A new primer for methods in biotechnology: Carbohydrate Biotechnology Protocols edited by C. Bucke
1
BOOK REVIEW 180 0167-7799/00/$ – see front matter © 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. TIBTECH APRIL 2000 (Vol. 18) 31 Chang, T.H. et al. (1980) Production of monoclonal antibodies in serum-free medium. J. Immunol. Methods 39, 369–375 32 Murakami, H. et al. (1982) Growth of hybridoma cells in serum- free medium – ethanolamine is an essential component. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 79, 1158–1162 33 Jäger, V. et al. (1988) Serum-free growth medium for the cultivation of a wide spectrum of mammalian cells in stirred bioreactors. Cytotechnology 1, 319–329 34 Merten, O-W. (1999) Safety issues of animal products used in serum-free media. Dev. Biol. Stand. 99, 167–180 35 Eto, N. et al. (1991) Development of a protein-free medium with ferric citrate substituting transferrin for the cultivation of mouse–mouse hybridomas. Agric. Biol. Chem. 55, 863–865 36 Radlett, P.J. et al. (1971) Improvements in growth of BHK-21 cells in submerged culture. Appl. Microbiol. 22, 534–537 37 Mizrahi, A. (1984) Oxygen in human-lymphoblastoid cell-line cultures and effect of polymers in agitated and aerated cultures. Dev. Biol. Stand. 55, 93–102 38 Scharfenberg, K. and Wagner, R. (1995) A reliable strategy for the achievement of cell lines growing in protein–free medium. In: Animal Cell Technology: Developments towards the 21st Century (Beuvery, E.C. et al., eds), pp. 619-623, Kluwer Academic Publishers 39 Mather, J.P. (1998) Making informed choices: medium, serum, and serum-free medium. Methods Cell Biol. 57, 19–30 40 Berthold, W. and Walter, J. (1994) Protein purification: aspects of processes for pharmaceutical products. Biologicals 22, 135–150 41 Leser, E.W. and Asenjo, J.A. (1992) Rational design of purification processes for recombinant proteins. J. Chromatogr. 584, 43–57 42 Walter, J. and Allgaier, H. (1997) Validation of downstream pro- cesses. In: Mammalian Cell Biotechnology in Protein Production (Hauser, H. and Wagner W., eds), pp. 453–482, Walter de Gruyter 43 WHO study group (1987) Acceptability of cell substrates for production of biologicals. World Health Organization Technical Report Series 747, 1–29 44 Berthold, W. et al. (1992) Experimental approaches to guarantee minimal risk of potential virus in purified monoclonal antibodies. Cytotechnology 9, 189–201 45 Brown, F. et al. (1999) A universal virus inactivant for decontami- nating blood and biopharmaceutical products. Dev. Biol. Stand. 99, 119–130 46 Josic, D. et al. (1994) Purification of factor VIII and von Willebrand factor from human plasma by anion-exchange chromatography. J. Chromatogr. B Biomed. Appl. 662, 181–190 47 Brady, D. et al. (1990) Purification of monoclonal antibodies for human clinical use: validation of DNA and retroviral clearance. In: Separations For Biotechnology 2, SCI, Elsevier Applied Science, London–New York 48 Walter, J.K. et al. (1992) Virus removal and inactivation – concept and data for process validation of downstream processing. Biotech Forum Europe 9, 560–564 49 Werz, W. et al. (1997) Strategies to avoid virus transmissions by biopharmaceutic products. Arch. Virol. Suppl. 13, 245–256 50 Edy, V.G. (1989) Good Manufacturing Practice in the production of biologicals by cell cultures. NATO ASI Ser. E 156, 147–156 The analysis of complex carbohydrates and their applications in biotechnology have, until recently, been hampered by a lack of straightforward yet definitive protocols that are amenable to most research organizations. Combinations of enzyme arrays and more-powerful analytical and synthetic instrumentation are rapidly changing this situation. Carbohydrate Biotechnology Protocols is volume 10 in the Methods in Biotechnology series and is aimed at the new researcher to this field who needs a set of basic protocols to analyse and/or synthesize the various classes of complex carbohydrates. It largely fulfils this function, and also provides a valuable resource to more-experienced practitioners who require alternative methodologies. Throughout this series, close attention is made to format and style: chapter authors must adhere to the defined format of a brief introduction, a list of materials, a numbered protocol, method notes that enlarge on individual steps or rationalize their use, and finally a list of references. The precise application of