A Novel MPPT scheme for Solar Powered Boost Inverter using Evolutionary Programming The Journey of...

A Novel MPPT scheme for Solar Powered Boost Inverter using Evolutionary Programming

The Journey of Thousand Miles Begins with a single step

December 16, 2011

Presentation By

Mr. M.Kaliamoorthy, Member IEEEAssociate Professor

Department of Electrical and Electronics EngineeringPSNA College of Engineering and Technology

Dindigul, Tamilnadu-624622Tel: 9865065166

E-Mail: [email protected],[email protected]:www.kaliasgoldmedal.yolasite.com

Paper Number : 111

2011- IEEE International Conference on Recent Advances in Electrical, Electronics and Control Engineering

Objectives of This Paper

Low aim is a crime- Diode-John Ambrose Fleming-1904

• Design and development of solar powered single stage boost inverter for RL load

• Design of accurate PV module and improved MPPT algorithm using Evolutionary Programming

• Comparison of closed loop controlling of boost inverter using-– PI controller– Sliding mode controller– MPPT algorithm

Presented By: M.Kaliamoorthy,AP,PSNACET,EEE


Model a Drop, To know the power of the OCEAN- Zener Diode –Clarence Melvin Zener-1915

Contents of Presentation

• Simulation of accurate PV panel

• Simulation of improved maximum power point tracking algorithm using Evolutionary Programming

• Analysis and simulation of open loop single stage PV fed boost dc-ac converter

• Developing sliding mode control and PI control for PV fed boost inverter

• Comparison of the results and conclusion



PHOTOVOLTAIC CELL WORKING PRINCIPLE

Workship the creator not his creation- Edmond Becquerel ,1889 Electricity From Sun



PHOTOVOLTAIC CELL MODELING

)1( DL IIIFrom the figure

Where I=Output Current In Amps Il=light Current Or Photo Generated Current In Amps ID= Diode Current in amps

Reading is an adventure that never ends- Photo Voltaic Cell- Russell Ohl-1903



PHOTOVOLTAIC CELL MODELING Cont…

By Shockley equation, current diverted through diode is

1

/exp

qnkT

IRUII soD

Where Io= Reverse Saturation Current n= Diode Ideality Factor K=Boltzmann’s Constant T= Absolute Temperature q= Elementary Charge

For silicon of 250C nkT/q=0.0259 volts=α

1exp

soD

IRUII

Believing in yourself is the first step to success- Lead Acid Battery- Raymond Gaston Plante-1859




Substituting above equation in equation (1) we get

)2(1exp

soL

IRUIII

Where α=nkT/q is known as Thermal Voltage Timing Completion Factor

The four Parameters IL,Io,Rs and α need to be determined toStudy the I-U characteristics of PV cells

Look at your strengths and not your weaknesses- SCR-General Electric (GE)-1958




LIGHT CURRENT IL determination

refccSCIrefLref

L TTII ,,,

sheet dataer manufactur from obtained becan andIBoth

)(A/current circuit short theoft coefficien eTemperatur

here) used is (25 eTemperatur Reference T

re temperatucell PV T

) 25 and W/m(1000condition referenceat current Light I

study) in this used is W/m(1000irradiance reference

)(W/mirradiance

SCI, refL,

0,

0refc,

c

02refL,

2ref

2

C

C

c

Where

SCI

Success is a journey, Which has no Destination- Alternator-Nikola Tesla-1891




SATURATION CURRENT IO determination

273

2731exp

273

273 ,

3

,,

c

refc

ref

sgap

c

refcrefoo T

T

q

Ne

T

TII

condition reference at the of valueThe

)10 x 3(1.6021773electron theof Charge q

module PV theof seriesin cells ofNumber N

materials) Sifor (1.17eV material theof gap Band e

(A)condition reference at thecurrent Saturation I

ref

19-

s

gap

refo,

C

Where

ref

refoc,,,

U exp

refLrefo II

ers)manufacturby provided be (Will V)condition( reference at the

module PV theof ltagecircuit voopen The , refocU

There is no age bar for learning- Electric Chair-Harold P.Brown-1888




Calculation of α

(A)condition reference at thecurrent circuit Short I

(A) condition reference at thecurrent point power Maximum I

(V)condition reference at the agepoint voltpower Maximum

1ln

2

refsc,

refmp,

,

,

,

,,

,

,,

refmp

refsc

refmp

refmprefsc

refsc

refocrefmpref

U

Where

I

I

II

I

UU

refrefcT

273

273T

as expressed is which re, temperatuoffunction a is

,

c

Knowledge is the antidote to fear – Electric Distribution System –Thomas Alva Edison - 1882




