A Novel Method to Improve Strength of Concrete by …mjbas.com/data/uploads/10177.pdf · mud. This...

Mediterranean Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences (MJBAS)

Volume 1, Issue 1, Pages 129-141, October-December 2017

129 | P a g e Website: www.mjbas.com

A Novel Method to Improve Strength of Concrete by Using Metal Crush

Khandare Ishwar1, Patil Ashwini

2 and Chavan Nitin T

3

1UG Scholar, Department of Civil Engineering, SJRIT, Dondaicha, M.S., India 2UG Scholar, Department of Civil Engineering, SJRIT, Dondaicha, M.S., India

3Engineer, Cosmo Infrasolutions, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India.

Article Received: 09 October 2017 Article Accepted: 27 November 2017 Article Published: 13 December 2017

1. INTRODUCTION

Metal crush is small pieces of metal, which is generally obtained from various human activities such as drilling,

plumbing, etc. Workshop is the main important source of metal crush. In workshop lots amount metal crush wasted

and for reuse of this metal crush mining is required hence this process is made costlier.

Metal crush

1.1. Literature Survey

Cement

Cement is binding material in the cement concrete. This concrete is used for different engineering woks strength

and durability are of prime importance. Good cement should satisfy all the requirements as per I.S. specifications.

The cement used is 53 grades (Ordinary Portland Cement).

AB ST R ACT

Cement is the homogeneous combination of water, cement, and fine aggregate, course aggregate which is sets, hardens and acquires strength. Each

and every ingredient plays essential role in attaining the specified compressive strength of concrete. The experimental results of your research on

plain cement with waste metal smash from companies, workshops, and many others. Designed concrete mix having proportion as 1: one particular. 5:

3 with described properties of concrete as per Indian Standards (IS) in experimental study. Concrete floor cube specimens are examined for analysis

of compressive strength. The concrete shows excellent strength with 45%, 65%, 75%, 85% and 100% by adding even just the teens metal crush of

mud. This project may play an important role in the further development in the field of civil design. It will help to improve strength of cement than the

regular power of concrete. The compressive test is performed by pouring this concrete combine in the typical sized block out which measures

15x15x15cm.The effect of water concrete ratio on hardened properties of cement concrete with adding metal crush. Designed mix having proportion

as 1:1.5:3 with water cement proportion of 0. 42 and 0. 45 respectively can be used in experimental study. Concrete floor cubes specimens are

analyzed for analysis of compressive strength.

Keywords: Cement, Compressive Strength, Waste metal smash, Indian Standards (IS) and Typical sized block.




1.2 Function of cement

1. It fills up voids existing in the fine aggregate and makes the concrete impermeable.

2. It provides strength to concrete on setting and hardening.

3. It binds the aggregate into a solid mass by virtue of its setting and hardening.

4. It binds the aggregate into a solid mass by virtue of its setting and hardening properties when mixed with water.

1.3 Aggregate

In the cement concrete, to provide good quality of concrete aggregate is used in two groups

• Fine aggregate (sand):- particle size less than 4.75mm

• Coarse aggregate: - particle size than 4.75mm.

Fine aggregate (sand)

Sand consists of small angular or rounded grains of silica. Sand is commonly used as the fine aggregate in cement

concrete. Both natural and artificial sands for this purpose.

1.4 Functions of fine aggregate (sand)

1. It fills voids existing in the coarse aggregate.

2. It reduces shrinkage and cracking of concrete.

3. By varying the proportion of sand concrete can be prepared economically for any required strength

4. It helps in hardening of cement by allowing the water to pass through its voids.

5. To form hard mass of silicates as it is believed that some chemical reaction takes place between silica of sand and

constituents of cement.

1.5 Requirement

1. Fine aggregate should consist of coarse angular sharp and hard grains.

2. It must be free from clay, silt and hygroscopic salt.

3. It should not contain any organic matter.

4. It should be strong and durable and chemically inert.

5. The size of sand grains should pass through 4.75mm IS sieve and should be entirely retained on 75 micron IS

sieve.

