A New Worldfordr.weebly.com/uploads/1/0/5/4/...lecture_2_new_world_beginnings.pdf · Factors that...
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Transcript of A New Worldfordr.weebly.com/uploads/1/0/5/4/...lecture_2_new_world_beginnings.pdf · Factors that...
Focus Questions:
1. WhatwerethemajorpatternsofNativeAmericanlifeinNorthAmericabeforeEuropeansarrived?
2. HowdidIndianandEuropeanideasoffreedomdifferontheeveofcontact?
3. WhatimpelledEuropeanexplorerstolookwestacrosstheAtlantic?
4. WhathappenedwhenthepeoplesoftheAmericascameincontactwithEuropeans?
5. WhatwerethechieffeaturesoftheFrenchandDutchempiresinNorthAmerica?
The First Americans � WhatshapedthegeologicalhistoryofNorthAmerica?◦ TheGreatIceAge!
� HowdidpeoplearriveintheAmericas?◦ Thisisahighlycontroversialdiscussion◦ CouldpeoplehavearrivedonalandbridgeacrosstheBeringSea?
◦ CouldpeoplehavearrivedbyboatssimilartothesettlingofthePaciQicislands?
◦ Didthesepeoplesfollowmigratinganimals(foodsources)?
◦ Allofthesetheoriesarepossible!� Whatdohistoriansbelieve?◦ ThepeoplingoftheAmericas,priortoEuropeancontact,occurredoveraperiodoftime.
Peoples and Cultures of North
America
GreatBasin(NevadaandUtah)isnot
suitableforfarming.
Theeasternandplainsareasprovidedmoreopportunityforcrops.
Largestpopulation
centernorthofMexicowasnearpresent-day
St.Louis.
Peoples and cultures of central and Latin America
FirstpeoplestoreachCentralandLatinAmericawerehunters/gatherers.
Agriculturebecamethebasisforthiscivilizationasthelastice
ageended.
Centralizedgovernmentsystemswilldevelopinthese
civilizations.
Thesecivilizationswereverylargeandwilltradewitheach
other.
Truecitiesdevelopbecomingthecentersforgovernment,population,&religion.
Indian Societies of the Americas
§ NorthandSouthAmericawerethrivingregionswhenEuropeansarrived!§ Cities,roads,irrigationsystems,extensivetradenetworks,andtemplestructuresallexisted!
§ FirstcivilizationofNorthAmerica§ MoundBuilders:lowerMississippiRiverValleywhoselifecenteredonaseriesofsemicircularmounds.§ Extensivetradingnetworksacrossthecontinent.
§ HopiandZuni=northeasternArizona§ Engagedinlong-distancetrade§ CalledPuebloIndiansbySpanish
§ PaciQicCoast–denselypopulated§ GreatPlains–huntedbuffaloherds§ EasternNorthAmerica=Choctaw,Cherokee,Chickasaw,Iroquois
Native American Religion, Land and Property
§ Althoughdiverse,NorthAmericanIndiansocietiessharedcommoncharacteristics:§ Religionsandreligiouspracticeswereoftendirectlyrelatedtofarmingandhunting
§ Plants,animals,andnon-livingthingssuchaswaterandwindwereinvestedwithspiritualpower.
§ Shamans,medicinemen,andotherreligiousleadersseemedtohavesupernaturalpowers.
§ Mostreligionsheldasinglecreator–similartoEuropeanreligions.
§ Landwasnever“owned”!§ Indigenouspeoplesdidnotdevotethemselvestoaccumulatingwealth.
European Views of Indians § HowdidtheEuropeansviewtheindigenouspeoples?§ EuropeansQirstdescribedthesegroupsas“noblesavages”oruncivilizedandbrutalbarbarians.
§ Thus,makingthesepeoplesinferiortothemselves.
§ DidEuropeanviewseverchange?§ NO!Europeanssawthesepeoplesasbarbaric.
§ Europeandescriptionsofalackofreligion,ofanabsenceofbasiclandpractices,andvastgenderrelationdifferences=inferior.
§ Menwereseenasweak.§ Europeanstriedtoimposetheirviewsonthisculture=ethnocentrism!
Indian Freedom, European Freedom
� Whatofliberty?◦ SomedescribedNativeAmericansasembodyingfreedomandliberty.
◦ OthersidentiQiedthat“freedom”wasaforeignconcepttotheIndian.
� Whysavages?◦ IndiansdidnotappeartoliveunderestablishedgovernmentswithQixedlaws.
◦ Lackarespectof“authority.”◦ Nosenseofdiscipline.◦ Indigenouspeopleswere“toofree”=theydidnotlivebytheEuropeanideaoffreedom.
The Expansion of Europe � EuropeanshadlongbeenattractedtoAsia!◦ Nicolò,Maffeo,andMarcoPolo(father,uncle,andson)embarkedonajourneytotheFarEastin1271.◦ MarcoPolowroteTravels(hisaccountofthecourtsofKublaiKhanandtheFarEast)
� TraveltotheEastbylandwasdifFicultanddangerous.◦ TheOttomanconquestsofthe14thcenturyledtoincreasedtensionandwarfarealongthetravelroutes.
� Factorsthatencouragedexploration:“God,glory,andgold.”◦ Economicmotive=desireforwealthwasalargepartofEuropeanexpansion.� Merchants,adventurers,andgovernmentofQicialsHOPEDtoQindpreciousmetalsandexpandtradeespeciallyspicetrade!
◦ Religiouszeal=thedesiretospreadtheCatholicfaithtonatives.◦ Adventure/Glory
The Expansion of Europe
Inthe15thcentury,theworldknowntoEuropeanswaslimitedtoEurope,partsofAfrica,andAsia.ExplorersfromPortugalsoughttoQindasearoutetotheEastinordertocircumventtheItaliancity-statesandMiddleEasternrulerswhocontrolledtheoverlandtrade.
� Whatmadeexploration/expansionpossible?◦ Expansionastateenterprise;monarchshadtheauthorityandresources� Bythe15thcentury,Europeanmonarchieshadexpandedtheirpowerandresources
� Monetarily,theycouldsupportambitiousexpansion
◦ Knowledgeandtechnologybytheendofthe15thcentury� EuropeanshadacquiredmuchoftheirnewtechnologyfromtheArabiccommunities.
� Arabnavigatorsandmathematicianshaddrawncharts(portolani)� Coastlines� Distancesbetweenports
� Compasses=showedshipsdirections� Astrolabe=showedlatitude
◦ Seaworthyshipsthatcouldsailagainstthewind
◦ Knowledgeofthewindsystems
Contact � ColumbusintheNewWorld◦ October1492=ColumbusarrivedintheBahamas(probablyatWatlingIslandakaSanSalvador)!
◦ ColumbuswouldcontinuetoexploreHispaniolaandCuba.� AfterColumbus◦ From1493on,EuropeancolonizationoftheNewWorldbegan.◦ JohannesGutenberg’spressspreadinformationoftheNewWorldmuchmorerapidlyacrossEurope!
◦ Columbuswouldreturnseveraltimesfollowedby:� JohnCabot(England,1497)–Newfoundland� PedroCabral(Portugal,1500)–Brazil� NicolasdeOvando(Spain,1502)–permanentsettlementinAmerica
� AmerigoVespucci(Italian,1499-1502)–SouthAmerica� VascoNuñez deBalboa(1513)–Panama� FerdinandMagellan(1519-1522)–circumnavigation
Voyages of Discovery
Christopher Columbus’s first Atlantic crossing, in 1492, was soon followed by voyages of discovery by English, Portuguese, Spanish, and Italian explorers.