31 I can convey adequate information to pupils so that they can respond

32 I can see that the Black Board work is proper and adequate

33 I can manage the selected concepts logically

34 I can evaluate to what extent the concepts of the content have been achieved

35 I can get the pupils ready to listen with increased interest

36 I can link up the lesson with present knowledge before closing it

37 I can get pupils ready through suitable questions

38 I can ask adequate number of questions in the class room

39 I can encourage pupils initiative towards the content through emotional methods

40 I can suggest suitable remedial measures to pupils to face the difficulties in understanding the content

295

SA A N DA SDA

41 I cannot ask questions to recognise the non attending behaviour of pupils

42 I can ask questions properly

43 I can select suitable audio-visual material for pupils

44 I can provide pupils with small intervals to avoid disinterest among them

45 I can follow suitable evaluation procedures in the class room

46 I can observe the pupil’s postures whether they are listening or not

47 I can teach the content properly to the level of pupil’s understanding

48 I cannot consolidate the main points before I conclude the lesson

49 I can make the pupils ready to listen by using proper aids

50 I can encourage the pupils to respond properly

51 I cannot receive proper response from pupils in the class room

52 I can teach the content to the pupils with proper speed

53 I cannot make pupils participate in the questioning procedure

54 I can give assignment related to the lesson already taught

55 I can give opportunity through assignment to link up the present knowledge with the future exercises

56 I can give assignment suitable to the level of pupils

57 I can write clearly and legibly on the Black Board

58 I can teach the lesson according to my prefixed time – planning

59 I can give hints to pupils to give up non-attending behaviours

296

APPENDIX—IV

ELTA (PROVISIONAL)

In this part some situations/approaches to your language class are given in sentence forms. The following three kinds of responses are given in the booklet. Read each sentence carefully and pick up the most appropriate response and encircle the same against the proper question number:

A = Agree DA = Disagree ND = Not decided

PART – I

A DA ND

1 While teaching in a situational approach I will help the pupil to link the word and the situation

2 I always use words in meaningful situations

3 Once the pupil has connected the word with the situation it would be easier for him to dawn upon the meaning

4 I get satisfied when the pupil could use the word in correct situations

5 I put my endeavour to create situations that would demand an immediate expression in language

6 I create situations that would demand pupils’ self expression which in turn gives him a strong self-confidence

7 Class-room situations are often used in my teaching language

8 I always present action-oriented situations in the class

9 According to the need and importance, I quote real situations in the class

10 I often use real situations to introduce new words/items

11 The process of learning single word goes on although our lives. `

12 I give an opportunity to the people here the language being used in meaningful situations and to make them use in such situations.

13 Whenever an apt situation arises the pupil gets strong motivation that spurs him to use his mother tongue.

297

PART – II

A DA ND

14 I agree that oral communication is the most natural use of language and the natural process of learning

15 I strongly believe that speech is the necessary starting point even for the more appropriate skills of reading and writing

16 A child practising the language orally absorbs grammar unconsciously

17 I give oral practice in language with proper stress rhythm and intonation

18 Rectification of oral mistakes is done instantly in all situations

19 Oral correction is easier compared to writing part of the pupil

20 I believe that through oral practice two language skills i.e. listening and speaking could be developed

21 I advocate that the ability to read and write are the refinements associated with education

22 Oral work provide slow-learners with ample confidence and enthusiasm

23 Oral approach is the root cause of the problem of pronunciation

24 Always the preference is given from actual to verbal in all my classes.

25 My classes are recreated sometimes by using certain pictures or models in order to explain a situation.

26 I feel satisfied when a word is introduced at an apt situation.

27 I believe that the first language practice is that which enables the learner to make the right choice at the moment.

298

PART – III

A DA ND

28 I always take more attention while selecting language material

29 I take necessary care to grade the words and structures selected in order to put them in order in which the items are to be taught

