A New NationA New NationExpansion and ChangeExpansion and Change

- Create Court system- Judiciary act of 1789- federal courts, district courts, appeals

- George Washington- Organize Executive branch- Department of State, Dept of War, Dept of Treasury- cabinet-advisors of pres.- Hamilton (strong gov, federalist) vs. Jefferson (weak gov,

democrat-Republicans)- loose vs. strict interpretation of Constitution- 1st political parties

- Whiskey Rebellion- challenge power of govt, govt held strong

- Pres avoids foreign conflict- Britain, France- French insult us XYZ affair, treat us as 2nd rank govt.

• 2nd pres- John Adams• People continue to Move west, fight natives

1800 - Jeffersonian Era (3rd pres)-– Republicanism- smaller govt.

1803 Marbury vs. Madison- Judicial Review- determine if laws are unconstitutional

1803 Louisiana Purchase- - Louisiana given to France 1800 by Spain, Napoleon sells to us to make British mad,

pay for his war, 15 million $

1804- Lewis and Clark- explore

1806 new territory, St. Louis- Pacific Coast

War of 1812- War of 1812- – Reason- Impressment- take US ships, men- force into

Royal Navy- British supplying Natives with weapons, want to prove themselves, want Canada

– Battles- Canada, Lake Erie, New Orleans, Washington DC- no winner decide not to fight

– Outcomes- no more federalist, growth in Industry, confirms US as Independent nation

Foreign Policy- 1810-1820’s-• US foreign policy- establish northern border, reduce

tensions with Canada (Britain) in Great Lakes, share Oregon, gains Florida from Spanish.

• Monroe (pres) Doctrine- 1823- European powers not interfere in Americas, US won’t interfere in Europe

• Industrialization- growth of water, steam powered machines, factories (early 1800s)– New England- depends of Shipping and trade– Northwest farmers- sell crops to cities, buy

manufactured goods• Agriculture- South

– Invention of Cotton Gin, 1793- sort out seeds, makes cotton profitable

– More slaves needed to grow more cotton- Slavery spreads west in the South- North begins to outlaw slavery

• American System- unite economies-country self sufficient- goods to south and west- food and raw materials to north (after War of 1812)– Protective tariff- make US products cheaper than

Europe’s– National bank- common currency– Improve transportation- roads, canals

Tensions in North and South • Missouri Compromise 1820- conflict over admitting new

states- slave vs. free- balance in Senate- agree to add one slave and one free- line drawn- below slave, above free

• Protective tariffs hurt South cotton exports- Nullification crisis- try to nullify tax (state declare law null in void, no good) threaten to leave union- states can’t nullify a law- agree to reduce tax

Government changes• Adams vs. Jackson- Jacksonian Democracy- common

person source of American strength (1820s)– Split of Democrats and Republicans – Less voting restrictions– Spoils system- pres. appointees serve 4 years, replaced

by new pres• National Bank ended- reduce govt interference in economy,

hurts economy, bank panic/closure

Manifest DestinyManifest Destiny• Native American Removal- 1830- Indian Removal Act- $

to negotiate treaties- Cherokee won in Supreme Court but ruling was ignored- Indians pushed west

Expansion fever- 1840’s• Economics- search for land- economic problems in east• Native Troubles- agree to give natives plains in

exchange for not attacking settlers moving through- whites move into plains anyway

• Santa Fe trial- Missouri-New Mexico and back- traders exchange goods

• Oregon trail- first by Missionaries, followed by settlers, took months, many hardships

• Mormon migration- to avoid persecution move to Utah

Texas IndependenceTexas Independence

1820’s-30s few Mexican settlers, trade more w/ US, cheap land bought by Americans – 1830- problems grow, Mexico tries to stop US settlers

more come, high taxes on trade- Austin imprisoned when visiting Mexico

– 1836- Santa Anna- troops to Texas, fight at the Alamo, US settlers defeated

– 1836- Texans defeat Santa Anna, declare independence, - Sam Houston elected president

– 1845- Texas joins US- slave vs. free states tension continues

War with Mexico- 1846War with Mexico- 1846– Texas- Mexico border dispute-

• US tries to buy territory $25 million, Mexico ignores US, • troops sent to Rio Grande Border• Americans killed, Congress declares war even though many against it

– New Mexico willing to join US- no shots fired– California- rebels declare Independence, join US, Mexican

forces retreat– US marches into Mexico and Mexico city, total defeat

1848 Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo- border established at Rio Grande, lost New Mexico, Arizona, California- US paid Mexico 15 million-10 million more 5 years later to move border south

1849California Gold Rush- Gold at Sutter’s mill, Sacramento, Ca- people rush to mine gold from US, Asia, Europe, SA- California population, economy booms

ExpansionExpansion

ReformReform

1800-1830s 2nd Great Awakening- religious revivals- many join churches– some challenge church– African American churches also grew

• Abolitionists grow– 1835- American Anti-slavery Society– Frederick Douglas- educated, escaped slave,

abolition without violence– Turner’s Rebellion- slaves fight back

Women’s movement- Women’s movement-

– Participate in abolition movement, temperance

– Open institutions of higher learning– Elizabeth Cady Stanton- – 1848- Seneca Falls women’s convention-

beginning of women’s fight for suffrage (right to vote)

– Sojourner Truth- (African- America