A NEW WORLD PREHISTORY TO 1776 CHAPTER ONE: THE WORLD IN TRANSITION (PREHISTORY TO 1500s) *********SECTION 1-THE FIRST AMERICANS********* - LAND BRIDGE ALONG BERING STRAIT ALLOWED FIRST IMMIGRANTS TO COME TO AMERICAS FROM SIBERIA (?) * OVER TIME UNIQUE CULTURES DEVELOPED IN NORTH AND SOUTH AMERICA - FIRST PEOPLES IN AMERICAS ARE CALLED NATIVE AMERICANS * MANY DIVERSE CULTURES EVOLVED * SOME ELABORATE EMPIRES AND SOME SIMPLE COMMUNITIES * CROSSED LAND BRIDGE ROUGHLY 20,000 YEARS AGO FROM SIBERIA * MIGRATION STOPPED WHEN LAND BRIDGE DISAPPEARED 12,000 YEARS AGO * SMALL COMMUNITIES FOLLOWED GAME HERDS * HUNTER-GATHERERS WHO LIVED ON GAME AND PLANT FOOD - NATIVE AMERICANS MIGRATED TO THE TIP OF SOUTH AMERICA AND THROUGHOUT AMERICAS OVER TIME * ISOLATION IN AMERICAS LED TO UNIQUE CULTURES * DIFFERENT GEOGRAPHIES LED TO DIFFERENT LIFESTYLES - IN SOUTH AMERICA SEVERAL EMPIRES DEVELOPED * OLMEC-GULF OF MEXICO COAST * COMPLEX SOCIETY WITH LARGE VILLAGES, TEMPLES, AND PYRAMIDS * FIRST MESOAMERICANS TO SCULPT LARGE STONES FOR MONUMENTS * INCA-ANDES MOUNTAINS CULTURE * LARGE EMPIRE LINKED BY 10,000 MILES OF ROADS, BRIDGES * TERRACED FARMS * CARE OF ORPHANS, AGED, SICK * MAYA-SOUTHERN CULTURE THAT ALSO BUILT PYRAMIDS AND LIVED IN LARGE VILLAGES * METALWORK AND POTTERY * CITY-STATES * CONCEPT OF MATHEMATIC * AZTEC-CULTURE SETTLED IN MODERN DAY MEXICO CITY * LARGEST CITY IN WORLD AT THE TIME * GOLD ADORNMENT - NORTHERN (ABOVE MEXICO) CULTURES TRADED WITH SOUTHERN CULTURES AND MAIZE MADE ITS WAY TO SOUTHWEST OF NORTH AMERICA AND MISSISSIPPI VALLEY * NORTHERN POPULATION 1/10th OF SOUTHERN - SMALL VILLAGES AND BANDS - ANASAZI LIVED IN MULTI-STORY ADOBE BUILDINGS THAT SPANISH CALLED PUEBLOS(VILLAGES) IN SOUTHWEST N.A. * HOHOKAM LIVED IN LARGE VILLAGES IN SOUTHERN ARIZONA - HOPEWELL CULTURE - (200 B.C. -->500 A.D.) LIVED IN OHIO RIVER VALLEY

* FARMERS * MOUNDBUILDERS -->UP TO 30 FT TALL - FARM CULTURES LIVED IN SOUTHEST, FISHING CULTURES IN PACIFIC NORTHWEST, AND SEED-GATHERERS IN CALIFORNIA IROQUOIS-AN ALLIANCE OF FARMING CULTURES IN NORTHEAST * MOHAWK, SENECA, ONEIDA, ONONDAGA AND CAYUGA NATIONS - FAMILIES SHARED LONG HOUSES MADE OF POLES AND BARK CONFEDERATION WAS A GOVERNMENT MADE UP OF INDEPENDENT UNITS THAT MAINTAINED PEACE BETWEEN VARIOUS TRIBES (1580 A.D.) * DEKANAWIDA & HIAWATHA FOUNDED * FEMALE CLAN LEADERS CHOSE "CHIEF" FOR LEAGUE COUNCILS - IN SOUTHEAST ANOTHER CONFEDERATION WAS FORMES BY FIVE TRIBES * CREEK, CHEROKEE, CHOCTAW, SEMINOLE, & CHICKASAW * CALLED "FIVE CIVILIZED TRIBES" - ALL NATIVE AMERICAN CULTURES FELT A CLOSE ASSOCIATION WITH LAND AND BELONGING IN A UNIVERSAL SPIRIT - BY LATE 1400s NATIVE AMERICAN AND EUROPEAN CULTURES COLLIDED * EUROPEANS SEEKING WEALTH IN PRECIOUS METALS * NATIVE AMERICANS DID NOT UNDERSTAND ACCUMULATION OF WEALTH END Chapter 1, Section 1 ******SECTION TWO--THE NEW EUROPE********** - THE ROMAN EMPIRE COMPLETED ITS DECLINE BY 550 A.D AND WESTERN EUROPE ENTERED THE "MIDDLE AGES" * A.D. 500-1500 * FEUDALISM DOMINANT POLITICAL STRUCTURE * ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCH INCREASE POWER - MOST OF EUROPEAN SOCIETY WAS ORGANIZED BY THE MANORIAL SYSTEM * MANOR (LARGE ESTATE) OWNED BY A NOBLE AND WORKED BY PEASANTS - SERFS (PEASANTS) WERE BOUND TO THE LAND AND LIVED IN VILLAGES ON THE MANOR - MANOR SELF-SUFFICIENT * CHURCH, SHOPS, BLACKSMITH * CHURCH (Roman Catholic) WAS CENTER OF LIFE AND CLERGY HELPED GOVERN MANORS - THE CRUSADES BEGAN IN 1095 WHEN POPE URBAN II CALLED FOR A HOLY WAR AGAINST THE TURKS(MUSLIMS) TO RECAPTURE THE HOLY LAND (PALESTINE) * LASTED 200 YEARS UNTIL MUSLIMS DROVE CRUSADERS OUT * LED TO EXPOSURE AND TRADE WITH THE EAST (LUXURY GOODS)

- LARGE CITIES EMERGED AS TRADE CENTERS AND PROVIDED NEW WORK OPPORTUNITIES * MANOR SYSTEM DECLINES * FARMING FOR PROFIT INCREASES * TOWNS ON TRADE ROUTES GREW (VENICE,GENOA)BECOMING CITY-STATES - PORT CITIES GREW WITH TRADE (?) - COMMERCE CHANGED ECONOMIES SO MONEY AND CREDIT WERE NECESSARY * BANKERS AROSE AND PROVIDED FINANCE FOR MERCHANTS * MIDDLE CLASS EMERGES - BANKERS, MERCHANTS, MASTER CRAFTSMEN - FEUDALISM DECLINES AS MIDDLE CLASS SUPPORTS MONARCHS RATHER THAN FEUDAL LORDS WHOSE LOCAL WARS DISRUPTED TRADE * TOWNS BOUGHT CHARTERS FROM LOCAL LORDS SO THEY COULD RUN OWN AFFAIRS * IN ENGLAND A PARLIAMENT (ASSEMBLY)IS ESTABLISHED WITH REPRESENTATIVES SENT BY TOWNS AND KNIGHTS * NATIONAL GOVERNMENTS GROW IN STRENGTH THROUGHOUT EUROPE * WEALTHY TOWNS USE MONEY TO PROVIDE FINANCIAL SUPPORT FOR THEIR MONARCHS - SHIPS, SOLDIERS, WEAPONS - DURING 1400S AND 1500s CHANGES LED TO NEW CULTURE THAT EMPHASIZED PROSPERITY, OPTIMISM, AND HUMAN POTENTIAL * RENAISSANCE (fr. REBIRTH) BROUGHT FOCUS ON CULTURE OF GREECE AND ROME WAS CALLED HUMANISM * HUMAN CREATIVITY ENCOURAGED AND NEW ARTISTIC EXPRESSION (REALISM) - NEW STYLES OF WRITING AND PAINTING - IDEAS OF RENAISSANCE SPREAD FROM ITALY THROUGHOUT WESTERN EUROPE AROUND 1500 * 1440 GUTENBERG PRESS INCREASED SPREAD OF PRINTED WORD - STIMULATION OF IDEAS, THOUGHTS - PROTESTANT REFORMATION CHALLENGED AUTHORITY OF R.C. CHURCH *REFORMS AGAINST EXCESSES * COMMON LANGUAGE BIBLES PRINTED * EARLY 1500s MARTIN LUTHER---> LUTHERANS - SMALL STATES OF MIDDLE AGES START TO CONCENTRATE UNDER MONARCHS AFTER BLOODY CIVIL STRIFE * 1455-1485 KING HENRY VII---ENGLAND * 1337-1453 HUNDRED YEARS WAR LED TO FRENCH UNITY * SPAIN UNIFIED BY MARRIAGE & CHURCH - MUSLIMS (MOORS) & JEWS DRIVEN OUT * (LATE 1300s) PORTUGAL FREED FROM SPAIN--->KING JOHN I - SPAIN, PORTUGAL, ENGLAND, AND FRANCE ALL HAD ATLANTIC SEAPORTS THAT ALLOWED THEM FREEDOM TO EXPLORE THE WEST * SEARCH FOR WATER ROUTE TO THE EAST FOR TRADE LED TO DISCOVERY OF NEW LANDS