a defined format and style ensures the reader can find information quickly, and only the most relevant details are included; this strategy should be used more widely. Many of the chapters in the volume describe the production of complex carbohydrates (e.g. gums, alginates, celluloses and dextrins) either by whole microbes or by the use of enzymes isolated from microbial systems. For microbial transformations, the fermentation and product-isolation parameters are described, together with the key analytical techniques required to define product yields and purity. For in vitro enzymic biosynthesis of complex carbohydrates, the reaction conditions and kinetics become critical, and these are described in subsequent chapters together with the relevant analytical estimates of purity and yield. Besides more common carbohydrates, the syntheses of more unusual molecules with biotechnology and/or pharmaceutical applications are described, for example, fructo- oligosaccharides and isomaltulose (used as artificial sweeteners), sialyl epitopes and nucleotide sugars (used in medical diagnosis), and mannitol or 3-keto-disaccharides (used as excipients in pharmaceuticals). Chapters are also included on the enzyme-based degradation of key carbohydrates, such as hemicelluloses and chitins, and specific analytical techniques such as fluorophore-assisted carbohydrate electrophoresis. Unfortunately, there are few cross references to volume 76 in the series Methods in Molecular Biology 1 , which deals comprehensively with methods of carbohydrate analysis that are equally critical for a successful carbohydrate investigation. Nevertheless, this volume will prove a useful resource for researchers of graduate level and above, with an interest in investigating carbohydrate biochemistry as applied to the fields of biotechnology and pharmacology. Reference 1 Hounsell, E.F. (1998) Methods in Molecular Biology: Glycoanalysis Protocols (Vol. 76, 2nd edn), Humana Press Nigel Jenkins Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, IN 46285, USA. (E-mail: [email protected]) A new primer for methods in biotechnology Carbohydrate Biotechnology Protocols edited by C. Bucke, 1999, Humana Press. UK£79.50 pbk (xii 1 337) ISBN 0 89 603563 8
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Transcript of A new primer for methods in biotechnology: Carbohydrate Biotechnology Protocols edited by C. Bucke
BOOK REVIEW
180 0167-7799/00/$ – see front matter © 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. TIBTECH APRIL 2000 (Vol. 18)
31 Chang, T.H. et al. (1980) Production of monoclonal antibodies inserum-free medium. J. Immunol. Methods 39, 369–375
32 Murakami, H. et al. (1982) Growth of hybridoma cells in serum-free medium – ethanolamine is an essential component. Proc. Nat.Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 79, 1158–1162
33 Jäger, V. et al. (1988) Serum-free growth medium for the cultivationof a wide spectrum of mammalian cells in stirred bioreactors.Cytotechnology 1, 319–329
34 Merten, O-W. (1999) Safety issues of animal products used inserum-free media. Dev. Biol. Stand. 99, 167–180
35 Eto, N. et al. (1991) Development of a protein-free medium with ferric citrate substituting transferrin for the cultivation ofmouse–mouse hybridomas. Agric. Biol. Chem. 55, 863–865
36 Radlett, P.J. et al. (1971) Improvements in growth of BHK-21 cellsin submerged culture. Appl. Microbiol. 22, 534–537
37 Mizrahi, A. (1984) Oxygen in human-lymphoblastoid cell-line cultures and effect of polymers in agitated and aerated cultures. Dev.Biol. Stand. 55, 93–102
38 Scharfenberg, K. and Wagner, R. (1995) A reliable strategy for the achievement of cell lines growing in protein–free medium. In: Animal Cell Technology: Developments towards the 21st Century(Beuvery, E.C. et al., eds), pp. 619-623, Kluwer Academic Publishers
39 Mather, J.P. (1998) Making informed choices: medium, serum, andserum-free medium. Methods Cell Biol. 57, 19–30
40 Berthold, W. and Walter, J. (1994) Protein purification: aspects ofprocesses for pharmaceutical products. Biologicals 22, 135–150
41 Leser, E.W. and Asenjo, J.A. (1992) Rational design of purificationprocesses for recombinant proteins. J. Chromatogr. 584, 43–57
42 Walter, J. and Allgaier, H. (1997) Validation of downstream pro-cesses. In: Mammalian Cell Biotechnology in Protein Production (Hauser, H.and Wagner W., eds), pp. 453–482, Walter de Gruyter
