A middle-class reform movement to recapture control of their own government. It involved getting rid...
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Transcript of A middle-class reform movement to recapture control of their own government. It involved getting rid...
DEFINITION:A middle-class reform movement to recapture control of their own government. It involved getting rid of corruption and pushing the government to become an agency of human welfare. Both Republican & Democratic presidents took up the Progressive cause.
WHERE DID PROGRESSIVISM COME FROM?
Populist Party ideasGraduated income taxInitiative, referendum, recallSecret ballotDirect election of senators
WHERE FROM (CON’T)Churches:YMCANAACP:Change for A-A.
On-going reform movements:•Temperance: Carrie Nation•Women’s rights•Aid to Immigrants (Addams, Riis)•Workers’/child rights (unions)
WOMEN’S RIGHTS:
The older leaders are dying off:Anthony, Mott & Stanton
New leaders & the Suffragist Movement:Carrie Chapman Catt and Alice Paul
CARRIE CHAPMAN CATT
PRESIDENT OF THE NAWSA: National American Woman Suffrage Association & founder of the League of Women Voters
ALICE PAULFounder of the National Woman’s Party, a more radical group that sought a Constitutional amendment to vote & wanted an Equal Rights Amendment as well.
IMPORTANT MUCKRAKERS: PUBLISHED IN MAGAZINES LIKE MCCLURES & COLLIERS
Upton Sinclair’s The Jungle•An expose of the meat-packing industry.•Led to the Meat Inspection Act and the Pure Food & Drug Act
IMPORTANT MUCKRAKERS: #3
Lincoln Steffens:exposesthe corrupt alliance between business & government.
CHANGES IN LOCAL GOVERNMENT
From political bosses to new forms of organization(copying the efficiency of business).•City-manager form of government•Commission form of government
TR’S DOMESTIC POLICY: CONSUMER PROTECTION•Meat Inspection Act•Pure Food & Drug Act – labeling contents
CONTROL OF CORPORATIONS
•Northern Securities Case – enforcement of Sherman Anti-Trust Act against Morgan’s RR monopoly•Hepburn & Elkins Acts – more specific enforcement of I.C.C. control of RR•Arbitration of Coal Miners’ Strike
REALISTIC CONSERVATION V. PURIST CONSERVATION
Gifford Pinchot-Head of the Forestry Department v. John Muir-President of the Sierra ClubHetch-Hetchy Valley controversy: Build an water supply for San Francisco in Yosemite?
MORE CONSERVATION
•TR preserved 51 bird sanctuaries, 150 national forests, & 5 new national parks, along with 21 reclamation projects like the Newlands Act.
Crater Lake N.P., Oregon
ROOSEVELT COROLLARY TO THE MONROE DOCTRINE: THE U.S. CAN INTERFERE IN CENTRAL & S. AMERICA FOR THEIR OWN GOOD.
“BIG STICK” POLICY
•Speak softly but carry a big stick.•Great White Fleet –white for peace on battleships
FOREIGN POLICY: JAPAN
•1905: Mediated Russo-Japanese War, gets Nobel Peace Prize•1907 Gentlemen’s Agreement-no segregation of Japanese children in U.S. schools in exchange for limited Japanese immigration•Root-Takahira agreement to honor each others Pacific islands
1912: PROGRESSIVE PARTY: BULL MOOSE PARTY
Unhappy with Taft, TR runs for president again. Splits Republican supporters. Wilson wins.
WILSON’S NEW FREEDOM
Wilson declares war on the “triple wall of privilege”: the trusts, the tariff & the banks.
TRUST LEGISLATION:
•Clayton Anti-Trust Act: “the Magna Carta for Labor” – strengthened the Sherman Anti-Trust Act & exempted labor unions & agricultural cooperatives from anti-trust actions.•Federal Trade Commission (FTC)-proactive organization to end unfair business practices.
TARIFF LEGISLATION:
Underwood Tariff lowers the tariff. Government’s new major source of income is the income tax, passed as the 16th Amendment to the Constitution.
BANKING (CON’T)
•Federal Farm Loan Act –credit to farmers at low interest.•Warehouse Act – loans on warehoused crops.
OTHER PROGRESSIVE REFORMS UNDER WILSON
Better working conditions:•Workingmen’s Compensation Act – disability pay for civil service employees•Adamson Act: 8 hr. day for all RR workers on interstate trains. Pay for overtime
PROGRESSIVE AMENDMENTS:
In addition to the Income Tax (16th), there is the •17th Amendment – direct election of senators•18th Amendment – prohibition of alcohol•19th Amendment – Women’s suffrage
WILSON’S FOREIGN POLICY: AN ATTEMPT TO MOVE AWAY FROM IMPERIALISM
•Tried to put an end to Taft’s dollar diplomacy•Repealed the act that exempted Americans from paying tolls on the Panama Canal•Passed the Jones Act which promised independence for the Philippines when they had a “stable gov’t”
1913-COUP D’ETAT IN MEXICO
•Huerta grabs control of Mexican gov’t•Wilson sends arms to Huerta’s enemies: Carranza & Pancho Villa•Tampico Incident: Mexico arrests American sailors. Release but refuse 21 gun salute.•Wilson sends navy to interrupt German shipment of guns to Huerta.