30 I select the words with their highest availability and at par with the topic

31 I give priority to the words with large coverage

32 I always select the words strictly according to the class room and the environmental needs of the pupil

33 I always proceed from simple to complex while teaching words and items etc.,

34 Selection of structures which are more productive are given more preference in my teaching

35 Language habits are different from other general habits

36 Words with greater range are selected in order to facilitate the pupil to understand the words easily

37 The responses after drill for a question should be in full sentences

38 In addition to practice drills, I would like to give certain writing exercises confined to the writing of single sentences

39 Situational teaching necessary for all items of the syllabus

40 To improve the pupils auditory memory, I take tape recorder to my class

41 I insist upon keeping various proverbs and quotations which illustrate problematic language.

299

PART – IV

A DA ND

42 I believe that it is extremely difficult or almost impossible to organise effective practice through natural conversation

43 Pattern-practice drills give practice in unconscious application of the grammatical rule involved in the problem

44 I adopt techniques like asking the brighter student to give cues in order to reduce my burden

45 Pattern-Practice drills are planned thoroughly in all my classes of teaching such as drills

46 In order to encourage slow-learners I follow chorus drill in my class

47 I am always brisk and enthusiastic in my class and pay attention to the pupils’ pronunciation and intonation

48 Many believe that an untrained English man a better teacher of English than a trained Indian Teacher

49 Teacher should have some idea of the process of acquiring correct spelling to rectify the pupil’s mistakes

50 Spelling is more a matter of reflex action than of conscious knowledge

51 I believe that faulty pronunciation is the root cause of spelling mistakes

52 I agree that AV aids are useful to create situations to make the meaning of a word/a structure clear and practice in meaningful situations.

53 I feel comfortable to use an extra blackboard / roll up board.

54 Rull up board is inexpensive.

55 I believe that the roll up board serves most of the people of the blackboard.

300

PART – V

A DA ND

56 To improve visual memory of pupils I use charts and wall pictures, etc.,

57 I use certain devices like copying, delayed copying, dictation and Mnemonics, (VIBGYOR) etc., for fixing the spellings of troublesome words

58 I take certain crucial steps to improve the handwriting of my pupils even if my hand writing is not up to the mark

59 I take follow up measures to improve my pupils performance in the language

60 Remedial classes are rarely helpful to improve the performance of the pupil in language

61 I use radio, Tape-recorder, etc., to improve my command over the language in addition to the pupils’ command and finally to control the class

62 I take utmost care before or while writing something on the Black Board

63 Flash cards could be used to teach spelling and for look and say method in addition to the involvement of the entire class

64 I use flannel board to show pictures

65 I am fully educated in using the sophisticated aids like Computer Over Head Projector, etc.,

66 To impart communication skills, I conduct debates in my class

67 I encourage reading habit

68 I suggest suitable books to improve the pupils reading habit

69 I organise extempore speeches to improve pupils’ speaking skills in addition to have a lively class

70 Flip charts are used to create interest and curiosity among the pupils and their active involvement

71 I use teaching aids such as Radio / Tape recorder / OHP / Film projector judiciously in my language classes.

72 All the required aids are available and within my reach in the school.

73 I am cautious of time while preparing aids.

74 I encourage pupils to prepare wall magazines, class magazines, etc.

301

APPENDIX—V ELTA (FINAL)

In this part some situations/approaches to your language class are given in sentence forms. The following three kinds of responses are given in the booklet. Read each sentence carefully and pick up the most appropriate response and encircle the same against the proper question number:

A = Agree DA = Disagree ND = Not decided

PART – I

A DA ND

1 While teaching in a situational approach I will help the pupil to link the word and the situation

2 I always use words in meaningful situations

3 Once the pupil has connected the word with the situation it would be easier for him to dawn upon the meaning

4 I get satisfied when the pupil could use the word in correct situations

5 I put my endeavour to create situations that would demand an immediate expression in language

6 I create situations that would demand pupils’ self expression which in turn gives him a strong self-confidence

7 Class-room situations are often used in my teaching language

8 I always present action-oriented situations in the class

9 According to the need and importance, I quote real situations in the class

10 I often use real situations to introduce new words/items

302

PART – II

A DA ND

11 I agree that oral communication is the most natural use of language and the natural process of learning

12 I strongly believe that speech is the necessary starting point even for the more appropriate skills of reading and writing