Calculation of Series Resistance Rs

Some manufactures provide value of Rs, if they do not provideIt can be calculated as follows

hereconstant as taken is

1ln

,

,,,

,

s

refmp

refmprefocrefsc

refmpref

s

R

I

UUI

I

R

Thermal Model of Photovoltaic cell

)Module(mPVcell/ theof area Effective

)mperature(Ambient te

)]. W/(t[coefficien lossheat Overall k

cells PV ofproduct absorbtion nceTransmitta

)].[J/( ecell/Modul PV theof areaunit per capacity heat oveall The

A

I x

2

0

20loss

,

20

,

A

cT

mc

K

mcC

TTKU

kdt

dTC

a

pvin

pv

aclosspvinc

pv

Present life is better than life coming in future – Robot- Jacques de Vaucanson-1738



PHOTOVOLTAIC CELL MODEL PARAMETERS

IL,ref(ISC,ref) 2.664 A

αref 5.472 V

Rs 1.324 Ω

Uoc,ref 87.72 V

Ump,ref 70.731 V

Imp,ref 2.448 A

Φref 1000 W/m2

Tc,ref 250c

CPV 5 X 104 J/ (0c.m2)

A 1.5m2

Kin,pv 0.9

Kloss 30 W/ (0c.m2)

Be willing to accept temporary inconvenience for permanent improvement –Dynamo-Michael Faraday-1832



PHOTOVOLTAIC CELL MODEL IN MATLAB/SIMULINK

Better safe than sorry –Analog Storage Oscilloscope- Hughes-1957



PHOTOVOLTAIC CELL MODEL IN MATLAB/SIMULINK

Distance lends enchantment to the view –CRO- Karl Ferdinand Braun- 1897



CHARACTERISTICS OF PV CELL AT CONSTANTCELL TEMPERATURE

Everyone wants to go to heaven but nobody wants to die - Megger – Evershed - 1905

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 800

50

100

150

200

250

Voltage in Volts

Pow

er in

Wat

ts

Voltage Vs Power Characteristics

1400 W/Sq.M

1600 W/Sq.M

1200 W/Sq.M1000 W/Sq.M

800 W/Sq.M

Constant Cell Temperature 25 deg Centigrade

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 800

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

4.5

Voltage in Volts

Curr

ent i

n se

cs

Voltage Vs Current Characteristics

1600 W/Sq.M

1400 W/Sq.M

1200 W/Sq.M1000 W/Sq.M

800 W/Sq.M

Constant Cell Temperature of 25 deg Cent



CHARACTERISTICS OF PV CELL AT CONSTANTIRRADIANCE

Everything comes to him who waits -Ammeter – Edward Weston -1886

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 800

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

Voltage in Volts

Pow

er In

Wat

ts

Voltage Vs Power Characteristics

50 deg c

75 deg c

100 deg c125 deg c

150 deg c

Constant Irradiance of 1200 W/Sq.M

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 800

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

Voltage in Volts

Cur

rent

In A

mps

Voltage Vs Current Characteristics

50 deg C

75 deg C

100 deg C125 deg C

150 deg C

Constant Irradiance of 1200 W/Sq.M



Maximum Power Point Tracking of PV cell Using Evolutionary Programming

Fish and guests smell after three days - Digital Multimeter –Fluke Electronics- 1969

Population Size : 40

Number of Iterations : 200

Number of Functional Evaluation : 8000

Mutation Scale :0.5

Control Variable Limits : [0 ,3.7]



The fitness function used here in the program is to minimize the value of Imax and

it is the function of irradiance and cell temperature.