END CHAPTER 1, Section 2. *******SECTION 3-- MEDIEVAL ASIA & AFRICA****** GREEKS AND ROMANS HAD PROFITABLE TRADE ROUTES WITH ASIA & AFRICA * SLAVES, SILKS, SPICES, PRECIOUS STONES * INFORMATION ALSO EXCHANGED - AFTER FALL OF ROMAN EMPIRE TRADE ROUTES FELL IN DISREPAIR * DANGEROUS ROBBERS * EUROPEAN TRADE WITH ASIA/AFRICA DECREASE - ASIA & AFRICA CONTINUED TRADE * AFRICA- IRON, SKINS, EBONY FOR GOODS FROM RED SEA AND INDIAN OCEAN - IN MEDIEVAL ASIA AND AFRICA ISLAM BECAME DOMINANT RELIGION SINCE 600s A.D. * PROPHET MUHAMMAD'S FOLLOWERS SPREAD ISLAM FROM ARABIAN PENINSULA TO MIDDLE EAST, ASIA, NORTH AFRICA, SPAIN, AND MEDITERRANEAN * EMPIRE OF ISLAM DIVIDED INTO SEPARATE GROUPS OF MUSLIM POWERs --DIFFERENT REGIONS OF DOMAIN - BY THE LATE 1400s MUSLIM INFLUENCE AND POWER WAS CONCENTRATED BY EMPIRE OF OTTOMAN TURKS (TURKEY) * CONTROLLED GREECE & BALKANS - AS ISLAM SPREAD, MUSLIMS AND CHRISTIANS FOUGHT * SPAIN, SICILY * HOLY LAND CRUSADES -SACRED TO CHRISTIANS & MUSLIMS - RETURNING KNIGHTS BROUGHT BACK EXOTIC GOODS * SPICES, SUGAR, SILK, COTTON, DYES, PERFUMES, NEW FRUITS * TRADE INCREASED AND INCREASE WEALTH OF ITALIAN CITY-STATES (?) - LEARNING OF ARAB SCHOLARS SPREAD * MEDICINE, ASTRONOMY, MATH, SCIENCES - ALGEBRA, ARABIC NUMERALS - CITRUS FRUITS INTRODUCED TO SPAIN AS WELL AS ARABIAN HORSE - MUSLIMS ENTERED INDIA AROUND 712 A.D. AND CLASHED WITH HINDUS * SOME INDIANS CONVERTED * MOGUL EMPIRE ESTABLISHED - LASTED HUNDREDS OF YEARS - IN EARLY 1200s CHINA WAS INVADED BY "GOLDEN HORDE" FROM CENTRAL ASIA * EMPIRE OF GENGHIS KHAN SPREAD WEST TO RUSSIA, POLAND, HUNGARY AND AUSTRIA * EMPIRE LASTED ALMOST 200 YEARS - CHINESE CONSIDERED MONGOLS "BARBARIANS" BUT TRADE IMPROVED * SAFE TRADE ROUTES ENFORCED

* COMPASS, PRINTING, GUNPOWDER TO EUROPE * MARCO POLO (VENETIAN MERCHANT) VISITED COURT OF KUBLAI KHAN IN 1275 - STORIES BACK TO EUROPE * AFTER DEATH OF GREAT KHAN IN 1294 MING DYNASTY RULERS SOUGHT TO RESTORE OLD TRADITIONS - 1433 CONTACT WITH OUTSIDE WORLD CUT OFF - MEDIEVAL JAPAN WAS SIMILAR TO EUROPE DURING MIDDLE AGES * SAMURAI (KNIGHTS) WERE FEUDAL WARRIORS OF STRICT DISCIPLINE * SINCE 1100s SHOGUNS (LIKE LORDS) RULED COUNTRY * SAFE FROM MONGOLS DUE TO SEA (KHAN'S NAVY FAILED IN 1281) * TRADE FLOURISHED - SEVERAL AFRICAN NATIONS AND EMPIRES DEVELOPED DURING MIDDLE AGES * GHANA, MALI AND SONGHAI - IN THE 1300s THE TRADE CITY OF TIMBUKTU (MALI) BECAME AN ISLAMIC CENTER OF CULTURE * UNIVERSITY, MOSQUE - EAST AFRICA TRADED WITH ARABIA, PERSIA, INDIA, & CHINA * CITY- STATES LIKE KILWA TRADED GOLD, IVORY, CINNAMON, PALM OIL, SLAVES * SWAHILI A TRADE LANGUAGE - CIVIL WARS IN CENTRAL AND SOUTHERN AFRICA LEFT AFRICAN NATIONS OPEN FOR EUROPEAN CONQUEST END CHAPTER 1, SECTION 3. ******SECTION 4--- EUROPEANS SEEK THE EAST******* - RENAISSANCE LED TO VOYAGES OF EXPLORATION THAT RESULTED IN SHIPS SAILING IN SEARCH OF SPICES AND LUXURY GOODS * EUROPEANS WANTED TO BYPASS OVERLAND ROUTES CONTROLLED BY ARAB TRADERS AND VENETIAN MERCHANTS (MONOPOLY) - SIX COUNTRIES CONDUCTED VOYAGES BUT PORTUGAL WAS A PIONEER * ENGLAND, FRANCE, SPAIN, PORTUGAL, NETHERLANDS,SWEDEN -JOINT-STOCK COMPANIES FORMED TO FUND VOYAGES *SHARES CALLED STOCK WERE SOLD TO RAISE MONEY FOR TRIPS CAPITAL: MONEY USED FOR VENTURE * ALLOWED SMALLER INVESTORS TO JOIN VENTURE * MORE MONEY RAISED DUE TO NUMBER OF CONTRIBUTORS - TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCES ALLOWED CAPTAINS TO SAIL INTO THE UNKNOWN * PRECISE MAPS OF COASTAL AREAS OF EUROPE, AFRICA, MEDITERRANEAN * COMPASS RELIABLY SHOWED DIRECTION OF MAGNETIC NORTH AT ALL TIMES * ASTROLABE AND QUADRANT DEVICES THAT MEASURED POSTIONS OF SUN AND STARS FOR ACCURATE North/South DISTANCE ESTABLISHMENT * CARRACK FASTER SHIP WITH SEVERAL MASTS AND A RUDDER (NINA&PINTA)

* CARAVEL DOUBLE RIGGED SHIP WITH SQUARE AND TRIANGULAR SAILS (SANTA MARIA) - PRINCE HENRY OF PORTUGAL DREW UPON EXPERTISE OF ASTRONOMERS, SHIPBUILDERS, AND MAPMAKERS TO SUPPORT EXPEDITIONS AROUND THE TIP OF AFRICA * PATH TO INDIA & SPICE ISLANDS * BY 1460 (DEATH) HIS SHIPS HAD REACHED CAPE VERDE(WEST TIP OF AFRICA) * PROFITABLE TRADE ROUTES WITH AFRICA ESTABLISHED - GOLD, IVORY, PEPPER, PALM OIL, SLAVES - SLAVES WERE SOLD AS VICTIMS OF WAR (CAPTIVES) BY NORTH AFRICANS * FIRST SLAVES TAKEN TO PORTUGAL IN 1441 * USED IN AFRICAN SUGAR PLANTATIONS * DEMAND LED SLAVE TRADERS TO KIDNAP SLAVES FROM AFRICAN INTERIOR - IN 1487/1488 BARTHOLOMEU DIAS WAS BLOWN AROUND SOUTHERN TIP OF AFRICA BY A STORM * "CAPE OF GOOD HOPE" ANTICIPATED INDIA ROUTE - IN 1498 VASCO daGAMA LED AN EXPEDITION AROUND THE CAPE AND UP AFRICA'S EASTERN COAST * WITH AN ARAB PILOT, SAILED TO CALICUT, INDIA * MANY SAILORS DIED OF SCURY(Vitamin C SHORTAGE)ON RETURN VOYAGE THAT TOOK A YEAR * SPICE CARGO MADE PROFITS 60 TIMES THE COST OF VOYAGE * BAD NEWS FOR VENICE---MONOPOLY BUST! * TRAVELED 24,000 MILES AT SEA - OTHER COUNTRIES STARTED TO MAKE VOYAGES AND WESTERN EUROPEANS WOULD CONTACT ALL CONTINENTS IN THE NEXT FOUR CENTURIES END CHAPTER 1. *****************CHAPTER 2: THE AGE OF EXPLORATION* ************************* *****SECTION 1---VOYAGES OF COLUMBUS***** - THE FIRST EUROPEANS TO REACH THE AMERICAS WERE NORSEMEN FROM SCANDINAVIA (VIKINGS) WHO ARRIVED AROUND 800 A.D. AND HAD SETTLEMENTS IN ICELAND, GREENLAND, AND NEWFOUNDLAND (VINLAND) * SETTLEMENTS FAILED DUE TO ATTACKS FROM NATIVES * SAGAS (LONG HEROIC STORIES) PROVIDE HISTORIC RECORD - IN 1492 COLUMBUS STARTED EXPLORATION OF THE AMERICAS AND SPAIN, PORTUGAL, ENGLAND, FRANCE AND THE NETHERLANDS ALSO SOUGHT AN ASIAN PASSAGE THROUGH THE AMERICAS * COLONIES ESTABLISHED - COLUMBUS BORN IN GENOA, ITALY IN 1451 AND LEARNT CARTOGRAPHY AND GEOGRAPHY