1.6 Coarse aggregate

Function

1. Coarse aggregate makes solid and hard mass of concrete with cement and sand.

2. It increases the crushing strength of concrete.

3. It reduces the cost of concrete, since it occupies major volume.




1.7 Sources

1. Coarse aggregate used may be crushed stone, gravel and broken bricks. Crushed stone is an excellent coarse

aggregate provided. It is obtained by crushing granite, sand stone and close grained lime stone.

2. Crushed granite chips are commonly and advantageously used in reinforced cement concrete.

3. Brocken bricks well burnt and over burnt bricks are broken into suitable size and used as aggregate for concrete

in foundations and under floors.

4. But generally crushed stone is only used as coarse aggregate

1.8 Water

The water is used in concrete plays an important part in the mixing, laying compaction setting and hardening of

concrete. The strength of concrete directly depends on the quantity and quality of water is used in the mix.

1.9 Functions

1. Water is only the ingredient that reacts chemically with cement and thus setting and hardening takes place.

2. Water acts as a lubricant for the aggregate and makes the concrete workable.

3. It facilitates the spreading f cement over the fine aggregate.

2. TEST PERFORMED ON MATERIAL USED IN PREPARING CONCRETE

2.1 Test performed on material used in preparing concrete

1) SILT CONTENT TEST

2) SIEVE ANALYSIS

3) WATER ABSORPTION

4) SLUM CONE TEST

2.2 Slump Cone Test

The concrete slump test is an empirical test that measures the fresh concrete. More specifically, it measures the

consistency of the specific batch. This test is performed to check the consistency of freshly made concrete. The test

is popular due to the simplicity of apparatus used and simple procedure. Unfortunately, the simplicity of the test

often allow a wide variability in the manner that the test is performed. The slump test is used to ensure uniformly

for different batches of similar concrete under filed condition. In Indian this test is conducted as per IS

specification.

Slump class Slump in mm

Road 0-25

Foundation /light reinforcement 10-25

Normal reinforcement 50-90

High workable concrete >100




2.3 Specific Gravity

Specific gravity of aggregate is define as the ratio of equal volume of aggregate to the equal volume of water. In the

concrete technology, specific gravity of aggregate is used in design calculation of concrete mixes. With specific

gravity of each constituents known, its weight can be converted into solid volume and hence a theoretical yield of

concrete per unit volume can be calculated. Specific gravity of aggregate is also required in calculating the factor in

connection with workability measurement. Specific gravity of aggregate is required to be considered when we deal

with light weight and heavy weight of concrete. The average specific gravity of rock varies from 2.6 to 2.8.

The following table shows specific gravity of different materials used in concrete mix.

NAME OF MATERIAL SPECIFIC GRAVITY

Coarse aggregate 20mm 2.61



Fine aggregate 2.60

Stone dust 2.65

Cement 3.15

2.4 Sieve Analysis

This is a process of dividing the sample of aggregate into varies fractions, consisting of particle of same size. Under

such assisting, lines can be placed at equal interval to represent successive sieve, the aggregate used for making

concrete having size greater than 4.75mm is termed as coarse aggregate and that less than 4.75mm is termed as fine

aggregate.

The following limits may be considered

TYPES OF SAND FINENESS MODULUS (F.M)

Fine sand 2.2-2.6

Medium sand 2.6-2.9

Coarse sand 2.9-3.2

NOTE: - Sand having fineness modulus more than 3.2 will be unsuitable for making satisfactory concrete.

2.5 Water Absorption

Some of the aggregate have pours. Porosity and absorption of aggregate affect the water/cement ratio and

workability of concrete. The porosity of aggregate will also affect the durability of concrete when the concrete is

subjected to freezing. The water absorption of aggregate is determined by measuring increase in weight of oven

dried sample when immersed in water for 24 hours. The ratio of increasing weight to the weight of dry sample is

expressed as the water absorption of aggregate, but when we deal with concrete, 24 hours of absorption may not be

of such significance, on the other hand, percentage of water absorption during the time interval is equal to the final

setting of cement may be more significant. The rate and amount of absorption within a time interval is equal to final




setting of cement which will only be a significant factor than 24 hours of absorption of aggregate in extra water to

an added to the concrete mix.