IVPcTfIPI ,,,,max

The main objective of the EP is to minimize the above fitness function.

History repeats itself - Electrolytic capacitor- Julius Edgar-1928




10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 1200

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4VI CHARACTERISTICS

Voltage in Volts

Curr

ent

in A

mps

1000 W & 25 deg C

1200 W & 25 deg C1200 W & 50 deg C

1400 W & 50 deg C

1400 W & 75 deg C

Newton RaphsonEvolutionary Programming

Real MPP





0 20 40 60 80 100 1200

50

100

150

200

250

300

350PV CHARACTERISTICS

Voltage in Volts

Pow

er

in W

att

s

1000 W & 25 deg C

1200 W & 25 deg C1200 W & 50 deg C

1400 W & 50 deg C

1400 W & 75 deg C

Newton RaphsonEvolutionary Programming

Real MPP

One can never consent to creep when one feels an impulse to soar – Electromagnetism –Maxwell-1865




0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50-0.2

-0.1

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

--> No. of iterations

-->

Obje

ctive f

unction

Convergence Rate of the EP Algorithm

Value of Objective Function at Iteration





Summary of Simulation results of different algorithmsWeather Conditions Rapson (NR) Evolutionary

Programming (EP)Real Maximum

Power Point% Error of Pmp

Irradiance in

W/Sq.m

Tempin deg

C

Vmp

(Volts)

Imp

(Amps)

Pmp

(Watts)

Vmp

(Volts)

Imp

(Amps)

Pmp

(Watts)

Vmp

(Volts)

Imp

(Amps)

Pmp

(Watts)

EP NR

1000 25 69.60 2.48 173.07 70.31 2.46 173.19 70.41 2.45 173.19 0 6.62e-41200 25 70.02 2.98 208.73 70.68 2.95 208.85 70.61 2.95 208.85 0 5.65e-41200 50 77.58 3.06 238.14 78.28 3.04 238.26 78.20 3.04 238.26 0 5.25e-41400 50 77.90 3.57 278.71 78.55 3.54 278.84 78.49 3.55 278.84 0 4.54e-41400 70 85.64 3.68 315.22 86.32 3.65 315.35 86.35 3.65 315.35 0 4.27e-4

Modes of operation

Circuit implementation

Single Stage Boost Inverter

Don’t sit like a rock work like a clock- Fluorescent Lamp –Edmund Germer - 1926



Modeling of Single Stage Boost Inverter

CBAVV

RC

VL

V

C

iL

V

V

i

RCC

LL

R

dt

dVdt

di in

L

L

aL

form theof isequation above The

11

1

11

2

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

111

11

1

1

One today is worth than two tomorrows- Fuel Cell- Francis Thomas Bacon -1932



Modeling of Single Stage Boost Inverter

switches of status theis Where

1100

100

0011

001

12

1

2

11

2

1

2

2

2

2

1

1

1

1

2

2

1

1

122

22

111

11

2

2

1

1

RC

VL

VRC

VL

V

C

iL

VC

iL

V

V

i

V

i

RCC

LL

RRCC

LL

R

dt

dVdt

didt

dVdt

di

in

in

L

L

L

L

a

a

L

L

Similarly we can write the state space equations when switches S3 and S4

are switched and the total state space equation is given by

A great talker is a great liar - Hall Effect- Edwin Hall -1879



Simulation ResultsWith Constant Irradiance and Temperature

A man is as old as he feels - Hybrid Vehicle –Ferdinand Porsche-1899

0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14-500

-400

-300

-200

-100

0

100

200

300

Time in secs

Volta

ge in

Vol

ts

Output Voltage


0.07 0.075 0.08 0.085

-100

0

100

FFT window: 1 of 18 cycles of selected signal

Time (s)

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 160

20

40

60

80

100

120

Harmonic order

Fundamental (60Hz) = 182 , THD= 5.32%

Mag

(%

of

Fun

dam

enta

l)


Simulation ResultsWith Constant Irradiance and Temperature Continues….