13 A child practising the language orally absorbs grammar unconsciously

14 I give oral practice in language with proper stress rhythm and intonation

15 Rectification of oral mistakes is done instantly in all situations

16 Oral correction is easier compared to writing part of the pupil

17 I believe that through oral practice two language skills i.e. listening and speaking could be developed

18 I advocate that the ability to read and write are the refinements associated with education

19 Oral work provide slow-learners with ample confidence and enthusiasm

20 Oral approach is the root cause of the problem of pronunciation

PART – III

A DA ND 21 I always take more attention while selecting language material

22 I take necessary care to grade the words and structures selected in order to put them in order in which the items are to be taught

23 I select the words with their highest availability and at par with the topic

24 I give priority to the words with large coverage

25 I always select the words strictly according to the class room and the environmental needs of the pupil

26 I always proceed from simple to complex while teaching words and items etc.,

27 Selection of structures which are more productive are given more preference in my teaching

28 Language habits are different from other general habits

29 Words with greater range are selected in order to facilitate the pupil to understand the words easily

30 The responses after drill for a question should be in full sentences

303

PART – IV

A DA ND

31 I believe that it is extremely difficult or almost impossible to organise effective practice through natural conversation

32 Pattern-practice drills give practice in unconscious application of the grammatical rule involved in the problem

33 I adopt techniques like asking the brighter student to give cues in order to reduce my burden

34 Pattern-Practice drills are planned thoroughly in all my classes of teaching such as drills

35 In order to encourage slow-learners I follow chorus drill in my class

36 I am always brisk and enthusiastic in my class and pay attention to the pupils’ pronunciation and intonation

37 Many believe that an untrained English man a better teacher of English than a trained Indian Teacher

38 Teacher should have some idea of the process of acquiring correct spelling to rectify the pupil’s mistakes

39 Spelling is more a matter of reflex action than of conscious knowledge

40 I believe that faulty pronunciation is the root cause of spelling mistakes

304

PART – V

A DA ND

41 To improve visual memory of pupils I use charts and wall pictures, etc.,

42 I use certain devices like copying, delayed copying, dictation and Mnemonics, (VIBGYOR) etc., for fixing the spellings of troublesome words

43 I take certain crucial steps to improve the handwriting of my pupils even if my hand writing is not up to the mark

44 I take follow up measures to improve my pupils performance in the language

45 Remedial classes are rarely helpful to improve the performance of the pupil in language

46 I use radio, Tape-recorder, etc., to improve my command over the language in addition to the pupils’ command and finally to control the class

47 I take utmost care before or while writing something on the Black Board

48 Flash cards could be used to teach spelling and for look and say method in addition to the involvement of the entire class

49 I use flannel board to show pictures

50 I am fully educated in using the sophisticated aids like Computer Over Head Projector, etc.,

51 To impart communication skills, I conduct debates in my class

52 I encourage reading habit

53 I suggest suitable books to improve the pupils reading habit

54 I organise extempore speeches to improve pupils’ speaking skills in addition to have a lively class

55 Flip charts are used to create interest and curiosity among the pupils and their active involvement

305

APPENDIX—VI

OBSERVATION SCHEDULE

1. SITUATIONAL APPROACH

• Linking the meaning with the appropriate language form.

• Enable the pupil grasp the situation.

• Language is used in meaningful situations.

• New items are presented in appropriate situations/real/contrived.

• Careful enough to see that the pupils use the word in correct situations.

• Gives sufficient opportunities to the pupils to hear the language being used.