IN LISBON, PORTUGAL * USING MAPS OF PTOLEMY (GREEK GEOGRAPHER) AND ACCOUNTS OF MARCO POLO HE ESTIMATED IT WAS ONLY 2400 MILES TO JAPAN GOING WEST - COLUMBUS SOUGHT SUPPORT F0R AN EXPEDITION FROM KINGS OF PORTUGAL, FRANCE, AND ENGLAND BUT WAS DENIED * AFTER 6 YEARS OF PLEADING WITH ISABELLA & FERDINAND (SPAIN) THEY GRANTED HIM 3 SHIPS - NINA, PINTA, SANTA MARIA - WEALTH, EMPIRE, CONVERTS(Roman Catholic) PROMISED BY COLUMBUS - EXPEDITION LEFT SPAIN IN AUGUST OF 1492 AND SAILED TO CANARY ISLANDS FOR REPAIRS AND SUPPLIES BEFORE HEADING WEST * BY OCTOBER SHIPS HAD GONE FURTHER THAN COLUMBUS THOUGHT JAPAN WAS * OCTOBER 12, 1492 SIGHTED ISLAND OF SAN SALVADOR IN THE BAHAMAS -CALLED NATIVES INDIANS SINCE HE THOUGHT HE HAD REACHED EAST INDIES OFF ASIAN COAST * ALSO CUBA & HISPANIOLA, HAITI, DOMINICAN REPUBLIC - COLUMBUS RETURNED IN GLORY IN APRIL 1493 WITH "INDIANS" AND TALES OF NEW LANDS - COLUMBUS MADE 3 MORE VOYAGES BEFORE HE DIED IN 1506 * DID NOT KNOW HE HAD DISCOVERED NEW CONTINENTS - SPAIN AND PORTUGAL STARTED MANY VOYAGES BECAUSE OF COLUMBUS AND BELIEVED THAT COLUMBUS'S LANDS WERE A BARRIER BETWEEN EUROPE AND ASIA * COMPETITION BETWEEN THEM LED TO INTERVENTION BY POPE ALEXANDER VI (BOTH COUNTRIES ROMAN CATHOLIC) -SPAIN GETS ALL NON-CHRISTIAN LANDS TO WEST OF LINE OF DEMARCATION N-S LINE THROUGH ATLANTIC OCEAN AT 48 DEGREES LONGITUDE - PORTUGAL LANDS TO EAST - CALLED THE TREATY OF TORDESILLAS - IN 1500 A PORTUGESE FLEET UNDER PEDRO ALVARES CABRAL WAS BLOWN OFF COURSE AND DISCOVERED EAST COAST OF SOUTH AMERICA (BRAZIL) * SINCE WITHIN 48 DEGREE LINE PORTUGAL CLAIMED LAND (!) - IN 1499 AMERIGO VESPUCCI SAILED ALONG COAST OF SOUTH AMERICA AND REALIZED IT WAS A VAST CONTINENT * 1504 HIS ACCOUNTS PUBLISHED AND HE IS CREDITED WITH REACHING MAINLAND BEFORE COLUMBUS * GERMAN MAPMAKERS CALL NEW WORLD "AMERICA" - IN 1513 VASCO NUNEZ de BALBOA EXPORES PANAMA AND SEES PACIFIC OCEAN ON ITS EASTERN COAST * NATIVES CALLED IT "GREAT WATERS" * STRIP OF LAND (ISTHMUS) SEPARATES OCEANS AT PANAMA - EXPLORERS BELIEVE STRAIT (NARROW WATERWAY) CONNECTED GREAT OCEANS - IN 1519 KING CHARLES I OF SPAIN FINANCES EXPEDITION OF FERDINAND MAGELLAN

AROUND THE WORLD TO SPICE ISLANDS (INDONESIA) * 5 SHIPS SET SAIL IN 1519 AND CROSS SOUTHERN STRAIT IN OCTOBER 1520 * NAMES "PEACEFUL" OCEAN THE "PACIFIC" * MAGELLAN DIES APRIL 1521, 1 SHIP WITH 18 LEFT RETURNS TO SPAIN 1522 * FIRST TRIP AROUND THE WORLD END CHAPTER 2, SECTION 1 ********SECTION 2--- SPAIN IN AMERICA*********** - IN THE 25 YEARS FOLLOWING COLUMBUS'S FIRST VOYAGE,THE SPANISH ESTABLISHED THEMSELVES IN THE WEST INDIES * JAMAICA, CUBA, PUETRO RICO * INTERESTED ONLY IN WEALTH, NOT PERMANENT SETTLEMENT -CONQUISTADORS (SPANISH CONQUERORS) SEARCHED FOR GOLD AND SILVER DURING THE 1500s AND ENSLAVED NATIVES FOR LABOR * SMALL POX AND MEASLES WIPED OUT MAJORITY OF NATIVE POPULATIONS * BY 1520 SLAVES WERE IMPORTED TO REPLACE NATIVES * ALSO WENT TO MEXICO, CENTAL, AND SOUTH AMERICA - (1519) HERNAN CORTES LED AN EXPEDITION OF 600 SOLDIERS INTO MEXICO FROM CUBA * MALINCHE (SLAVE WOMAN) HELPED CORTES BY TELLING HIM LEGEND OF QUETZALCOATL *HORSES AND WEAPONS GAVE SPANISH AN ADVANTAGE * AZTEC EMPEROR SENT GIFTS TO CORTES BECAUSE OF LEGEND - CORTES OCCUPIED AZTEC CAPITAL OF TENOCHITLAN WITH THE AID OF SOME DISSATISFIED AZTEC SUBJECTS * MOCTEZUMA TAKEN HOSTAGE WHILE THE CITY WAS LOOTED - DIED DURING CAPTIVITY BY CAST STONE - AZTECS ROSE AND DROVE CORTES OUT - IN 1521 CORTES RETURNED WITH MORE NATIVE ALLIES AND LAY SIEGE TO TENOCHTITLAN *CITY DESTROYED AND MEXICO CITY BUILT ON RUINS * SILVER MINES PROFITABLE - FRANCISCO PIZARRO, AN ILLITERATE SOLIDER TOOK 180 OTHER SOLDIERS TO PRESENT- DAY PERU FROM PANAMA IN 1531 * AFTER REACHING CITY OF CAJAMARCA HE TOOK NEW INCAN KING ATAHUALPA HOSTAGE * RANSOM OF "ROOM OF GOLD" PAID BUT KING EXECUTED ANYHOW * SPANISH IMMIGRATE TO LANDS (PERU) TO MINE SILVER AND GOLD - JUAN PONCE de LEON, THE GOVERNOR OF PUERTO RICO HEADED NORTH TO EXPLORE NEW LANDS IN 1513 * SEARCHING FOR THE MYTHICAL "FOUNTAIN OF YOUTH" HE FOUNDED ST. AUGUSTINE AND NAMED FLORIDA FOR BLOOMING WILD FLOWERS AND FRAGRANT PLANTS

* BY 1542 SPAIN SOUGHT TO STRENGTHEN AND SOLDIFY AMERICAN EMPIRE - LANDS TO THE NORTH WERE CONSIDERED INHOSPITABLE SO LEFT ALONE - SPANISH COLONIES WERE ORGANIZED IN A STRUCTURED SOCIETY SOCIAL RANKS: * PENINSULARS--HIGH GOVT AND CHURCH OFFICALS BORN IN SPAIN AT TOP * CREOLES--THOSE BORN IN SPANISH COLONIES NEXT IN RANK (SPANIARDS) * MESTIZOS--NATIVE AMERICAN AND SPANISH HERITAGE (MIXED) * MULATTOES--AFRICAN/SPANISH OR INDIAN/AFRICAN DESCENT -SPANISH USED ENCOMIENDA SYSTEM TO MANAGE COLONIES *CONQUISTADORS GIVEN LARGE PARCELS OF LAND AND RIGHT TO DRAW TAXES AND LABOR FROM NATIVES * ENCOMENDEROS WERE SUPPOSED TO PROTECT NATIVES, TEACH THEM CATHOLICISM AND PAY FOR LABOR - TREATED AS SLAVES FOR PERSONAL GAIN - SPANISH BECAME LANGUAGE OF COLONIES AND CROPS LIKE WHEAT, ALFALFA, ORANGES AND FIGS WERE PLANTED *HORSES, CATTLE, AND GUNS ALSO BROUGHT TO COLONIES *POTATOES, TOMATOES, CORN WENT BACK TO EUROPE-FLOUR DECLINES AS STAPLE - VICEROYS (SPANISH NOBLES APPOINTED BY CROWN) GOVERN THE NEW EMPIRE * AUDIENCIA (COURT) SET UP TO CONTROL VICEROYS AND MANAGE THE CONQUISTADORS BEHAVIOR -FORUM FOR NATIVE JUSTICE - MISSIONS USED TO CONVERT NATIVES TO CATH. AND PRESIDIOS (FORTS) BUILT TO PROTECT THE MISSIONS END CHAPTER 2, SECTION 2 *******SECTION 3-- NEW VENTURES************ - IN 1497 KING HENRY VII OF ENGLAND AUTHORIZED JOHN CABOT TO SAIL THE WEST, NORTH, AND EAST TO DISCOVER NEW LANDS UNKNOWN TO CHRISTIANS * SEEKING ROUTE TO ASIA * FOUND SHORES OF NOVA SCOTIA, NEW FOUNDLAND, AND LABRADOR - BELIEVED HE FOUND ASIA (?) - BY 1570s QUEEN ELIZABETH I WAS CONCERNED ABOUT THE POWER OF SPAIN IN THE WORLD * MARTIN FROBISHER SECRETLY FINANCED FOR VOYAGES TO FIND NORTHWESTERN PASSAGE TO ASIA * ALSO AUTHORIZED PIRACY AGAINST SPANISH SHIPS AND SETTLEMENTS - FRANCIS DRAKE AND OTHERS ATTACK SPANISH INTERESTS -IN 1588 KING PHILLIP II OF SPAIN SENDS THE SPANISH ARMADA ( HUGE FLEET) TO

