A novel cognitive training intervention reduces back pain in middle-aged adults · 2016-05-23 · A...
Transcript of A novel cognitive training intervention reduces back pain in middle-aged adults · 2016-05-23 · A...
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Andrew Hua Tiffany Bullard Jason Cohen
Daniel Palac Edward McAuley
Arthur Kramer Sean Mullen
A Novel Cognitive
Training Intervention
Reduces Back Pain in
Middle-aged Adults
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Prevalence of Back Pain
23.2% global 1-month prevalence
(Hoy et al., 2012)
11-12% are disabled (Balagué et al.,
2012)
Total cost exceeds $100 billion (Katz,
2006)
Back pain results in a 5.3 hr/week
loss of productive time (Stewart et
al., 2003)
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Treating Back Pain
Analgesics (Kuritski and Samraj, 2012)
Acetaminophen
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
Opioids
Massage/chiropractic therapy (Airaksinen et al., 2006)
Surgery/intradiscal injection (Bron et
al., 2009; Khot et al., 2004; Urrútia et al.,
2004)
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Understanding
Pain Treatments
Pain travels along the spinal
cord to the brain
Insula (Starr et al., 2009)
Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
(DLPFC) (Lorenz, Minoshima,
and Casey, 2003)
ACC (Guan et al., 2015)
Patients with chronic low back
pain exhibit significantly less
activation in the DLPFC and
dACC (Mao et al., 2014)
Figure from Bushnell, M. C., Čeko, M., & Low, L. A. (2013).
Cognitive and emotional control of pain and its disruption in
chronic pain. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 14(7), 502–511.
http://doi.org/10.1038/nrn3516
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Coping with Pain
Active coping (Lynn Snow-Turek,
Norris, and Tan, 1996)
Consume cognitive resources
Goal setting
Planning and executing activities
Passive coping
Avoiding challenge
Relying on doctors
Praying
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Rationale
Chronic pain has a
complex relationship
with cognitive,
emotional, and
behavioral components
(Nes, Roach, and
Segerstrom, 2009)
Self-regulatory demands to
exert control over emotions,
thoughts, relationships, and
behaviors
Self-regulatory fatigue
Executive functions
PainTrait
capacity
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CORTEXCognitive Regulation Training
and Exercise
Primary Aim: To test the effects of
cognitive training on middle-
aged adults exercise adherence
Secondary data analysis: Can
cognitive training improve self-
regulation of pain?
2 year study funded by the National Heart, Lung, &
Blood Institute (#RHL113410A1)
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CORTEX – Study Design
Month 0 Screening and Randomization
Cognitive Testing
Fitness Assessment
Psychometric Surveys
Month 1 4 Wk Cognitive Training
Cognitive Testing
Fitness Assessment
Psychometric Surveys
Month 2 Psychometric Surveys
Month 5 4 Month Ex. Program
Cognitive Testing
Fitness Assessment
Psychometric Surveys
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CORTEX – sample
characteristics
Recruited from Central
Illinois: Urbana-
Champaign
N = 133 (79% female)
Mean age = 53.88 years
78.2% Caucasian (15.1%
African-American, 3.4%
Asian, 3.3% other)
72.1% with college
degree
6.7% non-native English
speaker
Initial Contacts:n =453
Randomized: n=133Gaming: n=68Video: n=65
Completed Randomized:
n=117Gaming: n=56Video: n=61
Excluded: n=320
Not meeting inclusion criteria (n=61)
• Too active
• GDS>5
• TICS<21
• Age
• Participating in other exercise
study
• Brain training games
• No internet
Declined to participate (n=55)• Program length/time
• Not interested
Other reasons (n=204)• Unreachable
• Passed and unresponsive
• Inactive phone number
• Partially screened
• Distance
• No MD clearance
• Injury
• No primary care
• Hospitalization
• Moved
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CORTEX – The InterventionIn
terv
en
tio
n •1 hour exergaming