• Monitors the pupils use of language in correct/appropriate/ apt situations.

• Motivates the pupils to required extent.

• Create the situations that demand immediate expression of the pupil

• Situations are introduced from the direct, real expressions/experiences.

• Artificial or contrived situations are used to introduce certain words or items

• Verbal situations are used aptly.

• Potentially try for creating actual situations.

• Links situations with real situations. II. ORAL COMMUNICATION • Corrects pupil's oral mistakes.

• Surmounted the task of rectifying the oral mistakes.

• Selects words or structures at par with their frequency.

• Pupils' are free to converse in English in the class.

• Selects words of greater range.

• Gives priority to the word with larger coverage.

• Words are introduced based on class-room and real-life situations.

• Items of frequent use are taught first.

• Simple words are taught first followed by complex.

• Teachable items are selected to teach at once.

306

• Situation of more productive nature are taught at first.

• The problem and the relevant rules are brought to the notice of the pupils.

• Teacher is brisk and enthusiastic.

• Gets thoughtful responses from the pupils easily.

• Different methods of cueing are to adopted to relieve the pupils from monotony.

• The pattern practice is planned thoroughly.

• Language games are properly planned.

• Blackboard is used judiciously.

• Uses colour chalks to invite the attention of the people.

• Doesn't write miss-spelt words on the board.

• Versatile in drawing match-sticks diagrams.

• Uses humour in the class to bring out a lively atmosphere.

• Uses roll up board in order to teach.

• Charts and tables are used.

• Flash cards are prepared and used.

• Flash cards are used to inculcate look and say habit.

• Teacher is enter-prising.

• Uses flannel board for showing pictures, etc.

• Encourages wall pictures / prepare himself.

• Cue sheets are prepared to reduce his burden.

• Advertisement are used for introducing neologisms.

• Competent enough to use language laboratory effectively.

• Able to give activities of importance and interest.

• Plans the lesson before teaching.

• Conducts co-curricular activities in language learning viz., play, acting, debates, extempore speech, elocution, recitations (Pop com, chorus, group recitational methods)

• Helps the pupil to prepare class and wall-magazines.

• Conduct reading contest.

• Divides the class in to groups/houses to create competitive sprits, communicative

skills, leadership qualities among the pupils.

307

APPENDIX—VII

LIST OF SCHOOLS VISITED FOR DATA COLLECTION

Sl. No.

Name of the school Place

Number of teachers *

1 Z.P. High School Akividu 6 2 C.M. High School Akividu 3 3 Z.P. High School Ganapavaram 4 4 Z.P. High School Kasipadu 1 5 Z.P. High School Ardhavaram 2 6 Z.P. High School Pippara 3 7 Z.P. High School (Girls) Attili 1 8 Z.P. High School Attili 2 9 T.M.Z.P. High School Relangi 5 10 Z.P. High School (Boys) Tanuku 3 11 AKTP Z.P. High School Tanuku 5 12 JSML Z.P. High School Tanuku 3 13 ZPG High School Tanuku 3 14 St. Aloysius High School Akividu 5 15 SSNZP Girls High School Akividu 2 16 Z.P. High School Cherukuvada 3 17 Z.P. High School Undi 3 18 Z.P. High School NRP Agraharam 3 19 Z.P. High School Mahadevapatnam 4 20 DNR College High School (EM) Bhimavaram 10 21 SCH BRM High School Bhimavaram 13 22 SPG ROS High School Bhimavaram 3 23 PSM Girls High School Bhimavaram 2 24 Luthern High School Bhimavaram 9 25 JLP High School Bhimavaram 1 26 Bethany Girls High School Bhimavaram 2 27 SVS MB High School Bhimavaram 2 28 ARKRM High School Bhimavaram 3 29 St. Mary’s High School (EM) Bhimavaram 5 30 Z.P. High School Kesavaram 2 31 Z.P. High School Kumudavalli 4 32 Z.P. High School Palakoderu 3 33 Z.P. High School Kakaraparru 3 34 Z.P. High School Akividu 1 35 MPUP High School Akividu 1 36 Z.P. High School Vissakoderu 1