FIGHT THE ENGLISH FLEET * 130 SHIPS AND 27,000 TROOPS * FASTER ENGLISH SHIPS USING NEW TACTICS ATTACK INDIVIDUALLY - ENGLISH PUSH ARMADA UP TO NORTH SEA AND A FIERCE STORM CRIPPLES FLEET * ONLY 60-70 SHIPS RETURN TO SPAIN * AMERICAS CLEARED FOR COLONIZATION SINCE SPANISH NAVY LOSES POWER! - ENGLAND AND OTHER COUNTRIED PUSHED FOR EXPLORATION AND COLONIZATION BECAUSE OF THEORY OF MERCANTILISM * STATE'S POWER DEPENDS ON WEALTH SO ALL NATIONS TRY TO BECOME AS WEALTHY AS POSSIBLE * COLONIES PROVIDE RAW MATERIALS AND MARKET FOR MANUFACTURED GOODS - COLONIES HELP PARENT BECOME SELF SUFFICIENT - IN 1524 THE FRENCH KING FRANCIS I SENT ITLALIAN CAPTAIN GIOVANNI da VERRAZANO TO LOOK FOR NORTHWEST PASSAGE * IN 1534 AFTER SAILING FROM NEW-FOUNDLAND SOUTH TO NORTH CAROLINA ANOTHER FRENCH SPONSORED CAPTAIN (JACQUES CARTIER) MAKES THE FIRST OF 3 TRIPS TO NORTH AMERICA - EXPLORES ST. LAWERENCE RIVER TO MONTREAL BUT FINDS NO PASSAGE - IN 1608 SAMUEL de CHAMPLAIN FOUNDS QUEBEC ON ST. LAWERENCE RIVER * 1609 HE JOINS ALGONQUIAN AND HURONS TO RAID IROQUOIS (CONF.) WHO BECOME SWORN ENEMIES OF FRENCH - FRENCH STAYED IN CANADA (PRESENT-DAY_ UNTIL 1600s (LATE) * 1673 LOUIS JOLIET A FUR TRADER AND JESUIT PRIEST JACQUES MARQUETTE SEARCHED FOR "BIG RIVER" OF NATIVE AMERICANS - FOLLOWED FROM NORTHERN TIP OF LAKE MICHIGAN BY CANOE TO MISSISSIPPI RIVER UNTIL PRESENT-DAY ARKANSAS - 1682 ROBERT de LaSALLE FOLLOWED MISSISSIPPI TO ITS DELTA AND CLAIMED IT FOR FRANCE (LOUISIANA) * FRENCH COLONIES COMPRISED OF STRING OF OUTPOSTS FROM CANADA TO GULF OF MEXICO -FUR TRADE (BEAVER) * FRENCH LIVED PEACEFULLY WITH MOST NATIVE AMERICANS - LIVED WITH AND MARRIED * FRENCH MISSIONARIES (BLACK ROBES) CONVERTED NATIVES WITHOUT ARMY SUPPORT (REMEMBER THE SPANISH?) - FRENCH PROTESTANTS (HUGUENOTS) FORBIDDEN FROM SETTLING IN AMERICA * FEW FRENCH DESIRED SETTLING IN AMERICAS SINCE ROUGH LIFE WITHOUT GREAT PROFIT - NETHERLANDS WON INDEPENDENCE FROM SPAIN IN 1500s AND WANTED COLONIES TO PROVIDE NATURAL RESOURCES

* FIRST EXPEDITION TO FAR EAST IN 1599 * 1619 DUTCH SET UP TRADING IN INDONESIA * CONTROL OF SUGAR, SPICES, COFFEE, TEA * DOMINANT IN EAST INDIES - IN 1609 DUTCH EAST INDIA CO. FUNDS TRIP BY ENGLISH NAVIGATOR- HENRY HUDSON * SAILED TO NEW YORK HARBOR AND UP RIVER (HUDSON)TO ALBANY - DUTCH SET UP TRADING ON MANHATTAN ISLAND AND NAME IT NEW AMSTERDAM * FUR TRADE WITH NATIVES * GAVE AWAY LAND TO ENCOURAGE SETTLEMENT - WEAK LEADERSHIP ALLOWS NEW AMSTERDAM TO FALL TO ENGLISH INFLUENCE BY 1664 END CHAPTER 2. **********CHAPTER 3: COLONIAL AMERICA (1578-1776)** ********************** ****SECTION 1---THE SOUTHERN COLONIES**** - IN 1578 SIR HUMPHREY GILBERT AND HIS HALF BROTHER SIR WALTER RALEIGH TRIED TO START A PERMANENT COLONY IN NORTH AMERICA GILBERT¡¦S SHIPS LOST AT SEA ON RETURN - IN 1587 RALEIGH SENT 91 MEN, 17 WOMEN AND 9 CHILDREN TO SETTLE ON ROANOKE ISLAND OFF COAST OF N.C. * NAMED LAND ¡§VIRGINIA¡¨ AFTER ¡§VIRGIN QUEEN¡¨ ELIZABETH I * SPANISH CONTROL OF ATLANTIC PREVENTED RESUPPLY UNTIL 1588 AFTER DEFEAT OF ARMADA * NO ONE THERE WHEN SHIPS FINALLY ARRIVED ¡§LOST COLONY¡¨ * CLUE ¡§CROATOAN¡¨ - IN 1606 KING JAMES I CREATED THE VIRGINIA COMPANY FROM 2 COMPETING GROUPS OR MERCHANTS * VIRGINIA COMPANY OF LONDON * VIRGINIA COLONY * VIRGINIA COMPANY OF PLYMOUTH - IN 1606 THE LONDON COMPANY ATTEMPTS A LANDING WITH 3 SHIPS BUT DRIVEN OFF BY NATIVES * SPRING 1607 FOUNDED JAMESTOWN * CAPTAIN JOHN SMITH LED COLONY BY DELICATE RELATIONS WITH NATIVES * MOST OF ORIGINAL 500, COLONISTS DIED SINCE EXPEDITION¡¦S TARGET WAS GOLD, NOT FARMING * RETURNED TO ENGLAND I 1609, NO NEW GOVERNOR UNIL 1611 - LONDON COMPANY LOST ITS CHARTER IN 1624 WHEN KING JAMES I TOOK CONTROL

* NO PROFITS BY 1616 * 1618 REFORMS ALLOW LAND SALES AND REPRESENTATIVES ASSEMBLY * 4,000 SETTLERS ADDED, BUT ATTACKS, DISEASE, FAMINE DECREASES NUMBER - COLONISTS LEARNED TO GROW CORN, BEANS, SQUASH, AND TOBACCO FROM NATIVES * TOBACCO BECOMES PROFITABLE EXPORT AFTER WEST INDIAN SEEDS PLANTED BY JOHN ROLFE (1612) * KING DISLIKES, SMOKING INCREASES - LABOR SUPPLY OF SETTLERS NOT SUFFICIENT FOR LABOR-INTENSIVE TOBACCO * CONVICTS AND HOMELESS CHILDREN SENT TO COLONY TO TRADESPEOPLE * INDENTURED SERVANTS WORKED 4-7 YEARS TO PAY OFF PASSAGE TO COLONY (FREE AFTER) - IN 1619 A DUTCH WARSHIP SOLD 20 SLAVES TO PLANTERS FOR TOBACCO LABOT * ORGINALLY TREATED LIKE INDENTURED SERVANTS (SOME FREED) * 1661 VIRGINIA LAW CODIFIES SLAVERY AND IN 1662 CHILD OF SLAVE MOTHER CLASSIFIED AS A SLAVE * 1600-1850 15 MILLION SLAVES ARRIVE FROM WEST AFRICA (?) - DURING 1660S PRICE OF TOBACCO FALLS DUE TO OVERSUPPLY * MANY PLANTATIONS FAIL & FREE INDENTURED WANDER WEST - MANY HOMELESS GATHER BEHIND NATHANIEL BACON IN 1676 AND BURN JAMESTOWN IN SEPT. * BACON DIES IN OCT., REBELLION DECLINES - DURING 1670s SLAVERY EXPANDS RAPIDLY SINCE CHEAPER THAN SERVANTS * NO RECOURSE BY LAW * NO ESCAPE BECAUSE OF COLOR - HOUSE OF BURGESSES SET UP IN 1619 LEFT IN PLACE WHEN KING JAMES MAKES VIRGINIA A ROYAL COLONY (?) * OVER TIME POWER GROWS UNTIL TAXING PAYS GOVERNOR¡¦S SALARY ¡§POWER OF THE PURSE¡¨ - COLONIES LATER ESTABLISHED IN MARYLAND, CAROLINAS AND GEORGIA * ECONOMIES OF CROPS - 1632 KING CHARLES I GIVES GEORGE CALBERT, LORD BALTIMORE A GRANT OF 10 MIL ACRES ABOVE (N) VIRGINIA * PROPRIETER OF MARYLAND COLONY WITH CONTROL OVER ITS GOVERNMENT * INTENDED CATHOLIC REFUGE, PROTEST INCREASE * TOLERATION ACT OF 1649 - NORTH CAROLINA USED FOR SUBSISTENCE FARMING and NAVAL STORES (TAR, PITCH, ETC.)