NAME OF MATERIAL % OF WATER ABSORPTION




Fine aggregate 3.03

2.6 Silt Content Test

For this purpose, a measuring jar of 250ml capacity is required. Fill the jar till 50ml it approximately 1% solution of

common salt in water. Add sand to be tested till the level of common salt solution reaches 100ml marking and

shake the jar vigorously until the silt goes into suspension. Keep the jar at a place where there is no possibility of

getting jerks or vibrations. The reading of settled silt and clean sand should be taken either after one hour or three

hours. The percentage of silt can be calculated as follows:

Percentage of Silt by Volume

X 100

OR

%SILT X 100

Where,

V2 = volume of silt after three hours

V1 =volume of sample

Percentage of silt in sand = 1.1%

Indian Standard Recommended Method of Concrete Mix Design (IS 10262-1982)

The Bureau of Indian Standard recommended a set of procedure for design of concrete mix mainly based on the

work dine in national laboratories. The mix design procedures are covered in IS 10262-1982. The methods given

can be applied for both medium strength and high strength concrete. Before we proceed with describing this

method step by step, the following short coming in this method is pointed out. Some of them have arisen in view of




the revision of IS 456-2000. The procedures of concrete mix design needs revision and at this point of time (2000

AD) a committee has been formed to look into the matter of Mix Design.

i. The strength of cement as available in the country today has greatly improved since the 28- days strength of

cement is to be reviewed.

ii. The graph connecting different strength of cement and W/C is to be reestablished.

iii. The graph connecting 28-days compressive strength of concrete and W/C ratio is to be extended up to 80 Mpa,

if this graph is to cater for high strength concrete.

iv. As per the revision of IS 456-2000, the degree of workability is expressed in terms of slump instead of

compacting factor. This result in change in values in estimating approximate sand and water contents for normal

concrete up to 35 Mpa and high strength concrete above 35 Mpa.

v. In view of the above and other changes made In the revision of IS 456-2000, the mix design procedure as

recommended in IS 10262-1982 is required to be modified to the extent considered necessary and examples of mix

design is worked out. However, in the absence of revision of Indian Standard on method of mix Design, the existing

method i.e., IS 10262-1982 is describe below step by step.

Wherever it is possible, the new information given in IS 456-2000 has been incorporated and the procedure is

modified to that context.

2.7 Strength of Concrete

There are two different types of concrete mixing:-

1. Manual Mixing (Hand Mixing)

2. Mechanical Mixing (Machine Mixing)

2.8 Manual Mixing

The following procedure is required to be followed for manual mixing of concrete:-

• Spread out the required quantity of sand evenly on the mixing platform.

• Unload the cement on the sand and spread it uniformly over the sand.

• Mix the sand and cement with shovels. Turn the mixing over and over till it is of even color throughout and free

from streaks of brown and grey. Presence of streaks indicates that materials are not mixed properly.

• The mixture of sand and cement is spread and measured, quantity of coarse aggregate are now uniformly spread

over the sand-cement layer.

• Mix the material with a shovel from centre to side and then from side to centre and back to side. The materials are

blended together by turning them over again by twist of wrist.

• The mixture is further spread making a hollow in the centre of pile to receive water.

• 75% of the total water requirement is poured into the hollow portion and simultaneous materials are turned

towards the centre with a shovel. The materials are gradually turned and mixed with a shovel. The materials are

gradually turned and mixed with remaining quantity of water.




• The mixing continues till the color of mix and consistency of mix are uniform throughout the heap.

2.9 Curing of Concrete

Curing may be defined as the operation of maintaining humidity and temperature of freshly placed concrete during

some definite period following placing. Casting or finishing to assure satisfactory hydration of the cement (or other

compendious material) and proper hardening of the concrete. In other word, curing is process of keeping the

concrete moist and warm enough so that the complete hydration of cement can take place. To achieve proper curing

of concrete, following requirements should be fulfilled:-

• The preservation of adequate water content in the concrete, which is essential of hydration.