308

37 Z.P. High School Goraganamudi 3 38 Z.P. High School Pennada 2 39 Z.P. High School Sringavriksham 8 40 Z.P. High School Veeravasaram 3 41 Z.P. High School Sivadevunichikkala 4 42 Z.P. High School Lankalakoderu 7 43 Elim Vidya Niketan (EM) Poolapalli 5 44 Montissori (EM) School, LR Pet Palakollu 3 45 BRMVRM High School Palakollu 9 46 SKPZ TVRM High School Palakollu 1 47 BVRM Girls High School Palakollu 1 48 Z.P. High School Vedangi 2 49 Z.P. High School Achantavemavaram 1 50 Z.P. High School Chintaparru 1 51 MMKWM High School Palakollu 7 52 Mission High School Narasapur 17 53 HSPVSS High School Narasapur 3 54 Government Girls High School Narasapur 3 55 Sikile School Narasapur 2 56 Sunshine School Narasapur 3 57 Taylor High School Narasapur 3 58 Adarsh EM High School Aalapadu 2 59 ZP High School Bhujabalapatnam 4 60 SMLPR Z.P. High School Kaikalur 3 61 Z.P. High School Chintapadu 3 62 Z.P. High School Ai-Bhimavaram 2 63 Z.P. High School Cherukumilli 4 64 Z.P. High School Kalidindi 5 65 Z.P. High School Korukollu 1 66 Z.P. High School Yelurupadu 6 67 Z.P. High School Juvvalapalem 3 68 Z.P. High School Kalla 4 69 Z.P. High School Seesali 3 70 Z.P. High School Pennada 1 71 Z.P. High School Kopalle 6 72 St. Xavier’s High School (TM) Eluru 6 73 Z.P. High School Satrampadu 2 74 St. Xavier’s High School (EM) Eluru 4 75 Sir CRR Public School Eluru 3 76 MGGGAP School Eluru 1 77 CSI Alexander Girls High School Eluru 2 78 KPDT High School Eluru 8 79 Government Girls High School Eluru 10 80 Sree Sree (Branch) High School Eluru 1

309

81 KPDT (Branch) High School Eluru 5 82 Sree Sree (Main Branch) High School Eluru 7 83 ARDGK High School Eluru 1 84 Z.P. High School Doddipatla 3 85 STVNH High School Pentapadu 4 86 Government Post Basic School Pentapadu 5 87 St. Jones EM High School Tadepalligudem 1 88 EUMMH School Tadepalligudem 3 89 Z.P. High School Tadepalligudem 6 90 Z.P. High School Unguturu 4 91 Z.P. High School Narayanapuram 7 92 Z.P. High School Kaikaram 3 93 MPP School Goppicheru 1 94 MPP School Uppulu 1 95 MPP School Undi 1 96 DMC High School Rajahmundry 5 97 Government Girls High School Rajahmundry 12 98 Alcot Memorial High School Rajahmundry 2 99 RCM High School Rajahmundry 3 100 AC Gardens Luthern High School Rajahmundry 3 101 Luthern High School, Jampet Rajahmundry 7 102 CJRM High School Rajahmundry 2 103 AELC EM High School Rajahmundry 5 104 Schade Girls TM High School Rajahmundry 10 105 MPL Town High School,

Veerabhadrapuram Rajahmundry 4

106 Sri Kantipudi Rama Rao Municipal High School

Rajahmundry 4

107 Luthern Aided High School Dowlaiswaram 4 108 ZP Girls High School Dowlaiswaram 5 109 Z.P. High School (Boys) Dowlaiswaram 3 110 Z.P. High School Vemagiri 5 111 Z.P. High School Chintapadu 1

* Possessing English in B.Ed.