43 WHO study group (1987) Acceptability of cell substrates for productionof biologicals. World Health Organization Technical Report Series 747, 1–29
44 Berthold, W. et al. (1992) Experimental approaches to guaranteeminimal risk of potential virus in purified monoclonal antibodies.Cytotechnology 9, 189–201
45 Brown, F. et al. (1999) A universal virus inactivant for decontami-nating blood and biopharmaceutical products. Dev. Biol. Stand. 99,119–130
46 Josic, D. et al. (1994) Purification of factor VIII and von Willebrandfactor from human plasma by anion-exchange chromatography. J. Chromatogr. B Biomed. Appl. 662, 181–190
47 Brady, D. et al. (1990) Purification of monoclonal antibodies forhuman clinical use: validation of DNA and retroviral clearance. In: Separations For Biotechnology 2, SCI, Elsevier Applied Science,London–New York
48 Walter, J.K. et al. (1992) Virus removal and inactivation – conceptand data for process validation of downstream processing. BiotechForum Europe 9, 560–564
49 Werz, W. et al. (1997) Strategies to avoid virus transmissions by biopharmaceutic products. Arch. Virol. Suppl. 13, 245–256
50 Edy, V.G. (1989) Good Manufacturing Practice in the productionof biologicals by cell cultures. NATO ASI Ser. E 156, 147–156
The analysis of complexcarbohydrates and their applicationsin biotechnology have, untilrecently, been hampered by a lack of straightforward yetdefinitive protocols that areamenable to most researchorganizations. Combinations ofenzyme arrays and more-powerfulanalytical and syntheticinstrumentation are rapidlychanging this situation. CarbohydrateBiotechnology Protocols is volume 10in the Methods in Biotechnologyseries and is aimed at the newresearcher to this field who needs a set of basic protocols to analyseand/or synthesize the variousclasses of complex carbohydrates. It largely fulfils this function, andalso provides a valuable resource tomore-experienced practitioners whorequire alternative methodologies.
Throughout this series, closeattention is made to format andstyle: chapter authors must adhereto the defined format of a briefintroduction, a list of materials, anumbered protocol, method notesthat enlarge on individual steps
or rationalize their use, and finallya list of references. The preciseapplication of a defined format andstyle ensures the reader can findinformation quickly, and only themost relevant details are included;this strategy should be used morewidely.
Many of the chapters in thevolume describe the production ofcomplex carbohydrates (e.g. gums,alginates, celluloses and dextrins)either by whole microbes or bythe use of enzymes isolated frommicrobial systems. For microbialtransformations, the fermentationand product-isolation parametersare described, together with thekey analytical techniques requiredto define product yields and purity.
For in vitro enzymic biosynthesisof complex carbohydrates, thereaction conditions and kineticsbecome critical, and these aredescribed in subsequent chapterstogether with the relevantanalytical estimates of purity andyield. Besides more commoncarbohydrates, the syntheses ofmore unusual molecules with
biotechnology and/orpharmaceutical applications aredescribed, for example, fructo-oligosaccharides and isomaltulose(used as artificial sweeteners), sialylepitopes and nucleotide sugars (usedin medical diagnosis), and mannitolor 3-keto-disaccharides (used asexcipients in pharmaceuticals).
Chapters are also included onthe enzyme-based degradation of key carbohydrates, such ashemicelluloses and chitins, andspecific analytical techniques suchas fluorophore-assisted carbohydrateelectrophoresis. Unfortunately,there are few cross references tovolume 76 in the series Methods inMolecular Biology1, which dealscomprehensively with methods ofcarbohydrate analysis that are equallycritical for a successful carbohydrateinvestigation. Nevertheless, thisvolume will prove a usefulresource for researchers of graduatelevel and above, with an interest in investigating carbohydratebiochemistry as applied to thefields of biotechnology andpharmacology.
Reference1 Hounsell, E.F. (1998) Methods in
Molecular Biology: Glycoanalysis Protocols(Vol. 76, 2nd edn), Humana Press
Nigel JenkinsLilly Research Laboratories,
Indianapolis, IN 46285, USA. (E-mail: [email protected])
A new primer for methods in biotechnology
Carbohydrate Biotechnology Protocolsedited by C. Bucke, 1999, Humana Press.
UK£79.50 pbk (xii 1 337) ISBN 0 89 603563 8