Be willing to accept temporary inconvenience for permanent improvement- Logic gates-Charles Babbage -1837

0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.1 0.11 0.12100

150

200

250

300

350

Time in secs

Vol

tage

in V

olts

Voltage across Capacitor 1

0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.1 0.11 0.12100

150

200

250

300

350

Time in secs

Vol

tage

in V

olts

Voltage across Capacitor 2

0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14-8

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

8

Time in Secs

Curr

ent

in A

mps

Current Through Inductor 1

0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14-8

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

8

Time in Secs

Curr

ent

in A

mps

Current Through Inductor 2



PV panel voltageOutput voltage

Simulation ResultsWith Variable Irradiance and Constant Temperature

Volt

ag

e (

V)

Time (sec)

Believing in yourself is the first step to success- Neon Lamp –Georges Claude-1910


0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.373.5

74

74.5

75

75.5

76

76.5

77

77.5

Time in Secs

Vol

tage

in V

olts

PV cell output voltage for Different values of Irradiance

G=1000 W/sq.M G=1000 W/sq.M

G=700 W/sq.M G=700 W/sq.M

G=500 W/sq.M


Simulation ResultsWith Variable Irradiance and Constant Temperature Continues…

Capacitor voltage

Time (sec)

Volt

ag

e (

V)

Inductor current

Time (sec)C

urr

en

t (A

)

A hungry man is an angry man -Pager-Al Gross-1949



PI Controller Fed Single Stage Boost Inverter

Discretion is the better part of valor -Piezoelectricity-Pierre Curie-1880



Output voltage

Input voltageTime (sec)

Volt

ag

e (

V)

Time (sec)

Volt

ag

e (

V)

Simulation of PI Controller With Constant Irradiance and Temperature

Lightning never strikes twice in the same place -Relay-Joseph Henry-1835



Simulation ResultsWith Variable Irradiance and Constant Temperature

PV panel voltage Output voltage

S=500W/sq.m

S=1000W/sq.m

Time (sec)

Volt

ag

e (

V)

Time (sec)

Volt

ag

e (

V)

Money makes the world go round - Thermo Electricity –Thomson Johann Seebeck-1821



Sliding Mode Controller

When good transient response of the output voltage is needed, a sliding surface equation in the state space, expressed by a linear combination of state-variable errors (defined by difference to the references variables), can be given by

I

0, 221111 KKViS L

where coefficients K1and K2 are proper gains, is the feedback current error, and is the feedback voltage error, or

12

0, 121111

12

11

refLrefLL

ref

LrefL

VVKiiKViS

VV

ii

The system response is determined by the circuit parameters and coefficients K1and K2 . With a proper selection of these coefficients in any operating condition, high control robustness, stability, and fast response can be achieved.

Never judge a book by its cover - Radio Guglielmo-1901



Sliding mode controller scheme

Sliding Mode Controller Continued….

Never put off until tomorrow what you can do today - Remote Control –Nikola Tesla-1898



Simulation Results for Sliding Mode Controller With Variable Irradiance

PV panel voltage

No one can make you feel inferior without your consent –Regenerative Circuit-Edwin Armstrong-1914


0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.573.5

74

74.5

75

75.5

76

76.5

77

77.5

Time in secs

Volta

ge in

Vol

ts

PV Output Voltage For different irradiance

G=500W/sq.M

G=1000W/sq.M

0.3 0.32 0.34 0.36 0.38 0.4 0.42 0.44 0.46 0.48 0.5-300

-200

-100

0

100

200

300

Time in secs

Volta

ge in

Vol

ts

Output Voltage (PV) Sliding Mode Control



continues….

Opportunity never knocks twice at any man's door - Electron –Joseph John –Thomson-1897.


0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5100

150

200

250

300

350

400

Time in secs

Vol

tage

in V

olts

Output voltage across capacitors

Capacitor 1

Capacitor 2

0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3-40

-30

-20

-10

0

10

20

30

40

Time in secs

Indu

ctor

Cur

ents

in A

mps

Inductor Currents in Amps

Inductor 1

Inductor 2



continues….