- INDIGO FROM SOUTH CAROLINA ENGLISH - GEORGIA (KING GEORGE II) LAST OF 13 COLONIES AND OUTPOST AGAINST SPAIN END SECTION 3.1 ***SECTION 2--- NEW ENGLAND*** - IN 1534 THE CHURCH OF ENGLAND (ANGLICAN) BROKE AWAY FROM THE CATHOLIC CHURCH * PURITANS WANTED TO REFORM THE CHURCH OF ENGLAND AND ¡§PURIFY¡¨ IT BY REMOVING ALL REMAINING CATHOLIC SYMBOLS * SEPARTISTS WANTED TO FORM THEIR OWN CHURCH AND FACED PERSECUTION AS A RESULT * DISSENTERS (PROTESTERS) FACED JAIL, PERSECUTION OR EVEN DEATH - IN 1607 A GROUP OF SEPARATISTS LEFT ENGLAND AND SETTLED IN HOLLAND * IN 1619 73 MEN AND BOYS AND 29 WOMEN AND GIRLD SAILED FROM PLYMOUTH, ENGLAND TO SETTLE LAND IN VIRGINIA THAT THEY WERE GRANTED BY THE LONDON COMPANY * BLOWN OFF COURSE BY A STORM THEY LANDED ON THE MASSACHUSETTES COAST * SINCE NO CHARTER FOR THIS LAND THEY AGREED ON THE MAYFLOWER COMPACT (DIRECT DEMOCRACY) - DURING THE FIRST WINTER ALMOST HALF OF THE COLONISTS DIED * IN THE SPRING A PAWTUXET INDIAN NAMED SQUANTO DISCOVERED THEM AND HELPED THEM TO SURVIVE * IN 1621 THEY ELECTED WILLIAM BRADFORD AS THEIR GOVERNOR (30 YRS AT POST) * ADDITIONAL SETTLERS ENLARGED PLYMOUTH COLONY AND IT RAN ITS OWN GOVT UNTIL 1691 UNTIL IT BECAME PART OF CHARGE MASS. BAY COLONY - IN 1625 CHARLES I BECAME KING OF ENGLAND AND SUPPRESSED PURITANS * PURITANS BOUGHT A TRADING COMPANY AND SIGNED A CHARTER WITH THE KING FOR THE MASSACHUSETTES BAY COMPANY * IN 1630 17 SHIPS WITH 1,000 PURITANS SAILED TO MASS. * ANOTHER 20,000 SETTLERS FOLLOWED IN THE 10 YEARS TO SETTLE DORCHESTER, ROXBURY, ETC. * SETTLERS ORGANIZED CHURCHES UNDER MINISTERS ELECTED BY EACH CONGREGATION (BODY OF CHURCH MEMBERS)

- CONGREGATIONS HAD POWER OVER MEMBERSHIP AND CHURCH DISCIPLINE - THE MASS. BAY COMPANY MOVED ITS CHARTER (& HEADQUARTERS) FROM ENGLAND TO MASS. SO SHAREHOLDERS WOULD HAVE MORE FREEDOM FROM KING * THUS GOVERNOR JOHN WINTHROP TRANSFORMED THE TRADING COMPANY INTO A COMMONWEALTH (SELF-GOVERNING POLITICAL UNIT) - ¡§FREEMEN¡¨ (FEW SHAREHOLDERS) ORIGINALLY HELD ALL POWER AS THE GENERAL COURT UNDER WINTHROP - LAW PASSED IN 1631 GAVE ALL PURITAN CHURCH MEMBERS STATUS OF FREEMEN AND PLACE IN COURT * AS THIS COURT GREW TOO LARGE THE FREEMEN OF EACH TOWN ELECTED 2 REPS. FOR COURT - PURITANS SUPPRESSED OTHER RELIGIONS LIKE BAPTISTS AND QUAKERS * OTHER NEW ENGLAND COLONIES FOUNDED BY GROUPS DRIVEN OUT - IN 1631 ROGER WILLIAMS RAISED IRE OF PURITANS BY PREACHING CONTROVESY - CHURCH AND GOVT SHOULD BE SEPARATE - INDIANS SHOULD BE PAID FOR LAND - PURITANS SHOULDN¡¦T FORCE PARTICIPATION - FACING DEPORTATION TO ENGLAND, WILLIMAS LEFT AND SETTLED WITH FRIENDLY NARRAGANSETT INDIANS * 1636 HE STARTED RHODE ISLANS COLONY ON LAND PURCHASED FROM INDIANS - NEWLY CHARTERED COLONY (1644) WELCOMED ALL RELIGIONS AND GUARANTEED FREEDOM DUE TO SEPARATION OF CHURCH & STATE - ANNE HUTCHINSON WAS DRIVEN OUT OF MASS. BAY COLONY FOR CHALLENGING THE INTERPRETATIONS OF BIBLE BY PURITAN MINISTERS * FOUNDED NEW SETTLEMENT (PORTSMOUTH) R.I. - IN 1637 REV. JOHN WHEELWRIGHT WAS ALSO EXPELLED FOR CRITICIZING PURITAN TEACHING * FOLLOWERS HELPED FOUND NEW HAMPSHIRE WITH EXETER COMPACT (LIKE MAYFLOWER) FOR CIVIL GOVT * CHARTERED BY KING CHARLES II IN 1679 - COLONIES OF MAINE AND CONNECTICUT (1636) ALSO SETTLED * 1639 CONN. HAS FIRST WRITTEN CONSTITUTION (PLAN OF GOVT) THAT PROVIDES FOR REPRESENT. GOVT NOT LIMITED TO CHURCH MEMBERS END SECTION 3.2 ***SECTION 3---THE MIDDLE COLONIES***

- THE COLONIES OF THE SOUTH DEVELOPED WITH TRADITIONS OF SELF-GOVERNANCE BECAUSE OF ENGLISH NEGLECT BETWEEN 1640-1660 * MIDDLE COLONIES ALSO INDEPENDENT - IN 1664 KING CHARLES II GRANTS HIS BROTHER JAMES (DUKE OF YORK) THE LANDS WEST AND SOUTH OF NEW ENGLAND * TERRITORY ALREADY SETTLED BY DUTCH - DUKE SENT 4 WARSHIPS TO CAPTURE NEW ARMSTERDAM - DUTCH GOVERNOR PETER STUYVESANT SURRENDERS AFTER SHORT DEFENSE - NEW ARMSTERDAM „³ NEW YORK - THE DUKE¡¦S APPOINTED GOVERNORS RULES NEW YORK UNTIL 1683 WHEN ELECTED REPRESNTATIVE ASSEMBLY IS CREATED * WHEN JAMES BECOMES JAMES II IN 1685 HE MAKES N.Y. A ROYAL COLONY AND DISSOLVES ASSEMBLY - GOVERNOR HAS FULL AGAIN * WHEN JAMES II IS OVERTHROWN IN GLORIOUS REVOLUTION OF 1688 JACOB LEISLER (GERMAN TRADER) LEADS REBELLION - A NEW ELECTEED ASSEMBLY IS PUT IN PLACE UNTIL 1690 WHEN NEW BRITISH ROYAL GOVERNOW ARRIVES * LEISURE HANGED, COLONY CONTINUES TO ELECT ASSEMBLY - NEW YORK¡¦S GROWTH STUNTED BECAUSE OF IROQUOIS TO WEST, FRENCH TO NORTH, AND MUCH LAND HELD ALONG HUDSON RIVER BY PATROONS (LARGE LANDOWNERS) * NY HARBOR GOOD FOR TRADE * SMALL POPULATION SO NO EXPORT * POPULATION INCLUDED DUTCH, SWEDES, NATIVE AMERICANS, AFRICANS, JEWS, ENGLISH AND FRENCH + OTHERS * DUTCH CUSTOMS REMAIN - DUKE OF YORK GIVES PARS OF HIS GRANTED LANDS TO FRIENDS * NEW JERSEY TO LORD BERKELEY AND SIRE GEORGE CARTERET - IN 1674 BERKELEY SOLD HIS RIGHTS TO QUAKERS (SOCIETY OF FRIENDS) WHO WISHED TO ESCAPE PERSECUTION - IN 1682 CARTERET¡¦S HEIRS SOLD EASTERN JERSEY TO OTHER QUAKERS * IN 1702 BOTH PARTS OF NEW JERSEY COMBINED UNDER RULE OF THE GOVERNOR OF NEW YORK - WILLIAM PENN, SON OF A BRITISH ADMIRAL WON THE FAVOR OF BOTH KING CHARLES II AND KING JAMES II * JOINED RADICAL QUAKERS WHILE A STUDENT AT

OXFORD - PERSECUTED FOR BELIEFS * IN 1681 CHARLES II GRANTS PENN LANDS TO WEST OF DELAWARE TO SETTLE DEBT TO ADMIRAL PENN - PENN¡¦S WOODS (PENNSYLVANIA) - IN 1682 PENN PLANS PHILADEPHIA(CITY OF BROTHERLY LOVE) * RELIGIOUS FREEDOM AND TOLERANCE ATTRACT MANY GROUPS, INCLUDING GERMANS * ¡§FRAME OF GOVERNMENT¡¨ PROVIDED AN ELECTED COUNCIL AND AN ASSEMBLY - MANY PEOPLE HAVE RIGHT TO VOTE * INDIANS PAID FOR LAND * BY 1699 PHILADEPHIA AS LARGE AS NY, BOSTON * BOUNDARY DISPUTE WITH MARYLANS LEADS TO SURVEY BY MASON DIXON (?) - IN 1682 PENN BOUGHT 3 COUNTIES SOUTH OF PA. FROM THE DUKE OF YORK * DELAWARE FIRST SETTLED BY DUTCH THEN SWEDES BEFORE 1664 CAPTURE * PENN ALLOWED LOWER COUNTIES AN ASSEMBLY OF THEIR OWN ELECTION END Section 3.3 3.4-1 3.4 PEOPLE OF THE COLONIES - THE 13 COLONIES HAD SOCIAL CLASSES * MERCHANTS, SHIPOWNERS, AND CLERGY FORMED THE UPPER CLASS - COULD WEAR SILVER BUTTONS (MEN) AND SILK DRESSES (WOMEN & GIRLS) * NEAR THE BOTTOM WERE IDENTURED SERVANTS -UPWARDLY MOBILE SINCE WAGES 2 TO 3 TIMES HIGHER THAN ENGLANS (IN 1600S 13/28 HOUSE OF BURGESSES) - IDLENESS CONSIDERED A SIN SINCE WORK WAS READILY AVAILABLE - BY 1775 ENGLISH PEOPLE (ORIGIN) WERE JUST LESS THAN HALD OF POPULATION * AVERAGE OF 7 BIRTHS/WOMAN IN NEW ENGLAND (MOST BORN IN COLONIES) * PENNSYLVANIA ATTRACTED CATHOLIC/IRISH) SCOTS, FRENCH HUGUENOTS, SPANISH, JEWS, AND GERMAN PROTESTANTS * ABOUT 20% OF POPULATION AFRICAN - IN S.C ALMOST 75% OF PEOPLE WERE SLAVES (RICE & TOBACCO) - MARRIAGE WAS THE PRIMARY OCCUPATION OF WOMEN, FARMING NEXT * IN NEW ENGLAND-STOREKEEPERS, MERCHANTS * ALSO PRINTERS, PUBLISHERS, DRUGGISTS, DOCTORS