• The maintenance of uniform temperature in whole mass of concrete.

2.10 Following are the Objectives of Curing

• To maintain sufficient moisture content in the concrete for complete hydration of cement.

• To maintain uniform temperature of the concrete.

• To reduce shrinkage of the concrete.

• To preserve the properties of concrete, such as impermeability, durability and strength etc.

2.11 Methods of Curing

• Water Curing

• Membrane Curing

• Application of Heat

• Miscellaneous method

2.12 Curing and its Effects

Curing means the process of hardening the concrete mix by keeping its surface moist for certain period after

compaction. It is one of the important factor for obtaining better strength of concrete. The concrete harden

because of chemical reaction between water and cement. The chemical reaction which accompanies the setting of




concrete depends on the presence of water. The sufficient quantity of water is required to enable the chemical

action to continue till the concrete is fully hardened. Hence the properties of concrete such as strength, water

tightness, durability, wear resistance and volume stability improves with of time. Hence concrete must not be

allowed to dry for a certain period. Good curing keeps the concrete wet and result in optimum strength.

2.13 Testing of Concrete Cubes

Testing of concrete plays an important role in controlling and confirming the quality of concrete work. Systematic

testing of raw material, fresh concrete and hardened concrete are inseparable part of any quality control program

for material used and greater assurance of the program of the concrete with regard to both strength and durability.

One of the purposes of testing concrete is to confirm that the concrete used at site has a developed the required

strength. As the hardening of concrete takes time, one will not come to know the actual strength of concrete for

some time. This is an inherent disadvantage in conventional test. But, if strength of concrete is to be known at an

early period, accelerated strength test can be carried out to predict 28 day‟s strength. But, mostly, when correct

materials are used and careful steps are taken at every stage of the work, concrete normally gives the required

strength. The strength also has a deterring effect on those responsible for construction works. The result on the

hardened concrete even if they are know late, help to reveal the quality of concrete and enable adjustment to be

made in the production of further concretes. Tests are made by casting cubes or cylinder from the representative‟s

concrete or cores cut from the actual concrete. It is to be remembered that the standard compression test specimen

gives a measure of the potential strength of the concrete, and not of the strength of concrete in structure.

Compressive strength is carried to determine the compressive strength of concrete cubes. It is the most test

conducted on the hardened concrete, partly because it is on easy test to perform and partly because most of the

desirable characteristic properties of concrete are qualitatively related to its compressive strength. The compressive

test is carried out on cube specimen of the size 15 x 15 x 15 cm. concrete ingredients are filled in to the mould in

three layers and each layer is compacted by tamping rod for not less than 25 blows or by using vibrator. Same

specimens are tested after 7 days (168 hrs.) and (672 hrs) the days/hrs, being measured from the water is added to

the dry ingredients.

3. RESULTS




4. CONCLUSION

Concrete is the homogeneous blend of water, bond, and fine total, course total which is sets, solidifies and gets

quality. Every single fixing assumes key part in achieving the predetermined compressive quality of cement. The

exploratory consequences of your examination on plain concrete bond with waste metal crush from organizations,

workshops, and numerous others. Planned solid blend having extent as 1: one specific. 5: 3 with portrayed

properties of concrete according to INDIAN STANDARDS (IS) in trial study. Solid floor 3D shape examples are

analyzed for examination of compressive quality. The solid shows superb quality with 45%, 65%, 75%, 85% and

100% by including even only the high schoolers metal squash of mud. This task may assume a vital part in the

further advancement in the field of common configuration. It will enhance quality of bond than the customary force

of cement. The compressive test is performed by pouring this solid consolidate in the common estimated obstruct

out which measures 15x15x15cm. The impact of water solid proportion on solidified properties of bond cement

with including metal squash. outlined blend having extent as 1: 1. 5: 3 with water concrete extent of 0. 42 and 0. 45

separately can be utilized as a part of test study. Solid floor blocks examples are broke down for investigation of

compressive quality.

31.57

33.47

MIX DESIGN OF CONCRETE

M30(REGULAR)

M30(MIX DESIGN




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