Practice makes perfect -Fax Machine-Alexander Bain-1842


0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3

-400

-200

0

200

Selected signal: 18 cycles. FFT window (in red): 1 cycles

Time (s)

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 160

20

40

60

80

100

120

Harmonic order

Fundamental (60Hz) = 185.4 , THD= 1.20%

Mag

(%

of

Fun

dam

enta

l)


Simulation Results for Sliding Mode Controller With Variable Temperature

continues….

Seeing is believing -Electro Magnet-William Sturgeon-1825


0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3-400

-300

-200

-100

0

100

200

300

400

Time in secs

Volta

ge in

Vol

ts

PV ouput Voltage For different Temperatures(Sliding Mode Control)

0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.356

58

60

62

64

66

68

Time in secs

Volta

ge in

Vol

ts

PV ouput for different Cell Temperatures

T=75 deg C

T=100 deg C

T=75 deg C


Simulation Results for Sliding Mode Controller With Variable Temperature

continues….

Set a thief to catch a thief -Transistor-Brattain Walter-1947


0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3-200

-100

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

Time in secs

Vol

tage

in V

olts

Capacitor Voltages

Capacitor 1

Capacitor 2

0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.30

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

Time in secs

Vol

tage

in V

olts

RMS Value of Output Voltage ( Sliding Mode control)


Controller Output THD Settling time Input condition

Atmospheric condition

Open loop AC with constant RMS ≈ 5 ≈0.01 s Constant Vph and Iph

Constant irradiation (G) and temperature (T)

Open loop AC with changing RMS ≈9 ≈0.01 s Varying Vph and Iph

Varying G / T

PI AC with almost constant RMS ≈2 ≈0.005s Varying Vph and Iph

Varying G / T

SMC AC with constant RMS ≈1.5 ≈0.002s Varying Vph and Iph

Varying G / T

Comparisons

Attack is the best form of defence -Darlington Pair-Darlington Sidney-1953



Conclusions

•Simple and reliable operation

•The cost of this inverter is relatively low as minimum number of power devices are used

•Closed loop controlling improves the reliability and dynamic stability

•Closed loop controlling using MPPT is simple and more reliable compared to all other controllers

Ask no questions and hear no lies -Hysterisis- Ewing James Alferd-1890



Success is a journey, Which has no Destination

THANK YOU



PHOTOVOLTAIC CELL MODELING

Reading is an adventure that never ends

0

0ln

c ph cc s c

AkT I I IV R I

e I


2010 IEEE International Conference on Communication Control and Computing Technologies

Where:

( )ocT oc v x cV V k T T

x scT xI I Sln

Voc VocscT sVt Vt

t

I R

Vx s x x sc

xsc

I R I e I e I e

VI

D x ct

A kT nV

e

Vmpp=33.7V

Impp=3.56

Voc=42.1

Isc=3.87

nc=72

ki=0.065 x 10-2 %/0C

kv=-160 x 10-3 %/0C

kp=-0.5 x 10-2 %/0C

Temperature and Irradiance Dependence

Datasheet values

Knowledge is the antidote to fear




Look at your strengths and not your weaknesses

S= 500

S= 1000

S= 700


S= 500

S= 1000

S= 700


Success is a journey, Which has no Destination2010 IEEE International Conference on Communication Control and Computing Technologies


The race of quality has no finish line

T= 25

T= 40

T= 60



What you do today is getting you closer to what you want to be tomorrow

T= 25

T= 40

T= 60


Simulation ResultsWith Constant Irradiance and Temperature

Output voltage THD of output voltageTime (sec)

Volt

ag

e (

V)

Success is a journey, Which has no Destination


Capacitor voltage Inductor current

Simulation ResultsWith Constant Irradiance and Temperature Continues….

Time (sec)

Volt

ag

e (

V)

Time (sec)C

urr

en

t (A

)

Be willing to accept temporary inconvenience for permanent improvement


A Novel MPPT scheme for Solar Powered Boost Inverter using Evolutionary Programming The Journey of...

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