- AT FIRST AMRICAN SLAVES WERE TREATED JUST LIKE INDENTURED SERVANTS * INDENT. SERVANTS HAD PROTECTIONS OF LAW * OVER TIME LEGAL DISTINCTIONS MADE SO NO PROTECTION FOR SLAVES - MARRIAGE NOT RECOGNIZED, CHILDREN SOLD FROM MOTHERS, OWN NO PROPERTY, ETC. - IN THE SOUTH SLAVES USED FOR LABOR INTENSIVE PLANTATION WORK * ENSLAVED FOR LIFE, ILLEGAL TO TEACH HOW TO READ - DIFFICULT TO GAIN FREEDOM - IN THE NORTH SLAVES LESS COMMON AND IN NEW ENGLANS REQUIRED TO MARRY, COULD OWN PROPERTY, AND TESTIFY IN COURT * OWNER COULD PUNISH SLAVE, BUT KILLING WAS ACT OF MURDER * QUAKERS AND MENNONITES (GERMAN SECT) DENOUNCED SLAVERY - FREE AFRICAN AMERICANS INCREASED ¡V FEW RIGHTS - EXPANSION OF COLONIAL FARMS LEF TO CONFLICT WITH NATIVE AMERICANS * SINCE INDIANS DID NOT HAVE PERMANENT DWELLINGS, SETTLERS FELT LAND COULD BE BETTER USED - NATIVES DID NOT GENERALLY RECOGNIZE INDIVIDUAL OWNERSHIP * LANDS SOLD TO SETTLERS SOLD WITHOUT AUTHORITY SINCE NO CHIEF HAD RIGHT TO SELL OR DISPOSE * SOME PURITAN MINISTERS ADVOCATED THE KILLING OF NATIVES AS ¡§DEVIL¡¦S CHILDREN¡¨ - COLONISTS WERE ABLE TO DEFEAT INDIANS THROUGH USE OF WEAPONS, NUMBERS, AND DISEASE * ONLY 20,000 OF 120,000 IN AREAS OF 13 COLONIES SURVIVED -IROQUOIS ONLY GROUP TO RESIST - PURITANS IN MASSACHUSETTES TOLERATED NO OTHER RELIGION * QUAKERS HANGED IN BOSTON * MINISTERS, OTHERS EXPELLED - BY 1740s A RELIGIOUS REVIVAL CALLED THE ¡§GREAT AWAKENING¡¨ LED TO RELIGIOUS TOLERANCE - MASS. GENERAL SCHOOL ACT OF 1647 SAID THAT LOCAL COMMUNITIES MUST SET SCHOOLS UP AND THIS DUTY TO BE ENFORCED BY LAW * NEED TO LEARN ENOUGH ENGLISH TO READ BIBLE AND KNOW LAWS * MOST GIRLS NOT EDUCATED * 2 TO 3 MONTHS INSTRUCTION PER YEAR * HARVARD, YALE, WILLIAM & MARY FOUNDED TO TRAIN YOUNG MEN FOR MINISTRY * COLLEGES LATER TAUGHT PRATICAL SUBJECTS

- SURVEYING, NAVIGATION, GEOGRAPHY ETC. - NEWSPAPERS AND BOOKS SPREAD KNOWLEDGE * EDITORS OFTEN CRITICIZED BRITISH - JOHN PETER SENGER ACQUITTED OF LIBEL FOR ACCUSING ROYAL GOVERNOR OF CORRUPTION (TRUE)- ALEX. HAMILITON * FREEDOM OF PRESS ORIGIN - BY 1776 30% OF BRITISH MERCHANT MEARINE WERE AMERICAN * AMERICANS BOUGHT GOODS FROM ENGLAND - ADULT WHITE MALES WITH PROPERTY (CHURCH) PARTICIPATED IN REPRESENTATIVE GOVTS IN THE COLONIES * ALL ELECTED LEGISLATURE (GOV¡¦S VARIOUSLY) END 3.4 END Chapter 3 **************Chapter 4 ¡V THE ROAD TO REVOLUTION (1650-1775)*********** ****Section 1: STRUGGLE FOR EMPIRE**** - England allowed colonies to run local affairs but controlled their foreign trade * Cheap rain materials, market for goods - Starting in 1651 parliament started passing ¡§trade and navigation acts¡¨ * Nav. act 1651 all goods shipped to and from colonies had to be built in England or colonies * In 1660 Enumerated commodities could be shipped to Britain only - tobacco, cotton, indigo, sugar * American ships coming from Europe to colonies had to pay duty (tax) at an English port ¡V ¡§broken voyage¡¨ - Molasses act of 1733 put a heavy tax on imported sugar and molasses * Woolen Act 1699 ¡V no wool exports * Hat Act 1732 ¡V no export of hats * Iron Act 1750 ¡V restricted iron manufacture. * goal to decrease competition from colonies - During early colonial years parliament allowed colonies freedom (policy of Salutary Neglect) * So far away ¡V 3,000 miles (2 months) * Smuggling common since revenue officers officers often sent deputies instead - Two wars fought between Britain and France between 1689 & 1713 for control of North America * King William¡¦s War (1689-1697) * Queen Anne¡¦s War (1702-1713)

* England gains Nova Scotia, New Foundland, Hudson¡¦s Bay Territory - From 1742-1763 two more wars fought between England & France * 1754-1763 French and Indian War - In Europe; Seven Year¡¦s War * 1742-1748 King Georges¡¦s War - Was of Austrian Succession -In 1754 delegates from seven northern colonies met to persuade Iroquois to fight against French with England as an ally ¡V (Albany, NY) * Albany Plan of Union presented by Benjamin Franklin - Plan was to form a council from colonies to levy taxes, raise troops, and control trade * Adopted by delegates but rejected by British colonies - effort hampered since colonists did not want to fight - final battle began in 1754 when French build Fort Duquesne at fork of Ohio River, after driving English fur traders out of Ohio Valley * Colonists sent Virginia militia under major George Washington (age 22) - Ambushed scouting party but later forced to surrender * In 1755 another attack by Br. Gen. Edward Braddock with 1,450 men fails - Many Indians switch to French side due to victories (French less of a threat to land) - French commander Louis Montcalm controlled Quebec and St. Lawrence River until June 1759 when 4,500 English stormed after sneaking up cliffs (general James Wolfe) * Battle on Plains of Abraham - Changes in fortune of British brought by William Pitt as a new minister of war in 1758 * Helped France¡¦s enemies in Europe so forces split (2 fronts) * By late 1758 Louisburg and Fort Duquesne captured - England won war in Europe, Asia, and America * Treaty of Paris of 1763 gave Britain all of Canada and all land east of Mississippi * Repay for losses - France gave Spain Louisiana territory to avoid losing to England - Spain gives England Florida - North America divided between Spain and England at Mississippi River * French lost 150 years of work in colonizing America but was sure 13 colonies would revolt due to discontent! END Section 4.1

****Section 2: Control and Protest**** - In 1763 Pontiac¡¦s Rebellion broke out in the west when chief Pontiac of Ottawa tribe formed a confederacy in Ohio Valley and tried to drive settlers back across Appalachian Mountains. * Proclamation of 1763 ended all settlement to west of mountains * British troops patrolled frontier to protect settlers and Indians from each other * Colonists felt it deprived them of right to settle and ¡§sea to sea¡¨ charters - Land Speculators (resell land for profit, angry at fur traders - In 1763 George Grenville became minister of finance and wanted strict enforcement of laws * Revenue service losing money (4 x revenue) * Required customs officers to go to America - Customs officers used writs of assistance (general search warrants) to search for smuggled goods anywhere * accused tried in admiralty courts - no jury, judge gets a percentage of fine - From 1764-1767 Parliament raised taxes in colonies to pay war debt and cost of empire that was now larger * English wanted colonists to pay costs of defending them and administration - Grenville convinced Parliament to place taxes on colonial imports * Sugar act of 1764 taxed sugar imports from French & Spanish and reduced access to gold and silver coins (specie) - In 1765 Stamp Act passed * Direct tax paid to government for use of playing cards, wills, newspapers, dice licenses and almanacs -1 cent on newspaper; $10 per diploma, paid by specie (shortage) - Colonists protested these new taxes by boycotting (refusing to buy) English goods * Homespun clothing * Nonimportant agreements were promises not to buy British goods until repeal of law - Parliament repealed Stamp Act in 1766 - Townshend Acts put duties on tea, paper, glass and paint (1767) * Repealed in 1770 except tea tax - Grenville sent 10,000 troops with customs collector¡¦s and admiralty judges (redcoats) to strengthen enforcement of laws and intimidate colonial

legislatures * ¡§power of purse¡¨ taken away so power of governors no longer checked - The 13 colonies cooperated to undermine British laws * smuggling continued - 1765 Quartering Act required colonies to provide barracks and supplies for English army - New York and Mass. refused to provide fund ¡V most disobey - Daniel Boone and other settlers cross Appalachian Mountains to settle after 1765, violating Proclamantion of 1763 - Patrick Henry declared England had no right to tax since colonies did not elect any members of Parliament * ¡§no taxation without representation¡¨ * English felt they had ¡§virtual representation¡¨ by virtue of belonging to English empire - colonists used to direct representation - Stamp Act congress met in New York in October 1765 with Reps. from 9 colonies * resolution made and boycott organized * Circular letter (1768) by Mass. legislature called on protest by all colonies * John Dickinson (letters from a farmer in Pennsylvania) promoted unity- ¡§one political body which each colony is a member¡¨ End Section 4.2 ****Section 3: The Breach Widens**** - At the Stamp Act Congress of 1765, Christopher Gadson (S.C) declared ¡§there ought to be no New England man, no New Yorker, known on the continent, but all of us Americans¡¨ * Common identity the result of cooperation in resistance to taxes - Two resistance groups formed to oppose the efforts of parliament to tax Americans * Sons of Liberty ¡V watched shopkeepers suspects of selling English goods and intimidated tax officials * Daughters of Liberty ¡V women who helped boycott English goods by sacrifice and substitution - Mercy Otis Warren published pamphlets in a man¡¦s name - In March of 1770, the same year Towshend Acts were repealed, 50-60 men and boys taunted Redcoats outside the Boston customs house by throwing sticks and snowballs

