A New National Identity and The Age of Jackson. Chapter 9 RUSH-BAGOT AGREEMENT Spring 1817 U.S. and...
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Transcript of A New National Identity and The Age of Jackson. Chapter 9 RUSH-BAGOT AGREEMENT Spring 1817 U.S. and...
A New National Identity and The Age of Jackson
Chapter 9RUSH-BAGOT AGREEMENT Spring 1817 U.S. and British Canada wanted to keep their navies and
fishing rights on the Great Lakes after the War of 1812Limited naval power on the Great Lakes for both the U.S. and
British Canada
CONVENTION OF 1818 Set the border between the U.S. and Canada at 49⁰N
latitude as far west as the Rocky Mountains Both countries agreed to occupy the Pacific Northwest
together
JAMES MONROE 5th President of the U.S. Elected in 1816 Sent troops to secure the U.S.-Spanish Florida border Seminole tribe raided U.S. settlements and helped runaway slavesTroops led by general Andrew Jackson Jackson’s troops invaded Florida → led to the First Seminole War
ADAMS-ONIS TREATY Jackson’s presence in Florida convinced the Spanish to negotiate 1819 – treaty settled all border disputes between U.S. and Spain Spain gave East Florida to the U.S.U.S. gave up claims to modern-day Texas
SIMON BOLIVAR 1820s - led struggles for independence in Latin AmericaMonroe grew worried that European powers might want to
colonize new Latin American countries
MONROE DOCTRINE December 2, 1823 – document protected American interests U.S. would not interfere in European wars or conflicts Western Hemisphere off-limits to colonization by foreign powers (Latin America
was in U.S.’s sphere of influence) If Europe tried to colonize land in the Western Hemisphere, the U.S. would
consider it to be a hostile act
NATIONALISM Feelings of pride and loyalty to a nation
AMERICAN SYSTEM Representative Henry Clay (Kentucky) believed a strong national economy
would boost morale Developed a plan designed to make the U.S. more self-sufficient:National bank that would provide a single currency to make interstate
trade easier and to finance roads and canals
HENRY CLAY (To fuel your nightmares)
CUMBERLAND ROAD Congress agreed with Clay and invested in road building 1815 - This road was the first road built by the federal
government It ran from Maryland to West Virginia
ERIE CANAL 1817 – man-made waterway that ran from Albany to Buffalo, NYBritish, German, and Irish immigrants dug the entire canal by hand using
shovels Allowed goods and people to move between NYC and towns on Lake Erie Canal-building boomed across the nation
ERA OF GOOD FEELINGS1815 to 1825Time of peace, pride, and progressNational unity and power of the federal government strengthened by 2
Supreme Court cases:McCulloch v. Maryland – implied powers allowed Congress to create a
national bank Gibbons v. Ogden – states could not prevent the federal government from
regulating interstate trade
SECTIONALISM Disagreements between the different regions of the country Missouri applied to enter the Union as a slave state Union had 11 free states and 11 slave states Another slave state would have made the South stronger in
the Senate
MISSOURI COMPROMISEMissouri would enter the Union as a slave state Maine would join as a free state Equal balance between free and slave states was maintainedSlavery would be prohibited (not allowed) in any new territories or states
for north of 36⁰30' latitude (Missouri’s southern border)
ELECTION OF 1824Andrew Jackson won the most popular votes but not enough
electoral votes to take officeThe House of Representatives had to choose the winner John Quincy Adams was chosen as the 6th President Jackson’s supporters claimed that Adams made a corrupt
bargain with Clay
Chapter 10HOPE FOR CHANGEMany Americans felt power was held too strongly by a
small amount of wealthy Small farmers, frontier settlers, and slaveholders backed
War of 1812 hero, Andrew Jackson They believed he would defend the rights of the common
people and slave owners
JACKSONIAN DEMOCRACY Period of expanding democracy in the 1820s and 1830sMore white males were granted suffrage (the right to
vote); people became more involved in politicsBUT free blacks were excluded from voting Nominating conventions – political party members
choose party’s candidates
ELECTION OF 1828Jackson’s supporters formed the Democratic Party People who backed John Quincy Adams formed the
National Republican Party Jackson won the election of 1828 and became our 7th
President John C. Calhoun was his VP
SPOILS SYSTEM Practice of giving government jobs to political supporters Jackson rewarded some of his supporters with
government jobs
THREE REGIONS EMERGE NORTH SOUTH WEST
•Economy based on manufacturing•Supported tariffs so American goods could compete with British goods
•Economy based on agriculture •Opposed tariffs since they increased cost of imported goods (made European traders angry)•Tariff of Abominations - Congress placed a high tariff on imports – this made Southerners angry and increased sectionalism
•Needed internal improvements such as roads and water transportation•Supported policies that would boost farming economy and encourage further settlement
STATES’ RIGHTS DOCTRINE John C. Calhoun wrote the South Carolina Exposition and
Protest Congress should not favor one state over another Doctrine said since states formed the federal
government, federal government should have less power
NULLIFICATION CRISISCalhoun believed that states had the right to nullify (reject) and federal
law they judged to be unconstitutional Daniel Webster argued welfare of nation should override concerns of
individual statesSouth Carolina passed the Nullification Act SC threatened to leave the Union if the federal government collected tariff
duties Jackson and Congress passed the Force Bill which would allow the
President to use the army to put down a rebellion
JACKSON ATTACKS THE BANKJackson did not always support greater federal power He opposed the Second Bank of the U.S. (1816)He believed it was unconstitutional – states should have
the power to control banking system
McCULLOCH VS. MARYLANDMaryland tried to pass a tax that would limit the National
Bank’s operations James McCulloch (cashier of the Bank in Maryland) refused to
pay Supreme court decided the National Bank WAS constitutional
WHIG PARTY Political party formed in 1834 Favored a weak president and a strong Congress1837 – Martin Van Buren (Democratic Party) became our
8th President since the Whigs could not agree on a candidate
PANIC OF 1837 Nation faced a severe economic depressionPeople blamed Van Buren BUT Jackson’s banking policies did contribute to
the panic by causing inflation by having states print an oversupply of paper state-bank notes
1840 – Whigs united, and William Henry Harrison (Whig Party) became our 9th President
INDIAN REMOVAL ACT 1830 – Congress authorized the removal of Native Americans
who lived east of the Mississippi River to lands in the West Native Americans relocated to Indian Territory (present-day
Oklahoma) Bureau of Native American Affairs set up by Congress to
manage Indian removal
CHEROKEE RESISTANCE Many Cherokee Indians adopted white culture to protect themselves BUT when gold was found on their land in Georgia, militia attacked townsCherokee sued the state Worcester v. Georgia – Supreme Court ruled that the Cherokee nation was
independent of Georgia’s laws, but not the federal governmentGeorgia ignored the ruling, and Jackson took no action to enforce it
TRAIL OF TEARS 1838 – President Jackson authorized American troops to remove all
Cherokee and relocate them to the Indian Territory Cherokee were forced to march for 800 miles They suffered from hunger, disease, and harsh weather One-fourth of 18,000 Cherokee died
OTHER NATIVE AMERICAN RESISTANCE Black Hawk led Fox and Sauk Indians in Illinois against U.S.
officials, but were forced to leave by 1850 Osceola led Seminole forces and fought against American
military 4,000 Seminole were killed, but eventually American forces
gave up fighting