A New Birth of Freedom, 1862-1865 (c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved Chapter 16.
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Transcript of A New Birth of Freedom, 1862-1865 (c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved Chapter 16.
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A New Birth of Freedom, 1862-1865
(c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved
Chapter 16Chapter 16
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Slavery and the War
• At outset: both Union and Confederate leaders tried to keep the issue of slavery out of the war– South: if slavery is an issue, Southern non-
slaveholders would not be committed to cause– North: if slavery is an issue, Democrats and
border-state Unionists would not fight
• Frederick Douglass
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The “Contrabands”
• As Union forces moved into the South, many slaves fled on foot over to Union lines
• Most Union commanders allowed escaped slaves to enter their camps– General Benjamin Butler– Slaves considered “contraband of war”
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The Border States
• Freemont frees slaves of Missouri rebels, Lincoln hastily countermands that
• Lincoln’s offer of “compensated emancipation” to the border states– Congressional resolution offering federal
compensation to states that voluntarily abolished slavery
– Border states rejected Lincoln’s ultimatum
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The Decision for Emancipation
• Pushed by other Republicans and field commanders• Compromise with border states was futile• Lincoln: prepared his Emancipation Proclamation• Peace Democrats
– “Copperheads”
• Cabinet supports Lincoln almost unanimously
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New Calls for Troops
• Lincoln called for 300,000 new 3-year volunteers for the army
• Suspension of the writ of habeas corpus– Rioters and antiwar activists arrested
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The Battle of Antietam
• George B. McClellan– Union soldiers found copy of Lee’s orders– A cautious leader
• Robert E. Lee
• Sharpsburg, Maryland– Union forces outnumbered Confederates– 23,000 casualties in total
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The Emancipation Proclamation
• Lincoln portrayed emancipation as a means to saving the Union
• Did not go into effect until 1-1-1863
• Only freed slaves in areas under rebellion– Excluded states that did not secede– Excluded states that were occupied already-
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A Winter of Discontent
• Ambrose E. Burnside– Fredericksburg, Va.
• Ulysses S. Grant and William T. Sherman– Vicksburg, MS
• William S. Rosecrans vs. Braxton Bragg– Stones River (Murfreesboro)
• Joseph Hooker
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The Rise of the Copperheads
• Lincoln’s support waned significantly in winter, 1863
• Clement L. Vallandigham, of Ohio– Powerful Peace Democratic spokesman
– Arrested and convicted for treason and aiding and abetting the enemy
– Banished to the Confederacy for his sentence
– Runs for governor of Ohio from exile in Canada, but loses
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Economic Problems in the South
• South suffered from food shortages and hyperinflation
• Richmond Bread Riot (1863)
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The Wartime Draft and Class Tensions
• Confederate draft– Paid substitutes– Twenty Negro Law– “rich man’s war, poor man’s fight”
• Union draft– Bounty jumpers– Substitutes– Democrats inflame tensions over draft– New York City Draft Riot (1863)
• Class tensions
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A Poor Man’s Fight?