* Soldiers fired killing 5 men (5 on 5th) - News of the ¡§Boston Massacre¡¨ spread as a symbol of British tyranny - From 1770 to 1773 relationship quiet due to tax relief from repeals * English imports rise from $8 mil in 1768 to $21 mil in 1771 * Some isolated acts of violence during this period - 1771 attack on customs Schooner - Gaspee burned when ran aground - ¡§Committees of Correspondence¡¨ keep contact with each other so resistance is concerted * period of calm ends with Boston Tea Party - In 1733 the British East India Company is granted a monopoly for tea in America to save it from bankruptcy * colonists object because they believe it is an attempt to bribe them into accepting parliaments right to tax * opposition mobilized to prevent sale of East India Tea and ships were unable to sell tea cargoes- some ships turn back from New York and Philadelphia - Governor Hutchinson of Boston orders that no ship can leave harbor without unloading tea * Sam Adams and others do not want tea to land and crowds mill about - Dec. 16, 1773 a group of colonists disguised as Mohawks rush to the wharf and unload 342 tea chests into harbor - Benjamin Franklin and others consider this violent act as too provocative and offer to pay for damages * March 1774 parliament passes Coercive Acts (colonists called these ¡§intolerable acts¡¨ - Boston Harbor closed until reparation - British officials accused of crimes tried in English courts - Redcoats quartered even in homes - Mass. charter amended to decrease representation - Quebec Act (also ¡§Intolerance Act¡¨) passed at the same time to extend Quebec province south to Ohio River * French Canadians use own legal system * Legality of Roman Catholic Church * Colonists dislike since threat to expansion of settlements, trial by jury, and Protestant faith - In September of 1774 56 delegates met in Philadelphia for First Continental Congress * Petitioned King to repeal intolerance acts and threatened to end trade * ¡§Declaration of Rights and Grievances¡¨ denounced all revenue raising and power limiting measures since 1763 which violated

charters - Congress used ¡§the Association¡¨ to enforce boycott in all communities * Told people what to buy, eat, drink, etc. * New York imports drop to $6,000 (1775) from $2 mil (1774) - Colonies also started to organize militias to prepare for confrontation * New England - minutemen - On April 19, 1775 700 Redcoats sent to destroy armory in Concord (Gen. Gage) * Paul Revere & William Dawes ride to alert minutemen along way and 70 lose battle (8 killed, 10 wounded) 1 Redcoat wounded! -called battle of Lexington - After armory destroyed minutemen ambush redcoats on return to Boston (21 miles) * 250 Redcoats killed, 100 Americans (battle of Concord) - News of battles leads to widespread mobilization in colonies * Massachusetts committee of public safety calls for 30,000 men * Militia from all over New England pin General Thomas Gage in Boston - Battle of ¡§Bunker Hill¡¨ fought on Breed¡¦s Hill on June 17, 1775 when Redcoats attack Americans on hill overlooking Boston * Don¡¦t fire until see ¡§whites of their enemies eyes¡¨ - 50 yard range on muskets * Moral victory for colonists since turned back two attacks - On May 10, 1775 ¡§Second Continental Congress¡¨ meets in Philadelphia * Assumes power of central government * Colonies asked to supply troops & supplies for war - George Washington chosen as commander-in-chief * Virginian choice helped foster southern involvement - not just a ¡§New England War¡¨ - American Revolution begins! END Section 4.3 END Chapter 4 **************CHAPTER 5 WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE (1775- 1783)******************** ****Section 1: Foundations of Freedom**** - After the battles in Mass. come colonial leaders like Patrick Henry wanted to separate from England * Most members of second continental congress wanted to remain in British empire but rule selves with own legislatures - sent petition to King George III in attempt to reconcile - King George called on loyalists to charge colonial separitists with

treason attempting to overthrow government) * October 1775, English navy burns port at Falmouth, Maine * December 1775 all ports blockaded (?) * Mercenary troops used to fight for England ¡V Hessians (Prince of Hesse) - In January 1776 Thomas Paine writes ¡§Common Sense¡¨ * Attacks loyalty bond to Britain by assaulting monarchy and hereditary kingship * Advantages of freedom--chosen people! - Americans now divided into Loyalists (pro-England) and Patriots (separation) - Early successes of Patriots support Paine's idea that Americans a chosen people * Virginians expel royal governor * North Carolina militia repulses redcoats * South Carolina attack on Charleston thwarted * General Washington moves 50 cannon from Fort Ticonderoga to Dorchester heights (200 miles) to drive general William Howe from Boston on March 4, 1776 ( plus 2,000 militia) - French smuggle weapons to America but refuse to openly help until independent * On June 7, 1776 Richard Henry Lee (Virginia) introduces ¡§Resolution of Independence¡¨ * July 2, 1776 continental congress (II) adopts resolution and makes it official on July 4 ¡V Declaration of Independence - Mostly written by Thomas Jefferson from earlier works * New Virginia bill of rights, Lee¡¦s resolution, John Locke (social compact), Rousseau (national rights) - Benjamin Franklin revives before it is sent to floor and further revised before acceptance - Four main parts to Declaration of Independence * Preamble (introduction) ¡V why separate * Declaration of rights * List of grievances against king * Formal resolution of independence - Declaration of Independence was reasoned argument that colonies had right to separate * All men have ¡§natural¡¨ rights * Governments are set up to secure rights * Just government has consent to rule * unjust govt loses authority to rule and must be abolished (SOCIAL CONTRACT) * King George is unjust ¡V ¡§He has ¡K¡¨ * Colonies have no choice but to be ¡§free and independent states¡¨

End Section 5.1 ****Section 2: Fighting for Independence**** - In early 1776 Parliament author 55,000 soldiers (30,000 mercenaries) for army * in August 32,000 sent to New York City in 400 transports with 30 warships under Sir William Howe (?) - Offers pardons to all rebels if they lay down arms and accept British rule --> Royal Governors - Washington refuses and army of 20,000 loses New York City until war ends (7 years later) - British army chases Washington through New jersey and south to Delaware River * Force down to 5,000 (capture, death, awol) * Continental Congress; Philly ---> Baltimore - On evening of Dec 25, Thomas Paine¡¦s ¡§the crisis¡¨ is read to troops and a desperate last resort (Jan 1, army gone) battle is started (Delaware River crossing) * Morning of Dec 26 attack Trenton NJ Hessians (1300) under Colonel Johann Gottlieb Rall --> drunk! - 45 mins. 1,000 killed or captured - warning note unopened! - General Howe sends General Charles Cornwallis from NY with 8,000 troops to capture Washington¡¦s army of 1500 * Wash. attacks Princeton and flees Cornwallis in New Jersey * Congress increases Wash. power and send him more troops - Most soldiers served during winter and returned home for spring planting (?) command of 20,000 at most, serving only in region - Congress tried to add troops but powerless to tax and coerce - Congress issued Continentals (paper money) as currency instead of British coins but value soon erodes (no backing) * Robert Morris (PA banker & merchant) pledges funds for was effort - superintendent of finance (1781) ¡§financier of American Revolution - helps move army from New York to Yorktown for final campaign - Respect for Washington was greatest asset of continental army * kept army together by mutual sacrifice - England had strength in finance, army, and navy for supplies but faced skepticism at home * War unpopular in England (Hessians!) * Troops stationed around globe due to large empire (fighting away from home)

- Americans protecting homes and using hit-and-run tactics *spy system crucial - Lieutenant General John Burgoyne devises plan to divide and conquer colonists - backfires leading to French aid ! ****Section 3 The War Deepens**** - In 1776 Silas Deane was sent to Paris to ask for aid in war against England *Secret aid given * After Dec. of Ind. Benjamin Franklin became main envoy (delegated representative) to France - American attempts to capture Canada failed but forced English to divert troops from colonies (esp. NY, NJ) - In 1777 General John Burgoyne planned a 3-prong attack to split colonies and mass in Albany for final battle * General Howe and officer Barry St. Leger also involved but Howe never gets information and captures Philadelphia in September instead - Battle of Brandywine - More blood at Germantown PA, Oct. - Congress flees to York, PA * Burgoyne recaptures Fort Ticonderoga - Progress to Albany slowed by cut trees felled by force of 1,000 Americans * St. Leger slowed by successful ambush of Americans at Oriskany, New York - Washington sends top troops to General Horatio Gates to counter Burgoyne * Militia of New York and New England pour in to defend homes, massing at Bemis Heights - Burgoyne surrounded by 2 x his force and surrenders at Saratoga in Oct of 1777 * out of supplies, no retreat - British ministers now offer rights of self government to Americans if they remain in empire * France quickly signs two treaties with Continental Congress (?) 1) Recognize independence 2) Alliance on favorable terms * French now openly support ! - Winter of 1777-1778 is harsh and nearly 2,500 soldiers die in Valley Forge, PA camp ¡V others desert (awol) * Prussian Baron Von Steuben and French Marquis de Lafayette join army and raise morale with discipline and order - supplies arrive from France and other nations - Declaration of Independence split country into 3 groups