•Xbox Kinect
•WiiFit
•Playstation Move
•1 hour computer-based training
•Dual-task
•Stroop, attention network, and task-switch
•Exercise-related self-priming task
Co
ntr
ol •Attention control
•Health and educational videos
N = 68 N = 65
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CORTEX – exergaming
A theoretically-driven and evidence-based intervention
emphasizing stationary and active dual task paradigms (see
systematic review by Ogawa, You, and Leveille, 2016)
20 min
Xbox Kinect
20 min
WiiFit
20 min
Playstation Move
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CORTEX – Computer-based
Training
30 min
↓
dlPFC
Dual Task
5 min
↓
ACC
Task Switch
5 min
↓
dlPFC
Attention Network
5 min
↓
Insula
Stroop
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CORTEX – Measuring Pain
7 item questionnaire
Headache
Neck
Shoulders
Back
Arms/hands
Legs/feet
Joint
5 point Likert scale
1 – Never
2 – Rarely
3 – Sometimes
4 – Often
5 – Very Often
Pain Experience Questionnaire (PEQ; Fuchs, Goehner,
and Seelig, 2011)
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Plan of Analysis
CFA Overall
CFA 4-item
Group Invariance
Longitudinal Invariance
Configural
Metric
Scalar
Strict
Configural
Metric
Scalar
Strict
LGM 4-item
LGM Back Only
GMM 2 Class
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Confirmatory Factory Analysis
CFA of the complete 7-item PEQ revealed a poor fit of the model
CFA of the reduced 4-item PEQ
Back, arms/hands, legs/foot, and joint pain (arthritic pain)
Χ2 = 4.31, p = 0.116, df = 2
CFI = 0.983
RMSEA = 0.096
SRMR = 0.033
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Longitudinal Invariance
Group
Invarianceχ2 p RMSEA CFI SRMR Δχ2 ΔCFI
Configural 25.555 0.043 0.075 0.967 0.047 - -
Metric 30.908 0.041 0.071 0.962 0.068 5.453 0.005
Scalar 34.763 0.055 0.064 0.963 0.066 3.855 0.001
Strict 38.051 0.077 0.057 0.965 0.064 3.288 0.002
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Group Invariance
Group
Invarianceχ2 p RMSEA CFI SRMR Δχ2 ΔCFI
Configural 5.764 0.218 0.084 0.983 0.038 - -
Metric 7.630 0.470 0.000 1.000 0.061 1.866 0.017
Scalar 9.347 0.673 0.000 1.000 0.068 1.717 0.000
Strict 12.304 0.723 0.000 1.000 0.074 2.957 0.000
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Latent Growth Model
Covariates:
Group
Baseline Fitbit Activity
Injury/Illness
Dropouts
BMI
Age
Gender
Education
Reduced 4 item pain measure
No change by group
Single item back pain
Group had a
significant decrease in
back pain (β = -0.111,
p = 0.002) across the 4-
month exercise
program.
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LGM Results
2.3
2.5
2.7
2.9
3.1
Month 1 Month 2 Month 5
Mean Back Pain at Months 1, 2, and 5
CT Video
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Growth Mixture Modeling
Pre-
exercise
drop
Injury
Or
Illness
Education
level
N-Back
RT
Global
Task-
Switching RT
Digit-
Symbol
Accuracy
Class 1 0.062 0.079 0.751 1168.708 125.763 76.037
Class 2 0.011 0.014 0.232 1069.014 174.412 62.381
p 0.007 0.002 0.078 0.025 0.105 0.001
Class 1 – 90% of the sample – decrease in 4-item pain
Class 2 – 10% of the sample – increase in 4-item pain
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Study Summary
Cognitive training and exergaming
appeared to reduce back pain with no
identified mediators
A decrease in back pain was associated
with better cognitive function
CT provides a cheap, effective alternative
to existing treatments for CLBP
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Limitations
Secondary data analyses increase likelihood
of Type I error
Subjective measurement of pain fails to
differentiate types of pain (e.g., acute vs.
chronic pain; nonspecific pain) and may not
be invariant across subgroups.
Heterogeneous, un-impaired sample
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Next Steps
How large of an effect can CT have on
reducing pain?
Need a measure of change in
function/performance for the
exergaming tasks
MRI scans during pain stimulus to
measure activity in the dlPFC, ACC,
and insula