• Property, excise and income taxes required for war efforts weighed more on the wealthy than the poor
• Wealthy southerners lost more than poor• Southern planter class and northern middle
class volunteered in high numbers• Substitution in the Confederacy• Commutation fees
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Blueprint for Modern America
• 37th Congress– Homestead Act – Morrill Land-Grant College Act – Pacific Railroad Act
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Women and the War
• Female casualties• Clerical jobs open to women in the north• Clara Barton• Women’s Central Association for Relief
– Dr. Elizabeth Blackwell– United States Sanitary Commission
• National Woman Suffrage Association– Elizabeth Cady Stanton– Susan B. Anthony
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The Battle of Chancellorsville
• Army of the Potomac
• Army of Northern Virginia– Won battle– Lost “Stonewall” Jackson
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The Gettysburg Campaign
• Lee invades north June 1863• Lee’s forces meet Union army under George
Gordon Meade 7-1-1863• James Longstreet• Lee orders attacks on union flanks, they fail • “Pickett’s Charge”: attack in the center, it fails• Lee retreats 7-4-1863
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The Vicksburg Campaign
• Grant’s campaign and control of the Mississippi River
• Joseph Johnston– Confederate leader– Surrendered Vicksburg 7-4-1863
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Chickamauga and Chattanooga
• Confederates abandon Knoxville and Chattanooga, losing only East-West rail link
• Chickamauga: Confederate ambush
• Lookout Mountain and Missionary Ridge
• Grant appoint general-in-chief of union army
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Black Men in Blue
• Frederick Douglass– Blacks fighting for union would guarantee
citizenship
• Field commanders start forming Black regiments from slaves they freed– Non-combat roles– Paid less than whites– Officers were white
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Black Men in Combat
• Port Hudson
• Milliken’s Bend
• 54th Massachusetts Infantry– Robert Gould Shaw
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Emancipation Confirmed
• 1863 elections endorse Emancipation
• Thirteenth Amendment– Final Congressional passage after 1864
elections– Ratified by states December 1865
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The Year of Decision
• Southern defeatism
• Political uncertainty in the Confederacy– Hostility towards Davis administration
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Out of the Wilderness
• Spring of 1864: renewed determination in the Confederacy– War of attrition
• Grant vs. Lee in Virginia– The Wilderness
• Sherman vs. Johnston in Georgia
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Spotsylvania and Cold Harbor
• Trench warfare
• Stalemate in Spotsylvania
• Lee skillfully anticipated Grant’s move and blocked his offensive strikes
• Cold Harbor
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Stalemate in Virginia
• Confederates hold at Petersburg
• Grant continued to move on the offensive
• Huge Union losses:– 65,000 casualties in only 6 weeks– Siege instead of offensive
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The Atlanta Campaign
• Sherman’s army in Georgia– Accomplished more at less cost than Grant
• Kennesaw Mountain
• John Bell Hood– Replaced Johnston– Three counterattacks left Confederates defeated
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Peace Overtures
• Horace Greeley– U.S. sentiments yearned for peace
• Lincoln refused to drop the Emancipation Proclamation as a condition of peace
• Democrats nominated McClellan for President– Peace campaign
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The Prisoner-Exchange Controversy
• Prisoner exchanges for 1st part of war, no large prison camps needed
• Exchange ends after Confederates threat to kill Black soldiers and their white officers– Fort Pillow Massacre– Generally not enforced, Blacks returned to their masters
• Prison camps– Overcrowded, poorly constructed– 12% of Confederate prisoners died, 16% of Union– Andersonville
• Lincoln refuses to renew exchanges unless Black and White prisoners treated the same
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The Issue of Black Soldiers in the Confederate Army
• Winter of 1864-65: Confederates desperate
• Confederate government agrees to recruit slaves
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Lincoln’s Reelection and the End of the Confederacy
• Voters made choice based on battlefield situation
• Fall of 1864 better for Union armies
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The Capture of Atlanta
• Month-long stalemate at Atlanta front
• Sherman’s army attacked and captured railroad into Atlanta
• Atlanta falls to Sherman September 1864
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The Shenandoah Valley
• Philip Sheridan vs. Jubal Early
• Fisher’s Hill
• Union destroys Shenandoah Valley crops
• Cedar Creek
• Lincoln reelected– Sherman and Sheridan’s victories– Large absentee soldier vote for Lincoln
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From Atlanta to the Sea
• Union armies destroy Confederate property, railroads, factories, farms that supported the Southern Army
• Sherman’s forces burned one-third of Atlanta and marched to Savannah, wrecking most everything along the way
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The Battles of Franklin and Nashville
• Hood invades Tennessee, hoping to win it for the Confederacy– Disastrous defeat
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Fort Fisher and Sherman’s March through the Carolinas
• Fall of Fort Fisher ends blockade running
• Sherman’s march of destruction from Savannah into South Carolina
• War could not end until Confederate forces surrendered
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The Road to Appomattox
• Sheridan’s cavalry and Five Forks
• Lee Abandons Richmond and Petersburg
• Lee surrenders to Grant– Wilmer McLean
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The Assassination of Lincoln
• Ford’s Theatre, April 1865
• John Wilkes Booth
• Confederate armies continued to surrender April – June
• Jefferson Davis: captured in Georgia
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Conclusion
• Civil War cost 625,000 lives
• Since 1865, no state has seriously threatened secession
• 1865: Thirteenth Amendment abolished slavery and ensured liberty of all Americans
• Regional transfer of power from South to North
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