* Patriots --->Pro-Independence * Loyalists (Tories) ---> Pro-England (many Tories fight with English) * Indifferent (who cares) - At Concord, Lexington, and Bunker Hill African Americans fought as patriots * Slaveholders feared free or slave African Americans with guns and in Nov. 1775 all were discharges from Continental army (?) - Royal governor of Virginia promises freedom to any slaves fighting for British * Continental army is directed by Congress to reenlist due to crossing over by slaves - many freed at end of service - Native Americans sided with British due to American opposition to proclamation of 1763 * Weapons provided for frontier attacks and militia diverted to fight Indians * Washington breaks Iroquois confed. and Mohawks and others move to Canada - Women often played key roles as spies and taking care of homes & businesses while husbands at war --¡V helped troops too! - Some women even fought * Molly Pitcher (Mary Ludwig Hays) ¡V Cannon - Earned $50/yr pension for action at Battle of Monmouth, NJ 1778 * Deborah Sampson fought as man with Mass, regiment ¡V Honorable Discharge--->married End Section 5.3 ****Section 5.4: The War Ends**** - From 1778-1781 English move focus of war to the south since could not catch Washington and rebellion not put down in north * successfully trampled VA, SC,NC,GA - The Spanish help Americans ship supplies up Miss. River and officially join was in 1779 * Spanish under General Bernard DeGalvez defeat English at Baton Rouge, Natchez and Pensacola - Enough have to divert from Atlantic - In 1780 6,000 French troops blockaded in RI so cannot enter fray * Army not paid for a month ¡V near mutiny * inflation of paper money * traitor (person who commits treason) Benedict Arnold is caught

trying to deliver fort at West Point to British - English face Irish rebellion, pro-American riots in London, harassment from ¡§swamp fox¡¨ ¡V guerillas under Francis Marion - At Kings mountain (Oct 7, 1780) rebels ambush loyalists and later fight Cornwallis (on his way north) at Cowpens * Forced to retreat at Guilford courthouse in March 1781 * Cornwallis force (southern army) captured when he tried to move to Yorktown, VA * Penned in by Anthony Wayne, Lafayette and French naval force - surrenders Oct 19 1781 - French defeat English at Sea in 1780 and 1781 allowing sea commerce and supply - In 1783 America and France sign 1783 Treaty of Paris * Land east of Mississippi granted to colonies, American independence recognized - England and France changed by American Victory * Taxes in France lead to rebellion ¡Vestates general * Parliament makes monarch a figure head -"SHOT HEARD ROUND THE WORLD" END Chapter 5! *****************CHAPTER 6---A MORE PERFECT UNION ( 1775-1789)********** ****Section 6.1: GOVERNMENT IN TRANSITION**** -As the Revolutionary War spread from Massachusetts in 1775 the royal governors in all of the colonies eventually fled * Congress urged the colonies to replace charters with constitutions - All colonies except PA & GA set up bicameral (two-house) legislatures * Representatives were directly elected by voters of geographic areas * Most governors had one year terms and could not veto bills - Citizenship (voting) was limited to white male property owners * ¡§All men created equal¡¨ leads to questions about slavery - by 1804 all states north of MD emancipate (free) slaves - In the south the church of England was disestablished (no more tax support) -In New England puritans still gave tax support to church and only Protestants could vote * In 5 states Roman Catholics could not hold office - same for Jewish in 9 states

-States openly discriminated based on religion, sex, and race despite Bills of Rights echoing ¡§inalienable right¡¨ * Freedom of press, trial by jury -In 1777 while states were writing own constitutions congress wrote its own legal authority called the Articles of Confederation * All states ratified ii by 1781 - Delays caused by overlapping western ¡§sea to sea¡¨ claims * Six states without claims want west to become public land belonging to national government * MD refused to ratify unless demands met and VA refused to give up its large claims * In 1781 pressure of Cornwallis marching to VA leads to ratification -Most delegates to Continental Congress were wary of strong central government and opted instead for a ¡§firm league of friendship¡¨ among states * Unicameral (one-house) Congress was created in which each state had one vote * Congress could make war, treaties, raise army & navy, borrow money, set up postal system, and manage Indian issues - This Congress was too weak to be effective * No executive branch to carry out laws since power was divided between committees of Congress * Congress had no power to tax or regulate commerce - (1781-1789) Had to beg states for income and only 1/6 of requests for money was received -Members often skipped meetings and treaty was difficult to ratify since shortage of delegates to convene to end Revolutionary War END Section 6.1 ****Section 6.2: THE CONFEDERATION**** -John Adams becomes the minister from the U.S. to England as diplomatic efforts attempt to keep terms of 1783 Treaty of Paris * British creditors could seek pre-war debts in American courts (biased) * Amnesty promised to loyalists by Congress but states still persecute * Treaty violations used as excuse for English to stay in northern forts (fur trade) ¡V Ft. Miami, Niagara, etc. ----- See page 150 for map - American trade suffers as exporters lose preferred markets - Spain claims territory 100 miles north of Treaty of Paris southern boundary * Incited Indians in disputed region to attack American settlers * Control of the mouth of Miss. River allows Spain to limit western trade of goods (lumber, grain, skins) - Western colonists wanted right of deposit ¡V permission to

land goods without paying duties - Spain refuses right of deposit and treaty proposed by Congress to grant free navigation of Mississippi River - Relations with France become strained since French carry debt from aid to U.S. and realize few benefits in trade * government introduces reforms and universal land taxes - Barbary pirates of Morocco, Tunis, Tripoli, and Algiers force American ships to pay tribute (payment) to sail in waters * No protection from English fleet - In 1784 settlers in current day Tennessee create a government called State of Franklin * Statehood denied by Congress so leaders want to secede (withdraw) - Settlers in Kentucky have same desire and Congress reacts with 2 new laws * Land ordinance of 1785 ¡V provides orderly settlement of land north of Ohio River ¡V surveyed and divided into townships (each with 36 sections) - Each section = 1 mile squared (640 acres) for sale at $1 per acre ¡V must buy a full section (speculators could divide) * Northwest ordinance of 1787 declared N.W. territory (see p153) would be divided into 3-5 territories - When 5,000 adult males settled it would become a territory with government like colony * territorial legislature Congress appoints judges and governor - When population reaches 60,000 statehood possible - Personal rights of 13 colonies extended ¡V speech, religion, assembly - Slavery prohibited north of Ohio River -States in the east start to bicker due to Depression (economic downturn), rivalry and weak central government * Boundary disputes erupt and Conn. and PA almost go to was * States tax goods from neighbors * Continentals lose value so there is no national currency (paper money) - states print own money which differ in value and acceptance -In Mass. in Sept of 1786, former army captain Daniel Shays leads group of 1,000 farmers in protest of farm seizures to pay debts from taxes * Courts in two counties closed * Early 1787 they attack Springfield arsenal * Donations from Mass. merchants fund state militia to put down rebellion - Americans in doubt about effective, orderly government for union! END Section 6.2

****Section 6.3: TOWARD A NEW CONSTITUTION**** - In 1786 5 states met in the Annapolis Convention to discuss common problems *Little was done at this meeting but Alexander Hamilton proposes another convention to make National government more effective *Congress calls for a meeting of all of the states in Philly to revise the Articles of Confederation - Date set for May 14, 1787 but it took until May 24 to have enough delegates to proceed - 12 of 13 states present ¡V Rhode Island not present (?) - 55 delegates attended the convention * 21 had college degrees and most were lawyers or judges * Most had helped own state write Constitution and worked in govt - Franklin (81) was oldest delegate * More than half came from Continental Congress * Washington was elected to preside over proceedings „³ Jefferson in France -James Madison was the first delegate to arrive and he came prepared with a framework for a new govt--->Virginia plan -Almost all delegates agreed that Articles of Confederation needed to be replaced since too weak * Could not agree on fair representative in Congress (small vs. large states) - Virginia plan proposed bicameral legislature with proportional representation, not equal (strong national gov't; 3 branch) - Small states feared oppression by large and disagreements broke out almost dooming convention * New Jersey plan presented by William Paterson that would keep unicameral congress with one vote per state and state supremacy - Deadlock broken when committee worked out a compromise over representation ¡V "Great Compromise" (also Connecticut Compromise) - The Great Compromise provided for an upper and lower house of Congress * Upper is senate with equal representation ¡V 2 per state * Lower house is House of Representatives with proportional representation * First of many compromises in Constitution ¡V ¡§Bundle of Compromises¡¨ - Dispute broke out between north and south over slavery * North wanted to count for taxes but not representation - South vise-versa * Compromise reached when agreed on three fifths compromise - 5 slaves count as 3 people for taxes and representation * SC and GA wanted a ban by Congress on interfering with slave trade - 20 year ban on limiting import or duty on slaves

- Compromises allow delegates to form strong central govt and workable frame - The New central govt was much stronger than Articles of Confederation. * Levy and collect taxes as long as uniform throughout states * Regulate commerce between states and with other countries * Coin money and regulate value ¡V 1 currency -Concerns over power of executive branch lead to a single executive who would serve a 4 year term * Chosen indirectly by electors chosen by the legislature of each state -A Supreme Court with authority over all others was created and the govt was given the power to create ¡§inferior courts¡¨ as needed - On Sept 17, 1787 39 of the 42 remaining delegates signed the Constitution * To ratify 9 states would need to approve and R.I. was already against it - state conventions would meet to decide -Many people, including Hancock, Samuel Adams, and Patrick Henry were opposed to constitution fearing tyranny of govt ¡V like England * These were the ¡§anti-federalists¡¨ * Complained const. lacked a Bill of Rights to guarantee basic freedom (negative campaign) -The ¡§Federalists¡¨ who favored the Constitution promised to amend it and add Bill of Rights if ratified * Supported idea of Federalism states and national govt share power * Supported by most of nations papers and printed ideas to support Constitution in pamphlets ¡V also debates, sermons * The Federalist was a collection of 85 essays written by Madison, Hamilton, and John Jay ¡V originally printed in NY journal - Sly work and reasoned arguments by Federalists lead to ratification * NH ratified as ninth state and NY was eleventh by July 1788 * Only govt launched without them END Constitution